From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The rates of college students smoking in the United States have fluctuated for the past twenty years. Majority of lifelong smokers begin smoking habits before the age of 24, which makes the college years a crucial time in the study of cigarette consumption. Cigarette smoking on college campuses has become an important public health issue and there has been increase in campus wide smoking bans and other preventative programs to reduce the rates of students smoking.
Contents
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1 Statistics 2 Predictors Associated with Youth Tobacco Use 3 Factors for college smoking in the U.S. o 3.1 Stress and Emotion o 3.2 Weight Loss o 3.3 Field of Study o 3.4 Social Activity 4 Social Smokers 5 Smoking and Perceived Gender Disparities 6 Targeting by the Tobacco Industry o 6.1 Replacement Smokers o 6.2 Alternative Press 7 Smoking Bans 8 References
[edit] Statistics
85% of current adult smokers began smoking by the age of 21, which may show how behaviors in college-aged students can predict smoking behavior later in life (American Lung Association). Each year, approximately 440,000 deaths are related to cigarette smoking, including smoking on college campuses [1]. An estimated 28.5% of college students are smokers in the United States in relation to the current rate of US adult smoking, which is 20.6% [2]. Throughout the 1980s, studies found rates for adult smoking were gradually declining, while those of adolescents were not [3]. During 1990s cigarette smoking among college students rose from 23% to 31%, but by the year 2000, percentages began to decline [3].
In 2002, 16% of college students smoke on a daily basis versus 32% of their non-college peers J[4]. Though statistically, college students do not smoke as much as non-college students, smoking on college campuses is a growing trend and public health debate.
Lower socioeconomic status Having parents, close relatives, or guardians that smoke Acceptance and positive views of smoking by peers Incompletion of higher levels of education High availability of and exposure to tobacco products Violent behavior
students perspectives, there were negative feelings towards women smoking and it was considered unlady like. However, if men were smoking, the perception was positive, and they were considered cool or gave off a tough-guy image. In addition to drinking alcohol at parties, male students appeared in control if they had a cigarette in the other hand. Even though there were negative perceptions of female students smoking, smoking at parties is considered more of a female behavior rather than a male behavior. Despite negative perceptions of females smoking, students thought that when females smoke in groups of girlfriends it wasnt trashy. Rather, when female students smoked in groups of girlfriends it appeared as though individuals smoking habits were regulated by the group, instead of the individuals dependence on nicotine. These perceived gender differences are inextricably linked with social environments where smoking and alcohol consumption occur. The perceptions of cigarette smoking in male and female students reflect similar perceptions of alcohol use in college students [11].
many events in popular spring break towns [14]. This aggressive advertising led to a general increase in smoking among young adults aged 18 to 24.
[edit] References
1. ^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Smoking-Attributable Mortality, Years of Potential Life Lost, and Productivity LossesUnited States, 2000-2004. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. November 14, 2008; 57(45):1226-8 2. ^ http://www.uri.edu/smokefree/facts.html 3. ^ a b Johnston, L. D., O'Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2006). Monitoring the Future national survey results on drug use, 1975-2005. Volume II: College students and adults ages 19-45 (NIH Publication No. 06-5884). Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse, 302 pp
4. ^ ohnston, L. D., O'Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2006). Monitoring the Future national survey results on drug use, 1975-2005. Volume II: College students and adults ages 19-45 (NIH Publication No. 06-5884). Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse, 302 pp 5. ^ U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Preventing Tobacco Use Among Young People: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Coordinating Center for Health Promotion, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 1994 6. ^ Morrell, H.E.R., Cohen, L.M., McChargue, D.E. (2010) Depression vulnerability predicts cigarette smoking among college students: Gender and Negative reinforcement expectancies as contributing factors. Addictive Behaviors 35. 607-611 7. ^ a b Zucker, A.N., Harrell, A., Miner-Rubino, K., Stewart, A. J., Pomerleau, C.S., Boyd, C. J. (2001)Smoking in College Women: The Role of the Thinness Pressures, Media Exposure and Crucial Consciousness. Psychology of Women Quarterly 25. 233-241 8. ^ a b Pomerleau, C.S. et al (1993). The female weight-control smoker: A profile. Journal of Substance Abuse, 5, 391-400 9. ^ Berg, C.J., Klatt, C.M., Thomas, J.L., Ahluwalia, J.S., An, L.C. (2008). The Relationship of Field of Study to Current Smoking Status Among College Students. College Student Journal 43 (3). 744 -754 10. ^ a b c Moran, S., Wechsler, H., & Rigotti, N. A. (2004). Social Smoking Among US College Students. Pediatrics, 114 (4), 1028-1034 11. ^ Nichter, M., Nichter, M., Lloyd-Richardson, E.E., Flaherty, B., Carkoglu, A., Taylor, N. (2006). Gendered Dimensions of Smoking Among College Students. Journal of Adolescent Research, 215 (21), 215-244 12. ^ Mackay J., & Eriksen M. (2002). The Tobacco Atlas. World Health Organization 13. ^ a b c http://www.mediaawareness.ca/english/resources/educational/handouts/tobacco_advertising/replacement_s moker.cfm 14. ^ a b Sepe, E., Ling, P.M., Glantz, S.A. (2002). Smooth Moves: Bar and Nightclub Tobacco Promotions that Target Young Adults American Journal of Public Health, 92 (3). 414-419 15. ^ http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5844.pdf 16. ^ a b http://sadireland.com/smoking1.htm 17. ^ http://www.startribune.com/lifestyle/health/34309509.html?elr=KArksUUUU 18. ^ http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1945356,00.html 19. ^ a b http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2008-10-12-smokingban_N.htm?csp=34 20. ^ a b http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/5/74#IDAAO1MHB 21. ^ Martinelli, A. M. (1999). An Explanatory Model of Variables Influencing Health Promotion Behaviors in Smoking and Nonsmoking College Students. Public Health Nursing, 16 (4), 263-269