Source: http://bloodbeat.

org/blood-pressure-chart/

Normal Blood Pressure Chart

This page displays informational graphics for blood pressure levels of healthy adults. Lower on the page you will find normal blood pressure charts for boys, girls, men, women and pregnant adults. Refer to this blood pressure chart to quickly get a snapshot of what healthy systolic and diastolic pressure readings look like for your age group.

Use this blood pressure chart to check your readings and determine whether or not your readings are considered healthy. You can also use the chart to educate yourself a bit about how to improve your blood pressure and some of the factors that affect it.

Normal Blood Pressure Chart for Boys Category Age 1-3 yrs. Age 4-7 yrs. Age 8-12 yrs. Age 13-17 yrs. Note: normal blood pressure for boys is a function of age and height. Older, taller boys have normally higher blood pressure readings. Systolic Range (mmHg) 80-95 88-101 94-110 104-122 Diastolic Range (mmHg) 34-48 47-59 56-64 60-70 Median Normal Sys./Dia. (mmHg) 88/42 95/53 102/60 113/65

Normal Blood Pressure Chart for Girls Category Age 1-3 yrs. Age 4-7 yrs. Age 8-12 yrs. Systolic Range (mmHg) 83-93 88-99 95-109 Diastolic Range (mmHg) 38-51 50-59 57-64 Median Normal Sys./Dia. (mmHg) 88/45 94/55 102/61

Age 13-17 yrs. Note: normal blood pressure for girls is a function of age and height. Older, taller girls have normally higher blood pressure readings.

104-115

62-68

110/65

Normal Blood Pressure Chart for Men Category Adult Males Note: blood pressure levels slightly exceeding these ranges may be considered normal or prehypertension. Levels exceeding 140 mmHg Systolic or 89 mmHg Diastolic are generally considered hypertensive. Systolic Range (mmHg) Less than 120 Diastolic Range (mmHg) Less than 80 Median Normal Sys./Dia. (mmHg) 120/80

Normal Blood Pressure Chart for Women Category Adult Females Note: blood pressure levels slightly exceeding these ranges may be considered normal or prehypertension. Levels exceeding 140 mmHg Systolic or 89 Systolic Range (mmHg) Less than 120 Diastolic Range (mmHg) Less than 80 Median Normal Sys./Dia. (mmHg) 120/80

mmHg Diastolic are generally considered hypertensive.

Normal Blood Pressure Chart for Pregnant Women Category Pregnant Women Note: blood pressure levels for pregnant adults are affected by many factors. There are serious complications that can arise from hypertension for pregnant women including Enclampsia. Consult a physician. Systolic Range (mmHg) Less than 120 Diastolic Range (mmHg) Less than 80 Median Normal Sys./Dia. (mmHg) 120/80

The information on this page was compiled in part with data provided by the American Heart Association, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention and the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. We cannot guarantee or be held liable for the information presented on this page. The information on this page may be inaccurate. Consult a physician for medical advice. No advice is intended or implied on this page. This information is for general reference use only. The blood pressure chart and informational graphics displayed on this page are copyright bloodbeat.org and may not be re-used without our express permission. Please contact us if you have any questions or feedback.

Source: http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#3 Diagnosis of Diabetes and Prediabetes

On this page: What is diabetes? What is prediabetes? How are diabetes and prediabetes diagnosed? Are diabetes blood test results always accurate? Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes Who should be tested for diabetes and prediabetes? Body Mass Index (BMI) What steps can delay or prevent type 2 diabetes? How is diabetes managed? Points to Remember Hope through Research For More Information Acknowledgments

What is diabetes?
Diabetes is a complex group of diseases with a variety of causes. People with diabetes have high blood glucose, also called high blood sugar or hyperglycemia. Diabetes is a disorder of metabolismthe way the body uses digested food for energy. The digestive tract breaks down carbohydrates sugars and starches found in many foodsinto glucose, a form of sugar that enters the bloodstream. With the help of the hormone insulin, cells throughout the body absorb glucose and use it for energy. Insulin is made in the pancreas, an organ located behind the stomach. As the blood glucose level rises after a meal, the pancreas is triggered to release insulin. Within the pancreas, clusters of cells called islets contain beta cells, which make the insulin and release it into the blood. Diabetes develops when the body doesnt make enough insulin or is not able to use insulin effectively, or both. As a result, glucose builds up in the blood instead of being absorbed by cells in the body. The bodys cells are then starved of energy despite high blood glucose levels. Over time, high blood glucose damages nerves and blood vessels, leading to complications such as heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, blindness, dental disease, and amputations. Other complications of diabetes may include increased susceptibility to other diseases, loss of mobility with aging, depression, and pregnancy problems.

Islets within the pancreas contain beta cells, which make insulin and release it into the blood.

Main Types of Diabetes The three main types of diabetes are type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes: Type 1 diabetes, formerly called juvenile diabetes, is usually first diagnosed in children, teenagers, and young adults. In this type of diabetes, the beta cells of the pancreas no longer make insulin because the bodys immune system has attacked and destroyed them. Type 2 diabetes, formerly called adultonset diabetes, is the most common type of diabetes. About 95 percent of people with diabetes have type 2. People can develop type 2 diabetes at any age, even during childhood, but this type of diabetes is most often associated with older age. Type 2 diabetes is also associated with excess weight, physical inactivity, family history of diabetes, previous history of gestational diabetes, and certain ethnicities. Type 2 diabetes usually begins with insulin resistance, a condition linked to excess weight in which muscle, liver, and fat cells do not use insulin properly. As a result, the body needs more insulin to help glucose enter cells to be used for energy. At first, the pancreas keeps up with the added demand by producing more insulin. But in time, the pancreas loses its ability to produce enough insulin in response to meals, and blood glucose levels rise. Gestational diabetes is a type of diabetes that develops only during pregnancy. Gestational diabetes affects 2 to 10 percent of all pregnancies.
1 1

The hormones produced during pregnancy increase the amount of insulin needed to control blood glucose levels. If the body can t meet this increased need for insulin, women can develop gestational diabetes during the late stages of pregnancy.

