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Compound Diffractive Lens Consisting of Fresnel Zone Plate and Frequency Selective Screen
Yijing Fan, Ban-Leong Ooi, Senior Member, IEEE, Hristo D. Hristov, Senior Member, IEEE, and Mook-Seng Leong, Senior Member, IEEE

AbstractWe describe a new Fresnel zone plate (FZP) and frequency selective screen (FSS) compound lens consisting of a binary FZP and FSS. The FZP has eight circular zones totally, four open and four closed, and the FSS is a square array of 40 40 four-leg loaded elements cut in a thin metal sheet. The FZP-FSS lens is designed for a paraxial plane-wave illumination at the frequency of 12 GHz, with a focal length of 15 cm. The compound lens is simulated and analyzed numerically by means of a specially developed hybrid PSTD-FDTD algorithm and software. The PSTD-FDTD results are contrasted with those obtained by lens prototype measurements. As a result, some attractive focusing and spectral properties of the FZP-FSS lens compared to the same-size FZP lens have been found: a frequency ltering property enhancement, about 2 dB increase in the peak focusing intensity, and more than 4 dB reduction of the rst off-axis maximum. Both lenses have roughly the same transverse angular resolution. Index TermsFocusing, frequency selective surface (FSS), Fresnel zone plate (FZP), microwave lens.

Some FZP lenses have complex and irregular structures [4][6], [10][13], which may consist of hundreds of small apertures. In such structures, the hybrid PSTD- FDTD method with coarse PSTD grids and dense FDTD grids is a good choice in order to achieve a good computational efciency and accuracy [14], [15]. This paper presents a novel microwave compound lens consisting of two basic components: FZP lens and frequency selective surface or screen (FSS). It was proposed and examined briey in a recent conference paper as one of several numerical examples used for evaluation of the PSTD-FDTD algorithm for a numerical simulation of complex irregular FZP lenses [13]. Here the same algorithm is applied for more extensive analysis of the FZP-FSS lens and its components. The PSTD-FDTD results for the FZP and FZP-FSS lenses are contrasted with those obtained by prototype measurements. II. FZP-FSS LENS DESIGN The FSS periodic structures have gained wide applications [16]. They can be designed to reect or transmit electromagnetic waves with required frequency discrimination, or to act as resonant periodic lters. Adding together the FZP and FSS makes a compound diffractive lens, the FZP-FSS (Fig. 1(a)). The new lens was designed for a paraxial plane-wave illumination at a frequency (wavelength ), and for a primary focal measured from the FZP plane. length Thus, the FZP-FSS lens is acting like a receiving lens antenna with a 0 dBi isotropic feed. The FZP lens has eight Fresnel zones totally: four open and four closed, or covered by metal rings, with the -th zone radius calculated according to [4] (1) where . In Table I are listed the FZP lens zone radii calculated by (1). The entire lens aperture diameter is . The ratio between the focal length and the FZP radius is . The FZP lens shown in Fig. 1(a) has its odd zones (1st, 3rd, 5th and 7th) open and is called a positive FZP, unlike the negative FZP, in which even zones are open. The transmission type band-pass FSS plate placed at the back side of the FZP-FSS lens is a square array of 40

I. INTRODUCTION HE microwave/millimeter wave Fresnel zone plate (FZP) has been successfully used in some mountain radio-relay communications links as a passive signal repeater for a transmit distance expansion and line-of-sight alteration. Also, it has been employed as a focusing element in a variety of lens antennas, measurement setups and imaging systems. The classical microwave FZP lens consists of circular concentric metal rings that lay over the odd or even Fresnel zones. For this simple focusing structure the Kirchhoffs diffraction integral (KDI) [1][6] is the classical choice for analysis. By adopting the cylindrical or linear lens symmetry the complexity of KDI calculation can be signicantly reduced, and with a similar accuracy, the method will generally outperform the already established full-wave numerical methods, as for instance, the nite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method [7], [8] or the Method of Moments [9] in term of the computation time.
Manuscript received May 22, 2009; revised November 03, 2009; accepted December 08, 2009. Date of publication March 29, 2010; date of current version June 03, 2010. The work of H. D. Hristov was supported by the Chilean Fondecyt Project 1095012/2009. Y. J. Fan, and M. S. Leong are with Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore 119260, Singapore (e-mail: msleong@nus.edu.sg). B. L. Ooi (deceased) was with Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore 119260, Singapore. H. D. Hristov is with Departamento de Electronica, Universidad Tcnia Fedrico Santa Maria (UTFSM), Valparaiso, Chile (e-mail: hristo.hristov@usm. cl). Digital Object Identier 10.1109/TAP.2010.2046849

0018-926X/$26.00 2010 IEEE

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Fig. 2. Illustration of PSTD-FDTD hybrid grids for the FSS lens component.

