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with the real-life results, the model can be transforms to Subject to the boundary conditions
more precisely imitate the biological process. There are u (0, t ) = u ( L, t ) = 0, t > 0
some techniques are implementing now a days to detect and the initial conditions
breast tumor and some limitations have been
acknowledges by the medical community.
u ( x,0) = f ( x),0 ≤ x ≤ L,
∂u
( x,0) = g ( x),0 ≤ x ≤ L
1.1.1 1D Problem Formulating
∂t
Here hyperbolic equation leading the ultrasound pressure
where α is a constant.
fields. The problem gained from the hyperbolic equation
To set up the finite-difference method, assume u = f (x) is
which is a wave equation integrated with a frequency-
a function of the independent variables x and t. Subdivide
dependent attenuation is as equation (1).
the x-plane into sets of equal rectangles if sides δx = h
1 ∂ 2 p ( x, t ) ∂p ( x, t ) and δt = k.
+γ = ∇.(c∇p ( x, t )) (1)
Writing this set of equations in matrix form gives,
c 2
∂t 2
∂t
where,
p – pressure
x – space variable
t – time variable
c – sound speed of the traversed tissue
γ – damping or attenuation parameter
dimensional problem as the following equation. be further implemented to solve the large scale
(∇ 2 + k 2 (r ))e(r ) = 0 (2) mathematical problem. Generally, finite-difference
k- the wave number of the electromagnetic approximation to two dimensional elliptic equation is
e(r)- total electric field given by
r- current in the electrical field ri −1, j − 2ri , j + ri +1, j ri , j −1 − 2ri , j + ri , j +1
x- x direction of the space variable + =0 (5)
( Δx ) ( Δy )
2 2
y- y direction of the space variable
Then we will have the finite-difference approximation
Equation (2) can then transform into Equation (3) by equation from (5) as follows,
using Finite Difference Method in three points θ ri , j −1 + ri −1, j − (2 + 2θ )ri , j + ri +1, j + θ ri , j +1 = 0 (6)
discretization.
⎛ ri −1, j − 2ri , j + ri +1, j ri , j −1 − 2ri , j + ri , j +1 ⎞ For 0 ≤ θ ≤ 1
⎜ + + k 2 ( ri , j ) ⎟ e ( ri , j ) = 0
(3)
⎜ ( Δx )
2
( Δy )
2
⎟
⎝ ⎠
1.2 The Mathematical Modelling For Breast Cancer 2. Iteration point methods for solving the
cells Finite Difference Equations
The method to solve Helmholtz’s equation and hyperbolic Iterative methods are used to solved the linear algebraic
PDE are introduced in this section that are utilizing to the when the number of unknown is large but each equation
early detection of breast tumor by Gauss-Seidel iteration involves only a few of them. It is mean by when the
and Red Black Gauss-Seidel iterative methods. The matrix of coefficients consists mainly of zeros and the
electromagnetic of Helmholtz’s equation and hyperbolic iterative methods take advantage of the zeros, where as a
PDE are discretized to transform the model in a matrix great deal of the work of direct elimination methods is
form. concerned. So that, the finite-difference equations
associated with partial differential equations are suitable
1.2.1 Hyperbolic Partial Differential Equations to be solved using iterative methods. In this section,
Hyperbolic differential equations, includes the “wave Gauss-Seidel iterative methods are presented.
equation” which is fundamental to the study of vibrating
systems. It is instructive to outline the derivation of the 2.1 Gauss Seidel Iterative Method
simple wave equation in one dimension problem.