Although this type of diabetes usually goes away after the baby is born, women who have had gestational diabetes are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes later in life. Research has shown that lifestyle changes and the diabetes medication, metformin, can reduce or delay the risk of type 2 diabetes in these women. Babies born to mothers who had gestational diabetes are also more likely to develop obesity and type 2 diabetes as they grow up. More information about gestational diabetes is available in the booklet What I need to know about Gestational Diabetes , available online from the National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse (NDIC) at www.diabetes.niddk.nih.gov or by calling 18008608747. National Diabetes Statistics, 2011. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases website.www.diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/statistics/index.aspx. Updated February 2011. Accessed November 1, 2011. Other Types of Diabetes Many other types of diabetes exist, and a person can exhibit characteristics of more than one type. For example, in latent autoimmune diabetes in adults, people show signs of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Other types of diabetes include those caused by genetic defects, diseases of the pancreas, excess amounts of certain hormones resulting from some medical conditions, medications that reduce insulin action, chemicals that destroy beta cells, infections, rare autoimmune disorders, and genetic syndromes associated with diabetes. For more information about other types of diabetes, see the NDIC fact sheet Causes of Diabetes, available at www.diabetes.niddk.nih.gov or by calling 18008608747. [Top]
1

What is prediabetes?
Prediabetes is when blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not high enough for a diagnosis of diabetes. Prediabetes means a person is at increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes, as well as for heart disease and stroke. Many people with prediabetes develop type 2 diabetes within 10 years. However, modest weight loss and moderate physical activity can help people with prediabetes delay or prevent type 2 diabetes.

[Top]

How are diabetes and prediabetes diagnosed?

Blood tests are used to diagnosis diabetes and prediabetes because early in the disease type 2 diabetes may have no symptoms. All diabetes blood tests involve drawing blood at a health care providers office or commercial f acility and sending the sample to a lab for analysis. Lab analysis of blood is needed to ensure test results are accurate. Glucose measuring devices used in a health care providers office, su ch as fingerstick devices, are not accurate enough for diagnosis but may be used as a quick indicator of high blood glucose. Testing enables health care providers to find and treat diabetes before complications occur and to find and treat prediabetes, which can delay or prevent type 2 diabetes from developing. Any one of the following tests can be used for diagnosis:* an A1C test, also called the hemoglobin A1c, HbA1c, or glycohemoglobin test a fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) *Not all tests are recommended for diagnosing all types of diabetes. See the individual test descriptions for details. Another blood test, the random plasma glucose (RPG) test, is sometimes used to diagnose diabetes during a regular health checkup. If the RPG measures 200 micrograms per deciliter or above, and the individual also shows symptoms of diabetes, then a health care provider may diagnose diabetes. Symptoms of diabetes include increased urination increased thirst unexplained weight loss Other symptoms can include fatigue, blurred vision, increased hunger, and sores that do not heal.

Any test used to diagnose diabetes requires confirmation with a second measurement unless clear symptoms of diabetes exist. The following table provides the blood test levels for diagnosis of diabetes for nonpregnant adults and diagnosis of prediabetes.

Source: Adapted from American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes2012. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(Supp 1):S12, table 2.

A1C Test The A1C test is used to detect type 2 diabetes and prediabetes but is not recommended for diagnosis of type 1 diabetes or gestational diabetes. The A1C test is a blood test that reflects the average of a persons blood glucose le vels over the past 3 months and does not show daily fluctuations. The A1C test is more convenient for patients than the traditional glucose tests because it does not require fasting and can be performed at any time of the day. The A1C test result is reported as a percentage. The higher the percentage, the higher a persons blood glucose levels have been. A normal A1C level is below 5.7 percent. An A1C of 5.7 to 6.4 percent indicates prediabetes. People diagnosed with prediabetes may be retested in 1 year. People with an A1C below 5.7 percent maystill be at risk for diabetes, depending on the presence of other characteristics that put them at risk, also known as risk factors. People with an A1C above 6.0 percent should be considered at very high risk of developing diabetes. A level of 6.5 percent or above means a person has diabetes. Laboratory analysis. When the A1C test is used for diagnosis, the blood sample must be sent to a laboratory using a method that is certified by the NGSP to ensure the results are standardized. Blood samples analyzed in a health care providers office, known as point -of-care tests, are not standardized for diagnosing diabetes.

