TEST YOURSELF 1 1- Mary: Do you know whether we've got any more photocopy paper? Jane: .....................

Mary: I didn't see any there. Jane: Then I guess we'd better order some. I'll telephone our supplier. A) No, I think it's all been used up, but we have ordered some more. B) Have you looked under the copier? It's usually there if we have any. C) Of course I do. It's my job to know. I'll fetch a new box for you. D) Do I look like a stationer? Why don't you check for yourself? E) I just bought a box yesterday. Here's the key to the stockroom.

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Teller: Can I help you? Customer: Good morning. I'd like to withdraw one hundred pounds from my savings account. Teller: ............. Customer: Four twenties and a couple of tens, please. A) I'm sorry, but we are having a problem with the system at the moment. B) Certainly, Sir. How would you like that? C) Can you tell me your account number please? D) Have you got any identification, Sir? It's just the usual procedure, you know. E) I'm sorry, the largest note is the 50 pound note. Do you want it anyway?

72Harold: Tomorrow is Jack's 30th birthday. Bruce: Why don't we get him a cake or something? Harold: .......................... Bruce: Okay, let me know what it costs and we can split the cost between us. A) He's on a diet. I don't think he'll like the idea. B) I was thinking we could take him out for a drink. C) I don't know. I think he's got the day off from work. D) Good idea. I'll stop at the baker's on the way to work. E) Do you know of any baker's that will deliver one .here? 83Fred: Are you familiar with the term 'agoraphobia'? Norma: ............. Fred: It's used to describe an intense, irrational fear of crossing through a wide-open space. A) No, 1 don't believe you! Do you mean you have that phobia? B) Yes, but I don't really believe in it. Do you? C) Isn't it a fear of wide-open spaces? I read an article about it in a magazine. D) No, I don't think I've ever heard that word before. What does it mean? E) Yes, my uncle has been suffering from it for years, and I think it's incurable, isn't it? 4Thelma: Excuse me, have you got change for a five-pound note? Louise: .................... Thelma: Thanks, that would be perfect. Louise: Here you are, then. A) All I've got at the moment is a couple of ten-pound notes. Sorry, I can't help you. B) No, you should try asking at a bank. There's one down the street between the Post Office and McDonalds. C) I've got a whole pocket full of 20p coins, so I have if you don't mind it being in small denominations. D) Let me see. That works out to be about eight dollars, doesn't it? E) Yes, ! have, but I need it for myself as 1 want to have the right change for the taxi, sorry. 5Yvonne: How much is it to send a fax to Canada these days? Pierre: .............. Yvonne: Two. Pierre: Then it'll come to 1.50. A) Well, it depends on how long it is, 1 mean, how many pages. B) I don't think the price changes according to the time of day, as does the telephone. C) Isn't it wonderful to be able to send so many pages in just a few minutes? D) Why do you need that? Have you got any friends there? E) Is it urgent? if not, I can send It from the machine in our office tomorrow.

Delia: Oh, this is my favourite song. Shall we dance? Bill: I'm not very good at it. Delia: ........... Bill: Okay, but no laughing, please. A) Okay then, if you don't want to, I'll ask Tom. B) Let's just go home then. There's no point in staying here. C) Just let me finish my drink. Then 1 promise that I'll have a go. D) That's right. I forgot how embarrassed you were at the graduation ball. E) That doesn't matter. Come on, just this once it'll be fun! George: ............ Barbara: Thanks. I wish I was still there. George: So, you had a good time then. Barbara: It was fabulous! The sea was wonderful, and the hotel was excellent! A) Welcome back from your holiday. B) So, how did it go at the dentist? C) That dress looks great on you. D) Have a good time in California. E) Have you got your holiday photos? Denie: I need to let my manager know that I have been delayed. Do you mind if I use your phone? Charles: .............. Denie: How does it work? Charles: First dial 9, then the number. A) I'm afraid, visitors aren't allowed to. Sorry. B) Sure, there's a phone box in the lobby. C) I'm not sure about that. Do you think he is in the office at this hour? D) No, go ahead. You can use the one at my desk. E) Of course I do. Please make yourself at home.

