Five-fold approach to improve irrigation, water conservation

Welingkar PGDM 2013-15 - PGDM 2 Year Course from We school. AICTE Recognized. Register
Now!www.welingkar.org
Ads by Google

G.SATHYAMOORTHI
SHARE PRINT T+

The Cauvery Delta Farmers Welfare Association has appealed to the State government to implement five projects in the State to ensure better water conservation and improve irrigation facility. In a memorandum to Chief Minister Jayalalithaa, working president of the association Mahadhanapuram V.Rajaram lamented that water scenario in the State is topsy-turvy with virtual starvation for rains a couple of weeks ago to incessant downpour that has deluged the fields in the past few days. We are not able to conserve even a weeks rain water. Have we ever thought of a storage system that could pump rain water to a higher plane and distribute it for irrigation? He pleaded that the State government should implement on a war-footing the following five schemes to ensure better irrigation: As a first step, Pennayar (Krishnagiri Reservoir Project) should be linked to Palar which could help divert 3.5 tmcft (thousand million cubic feet) of water from the project when it gets huge inflows during floods at Kallar, a tributary of Palar. This would benefit 2,931 acres and the project would cost Rs.253 crore. Second, the Pennayar (Sathanur reservoir) should be linked to the Palar. This would help divert the surplus of the Sathanur reservoir, about three tmcft, to the Cheyyar. A 38-km long supply channel should be created to take this water to the Nandan canal. This scheme would benefit more than 10,000 acres and would cost Rs.200 crore. Mr.Rajaram also reminded the government of the scheme that would link the Cauvery (Mettur Dam) with the Sarabanga in Namakkal district. The project, estimated at Rs.1, 134 crore, would benefit 30,400 acres in Salem, Namakkal, Peramablaur, and Tiruchi districts. Another scheme based on Cauvery would be to link Kattalai barrage with Gundar by laying 258- kmlong channel. This would help divert seven tmcft of flood water from Kattalai barrage to Gundar to benefit 32,871 acres. The project would cost Rs.5, 166 crore. He pointed out that already the government had estimated that Athikadavu-Avinashi scheme would cost Rs.1, 862 crore. Quoting the Chief Minister, he said that all dams across Cauvery in Karnataka had been constructed without the consent of the Central government . Similarly, without waiting for the permission and funding from the Centre , Tamil Nadu should take up these schemes with its own funds to meet the States water requirements. Besides, in order to save the delta region from the monsoon fury, he suggested that flood water should be pumped to a higher plane, several kilometres

away, to fill up a number of tanks. Once the rains stop, this water could be used either for irrigation or drinking purpose

9.4 SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION Introduction Land and water are the most precious natural resources, the importance of which in human civilization needs no elaboration. The total available land area in the State sets the limits within which the competing human needs have to be met. The needs of agricultural, industrial, domestic and others often result in diversion from one use to the other. Diversion of land from agriculture to non-agriculture uses adversely affects the growth in agriculture sector. Even the available land is subjected to soil-erosion of varying degrees and degradation problems of different magnitudes. Water supports all forms of life on this mother earth. It plays a vital role in agricultural and industrial development and sustaining human life. Rainfall is the only source of water. The water is confined as i) soil moisture, ii) stored water in surface storage like reservoirs, tanks, ponds, ooranies, temple tanks, and in open wells etc., iii) groundwater in sub surface, iv) sea water and v) waste water like sewage and effluent. Depending upon the rainfall, its intensities, and frequencies, an area becomes drought or flood affected. Land or the soil acts as storage for all the water. Land being the major non-renewable natural resource is inelastic in nature. There is lot of pressure on the land due to the increasing population from the agricultural, industrial and housing sectors. On the other hand, the land is subjected to soil erosion and land degradation problem due to rain or wind action and faulty cultivation practices resulting in loss of topsoil, which is the place where all nutrients are available. This leads