Abnormal results. The A1C test can be unreliable for diagnosing or monitoring diabetes in people with certain conditions known to interfere with the results. Interference should be suspected when A1C results seem very different from the results of a blood glucose test. People of African, Mediterranean, or Southeast Asian descent or people with family members with sickle cell anemia or a thalassemia are particularly at risk of interference. However, not all of the A1C tests are unreliable for people with these diseases. The NGSP provides information about which A1C tests are appropriate to use for specific types of interference and details on any problems with the A1C test at www.ngsp.org . False A1C test results may also occur in people with other problems that affect their blood or hemoglobin such as chronic kidney disease, liver disease, or anemia. More information about limitations of the A1C test and different forms of sickle cell anemia is available in the NDIC booklet For People of African, Mediterranean, or Southeast Asian Heritage: Important Information about Diabetes Blood Tests, available at www.diabetes.niddk.nih.gov or by calling 18008608747. Changes in Diagnostic Testing In the past, the A1C test was used to monitor blood glucose levels but not for diagnosis. The A1C test has now been standardized, and in 2009, 2 an international expert committee recommended it be used for diagnosis of type 2 diabetes and prediabetes. More information about the A1C test is available in the NDIC fact sheet The A1C Test and Diabetes, available at www.diabetes.niddk.nih.gov or by calling 18008608747. 2 The International Expert Committee. International Expert Committee report on the role of the A1C assay in the diagnosis of diabetes. Diabetes Care.2009;32(7):13271334. Fasting Plasma Glucose Test The FPG test is used to detect diabetes and prediabetes. The FPG test has been the most common test used for diagnosing diabetes because it is more convenient than the OGTT and less expensive. The FPG test measures blood glucose in a person who has fasted for at least 8 hours and is most reliable when given in the morning. People with a fasting glucose level of 100 to 125 mg/dL have impaired fasting glucose (IFG), or prediabetes. A level of 126 mg/dL or above, confirmed by repeating the test on another day, means a person has diabetes. Oral Glucose Tolerance Test The OGTT can be used to diagnose diabetes, prediabetes, and gestational diabetes. Research has shown that the OGTT is more sensitive than the FPG test, but it is less convenient to administer. When used to test for diabetes or prediabetes, the OGTT measures blood glucose after a person fasts for at least 8 hours and 2 hours after the person drinks a liquid containing 75 grams of glucose dissolved in water. If the 2-hour blood glucose level is between 140 and 199 mg/dL, the person has a type of prediabetes called impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). If confirmed by a second test, a 2-hour glucose level of 200 mg/dL or above means a person has diabetes. [Top]

Are diabetes blood test results always accurate?

All laboratory test results can vary from day to day and from test to test. Results can vary within the person being tested. A persons blood glucose levels normally move up and down depending on meals, exercise, sickness, and stress. between different tests. Each test measures blood glucose levels in a different way. within the same test. Even when the same blood sample is repeatedly measured in the same laboratory, the results may vary due to small changes in temperature, equipment, or sample handling. Although all these tests can be used to indicate diabetes, in some people one test will indicate a diagnosis of diabetes when another test does not. People with differing test results may be in an early stage of the disease, where blood glucose levels have not risen high enough to show on every test. Health care providers take all these variations into account when considering test results and repeat laboratory tests for confirmation. Diabetes develops over time, so even with variations in test results, health care providers can tell when overall blood glucose levels are becoming too high. More information about variation among diabetes blood test results is available in the NDIC publication The A1C Test and Diabetes, available atwww.diabetes.niddk.nih.gov or by calling 18008608747. [Top]

Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes

Health care providers test for gestational diabetes using the OGTT. Women may be tested during their first visit to the health care provider after becoming pregnant or between 24 to 28 weeks of pregnancy depending on their risk factors and symptoms. Women found to have diabetes at the first visit to the health care provider after becoming pregnant may be diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Defining Safe Blood Glucose Levels for Pregnancy Many studies have shown that gestational diabetes can cause complications for the mother and baby. An international, multicenter study, the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) study, showed that the higher a pregnant womans blood glucose is, the higher her risk of pregnancy complications. The HAPO researchers found that pregnancy complications can occur at blood glucose levels that were once considered to be normal. Based on the results of the HAPO study, new guidelines for diagnosis of gestational diabetes were recommended by the International Association of the Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups in 2011. So far, the new guidelines have been adopted by the American Diabetes Association 3 4 (ADA) but not by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) or other medical organizations. Researchers estimate these 5 new guidelines, if widely adopted, will increase the proportion of pregnant women diagnosed with gestational diabetes to nearly 18 percent. Both ADA and ACOG guidelines for using the OGTT in diagnosing gestational diabetes are shown in the following tables. 3 American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes2012. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(Supp 1):S11S63.

Committee on Obstetric Practice, Committee Opinion No. 504, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Screening and diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2011;118:751753. 5 International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups Consensus Panel. International association of diabetes and pregnancy study groups recommendations on the diagnosis and classification of hyperglycemia in pregnancy. Diabetes Care. 2010;33:676682. Recommendations for Testing Pregnant Women for Diabetes Time of testing ACOG ADA Test women with risk factors for diabetes using standard testing for diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. At first visit during pregnancy No recommendation Women found to have diabetes at this time should be diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, not gestational diabetes.

At 24 to 28 weeks of pregnancy

Test women for diabetes based on their history, risk factors, or a 50gram, 1-hour, nonfasting, glucose challenge testa modified OGTT. If score is 130140 mg/dL, test again with fasting, 100-gram, 3-hour OGTT.*

Test all women for diabetes who are not already diagnosed, using a fasting, 75-gram, 2-hour OGTT.*

*See OGTT Levels for Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes for blood glucose levels. OGTT Levels for Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes Time of Sample Collection ACOG Levels**,4(mg/dL) 100-gram Glucose Drink ADA Levels (mg/dL) 75-gram Glucose Drink 92 or above 180 or above 153 or above Not used
3

Fasting, before drinking glucose 95 or above 1 hour after drinking glucose 2 hours after drinking glucose 3 hours after drinking glucose Requirements for Diagnosis 180 or above 155 or above 140 or above

TWO or more of the above levels must be met ONE or more of the above levels must be met

**Carpenter and Coustan Conversion, some labs use different numbers. More information about treating gestational diabetes is available in the NDIC publication What I need to know about Gestational Diabetes, available atwww.diabetes.niddk.nih.gov or by calling 18008608747.