The wave equation is given by the differential equation One of our interests in this study is hyperbolic equation,
∂ 2u by consider the wave equation give,
2 ∂ u
2
( x , t ) − α ( x, t ) = 0,0 < x < L, t > 0 (4)
∂t 2 ∂x 2
139
ii. Grid calculation at Ω :
B
∂ 2u 2 ∂ u
2
( x , t ) − α ( x, t ) = 0 (7)
∂t 2 ∂x 2 w ( n +1)
i =λ w2 ( n +1)
i +1 + 2(1 − λ2 ) wi( n ) + λ2 wi(−n1+1) − bi
Using finite-difference method, the equation become i=2,4,6,…,m-1 (15)
wi , j +1 − 2 wi , j + wi , j −1 wi +1, j + 2 wi , j − wi −1, j Red Black Gauss Seidel algorithm is used to implement
−α 2 =0 (8)
k 2
h2 the parallel algorithm in solving the finite difference
This is called gauss-seidel iterative for equation (8) equation. The iterative method contains 2-sub domain,
wi( n+1) = λ2 wi(+n1) + 2(1 − λ2 ) wi( n ) + λ2 wi(−n1+1) − bi (9) Ω R and Ω B . There is a communication between
For elliptic equation, from equation (10) solving the left Ω R and Ω B (B. Wilkinson and M. Allen, 2004). The
side for ri , j +1 gives, calculation of this method is shown as follow:
i. Grid calculation at Ω :
R
1
ri , j +1 = [(2 + 2θ )ri , j − ri +1, j − ri −1, j − θ ri , j −1 ] (10) 1
θ ri ( n +1) = [(2 + 2θ )ri( n ) − ri (+n1) − ri (−n1+1) ] − bi ,
The unknowns ri +1, j , ri , j , ri −1, j are converted simply as
θ
i =1, 3, 5,…, n (16)
ri +1, , ri , ri −1 , respectively. This enables to express the ii. Grid calculation at Ω :
B
140
⎡ ⎛ h2 ⎞ 2 2 ⎤ ⎛ h2 ⎞ ⎛ h2 ⎞
⎢ 2 + 2 ⎜ 2 ⎟ − h k ⎥ ri , j = ri +1, j + ri −1, j + ⎜ 2 ⎟ ri , j +1 + ⎜ 2 ⎟ ri , j −1
⎣ ⎝k ⎠ ⎦ ⎝k ⎠ ⎝k ⎠
(20)
141
properties assumed in the beamformer design and the The core work of master task is to split the model domain
actual average dielectric properties of the breast being into sub domains and allocate them to worker tasks. After
scanned. This may be conclude as there exist an error with each time step, the worker tasks communicate and execute
the Helmholtz’s equation in predicting early detection of time marching. The parallel algorithm’s performance will
breast cancer. be evaluated respecting the efficiency, effectiveness,
speedup and temporal performance with number of
Table 1: The Pressure of Breast Cancer for 30 days
processor and time execution.
The following definitions are used to measure the parallel
Days strategies in term of (Zomaya,1996):
Grid Speedup : L(p)=t1 / tp (21)
efficiency : C(p)=L(p)/ p (22)
5 10 15 20 25 30
effectiveness: K(p)=L(p)/ ptp (23)
1 152.000 202.000 334.000 739.000 1652.000 4160.000 where t1 is the execution time on a serial machine and tp
2 229.153 280.307 431.460 812.613 1733.765 4234.918 is the computing time on a parallel machine with p
308.613 363.226 517.839 922.452 1827.064 4331.676
3 processors. The temporal performance F(p) is used to
4 391.551 453.136 614.756 1026.410 1938.099 4449.822
479.172 552.223 726.143 1149.942 2073.950 4598.166
investigate the performance of difference algorithms. The
5
6 572.735 654.206 856.412 1299.357 2243.041 4787.465 definition is F(p)=1/ tp.
7 673.570 791.111 1010.635 1482.153 2455.679 5031.230
8 783.097 936.659 1194.741 1707.400 2724.700 5346.680 Execution time is the amount of time needed for a
9 902.846 1104.700 1415.750 1986.200 3066.220 5756.030 complete run of a computer program routine. The time
10 1034.48 1299.650 1682.050 2332.210 3500.670 6287.990 required for a computer to decode and perform a compiled
instruction. The time execution for one CPU to compute
Table 1 shows that the pressure of the breast cancer the programming using time.h from the parallel
computed using parallel programming with PVM and C programming is as shown in Table 2.
of mathematical model in this research (A. Bounaïm at el,
2004). The pressure in Table 1 will be used to visualize Table 2: Time execution, speedup, efficiency, effectiveness, temporal
the growth of the breast cancer within 30 days more performances against different number of processors
obviously. According to Table 1, the pressure of breast Number Time Speedup Efficiency Effectiveness Temporal
cancer increasing from 150 to 6000 within 1 month. This of execution Performance
processor (Second)
shows that the diffusive of the cancer cells is very fast. 1 97.61890 1 1 0.01024 0.01024
4 42.31848 2.30677 0.57669 0.01363 0.02363
8 32.56302 2.99785 0.37473 0.01151 0.03071
12 25.62441 3.80961 0.31747 0.01239 0.03903
16 10.49781 9.29898 0.58119 0.05537 0.09257
20 06.96519 14.01525 0.70076 0.10061 0.14357
Figure 3 shows the pressure inside the breast for every 5 The efficiency decreases with the increasing of number of
days within 1 month. The graph has shown that in the first processors. As known, efficiency is the ratio of speedup
5 days, the pressure is low. However, after 20 days, the with number of processors. So, efficiency is a
pressure increases drastically. The pressure becomes performance closely related to speedup. But in this case,
higher after 30 days. As a conclusion, the pressure is it can be summarized as the system has reach it’s
increasing with the tumor size. Therefore, the growth of maximum efficiency at 12 number of processor. The
breast cancer can be visualized from its pressure. effectiveness is escalating with the increasing of the
number of processors. In addition, the adding of the
number of processors is to make the graph increasing.
4. Results and Discussion Table 2 shows that the temporal performance graph is
proportional to the number of processors increase. It is
because the execute time is decreasing versus the number
4.1 The Performance Analysis
of processors.
There is a master task in the PVM execution of the
modelling codes and there are number of worker tasks.
142
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