Isaac Ra CEO of Eco Plus

Intl Workshop Energy Storage Technologies and Application, ADB April 3, 2013,

Market Megatrends of Rechargeable Battery

Power storage Transportation
Wind farm Locomotive F/R Hybrid F/Lift CES HEV Home EV Wireless cleaner Flexible e-scooter PHEV UPS

Mobile IT devices

P/T

Tablet PC

Smart phone

[Wh]
UPS : Uninterruptible Power Supply F/R : Frequency Regulation CES : Community Energy Storage

[kWh]

[MWh]

Energy

Life Change by Rechargeable Li-ion battery

History of Rechargeable battery

1800 Volta battery Evolution History

1888 1859 Power source Alkaline Lead-acid for automobile battery battery

1970 Portable power Ni-Cd source in WAR battery

Power tool, Walkman

1991 Commercialization of lithium-ion battery (Sony)

Turning Point

2009 Mass production of LIB for HEV (Hyundai Motor, LG Chem)

2000 Mass production of LIB in Korea (LG Chem, Samsung SDI)

1997 HEV with Ni-MH battery (Toyota, Honda)

Mobile IT devices

Types of Electric Vehicles

Hybrid Electric Vehicle(HEV)

Engine + Motor
Toyota Prius

Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV)

Engine + Motor
GM Volt

Pure Electric Vehicle (FCEV, BEV)

Motor
Nissan Leaf

CO2 emission

Why EV ?
1. Global warming by GHG(Green House Gas)

2. Oil crisis

Source: IEA (Intl Energy Agency)

Battery and EV
Current(Ampere) * Voltage = Power(Watt) Power(Watt) * time(Hour) = Energy(Wh)

2.0Ah * 3.7V = 6.4Wh

2kWh

# of batteries
123g/km

HEV
[16km/l]

310
Toyota Prius

8kWh

PHEV20
16kWh

32 km
[25km/l]

1,250
Toyota Prius PHEV

60g/km

PHEV40
30kWh

64km
[32km/l]

2,500
GM Volt

EV
60kWh

> 250km (30kWh) > 500km (60kWh)

[> 70km/l]

4,680
49g/km

9,370
Nissan Leaf

E-driving range [Fuel economy]

CO2 emission

EV Battery Market

Ref. 2012 Hiedge Report, IIT Report

Why LIB ?

from http://berc.lbl.gov/venkat/Ragone-construction.pps

Why Lithium ?

1. Most light metal 2. Most active metal

highest voltage & energy

3.7 V

1.2 V

Cylindrical LIB Capacity-up history

Map of energy density for cylindrical LIB
Gravimetric Energy Density (Wh/kg)
190
2003 2002
2001

2007 2005

2008

170
1998

2000

Typ.3000mAh Typ.3600mAh Typ.2800mAh Under development Typ.2600mAh Typ.2400mAh Typ.2200mAh

Typ.2000mAh
Typ.1900mAh

150

Typ.1700mAh

130
1995 1994

1996

Typ.1420mAh Typ.1370mAh Typ.1250mAh Typ.860mAh (1st LIB by SONY)

110

90 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

Volumetric Energy Density(Wh/l)

Electrode materials and voltage

LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4(110mAh/g) 4.8V
~90% of cathode materials LiCoO2(145mAh/g) Li[NiCoMn]O2(145~170mAh/g) LiMn2O4(100mAh/g)

4.0V 3.8V 3.4V

Electrolyte Stable window

LiNiO2(200mAh/g) LiFePO4(160mAh/g)

1.6V
3.7V 3.2V

Li4Ti5O12(160mAh/g)

0.3V Graphite(360mAh/g)

Cathode materials for LIBs

High V(>4.3V) High capacity

Metal-doped LCO [Mg, Ti, Al]

OLO(over-lithiated oxide) [xLi2MnO3(1-x)LiMeO2]

Power Cycle life Safety

NCA [LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2] Low cost NCM [LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2] [LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2, LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 ] [LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2]

Safety Power

LCO [LiCoO2]

Low cost safety

4V-spinel [LiMn2O4]

5V-spinel [LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4]

Electrolyte

Safety Low cost

LFP olivine [LiFePO4]

LMP olivine [LiMnPO4]

Mn dissolution Electrolyte

Anode materials for LIBs

High safety but extremely low energy density

Currently used

Volume expansion when lithiated (~300% vs. 10% graphite) Mechanical degradation electrical isolation Cell expansion & capacity loss during charge/discharge cycle-life

After cycle

Cracking & electrical isolation

Li-insertion

Electrode and cell expansion

14

Technical Trend for EV

Lithium-sulfur Lithium-air battery

500 -

Gravimetric energy density(Wh/kg)

400 -

Next generation Battery

300 -

Si-carbon composite /Li2MnO3-NCM Advanced LIB

All Solid State Battery

Carbon/ 200 - [NCM+LiMn2O4]

Current LIB
100 -

Carbon/LiMnPO4

Carbon/LiFePO4

Present

Near future

Future

Advanced LIB

- E-mail : hjna0805@ecoplus9.com - Mobile Phone : ++82-10-8966-5407