[Top]

Who should be tested for diabetes and prediabetes?

Adults, pregnant women, children, and teens should be tested for diabetes and prediabetes according to their risk factors. Adults Anyone age 45 or older should consider getting tested for diabetes or prediabetes. Testing is strongly recommended for people older than age 45 who are overweight or obese. People younger than 45 should consider testing if they are overweight or obese*** and have one or more of the following risk factors: physical inactivity parent, brother, or sister with diabetes family background that is African American, Alaska Native, American Indian, Asian American, Hispanic/Latino, or Pacific Islander American history of giving birth to at least one baby weighing more than 9 pounds history of gestational diabetes high blood pressure140/90 mmHg or higheror being diagnosed with high blood pressure high-density lipoprotein, or HDL, cholesterolgood cholesterollevel below 35 mg/dL or a triglyceride level above 250 mg/dL polycystic ovary syndrome, also called PCOS prediabetesan A1C level of 5.7 to 6.4 percent; an FPG test result of 100 125 mg/dL, indicating IFG; or a 2-hour OGTT result of 140199 mg/dL, indicating IGT acanthosis nigricans, a condition associated with insulin resistance and characterized by a dark, velvety rash around the neck or armpits history of cardiovascular diseasedisease affecting the heart and blood vessels ***The Body Mass Index chart can be used to find out whether someone is normal weight, overweight, or obese. In addition to weight, the location of excess fat on the body can be important. A waist measurement of 40 inches or more for men and 35 inches or more for women is linked to insulin resistance and increases a persons risk for type 2 diabetes. This is true even if a persons body mass index (BMI) falls within the normal range. How to Measure the Waist To measure the waist, a person should place a tape measure around the bare abdomen just above the hip bone make sure the tape is snug but isnt digging into the skin and is parallel to the floor relax, exhale, and measure

Source: www.cdc.gov

If results of testing are normal, testing should be repeated at least every 3 years. Health care providers may recommend more frequent testing depending on initial results and risk status. People whose test results indicate they have prediabetes may be tested again in 1 year and should take steps to prevent or delay type 2 diabetes. Pregnant Women All pregnant women with risk factors for type 2 diabetes should be tested using standard diabetes blood tests during their first visit to the health care provider during pregnancy to see if they had undiagnosed diabetes before becoming pregnant. After that, pregnant women should be tested for gestational diabetes between 24 and 28 weeks of their pregnancy using the OGTT. Women who develop gestational diabetes should also have follow-up testing 6 to 12 weeks after the baby is born to find out if they have type 2 diabetes or prediabetes. If results of testing are normal, testing should be repeated at least every 3 years. Blood glucose tests, rather than the A1C test, should be used for testing within 12 weeks of delivery. Children and Teens Type 2 diabetes has become increasingly common in children and teens. Children are at high risk for developing type 2 diabetes and should be tested if they are overweight or obese and have other risk factors, such as a family history of diabetes

 older than age 10 or have already gone through puberty [Top]

Body Mass Index (BMI)

Body mass index is a measurement of body weight relative to height for adults age 20 or older. To use the chart find the persons height in the left-hand column move across the row to find the number closest to the persons weight find the number at the top of that column The number at the top of the column is the persons BMI. The words above the BMI number indicate whether the person is normal weight, overweight, or obese. People who are overweight or obese should consider talking with a health care provider about ways to lose weight and reduce the risk of diabetes. The BMI has certain limitations. The BMI may overestimate body fat in athletes and others who have a muscular build and underestimate body fat in older adults and others who have lost muscle. The BMI for children and teens must be determined based on age, height, weight, and sex. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has information about BMI in children and teens, including a BMI calculator, at www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi. The CDC website also has a BMI calculator for adults. A BMI calculator from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) is available at www.nhlbisupport.com/bmi. The NIH also has a free smartphone app for calculating BMI. People can search My BMI Calculator on their phone to find the app. The app also provides links to inf ormation about steps people can take to bring their BMI into a healthy range. Body Mass Index Table

Table 1 of 2

Normal BMI Height (inches) 58 59 60 61

Overweight

Obese

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 Body Weight (pounds) 91 96 100 105 110 115 119 124 129 134 138 143 148 153 158 162 167 94 99 104 109 114 119 124 128 133 138 143 148 153 158 163 168 173 97 102 107 112 118 123 128 133 138 143 148 153 158 163 168 174 179 100 106 111 116 122 127 132 137 143 148 153 158 164 169 174 180 185

Table 1 of 2

Normal BMI Height (inches) 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76

Overweight

Obese

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 Body Weight (pounds) 104 109 115 120 126 131 136 142 147 153 158 164 169 175 180 186 191 107 113 118 124 130 135 141 146 152 158 163 169 175 180 186 191 197 110 116 122 128 134 140 145 151 157 163 169 174 180 186 192 197 204 114 120 126 132 138 144 150 156 162 168 174 180 186 192 198 204 210 118 124 130 136 142 148 155 161 167 173 179 186 192 198 204 210 216 121 127 134 140 146 153 159 166 172 178 185 191 198 204 211 217 223 125 131 138 144 151 158 164 171 177 184 190 197 203 210 216 223 230 128 135 142 149 155 162 169 176 182 189 196 203 209 216 223 230 236 132 139 146 153 160 167 174 181 188 195 202 209 216 222 229 236 243 136 143 150 157 165 172 179 186 193 200 208 215 222 229 236 243 250 140 147 154 162 169 177 184 191 199 206 213 221 228 235 242 250 258 144 151 159 166 174 182 189 197 204 212 219 227 235 242 250 257 265 148 155 163 171 179 186 194 202 210 218 225 233 241 249 256 264 272 152 160 168 176 184 192 200 208 216 224 232 240 248 256 264 272 279 156 164 172 180 189 197 205 213 221 230 238 246 254 263 271 279 287