III. PSTD-FDTD METHOD FOR FSS PLATE ANALYSIS For explanation simplicity, the hybrid PSDT-FDTD algorithm is described here not for the entire FZP-FSS lens but for one of its components only: the more complex FSS structure The whole computation domain of the FSS is separated into two sub-domains and different algorithms are applied to them. An interface is setup to exchange the results between the two sub-domains. If the metal thickness is ignored, the planar FSS can be approximated as a 2D plate ABCD in XY-plane as shown in Fig. 2. This 2D plate can be meshed and updated with quasi-2D FDTD grid points, while PSTD is updated with 3D grid points. Next the PSTD-FDTD meshing is contrasted in complexity to the Kirchhoffs diffraction layout (KDL), illustrating the corresponding initial and boundary electromagnetic conditions [1], [4]. The diffraction aperture is supposed to be cut in an innitely thin conductive plane. Here the KDL method is applied to the FSS structure. in size square For the KDL numerical simulation, the FSS plate comprising cross-element apertures, is meshed with nodes, where for meshing size. The eld is computed in the diffraction apertures only and then is transformed to the receiving focal plane, nodes. Each cross-element aperture is meshed with approximated by elements, where . For receiving planes inside the 3D region of FSS, the overall ops for one time step are calculated by: (for 3D eld distribution). For the computation complexity is . If PSTD-FDTD method is employed the FSS plate is analyzed with 2D FDTD method using a ne meshing . The region around FSS is computed with 3D PSTD using a coarse meshing . For the ne meshing and the complexity is . The complexity is much lower for large . If , the overall ops for one time step are . The complexity in the case of PSTD-FDTD method can be dramatically reduced further. The number of ops required for KDL method and PSTDFDTD method with two different (meshing 1 and meshing

Fig. 1. FZP-FSS design illustrations: (a) FZP-FSS computer model, (b) geometry of the FSS four-leg cross element, (c) FZP prototype and (d) FSS prototype.

TABLE I FRESNEL ZONE PLATE RADII IN CENTIMETERS

40 four-leg loaded elements cut in a thin metal screen. The four-legged (cross) loaded element is frequently used in the FSS plates for its capacity of interacting with an arbitrary polarization. The general design guidelines for this FSS plate are given in [16]. Each FSS element was designed for a resonant frequency of 12 GHz, which resulted in the dimensions shown in the element geometry (Fig. 1(b)). The initial cross length of the four-legged element was set to . Next, the cross width and the gap between adjacent elements were optimized using computer simulations to x the resonant frequency to 12 GHz. The FZP-FSS lens size of 40 cm was beyond the capability of the existing etching and milling machines in the NUS RF & Microwave Laboratory, where the prototype was built and experimented. Therefore, the FZP metal rings were handmade of a thin copper sheet and were glued on the front side of a Styrofoam board of thickness 4 mm (Fig. 1(c)). The FSS plate was made by four FSS square sub-plates of 20 cm in size each (Fig. 1(d)). The sub-plates were fabricated by use of the etching process on a PC board 1.2 mm thick, with a substrate permittivity equal to 4.4 and a loss tangent of about 0.01. The FSS sub-plates were combined together and glued to the back side of the FZP Styrofoam board to form the complete compound lens with a total distance between FZP and FSS equal to 6.4 mm or .

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TABLE II COMPLEXITY COMPARISON FOR KDL AND PSTD-FDTD IN CASE OF FSS PLATE SIMULATION

Fig. 3. Simulated eld intensity at the focal point vs. the frequency of single FZP and composite FSS-FZP lenses.