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10- Victor: Do you know the name of that film in which Robin Williams plays a Russian? Cecil: Isn't it Love in Moscow or something like that? Victor: .............. Cecil: That was a really funny film. He's such a good actor. A) No, that's not it. I just saw it on video last weekend. B) Oh, I remember now. It was Moscow on the Hudson. C) Sorry, I don't like Robin Williams's films at all. D) I was sure you'd remember. Come on, think Cecil. E) Is it true that most of the scenes of the film were really shot in Moscow? 11- Wilma: Did you see al! those policemen at the tube station? Betty: Oh, yes. What was going on there? Wilma: ................ Betty: Did they catch him? Wilma: Fortunately, yes. A) Yes, I was there when it all started happening. B) No, but I came very close to getting shot. C) I was driving to the shops when I saw him. He looked horrible! D) A group of people were protesting the latest price increase. E) Apparently, there was a fight and a man had a gun.

12- Teller: How can I help you. Madam? Tourist: .............. Teller: I'm sorry, but we don't take Hungarian forints. Tourist: Really? Do you know of anywhere that does? A) Is it possible to buy Hungarian money here? B) Can I change 20,000 forints to pounds, please? C) Do you know where the Hungarian Embassy is? D) Do i need my passport to change money here? E) Do you speak Hungarian or German by chance? 13- Kelly: How can you bear this cold weather? Chuck: ............... Kelly: Do you mean it gets even worse than this? Chuck: Of course. Last winter the temperature went down as low as 25C below zero. A) Oh, this is nothing. Wait till February. B) It's horrible, isn't it? I'm nearly frozen. C) l heard this morning was a new record. D) I can't. I'm looking forward to spring. E) Well, at least it's not raining today. 14- Manual: Have you ever read Don Quixote? Carlos: ............ Manuel: I know, and I'm supposed to write a paper on it. Carlos: Maybe you should buy the book notes. They're easier to understand. A) It's great. I've read it a few times and will probably read it again. B) Yes, I especially like the interpretation by the Moscow's Bolshoi Ballet. C) I thought it was quite interesting. What did you think of it? D) I tried to, but I found it much too long and confusing. E) I love the part when he's fighting the windmills. 15- Ticket Seller: Good morning. Sir. What can I do for you? Commuter: Good morning. I'd like a period return to Cardiff. Ticket Seller: .................. Commuter: When does the next train leave? A) There is a special price 'for day returns to Cardiff at the moment. Are you returning today? B) Would you like to travel first class or second? C) Unfortunately, you can't get there from here. D) Isn't that the capital of Wales? E) When would you like to travel? 16- Kris: Would you like to come to the new steak house with us? Fred: ................ Kris: Sorry. I didn't think about that. Fred: Don't worry about it. Maybe next week we can go to the Indian. A) I'd love to. Are you going right after work? B) Really? When did that place finally open up? C) I don't know. It depends on when you are going. D) Maybe. What kind of food do they serve there? E) I doubt they've got much of a vegetarian menu. 17- Felice: Could you get this film developed for me? Clark: Certainly. What size prints would you like? Felice: ................ Clark: Okay. They should be ready tomorrow afternoon. A) Let's see. There are 36 pictures on the roll. B) I wear a medium, so that's what I'd like. C) Ten by fifteen. I don't want them glossy, but matte. D) It's 35mm film and it's black and white. E) I don't know. What sizes have you got?