Table 2 of 2

Obese BMI Height (inches)

Extreme Obesity

36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 Body Weight (pounds)

Table 2 of 2

Obese BMI Height (inches) 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76

Extreme Obesity

36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 Body Weight (pounds) 172 177 181 186 191 196 201 205 210 215 220 224 229 234 239 244 248 253 258 178 183 188 193 198 203 208 212 217 222 227 232 237 242 247 252 257 262 267 184 189 194 199 204 209 215 220 225 230 235 240 245 250 255 261 266 271 276 190 195 201 206 211 217 222 227 232 238 243 248 254 259 264 269 275 280 285 196 202 207 213 218 224 229 235 240 246 251 256 262 267 273 278 284 289 295 203 208 214 220 225 231 237 242 248 254 259 265 270 278 282 287 293 299 304 209 215 221 227 232 238 244 250 256 262 267 273 279 285 291 296 302 308 314 216 222 228 234 240 246 252 258 264 270 276 282 288 294 300 306 312 318 324 223 229 235 241 247 253 260 266 272 278 284 291 297 303 309 315 322 328 334 230 236 242 249 255 261 268 274 280 287 293 299 306 312 319 325 331 338 344 236 243 249 256 262 269 276 282 289 295 302 308 315 322 328 335 341 348 354 243 250 257 263 270 277 284 291 297 304 311 318 324 331 338 345 351 358 365 250 257 264 271 278 285 292 299 306 313 320 327 334 341 348 355 362 369 376 257 265 272 279 286 293 301 308 315 322 329 338 343 351 358 365 372 379 386 265 272 279 287 294 302 309 316 324 331 338 346 353 361 368 375 383 390 397 272 280 288 295 302 310 318 325 333 340 348 355 363 371 378 386 393 401 408 280 287 295 303 311 319 326 334 342 350 358 365 373 381 389 396 404 412 420 287 295 303 311 319 327 335 343 351 359 367 375 383 391 399 407 415 423 431 295 304 312 320 328 336 344 353 361 369 377 385 394 402 410 418 426 435 443

For a printer-friendly version of this table, use the pdf. (PDF, 100 KB) * [Top]

What steps can delay or prevent type 2 diabetes?

A major research study, the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP), proved that people with prediabetes were able to sharply reduce their risk of developing diabetes during the study by losing 5 to 7 percent of their body weight through dietary changes and increased physical activity. Study participants followed a low-fat, low-calorie diet and engaged in regular physical activity, such as walking briskly five times a week for 30 minutes. These strategies worked well for both men and women in all racial and ethnic groups, but were especially effective for participants age 60 and older. A follow-up study, the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study (DPPOS), showed losing weight and being physically active provide lasting results. Ten years after the DPP, modest weight loss delayed onset of type 2 diabetes by an average of 4 years. The diabetes medication metformin also lowers the risk of type 2 diabetes in people with prediabetes, especially those who are younger and heavier and women who have had gestational diabetes. The DPPOS showed that metformin delayed type 2 diabetes by 2 years. People at high risk should ask their health care provider if they should take metformin to prevent type 2 diabetes. Metformin is a medication that makes insulin work better and can reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes. More information about insulin resistance, the DPP, or how to lower risk for type 2 diabetes is available in the following NDIC publications: Am I at Risk for Type 2 Diabetes? Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) Insulin Resistance and Prediabetes These publications are available at www.diabetes.niddk.nih.gov or by calling 18008608747. Additional information about the DPP, funded under NIH clinical trial number NCT00004992, and the DPPOS, funded under NIH clinical trial number NCT00038727, can be found at www.bsc.gwu.edu/dpp . As part of its Small Steps, Big Rewards campaign, the National Diabetes Education Program (NDEP) offers several booklets about preventing type 2 diabetes, including information about setting goals, tracking progress, implementing a walking program, and finding additional resources. These materials are available at www.ndep.nih.gov or by calling the NDEP at 1 888693NDEP (18886936337). [Top]

How is diabetes managed?

People can manage their diabetes with meal planning, physical activity, and if needed, medications. Additional information about taking care of type 1 or type 2 diabetes is available in the publications What I need to know about Diabetes Medicines What I need to know about Eating and Diabetes Your Guide to Diabetes: Type 1 and Type 2 These NDIC publications are available at www.diabetes.niddk.nih.gov or by calling 18008608747. [Top]

Points to Remember

Tests used for diagnosing diabetes and prediabetes include the A1C test for type 2 diabetes and prediabetesthe fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test, and the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Another blood test, the random plasma glucose (RPG) test, is sometimes used to diagnose diabetes when symptoms are present during a regular health checkup. Anyone age 45 or older should consider getting tested for diabetes or prediabetes. People younger than 45 should consider testing if they are overweight or obese and have one or more additional risk factors for diabetes. If results of testing are normal, testing should be repeated at least every 3 years. Health care providers may recommend more frequent testing depending on initial results and risk status. People whose test results indicate they have prediabetes may be tested again in 1 year and should take steps to prevent or delay type 2 diabetes. Many people with prediabetes develop type 2 diabetes within 10 years. Modest weight loss and moderate physical activity can help people with prediabetes delay or prevent type 2 diabetes.