2) are listed in Table II. It is evident from the table that the PSTD-FDTD meshing requires much smaller number of ops than the meshing in case of KDL. We also found that the PSTD-FDTD numerical method can provide similar accurate solution as the classical Kirchhoffs diffraction integral (KDI), obtained analytically from the KDL approximation [1], [4]. IV. NUMERICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS The PSTD-FDTD method is employed rst to perform 3D transient analysis of the FZP lens alone. The numerical frequency response of the focusing intensity is obtained from the time domain results and is graphed in Fig. 3 by a dashed line. After adding the FSS, the frequency response of the resulted complex FZP-FSS lens (solid line) is narrowed around the design frequency of 12 GHz, and is lowered drastically for the lower frequencies around 26 GHz. Hence, the FZP-FSS lens band-pass ltering properties are improved signicantly compared to those of the single FZP lens. The numerical optimization has shown that the proper distance between the FSS and FZP is around a quarter wavelength like in the folded or reector-type FZP. Fig. 4 illustrates the cartographic YZ-plane eld intensity distribution obtained by the PSTD-FDTD space-domain analysis for the single FZP lens (a), and composite FSS-FZP lens (b). In both lenses, the focal eld areas around the primary foci show up much better transverse than axial resolution. In the case of FSS-FZP lens the focal spot is well shifted to the lens direction, which makes its effective focal length by 1520% smaller compared to the FZP design focal length of
Fig. 4. Cartographic YZ-plane intensity distribution of (a) FZP lens, and (b) FSS-FZP lens.

15 cm. A more appropriate choice of the FSS substrate thickness or permittivity, and the distance between FZP and FSS would probably help to further diminish the focal area shift. The 3D graphs in Fig. 5 are very informative for the intensity distribution in the transverse focal plane . Obviously, the compound FZP-FSS lens greatly surpasses in focusing the same-size single FZP lens. More clear distinction between the transverse focal planes focusing of the two lenses can be made by Fig. 6, which illustrates the numerical and measured focusing intensity vs. the coordinate . A good agreement between the measured and numerical results is observed, especially for the single FZP lens. Some of the basic lens parameters, found from Fig. 5 and Fig. 6, are summarized in Table III. These are the focal point (or main lobe) intensity , the rst (or maximum) side lobe intensity normalized to the lens resolution. The power resolution of a circular lens of diameter , illuminated by a paraxial plane wave, is dene as the angle between the lens axis and the rst minimum (zero) in the focal plane intensity distribution.

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Fig. 6. Intensity distribution for the FZP and FSS-FZP lenses (simulated and F. measured) along the transverse axis X , at the focal plane Z

TABLE III BASIC FOCUSING PARAMETERS OF FZP AND FSS-FZP LENSES (NUMERICAL AND MEASURED)

Fig. 5. Intensity distribution in transverse focal plane Z and (b) FZP-FSS lens.

= F for (a) FZP lens

In optics, the resolution angle mately found by [4]

(in radians) can be approxi-

(2) Where is called a lens resolution factor. For the microwave wave FZP lenses, which number of zones is relatively small (usually less than a few dozens) has a bit different value. The negative FZP has , or a somewhat better resolution, while the positive FZP has , or a slightly worse resolution. In the transverse intensity distribution curves (Fig. 6) the lens resolution angle can be expressed as , where is the distance from the FZP axis to the rst intensity minimum. Because the numerical and measured values of , and , respectively, for both FZP and FZP-FSS lenses differ slightly it is preferable to calculate their mean .

From Table III is concluded that adding the FSS to the FZP lens results in about 2 dB increase in the peak focusing intensity while the rst intensity sidelobe is reduced by more than 4 dB. The mean of the resolution angle for both FZP and FSS-FZP lenses is roughly the same. The computer simulations of the composite FZP-FSS structure and its components FZP and FSS have grounded the following simplied lens hypothesis. The FSS transmission function is preserved authentic only in the annular regions behind the FZP open zones. For that reason, the doublets of corresponding FZP and FSS transmissive zones are expected to produce a focusing comparable to that of the single FZP. Alternatively, the FZP metal rings greatly inuence the nearby FSS resonant elements and deteriorate their transmission properties. Thus, the FSS annular regions behind the FZP metal rings become partially reective, and jointly with the metal rings form open resonant cavities. Under the chosen initial and boundary eld conditions the open-cavity multi-reection/diffraction elds transfer constructively into the transmission volumes behind the open zones. Accordingly, the complex FZP-FSS lens surpasses in focusing intensity the same-size FZP lens. V. CONCLUSION Combining the FZP lens and the FSS structure leads to a new compound diffractive FZP-FSS lens with enhanced focusing and frequency ltering characteristics.