18- Lisa: Would you like a cigarette? Elsa: Thanks anyway, but I've given up. Lisa: ............. Elsa: It wasn't my idea. My doctor ordered it because of my bronchitis. A) Really? When did you manage to do it? B) I thought I saw you smoking this morning. C) I'd really love one, but I've just run out. D) Congratulations! What made you decide? E) Has your husband decided to give up as well? 19- Pauline: Could you give me a hand opening this jar? Ralph: ................. Pauline: Oh no! What can I do now? Ralph: Let's try running some hot water on it. That usually works. A) No problem. Here you are. You're not very strong, are you? B) I'm busy. What do you need it for anyway? C) Mmm. I love strawberry jam. Can I have some too? D) Oh! The lid is incredibly tight. I can't manage to open it either, E) Here. That was really difficult. No wonder that you couldn't manage it. 20- Waiter: Can I take your order, please? Stephen: I'll have the leg of lamb. Waiter: ................. Stephen: Alright. I guess the chicken will do. A) I'm terribly sorry, Sir, but we've run out of that. B) Okay. And what vegetables would you like? C) And what about you, Madam? Will you have the same? D) And would you like me to get you another drink? E) What kind of soup would you like with that? 21The aurora borealis are the so-called 'northern lights', ............ where they are called aurora australis. The auroras are only seen in the Arctic or Antarctic regions, appearing in bands or curtains of coloured light. They are caused by the entry of solar particles into the Earth's magnetic field. A) thus chemically excited atoms discharge rays of various coloured light B) so they occur more frequently during periods of high solar activity C) and the same phenomenon can be seen in the southern hemisphere D) because these consist chiefly of electrons which ionize atmospheric gases E) but they are much more common during the middle of the winter 22Assyria was a kingdom of the ancient world situated in the Middle East in the region between the rivers Tigris and Euphrates. Two of its greatest rulers were Tiglath-Pileser I and Assurbanipal, commemorated on many surviving monuments. ................ the period when it dominated Babylonia, Palestine and Upper Egypt. A) The most important city in this ancient empire was Nineveh B) The Assyrian race still survives in small numbers today C) The Assyrians are completely unrelated to the Syrians D) The Assyrian empire reached its peak in the 7th century BC E) King Assurbanipal was reportedly very fond of horse-riding 23The word alcohol is commonly used to mean ethyl alcohol or pure spirits; .......... . Some alcohols are liquids, others solids. Alcohols are used in cleaning products, dyes, perfumes and certain pharmaceutical products. A) the abuse of alcohol is called alcoholism and is difficult to treat B) however, in chemistry it describes a whole group of related substances C) in America, people must be 21 to buy alcohol and 18 for cigarettes D) but alcohol can be any of a number of related liquid compounds E) and it has little use except as a drink or for disinfecting cuts and scrapes

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Arachnid is the name given to a small class of land animals. Of these, spiders are the best known, and the group also includes scorpions and ticks. ............. . Arachnids have four pairs of legs and no antennae, while insects have three pairs of legs and antennae. A) The term is simply another word applied to insects B) The fear of these animals is known as arachnophobia C) People who study insects are known as entomologists D) Lobsters and crabs, on the other hand, are in a group called crustaceans E) Although similar in some respects, they are not insects

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Spinning is the drawing out and twisting of cotton, wool or flax fibres into thread or yarn. ............... . In the latter part of the 18 th century, new types of spinning machines were designed by Hargreaves, Arkwright and Crompton, and these machines turned the process into a manufacturing industry. A) Since the Middle Ages, it has been a giant business, utilising huge machines B) Due to great advances in the hemp processing industry, flax is no longer used C) For millennia, this was a cottage industry, in which the yarn was spun by a spindle D) What was done with these items is still a mystery to modern cultural anthropologists E) Several years of extreme cold in the 1700s caused people to switch to leather and fur

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Firearms brought about a decline in the use of archery as a weapon of war. ............. . Archers use a standard-size target, 1.2 metres in diameter. Bows are often made of fibreglass and equipped with calibrated sights, while arrows are constructed from some tubular metal alloy. A) Guns have a much longer range than arrows and are generally easier to use B) The legendary Robin Hood was said to be highly skilled as an archer C) A gun is composed of a triggering device and a barrel to ensure straight delivery D) Today it is a sport, with world championship contests between national teams E) Before the advent of archery, most fighting was done face to face with swords

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The Suez Canal is 100 miles long and connects the Mediterranean and Red Seas, thus shortening the sea route from Europe to India by 5.0OO miles. It was constructed by the French engineer Ferdinand de Lesseps and opened in 1869. .............. . This caused the so-called Suez Crisis, during which France and Britain both attacked Egypt. A) Their action was condemned by the United Nations and they withdrew B) In an internationally unpopular decision by Gamal Nasser, it was nationalised by Egypt in 1956 C) The canal can handle an average of sixty vessels per day D) Lesseps had previously served as a French diplomat in several cities, including Alexandria, Cairo and Rome E) The town of Suez is a starting point for Muslim pilgrimages to Mecca in Saudi Arabia

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The ballot is a system of voting whereby each voter indicates his preference on a piece of paper, which is then folded and placed in a ballot box, thus assuring that his identity is kept secret. ............. . The system there was for voters to throw little coloured balls into a box to denote preference. A) In America today, voters use specially designed voting booths for this purpose B) The word can be traced back to ancient Greece, where it meant 'little ball' C) In many countries, this process is observed, so the secrecy is not complete D) Voting is the method by which people choose their own governmental leaders E) A ballot box can be made of any material, but generally, wood is preferred