Source:

BLOOD TEST RESULTS - NORMAL RANGES BLOODBOOK.COM

BLOOD TESTS 'NORMAL' REFERENCE BLOOD TEST RANGES AND BLOOD TEST RESULTS FOR FEMALE, BLOOD TEST RESULTS FOR MALE, OTHER BLOOD TESTING AND RARE BLOOD TESTING RESULTS.

TO HOME PAGE Don't forget to bookmark BloodBook.com! (CTRL-D) CLOSE WINDOW

Blood Test Range Chart || Body Surface Area Calculator || Ideal Body Weight Calculator

Blood test results have specific meaning to knowledgeable and qualified medical personnel. What is the normal range of each part of my Blood test? What is the normal maximum and normal minimum result in each part of a Blood test? For instance, what id the normal range of uric acid? What is the normal white Blood cell count? Blood test results, made possible by the taking of Blood for laboratory testing, are one of the most important tools that your doctor uses in evaluating your health status. Blood tests are fast and almost painless. It is important to realize that your Blood test result may be outside of what is called the 'normal range' for many reasons. Remember that Blood test results are always best interpreted by a Blood professional or doctor who is familiar with your Blood test history, over time. Blood tests, including various Blood chemistry and hematology 'Blood tests' offered by most test labs, represent an economical way by which quality information about a patient's physical condition, at the time of the Blood testing, can be made available to the physician. These Blood test results, after review and interpretation by a qualified Blood professional, play an important part in an overall diagnosis. Blood test results are important in detecting and diagnosing Blood disorders in Blood tests and a Blood test with Rare Blood types. Blood test results are compared and measured in 'normal ranges' for a given population group and individual. Low cost Blood

tests, discount Blood testing and even free Blood tests are available and listed in your local community. Blood
Test Results, Blood test.

Iron Rich Foods - BloodBook Feature Special Article Visit the Bloodmobile - Schedule a Bloodmobile Donation There are more Blood facts indexed by category. Please CLICK HERE.

A large number of laboratory Blood tests are widely available. Many Blood tests are specialized to focus on a particular disease or group of diseases. Many different Blood tests are used commonly in many specialties and in general practice. Discount Blood testing Bloodmobile. Blood Test Results, Blood test.
SEE HIV HOME BLOOD TEST KIT INFORMATION - TEST FOR HIV/AIDS AT HOME

Because most Blood test reference ranges (often referred to as 'normal' ranges of Blood test results) are typically defined as the range of values of the median 95% of the healthy population, it is unlikely that a given Blood sample, even from a healthy patient, will show "normal" values for every Blood test taken. Therefore, caution should be exercised to prevent overreaction to mild abnormalities without the interpretation of those tests by your examining physician. Again, a Blood test, though important, is only a part of the final diagnosis of a health problem. Often, you can get your Blood tested at the Bloodmobile. Physicians rely on "Blood-work," or clinical laboratory diagnostic Blood testing to diagnose medical conditions. From this Blood testing the medical professional then prescribes therapies and remedies, based on those Blood tests. Blood test results reveal Blood disorders in Blood tests and also with a Blood test with Rare Blood types. Good Blood tests make possible state-of-the-art lab procedures that can be provided directly to the public in private and these Blood tests can be provided affordably. Some of the most common Blood test are: Blood Test Results, Blood test, rare Blood types, Blood disorders.
Allergy Blood Testing Blood Tests for Autoimmune Diseases

Blood Diseases Testing Cancer Detection Blood Testing Blood Cholesterol Test Diabetes Blood Tests DNA, Paternity and Genetic Testing Blood Tests for Drug Screening Environmental Toxin Blood Testing Fitness, Nutrition and Anti-Aging Gastrointestinal Diseases Revealed by Blood Tests Blood Testing for Heart Health Hormones and Metabolism Infectious Disease Blood Tests Kidney Disease Blood Test Liver Diseases Blood Testing Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD's) Blood Tests Thyroid Disease Blood Tests

In the next paragraphs we will talk about categories of these Blood tests and the results of your Blood test. Most Blood tests fall within one of two categories: screening or diagnostic. Screening Blood tests are used to try to detect a disease when there is little or no evidence that a person has a suspected disease. For example, measuring cholesterol levels helps to identify one of the risks of heart disease. These screening tests are performed on people who may show no symptoms of heart disease, as a tool for the physician to detect a potentially harmful and evolving condition. In order for screening tests to be the most useful they must be readily available, accurate, inexpensive, pose little risk, and cause little discomfort to the patient. Coupons for DNA and Cancer Blood tests. Iron Rich Foods Information Website Diagnostic Blood tests are utilized when a specific disease is suspected to verify the presence and the severity of that disease, including allergies, HIV, AIDS, Hepatitis, cancer, etc.

What is a Blood test? Blood tests are an essential diagnostic tool. Blood is made up of different kinds of cells and contains other compounds, including various salts and certain proteins. Blood tests reveal details about these Blood cells and, Blood compounds, salts and proteins The liquid portion of the tested Blood is plasma. When our Blood clots outside the body, the Blood cells and some of the proteins in Blood turn into a solid. The remaining liquid is called serum, which can be used in chemical tests and in other Blood tests to find out how the immune system fights diseases. Doctors take Blood samples and grow the organisms, found in Blood tests, that cause illness, to evaluate each, microscopically.
Discount Blood Test, Blood Typing, Mercury Blood Tests, Positive Blood Type, Iron Rich Foods, Negative Blood Type, Mercury Blood Test, Blood Test Result, Discount Blood Testing, Discount Blood Tests, Mercury Blood Testing, Selling Sperm for Cash, CJD Test, CJD Tests, CJD Testing, Prion Test, Prion Testing, Protein Profiling, Blood Test Kits, ABO Blood Types, Thimerosal.