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A hybrid PSTD-FDTD algorithm using coarse PSTD grids and dense FDTD grids is explored for the FZP-FSS lens numerical analysis. A lens laboratory prototype is fabricated and measured. The main numerical and experimental lens characteristics agree well. As a result, some important focusing and spectral properties of the FZP-FSS lens compared to the samesize FZP lens have emerged: (i) enhancement of the lens frequency ltering property, (ii) around 2 dB increase in the peak focusing intensity and a 4 dB reduction in the maximum side lobe, and (iii) both FZP-FSS and FZP lenses have similar transverse resolutions. The future applications of the FZP-FSS lens may include microwave/mm-wave lens antennas, imaging and measurement systems.

Yijing Fan (S05) received the B.Sc. degree in electronics from Peking University of China, in 2003 and the Ph.D. degree in microwave engineering from the National University of Singapore, in 2009. She joined Nanyang Technological University (NTU) in 2007. She is currently a Research Engineer in the Satellite Engineering Center of NTU and is working on X-band transmitter for a micro-satellite project. Her research interests include computational electromagnetics, RF circuits design, and wireless telecommunication.

REFERENCES
[1] M. Born and E. Wolf, Principles of Optics, 2nd ed. New York: Pergamon Press, 1964. [2] , J. Ojeda-Castaneda, C. Gomez-Reino, and B. J. Thomson, Eds., Selected Papers on Zone Plates. Washington: SPIE Opt. Eng. Press, 1996. [3] D. N. Black and J. C. Wiltse, Millimeter-wave characteristics of phase-correcting Fresnel zone plates, IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 35, no. 12, pp. 11221128, 1987. [4] H. D. Hristov, Fresnel Zones in Wireless Links, Zone Plate Lenses and Antennas. Boston-London: Artech House, 2000. [5] Y. J. Guo and S. K. Barton, Fresnel Zone Antennas. Boston-London: Kluwer Academic , 2002. [6] O. V. Minin and I. V. Minin, Diffraction Optics of Millimeter Waves. Bristol-Philadelphia: Institute of Physics Publishing, 2004. [7] D. W. Prather and S. Shi, Formulation and application of the nitedifference time-domain method for the analysis of axially symmetric diffractive optical elements, J. Opt. Soc. Am A, vol. 16, pp. 11311142, 1992. [8] D. R. Reid and G. S. Smith, A full electromagnetic analysis for the Soret and Folded zone plate antennas, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 34, no. 12, pp. 36383646, 2006. [9] D. W. Prather and S. Shi, Electromagnetic analysis of axially symmetric diffractive lenses with the method of moments, J. Opt. Soc. Am A., vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 729739, 2000. [10] A. Petosa, A. Lttipiboon, and S. Thirakoune, Investigation on arrays of perforated dielectric Fresnel lenses, Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng. Microw. Antennas Propag., vol. 153, no. 3, pp. 270276, 2006. [11] M. Hajian, G. A. deVree, and L. P. Ligthart, Electromagnetic analysis of beam-scanning antenna at millimeter-wave band based on photoconductivity using Fresnel-zone-plate technique, IEEE Antennas Propag. Mag., vol. 45, no. 5, pp. 1325, 2003. [12] A. Petosa, S. Thirakoune, I. V. Minin, and O. V. Minin, Array of hexagonal Fresnel zone plate lens antennas, Electronics Lett., vol. 42, no. 15, pp. 834836, 2006. [13] Y. J. Fan, B. L. Ooi, M. S. Leong, X. C. Shan, A. Lu, H. D. Hristov, and R. Feick, PSTD-FDTD analysis for complex irregular Fresnel zone plates, presented at the 2nd EuCAP 2007, Edinburgh, U.K., Nov. 1116, 2007, paper WePa035. [14] Y. F. Leung and C. H. Chan, Combining the FDTD and PSTD method, Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett., vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 249254, 1999. [15] Q. L. Li, Y. Chen, and C. K. Li, Hybrid PSTD-FDTD technique for scattering analysis, Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett., vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 1924, 2002. [16] B. A. Munk, Frequency Selective Surface Theory and Design. New York: Wiley, 2000.