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........... . You would register in an old leather-bound book that offered space for comments. The rooms were huge, but likely to flood when you flushed the lavatory. In the bathroom, under the grimy Victorian tubs, cockroaches thrived. The restaurant's Western dishes suggested that the kitchen still had the menus the old colonials loved, but had lost the recipes. But you could console yourself that the place was only costing a few dollars, and sink yourself into an adventure novel of the good old days. A) The Taj Mahal Hotel in Bombay is one of the most luxurious hotels in India B) Not so long ago, the Strand Hotel in Rangoon was an aging, rundown colonial landmark C) In colonial times, the British built a series of luxury hotels all over the East D) Over-priced, and without a trace of nostalgic atmosphere, many of Asia's 5-star hotels are a waste of money E) The Strand Hotel in Rangoon has recently been refurbished as one of Asia's best and most atmospheric hotels

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The camel is a mammal closely related to the llama. ............ . The bactrlan is a sturdy animal with two humps and native to Central Asia, while the dromedary has a single hump and comes from the Sahara desert region. A) There Eire two species of camel, with distinct physical features B) Camels have been used as beasts of burden for thousands of years C) The llama is native to the Andes Mountains of South America D) The wool of the domesticated llama is called alpaca E) In Africa, thousands of wild camels live in the desert interior

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............ especially as related to the distribution of land and water, physical features, climate, population, agriculture, industry, communications and political boundaries. The name comes from the Greek geo meaning 'Earth.' A) Some nations and continents have large supplies of certain valuable minerals; others have little B) Geothermal energy is produced from heat within the Earth's crust C) The latitude and longitude of a place is known as the exact location of that place on the Earth D) A study of your community will show that there is a pattern in the location of certain things E) Geography is the science concerned with the surface of the Earth

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........... . Finally, she managed to persuade one of them and get it accepted. Its publication in 1920 introduced the world to Hercule Poirot, one of the most famous of all names in detective fiction. Persistence, as well as her ingenious plots, made Agatha Christie the foremost writer of detective novels in the 2Oth century. A) In 1930, Agatha Christie married archaeologist Sir Max Mallowan, whom she frequently accompanied on expeditions to the Middle East B) During her writing career, Agatha Christie wrote about seventyfive successful detective novels C) Agatha Christie's major recognition in the literary world came with the publication of "The Murder of Roger Ackroyd' in 1926 D) Agatha Christie's first manuscript, 'The Mysterious Affair at Styles', was rejected at least six times by publishers E) Agatha Christie's mystery play, "The Mousetrap', set a world record for the longest continuous run at one theatre

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The Gunpowder Plot was a plan supported by many English Catholics, who were suffering from religious persecution at the time, to blow up James I and the English Parliament on November 5th, 1605. ............. . The plot was discovered before it was accomplished and the ringleaders were executed. A) King James survived the blast, but many Members of Parliament were not nearly so lucky B) After a vote in Parliament, however, they decided the explosion would not be necessary C) The explosion set off an even stronger wave of anti-Catholic feelings and fresh persecutions D) One of the plotters, Guy Fawkes, had stored gunpowder beneath the Parliament in readiness E) The home-made bombs failed to go off and the leaders of the plot fled the country

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........... . The most obvious reason is that people do so in order to make money even if you know you may not win, there's always the chance that you will. And for many people, winning money in this manner is the only way they could ever make a lot of money. Although in small amounts it may do little harm, it can destroy individuals and their families if it becomes compulsive. A) People work hard at their jobs for many reasons B) There are various reasons why gambling is so popular C) Investing money for the future is a sensible thing D) Poverty is one of the world's most difficult problems E) The reason people look for gold in mountains is apparent

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The Greeks called them kometes, meaning 'long-haired'. ............. . In Babylonian times, the appearances, and sometimes the motions, of these messengers of catastrophe, were accurately chronicled. As recently as 191O, when Halley's great comet appeared, people sold special pills to protect the fearful. A) Like most men since the beginning of history, they regarded them as evil B) A comet is a body that circles the Sun in the same way as a planet, like the Earth C) They become visible as they near the Sun, and sometimes they form a visible tail D) Rarely do scientists have more than three month's notice of a comet's arrival E) They feared the coming of these barbarian tribes of women from Central Asia