How is a Blood test carried performed? Blood samples taken for Blood testing can be taken either from an artery. A few drops of Blood are needed, most of the time. It is often enough to take a small drop from the tip of your finger and then squeeze the Blood out for Blood testing. Most Blood tests are taken from an artery (arteries carry fresh, oxygenated Blood FROM the heart,) most often from those arteries near the elbow. First a tourniquet is tied around the upper arm to make the artery easy to find and take the Blood for the Blood test. The place where the injection is to take place is then made sterile and then a hollow needle is put into the artery. The needle will be attached either to a Blood test sample bottle or to a syringe where the plunger is pulled back to create low negative pressure. When the needed amount of Blood for testing has been removed from the artery, the needle is removed. The area is then re-cleaned and pressure is placed on the area with a small ball of cotton. This is pressed against the area for a couple of minutes before applying a bandage. Blood test results are important in Blood disorders in Blood tests and a Blood test with Rare Blood types. Blood tests are relatively painless.

Platelet testing is a Blood test that is often used by doctors. First lets define platelets. Platelets are very small cells in the Blood. These clump together at places where injury to Blood vessels occur. They are the basis of the Blood clot that normally forms when the skin is broken. A Blood test revealing a low platelet count can make us vulnerable to bleeding, sometimes even without an injury that we see. Some of the causes of a low Blood platelet count include autoimmune diseases, where the effected individual produces an antibody to his or her own platelets, chemotherapy, leukemia, viral infections and some medicines. High numbers of platelets make an individual more vulnerable to Blood clotting. High Blood platelet counts are always found where a condition involving bone marrow such as leukemia, cancer and other Blood borne conditions that are revealed by Blood test results.
Pharmacy shelves are stocked with do-it-yourself home tests for Blood glucose, Blood cholesterol paternity tests and pregnancy tests. OraSure Technologies Inc., makes and sells a 20-minute, at-home test that screens for two HIV strains using a swab device that tests saliva.

No Blood test is completely accurate all of the time. Sometimes a test result is incorrectly abnormal in a person who does not have the suspected disease (a false-positive result). Sometimes a test result is incorrectly normal in a person who has the disease (a false-negative result). Tests are rated in terms of their sensitivity (the probability that their Blood testing results will be positive when a disease is present) and their specificity (the probability that their test results will be negative when a disease is not present). A very sensitive test is unlikely to miss the disease in people who have it, however, it may falsely indicate disease in healthy people. Blood test results are important in Blood disorders in Blood tests and a Blood test with Rare Blood types. A very specific test is unlikely to indicate disease in healthy people. Although, it may miss the disease in some who have it. Problems with sensitivity and specificity can be largely overcome by using several different Blood tests. Because your physician can not always be sure whether or not the reported result of a particular test from a particular person is false or true, a person with an abnormal result may often need to be re-tested or undergo a different type of testing. Links to Free Blood tests and Free Blood testing click here.

Normal test result values are expressed as a reference range, which is based on the average values in a healthy population; 95% of healthy people have values within this range. These values vary somewhat among laboratories, due to methodology and even geography. Blood tests and Blood testing methods and quality vary widely in different parts of the world and in different parts of many countries, due tocharacteristics in the population, both racial Blood differences and ethnic Blood characteristics, among other factors. Free Cord Blood testing at the Bloodmobile. American Blood laboratories use a different version of the metric system than does most of the rest of the world, which uses the Systeme Internationale (SI). In some cases translation between the two systems is easy, but the difference between the two is most pronounced in the measurement of chemical concentration. The American system generally uses mass per unit volume, while SI uses moles per unit volume. Since mass per mole varies with the molecular weight of the substance being analyzed, conversion between American and SI units requires many different conversion factors. Keep in mind that there are three Blood test "normal ranges."
Normal Range Results The results of virtually all Blood tests ordered in North America are compared to "normal ranges" as provided on a "Lab Results Report." If your tests indicate that you are within the normal range, you are most often considered normal. A "normal" Blood test result does not necessarily mean that you are healthy. The problem with these lies in how "normal ranges" are determined at that particular Blood testing laboratory. Population Best/Optimum Ranges In our opinion, every Blood test result must be compared to Blood test result scores other than the accepted lab "norms." Your potential statistical best possible Blood test ranges must be considered. These Blood test range "best" results should interpreted considering your physiology and unique biochemistry such as your height your weight, age, gender, health history since childhood. Further, the inter-relationship with your other blood test scores must be considered. One imbalance often causes another. Blood test range scores outside your unique Blood test range results can be affected by sleep, diet, exercise, medicines, and vitamin supplements. Your Personal Norms

Your Blood test score, chronicled over time, will vary by few points, one way or the other. These Blood test results, considering sleep, diet, exercise, medicines, and vitamin supplements, etc. will most certainly vary. Each person on any given day has their own set of Blood test results. Consider your gas mileage in your car. If reviewed over time, each time you fill up and record your gas mileage, it varies. The car is the same, the driver is the same, the gas is the same, but the mileage, from fill-up to fill-up varies. We recommend periodical Personal Blood Testing. Your personal norms must be considered over time. Each individual has his or her own unique personal Blood test normal range, best for you. Remember, if you do not get Blood tests, and if you do not keep track of them, and if you do not have them available to your doctor, You will not know and can not use your normal Blood test range. Free Blood testing at the Bloodmobile.