Ban-Leong Ooi (M91SM04) (deceased) was born in Taiping, Perak State, Malaysia on 17 Dec 1967. He received the B. Eng and Ph.D. degrees from the National University of Singapore (NUS), in 1992 and 1997, respectively. He was an Associate Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the NUS. He was the Past Director for the Centre of RF and Microwaves. He also served as the Deputy Director for the MMIC and Packaging Laboratory and the Lab supervisor for the Microwave Laboratory in the NUS. His main research interests included active antenna, microwave semiconductor device modeling and characterization, microwave and millimeter-wave circuits design, and novel electromagnetic numerical methods. Prof. Ooi was a Member of IET and URSI, and Senior Member of IEEE. He served on the Singapore IEEE MTT/EMC/AP Chapter as Secretary (20002001) and Chapters Vice-Chairman (20022003). His last held position in IEEE was the Chairman of the Singapore IEEE MTT/AP and EMC Chapters. He was actively involved in organizing the 1999 Asia Pacic Microwave Conference, the 2003 Progress in Electromagnetics Research Symposium, the 2005 International Workshop on Antenna Theory, the 2006 EMC Zurich and the 2008 Asia-Pacic EMC. He was also an active member of a Consultancy team which provided EMC services to many private and government sectors. He was the recipient of the 1993 URSI XXIV General Assemblys Young Scientist Award. He published over 140 peer-reviewed international journals and conference papers and participated as either Principal Investigator or Collaborator of over S$14.5 M research grants.

Hristo D. Hristov (SM87) received the Ph.D. and D.Sc. degrees in wireless communications from the Technical University, Soa, Bulgaria. Since 1965, he has been with the Technical University of Varna, Bulgaria, and currently, he is a Research Professor with the Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara, Valparaso, Chile. His research interests include high-frequency electromagnetism, antennas, propagation, microwave/millimeter-wave devices and mobile/PCS wireless communications. He was a Researcher at the Strathclyde University of Technology (19711972) and Queen Mary College, London, UK (19751976), and at the Eindhoven University of Technology, the Netherlands (1993). He was also a short-term Visiting Professor at universities and research institutions in Russia, Japan, USA, Greece, Denmark and other countries. He is the coauthor of Microwave Cavity Antennas (Boston: Artech House, 1989) and the author of Fresnel Zones in Wireless Links, Zone Plate Lenses and Antennas (Boston-London: Artech House, 2000). Dr. Hristov was an invited lecturer at IEEE Tokyo AP-S Chapter and Sweden AP-S/MTT-S Chapter, and at the European Space Technology Center, the Netherlands. He has been a participant in several EU COST Actions on antennas for satellite and mobile communications. He was the Co-Organizer and served as a Chair of the Bulgarian IEEE Section and MTT/AP-S Chapter, and was awarded the IEEE Third Millennium Medal. He currently serves as an Associate Editor of the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION.

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Mook-Seng Leong (M81SM92) received the B.Sc. degree in electrical engineering (rst-class honors) and Ph.D. degree in microwave engineering from the University of London, London, U.K., in 1968 and 1972, respectively. Since 1989, he has been a Professor of electrical engineering with the National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore. His main research interests include antenna analysis and design, solution of electromagnetic (EM) boundary-value problems associated with electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), semiconductor device characterization, and EM energy harvesting.

Dr. Leong is a Fellow of the Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET), U.K. He was an Editorial Board member of IET Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation (20072009) and Microwave and Optical Technology Letters (2000present). He was a Guest Editor for the December 2008 APMC07 Special Issue of the IET Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation. He is an Associate Editor for the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION (20042007, 20072010). He was General Chairman for APMC1999, PIERS2003, and APMC2009. He is the Founding Chairman of the IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques (MTT)/Antennas and Propagation (AP)/EMC joint Chapter, Singapore Section. He was the recipient of the MINDEF-NUS Joint Research and Development Award for his outstanding contributions to the MINDEF-NUS Research and Development program in 1996.