One of the earliest recorded human diseases, malaria threatens more than 2 billion people in 100 countries in the tropics. The symptoms of this disease include periodic chills, fever, headache and sweating. Complications affecting the kidneys, liver, brain and blood can be fatal. .......... and a million die from it, mainly children under five and pregnant women. In Africa, malaria kills one child in twenty. A) Scientists are working hard on a cure for the disease B) It has nearly been eliminated from developed countries C) More than 100 million people catch the disease each year D) Thanks to modern medicine, it is rarely fatal any more E) It is most dangerous to people in their seventies

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London's Heathrow Airport is one of the busiest international airports in the world. Because of its geographical location, Heathrow is a stopping-off place for passengers flying between the North American continent and Europe, and countries to the east. ............ . Seventeen million of these passengers are travelling to or from countries outside Britain. A) London has two other airports as well, but they are smaller B) Britain, and especially the Lake District, is visited by millions of people every year C) There is no high-speed rail link to Heathrow from central London D) The duty-free shopping facilities have increased remarkably in recent years E) More than 24 million people use it every year, and that is almost double the population of Australia

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In the 1830s, William Miller, a New York preacher, became convinced from his reading of the Bible that life on the Earth would end in 1843. He attracted a large following and thousands began to prepare by selling their worldly possessions. As 1843 passed without incident, ............ . The failure of these predictions was a serious setback to the movement, but Miller and some devoted followers continued to preach the imminent end of the World. A) he admitted misleading everyone and concluded that he must have been mistaken B) William Miller, the founder of the Adventist movement, believed in the Second Coming of Christ C) Miller specified first March 21, 1844, and later October 22, 1844, as dates for the event D) Miller announced that he was still convinced of the World's imminent end but not of the date E) In 1863 the Millerites, his followers, formally organised the denomination known as Seventh-day Adventists 40-

One day in September, 1944, during the latter stages of World War II, a shattering explosion destroyed a number of buildings in a suburb on the west side of London. This was an unusual situation, ............ . Soon, the reason was understood. The explosion had been caused by the world's first intercontinental ballistic missile, a German V-2 rocket. The V-2 rockets had a total weight of 12 tonnes, and the motor worked from a combination of alcohol and liquid oxygen. It travelled at a speed of 3218 kph, about three times the speed of sound, which is why it gave no warning of its approach. A) but the German aerial bombardment of London and other British cities had ended several years before B) so the bombing of civilian targets is a moral issue which has still not been properly addressed C) and then the German scientists who developed the V-2 went to America after the war and worked in the US Space Program D) for there had been no air raid warning, and there were no enemy aircraft in the sky E) in fact, by this time, the Germans had no real chance of winning the war

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Although the vast majority of people living on the Island of Taiwan originate from China, there are a number of non-Chinese aborigines who constitute a small minority of about 2%. ............. . Their homeland is the mountainous interior, where they were pushed by the Chinese arrivals of the 18 th and 19th centuries. These aborigines speak their own languages, which are thought to be related to Malayo-Polynesian languages. A) The Austronesian language family, sometimes called the Malayo-Polynesian family, includes between 600 and 1,000 languages B) Taiwan is a separate political entity from China, which has continued to demand the return of the island to its political jurisdiction since 1949 C) They are descended from a people of Indonesian origin who lived on the island prior to Chinese immigration D) The giant panda, a rare and closely protected animal, lives in the cool, damp bamboo forests of central China E) About 25 percent of the population of Vancouver is Asian, mostly Chinese

41- (I) Hinduism is the religion practised by the majority of people in India, (II) Its origins can be traced back nearly 5000 years to the period of the Indus Valley civilisation, (III) It is founded on a belief in reincarnation; that is, the return of the sou! to many earthly existences until spiritual purity and enlightenment are attained. (IV) Christianity, on the other hand, believes in a single earthly incarnation. (V) There are many forms of Hinduism, and many traditional gods, the principal ones being Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

42- (I) Religion was the great controlling force in Aztec life. (II) The chief Aztec god was Quetzalcoatl, and mass human sacrifice played a big part in their religion. (III) In architecture and sculpture they gave their best efforts to building and decorating huge temples. (IV) Their temples closely resembled the stepped, pyramid-shaped ones of ancient Babylonia and Assyria. (V) The Aztecs used their wealth and power to provide a brilliant life in their capital, and their chief, Montezuma, lived in a splendid palace. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