BLOOD TEST REFERENCE RANGE CHART Test 17 Hydroxyprogesterone (Men) 17 Hydroxyprogesterone (Women) Follicular phase 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) Acetoacetate Acidity (pH) Alcohol Ammonia Reference Range (conventional units*) 0.06-3.0 mg/L 0.2-1.0 mg/L 8-80 ng/mL <3 mg/dL 7.35 - 7.45 0 mg/dL (more than 0.1 mg/dL normally indicates intoxication) (ethanol) 15 - 50 g of nitrogen/dL

Amylase Ascorbic Acid Bicarbonate Bilirubin Blood Volume Calcium Carbon Dioxide Pressure Carbon Monoxide CD4 Cell Count Ceruloplasmin Chloride Complete Blood Cell Count (CBC)

53 - 123 units/L 0.4 - 1.5 mg/dL 18 - 23 mEq/L (carbon dioxide content) Direct: up to 0.4 mg/dL Total: up to 1.0 mg/dL 8.5 - 9.1% of total body weight 8.2 - 10.6 mg/dL (normally slightly higher in children) 35 - 45 mm Hg Less than 5% of total hemoglobin 500 - 1500 cells/L 15 - 60 mg/dL 98 - 106 mEq/L Tests include: hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular volume, platelet count, white Blood cell count Please click each to view an individual test value. Total: 70 - 150 g/dL Male: 38 - 174 units/L Female: 96 - 140 units/L 5% MB or less 0.6 - 1.2 mg/dL Test includes: calcium, chloride, magnesium, potassium, sodium Please click each to view an individual test value. Male: 1 - 13 mm/hr Female: 1 - 20 mm/hr

Copper Creatine Kinase (CK or CPK) Creatine Kinase Isoenzymes Creatinine Electrolytes Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR or Sed-Rate)

Glucose Hematocrit Hemoglobin Iron Iron-binding Capacity Lactate (lactic acid) Lactic Dehydrogenase Lead Lipase Zinc B-Zn Lipids: Cholesterol Triglycerides

Tested after fasting: 70 - 110 mg/dL Male: 45 - 62% Female: 37 - 48% Male: 13 - 18 gm/dL Female: 12 - 16 gm/dL 60 - 160 g/dL (normally higher in males) 250 - 460 g/dL Venous: 4.5 - 19.8 mg/dL Arterial: 4.5 - 14.4 mg/dL 50 - 150 units/L 40 g/dL or less (normally much lower in children) 10 - 150 units/L 70 - 102 mol/L

Less than 225 mg/dL (for age 40-49 yr; increases with age) 10 - 29 years 30 - 39 years 40 - 49 years 50 - 59 years 60 - 69 years > 70 53 - 104 mg/dL 55 - 115 mg/dL 66 - 139 mg/dL 75 - 163 mg/dL 78 - 158 mg/dL 83 - 141 mg/dL

years Liver Function Tests Tests include bilirubin (total), phosphatase (alkaline), protein (total and albumin), transaminases (alanine and aspartate), prothrombin (PTT) Please click each to view an individual test value. 1.9 - 2.7 mEq/L 27 - 32 pg/cell

Magnesium Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) Mean Corpuscular HemoglobinConcentration (MCHC) Mean Corpuscular Volume(MCV) Osmolality Oxygen Pressure Oxygen Saturation (arterial) Phosphatase, Prostatic Phosphatase Phosphorus Platelet Count Potassium Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Proteins: Total

32 - 36% hemoglobin/cell

76 - 100 cu m 280 - 296 mOsm/kg water 83 - 100 mm Hg 96 - 100% 0 - 3 units/dL (Bodansky units) (acid) 50 - 160 units/L (normally higher in infants and adolescents) (alkaline) 3.0 - 4.5 mg/dL (inorganic) 150,000 - 350,000/mL 3.5 - 5.4 mEq/L 0 - 4 ng/mL (likely higher with age)

6.0 - 8.4 gm/dL

Albumin Globulin Prothrombin (PTT) Pyruvic Acid Red Blood Cell Count (RBC) Sodium Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Transaminase: Alanine (ALT) Aspartate (AST) Urea Nitrogen (BUN) BUN/Creatinine Ratio Uric Acid

3.5 - 5.0 gm/dL 2.3 - 3.5 gm/dL 25 - 41 sec 0.3 - 0.9 mg/dL 4.2 - 6.9 million/L/cu mm 133 - 146 mEq/L 0.5 - 6.0 units/mL

1 - 21 units/L 7 - 27 units/L 7 - 18 mg/dL 5 - 35 Male Female 2.1 to 8.5 mg/dL (likely higher with age) 2.0 to 7.0 mg/dL (likely higher with age)

Vitamin A WBC (leukocyte count and white Blood cell count) White Blood Cell Count (WBC)

30 - 65 g/dL 4.3-10.8 10 /mm

3 3

4,300 - 10,800 cells/L/cu mm

*Please visit our measurement and abbreviation pages.

Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 13.5 pt, Font color: Custom Color(RGB(102,0,0)), Pattern: Clear (White)

Blood Test Kits View "What Does My Blood Test Mean Pages?" There is more about Blood, indexed by category, Please CLICK HERE.
BODY SURFACE AREA CALCULATOR

Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 13.5 pt, Font color: Custom Color(RGB(102,0,0)), Pattern: Clear (White)

(weight (kg) x 0.425) x (height (cm) x 0.725) 139.315

Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 13.5 pt, Font color: Custom Color(RGB(102,0,0)), Pattern: Clear (White)

IDEAL BODY WEIGHT CALCULATOR

Male: 50 Kg + (# inches > 5 ft x 2.3) Female: 45.5 Kg + (# inches > 5 ft x 2.3)