Synchrophasors and the Smarter Grid

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Synchrophasor
A synchrophasor is a phasor measurement with respect to an absolute time reference. With this measurement we can determine the absolute phase relationship between phase quantities at different locations on the power system.

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Absolute Time Synchronization Has Fundamentally Changed the World

Satellite

GPS RCVR
IRIG-B

GPS RCVR
IRIG-B
Mag/Ang Mag/Ang

PMU 1

PMU 2

A
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Time Waveform and Phasor Representation

A 2
t

Reference
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A Timing Mark on a Generator Shaft

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Synchrophasors Provide a Snapshot of the Power System

P= |V1| |V2|sin / X
V10 P

= sin-1(PX / |V1| |V2|)

V2

Increase Stable Power Transfer

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Synchrophasor System Components

System Components
Clocks PMUs PDCs Visualization Secure communications

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Super PDC

ISO

System Architecture
Neighbor Utility Control Center
PDC

Utility Control Center

System PDC

Visualization SELSEL-5078

Security Gateway

Station PDC

Other Substations

GPS Clock PMU PMU

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Timing Accuracy Requirements

Synchrophasors require 500 ns Modern Clocks provides 100 ns GPS synchronized clocks typically used

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Synchrophasor System Components

System Components
Clocks PMUs PDCs Visualization Secure communications

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Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs)

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Synchronized Phasor Measurement and Distance Protection

Enabling PMU Capability in the Relay

Just Say Yes!

SCADA Disturbance Record

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High-Speed Control

C37.118 Signal Processing Filter

Selecting the Frequency Response

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Synchrophasor System Components

System Components
Clocks PMUs PDCs Visualization Secure communications

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Data Concentration & Archiving

Time Alignment and Superpacket Creation Protocol Conversion Data Parsing Data Rate Change Archive Maximum Data Locally

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PDC Architecture

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Synchrophasor System Components

System Components
Clocks PMUs PDCs Visualization Secure communications

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Visualizing Synchrophasors
Instantaneous Phase Angles

Bus Voltage

Line MVA PMU ID Trended Phase Angles Frequency

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Synchrophasor System Components

System Components
Clocks PMUs PDCs Visualization Secure communications

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Super PDC

ISO

System Architecture
Neighbor Utility Control Center
PDC

Utility Control Center

System PDC

Visualization SELSEL-5078

Security Gateway

Station PDC

Other Substations

GPS Clock PMU PMU

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Information Security
End-to-End Security

Substation Security

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Securing the Information

Establish an electronic security perimeter

Use multilayered system architecture that includes a firewall Encrypt communications in/out of substation Disable unused ports on all devices Send C37.118 data using UDP Secure (UDP_S)

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Multi-layered Secure Architecture

SCADA Speed Sufficient for Many Special Protection Schemes

System operators need data before things start to happen

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Sometimes the Need for Speed Is Not Obvious

64 Minutes

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It Can Fall Apart in Three Minutes

64 Minutes

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Synchrophasors Are a Flexible Tool

State measurement Disturbance recording Modal analysis Dynamic response

measurement and

High-Speed Protection and Control

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Synchrophasor Applications

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Synchrophasors Provide a Snapshot of the Power System

P= |V1| |V2|sin / X
V10 P

= sin-1(PX / |V1| |V2|)

V2

Increase Stable Power Transfer

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Streaming Data Better than SCADA - Imagine Driving in 5 Second Blinks

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Synchrophas or Data is Critical

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Courtesy of Entergy Corp.

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Courtesy of Entergy Corp.

Synchrophasors Detect Island

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Courtesy of Entergy Corp.

Florida Power & Light: Distributed Generation Anti-Islanding

Angle Freq df/dt Voltage

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SEGIS Anti-Islanding Demo

Advanced Energy led ODOT solar project: 100 kW installation Stage 3 demo planned for August 11

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SEGIS Field Testing Results

Island event
Longest trip 1.1 seconds

Utility functions
Curtailment Ramp rate Power factor

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Archiving System

SEL-3306

Disturbance

Recording Event Capture and Analysis

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Utilities Are Operating Closer to the Edge

Margin Margin 1.0

Operating Point Bifurcation Point 0.5

0.0 PU Nominal Load

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1.0

1.3

1.5

1.7

Eskoms Voltage Stability Assessment System

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The Texas Synchrophasor Network

Blue outlines: Central ERCOT Brazos Electric PMU Austin Energy PMU

Wind country

Waco Austin 120V and Harris 69kV Boerne (SEL)

McDonald Observatory

Austin

Houston (SEL)

Funding provided by EPRI

Concentrated distant load
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UT Pan Am

Estimate Thevenin Equivalent Impedances Across the Grid with Synchrophasors

Vangle =
Pexport

Bus 7 WIND

500 km

Thevenin Impedance jXTH

Central ERCOT Vangle = 0

Local conventional Pload,conv Pgen,conv

Use the Excel Solver with angle measurements to minimize least-squared error and obtain Xth

V1V2 P sin( ) X TH
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

A 2 Hz Mode in Ambient Oscillation Forms with High Wind Generation

Small Wind (2% ) without 2 Hz Cluster Big Wind (20% ) with 2 Hz Cluster

March 12, 02:00 03:00 Wind Generation 2%

March 18, 02:00 03:00 Wind Generation > 20%

1 hour
2 Hz Cluster

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Only Synchrophasors Provide Angle Difference

Frequency Angle Difference

Charts provided by University of Texas
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Integration of Renewable Energy

With over 28GW of wind

power in the SPP interconnection queue, this is a big deal!

OG&E requiring a PMU at

the point of interconnection for every wind farm

Important to monitor power

quality and dynamic response

46
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46

Oscillations Due to Wind Farm

Wind farm PMU shows many undesirable components, the worst at 14Hz

47

Big Creek Controls Rector Static VAR Compensator

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C37.118 to SCADA based FACTS Control

SCADA Master DNP3
Information Processor

IEEE C37.118

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SRP SynchroWAVe Synchroscope

230 kV Bus

SEL-421

115 kV Bus

13.8 kV Bus
SEL-421

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SRP Operator Closes Tie Based on Synchrophasors, 2004

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Relay-to-Relay Synchrophasors for Generator Shedding

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Generator Shedding Based on Angle

Chicoasen Angostura

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Wide-Area Protection at Relay Speeds

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Modal Analysis Shows System Response

1996 Event

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Slow Oscillations Facilitate Control

P= |V1| |V2|sin / X

0.4 Hz 2.5 sec.

Raise Voltage

Reduce Voltage

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A New Tool for Old Problems

Synchrophasors
Are cost effective Provide accurate time-synchronized

event information Can be used to meet NERC PRC-002-2 requirements Are being used for new approaches in protection and control

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Apply Synchrophasors Now

Disturbance recording Relay-to-relay control Modal analysis Special protection schemes System control

Dont Imagine It Engineer It

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What Can You Do With Synchrophasors?

URLs for More Application Information

SEL website:

Eskom Voltage Stabilty https://www.selinc.com/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=6378 Solar Generator Control PV Powered https://www.selinc.com/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=8494 Generator Black-start SRP https://www.selinc.com/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=3194 Anti-islanding at FPL https://www.selinc.com/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=6375 UT Texas with Dr. Mack Grady https://www.selinc.com/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=7264 SCE Static VAR Control https://www.selinc.com/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=3487 Using Modal Analysis to Mitigate Power System Oscillations https://www.selinc.com/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=5322

Another useful website - North American SynchroPhasor Initiative (NASPI) website: http://www.naspi.org/

OGE presentation , Entergy presentation and many others

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