48- (I) Conservation is everyone's responsibility, (II) Individuals have no right to destroy nature's wealth for profit or for pleasure. (III) The logging company that cuts down too many trees without replanting for the future; the industrial plant that fouls a river or pollutes the air with its wastes; the farmer who neglects his own farm and so damages his neighbour's land are injuring the whole community. (IV) The camper whose carelessness starts a forest fire; the picnickers who litter the landscape with their garbage; the hunter who kills more than the legal limit are all abusing natural resources. (V) Yet an animal species may become extinct not only through human abuse, but also through natural causes. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

43- (I) Mankind uses many different forms of fuel from which he produces energy, (II) Coal is a black rock derived from the leaves and wood of decayed trees. (Ill) The coal forests thrived about 200 million years ago, and it was under the weight of the deposits above them that they slowly turned to coal. (IV) There are two main types of coal, anthracite, or hard coal, and bituminous, or soft coal. (V) The latter burns with much more smoke than the former. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

49- (I) The skeleton is the rigid framework which supports and protects the soft tissue of an animal's body, (II) The human skeleton consists of 206 bones, which are fitted together at joints. (III) It is the most durable part of an animal and can be preserved for thousands of years after the rest of the body has decayed. (IV) In vertebrate creatures such as man, this framework is internal. (V) In some creatures, such as insects and shellfish, it appears on the outside. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

44- (I) The general weather pattern of an area over long periods is known as the climate. (II) Climate depends on many things, including distance from the equator, altitude, distance from the sea and the direction and temperature of ocean currents. (III) Almost all of Antarctica and all but the coast of Greenland have the coldest of all climates. (IV) It largely determines the vegetation and general appearance of a region, and affects the lifestyle of the people. (V) The world's main climatic regions are classified as equatorial, warm temperate, cool temperate and arctic. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

50- (I) A sonata is a type of musical composition, (II) The word comes from the Italian suonare, 'to sound', and describes a piece for instruments. (III) A sonata is distinct from a cantata, from the Italian cantare, 'to sing1, which is a piece for voices. (IV) Many other English words, such as vermicelli and spaghetti are of Italian origin. (V) Early sonatas of the 17 th century were often pieces for several instruments, but the word is now usually applied to compositions written for the piano. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

45- (I) Athletics are competitive displays of running, jumping and throwing. (II) They are organised into Track Events, which range from 100 metres to the marathon, which is 42,195 metres, and the Field Events, which include all of the jumping and throwing contests. (III) In 1954, Roger Bannister first ran a mile in under four-minutes. (IV) In 1896 the first modern Olympic Games were staged, which made track and field an international sport for the first time. (V) Since then, the Olympic Games have been the occasion for many great athletic performances. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

51- (I) Some human experiences joy, sorrow, longing, despair are universal, (II) Thus stories that grow out of such experiences can appeal to many people. (Ill) The names and places may be Vietnamese, or West African, or Alaskan Eskimo. (IV) But the story itself almost invariably reflects these feelings common to all humans. (V) And over the centuries, literary works have become available to large numbers of people throughout the world. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

46- (I) The invention of the compass is usually credited to the Chinese about the year 1200 BC. (II) They found that certain stones had the property of turning around and pointing in the same direction when hung from a cord, (III) These were lodestones, a type of iron ore which had become magnetised. (IV) Compasses are ineffective in both Arctic and Antarctic regions because of the Earth's magnetic fields. (V) This early type of compass was operated by placing one of these stones on a piece of wood which floated in a bowl of water. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

52- (I) The skin is the flexible covering of the body of many animals. (II) In humanbeings, the skin consists of an outer layer, the epidermis; and an inner layer, the dermi. (Ill) The body converts food into energy to produce body heat. (IV) The sweat glands pass waste matter through the skin pores and by doing so help regulate internal body heat. (V) The sebaceous glands produce oily substances to keep the skin from drying up. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

47- (I) Crystal structures are groups of molecules built up as units in a way that is roughly comparable to the use of bricks which are built up to form a structure. (II) Bricks can be made of many different substances, including mud, ash and clay. (III) Many substances have crystal structure, from diamonds to sugar and salt. (IV) Snow and ice, for instance, are crystalline forms of water. (V) Crystals develop in various geometric forms, known as cubic, hexagonal and tetrahedral. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

53- (I) The Inquisition was a court system established by the Roman Catholic Church to find and punish those who rejected the beliefs of the Church. (II) It dates from the 13 th century, when Pope Gregory DC appointed inquisitors to find and punish those who rejected the official beliefs, (in) Those who voluntarily confessed were usually treated lightly. (IV) Recent developments in Hinduism are indicative of a movement away from certain aspects of classical practice, such as 'suttee , a widow's suicide at her husband's funeral. (V) Later, especially in Spain, the Inquisition became a much more fearful institution, with the frequent use of torture to obtain confessions. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

54- (I) Among the main weapons in the fight against disease are drugs called antibiotics, which attack and destroy bacteria and other micro-organisms, (II) They are of little or no use against diseases caused by the organisms known as viruses, which are much smaller than bacteria, (III) Still, antibiotics are used to combat a wide range of illnesses. (IV) Vaccines are also now available for a variety of diseases, and the list is likely to grow as new techniques are used to develop safer, less costly vaccines. (V) They must, however, be used carefully and selectively, because if antibiotics are taken over a long period, the bacteria in the body build up resistance to them. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

60- (I) Common sense tells us that time, unlike space, extends in only one direction forward, (II) Spontaneous events in nature, which tend to go from order to disorder, seem to prove this observation. (III) For example, an egg may roll off the edge of a table and break on the floor, but the reverse is never observed. (IV) If not handled properly, eggs do break even in their specially designed boxes. (V) Eggs do not "unbreak" and then rise from the floor and roll onto a table. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

55- (I) The Royal Ballet, so named by royal charter in 1956, began its existence as the Vic-Wells Ballet, whose first performance was on May 5, 1931. (II) The theatre of the absurd represented a contrast to realistic theatre. (Ill) Its aim was to show the lack of meaning in life in order to get the audience to disagree. (IV) The idea was not to cultivate meaninglessness. (V) On the contrary, by showing the absurd in everyday situations, the audience were made to see more essential lives for themselves. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

56- (I) Heroism is not a word or concept that comes naturally to Canadian minds, (II) Because most Canadians have Europeans as their ancestors, Canadian literature reflects this heritage. (Ill) The very idea is alien to the Canadian culture, for they are a country with a colonial past. (IV) They have not bred the great military leaders who fill the history books of some countries. (V) But they do have heroes, for example, early members of the mounted police who drove out the whiskey traders from native Indian lands. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

57- (I) Most foundations make grants to other organisations, but only a few conduct their own research programs, (II) The Rockefeller Foundation is an outstanding example of a great foundation that originates research with its own staff. (III) Beginning with John D. Rockefeller, the Rockefeller family established itself as one of the greatest industrial families in American history. (IV) In the past it worked on the causes and elimination of yellow fever, malaria and hookworm. (V) it also has helped develop high-yielding wheat and rice strains that have made a major impact on many underdeveloped nations. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

58- (I) The Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget was the first scientist to make systematic studies of how children learn, (II) His concept of the stages of learning made it necessary for scholars to re-evaluate previous information about children and the learning processes. (III) In the light of his work, teachers came to be viewed as guides to children's discovery of themselves and the world. (IV) Concepts of teaching and learning have changed more since 1900 than in all preceding human history, and they are still changing. (V) Previously, they were just seen as transmitters of learning. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

59- (I) Whenever there are extremes of weather, such as droughts and floods, farmers are usually the most affected part of society, (II) The crucial factor in farming is the farmer. (III) A bad fanner will often be a failure on the best land, and a good fanner can sometimes make a success of a very poor farm. (IV) Good equipment is, of course, desirable. (V) But a poor worker can produce indifferent results with the best machines, while a good worker can achieve excellent results with poorer tools. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

TEST YOURSELF 1
l.B 2.D 3-D 4.C 5.A 6.B 7.E 8.A 9.D 10.B ll.E 12.B 13.A 14.D 15.E 16.E 17.C 18.D 19.D 20.A 21.C 22.D 23.B 24.E 25.D 26.B 27.A 28.D 29.C 30.B 31.B 32.E 33.D 34.A 35.C 36.C 37.B 38.C 39.E 40.D 41.D 42.E 43.A 44.C 45.C 46.D 47.B 48.E 49.B 50.D 51.E 52.C 53.D 54.D 55.A 56.B 57.C 58.D 59.A 60.D