to poor yields, uneconomic returns, reservoir sedimentation, and reduction in storage capacity, reduction in ayacut area, and shutdown of hydel power stations, ecological imbalance, environmental pollution, droughts and floods. Hence the conservation, development and management of the land resources which ensures the physical and chemical and bio-logical health of soil profile is of prime importance and also a sine qua non for water resources management, right from soil moisture conservation to flood control. In a predominantly agricultural system, the objective of improving the productivity, profitability and prosperity of the farmers and achieving agricultural development on an ecologically sustainable basis can be attained only when conservation, development and management of the land and water resources are assured. As watersheds support the entire dryland agriculture/horticulture and also remain the catchments for tanks and reservoirs, their health is essential for development. The strength of the watershed development programmes will largely determine the growth in agriculture. Status of Land and Water use in Tamil Nadu The total geographical area in Tamil Nadu is 130 L.ha. The land utilization pattern for the last ten years is set out in the Table below.454 9.4 Soil and Water Conservation Classification Total area in L.ha. (Average For Ten years 1990s)

% of total area 1. Forests 21.44 16.49 2. Barren and uncultivable land 4.95 3.81 3. Land put to non agricultural use 19.07 14.67 4. Cultivable waste 3.25 2.50 5. Permanent pastures and other grazing lands 1.23 0.95 6. Land under miscellaneous tree crops and groves not included in net area sown. 2.31 1.78 7. Current fallows 10.57 8.13 8. Other fallows lands 10.93 8.41 9. Net area sown 56.32 43.33 10.Total Geographical area 129.98 100 11. Area sown more than once 10.97 12. Gross cropped area 67.29 13. Area under food crops 46.46 14.Area under non-crops 20.83 15.Cropping Intensity 119.46 The area under forest represents only 17.56% of total area against the normal prescribed level of 33% (required for a sound ecological system). Wasteland is nearly 22 L.ha. An area of 50.66 L.ha. is subjected to various degrees of soil erosion and land degradation. (Area under rainfed agriculture 24.92 L.ha., cultivable waste - 3.49 L.ha., fallow land 22.25 L.ha.). Almost the

entire land under rain fed agriculture is subjected to sheet and gully erosion. Table 1 The land degradation profile of the state Sl. No. Wasteland category Area (ha.) % 1 Gullied and /or Ravenous 22546.8 0.93 2 Upland with or with out scrub 870500.7 36.00 3 Water logged and marshy land 44818.3 1.85 4 Land affected Salinity/alkalinity 286517.8 11.85 5 Shifting cultivation area 53.0 Negligible

6 Under utilized/ degraded notified forest land 888376.7 36.74 7 Degraded pastures/grazing land 17560.0 0.73 8 Degraded land under plantation 54413.3 2.25 9 Sands- Desert /Coastal 72390.4 2.99 10 Mining/Industrial wastelands 16246.5 0.69 11 Barren Rocky/Stony waste/sheet rock area 110803.0 4.58 12 Steep sloping area 33541.5 1.39 13 Snow covered area Total 2417768.0 100.00 0.0 0.00

Source: National Remote Sensing Agency Survey Report9.4 Soil and Water Conservation 455 It is estimated that 1.06 L.ha is under saline lands and 1.96 L.ha under alkali lands in Tamil Nadu. o The soil erosion by wind is prevalent in Cumbum Valley on the Eastern side of the Western Ghats in some taluks of Tirunelveli and Thoothukudi districts and Coastal areas of Ramanathapuram district. o Nearly 27 L.ha. is block soil. The inherent problem of erosion of block soils has to be controlled by providing drainage system and introducing soil conservation practices. o The problem of sedimentation in reservoirs is fairly serious since the silt deposited or reservoirs or tanks decreases the capacity of the reservoirs. Rainfall-Tamil Nadu receives an annual rainfall of 946.9 mm. The season wise rainfall is as below: South West Monsoon North East Monsoon Cold Weather period Hot Weather period 308.6 mm 449.0 mm 45.4 mm 143.9 mm

Area under Irrigation - An area of 29.45 L.ha. is irrigated as against 55.81 L.ha. of net area sown (1997-98). An area of 35.19 L.ha. is irrigated more than once resulting in 119 % of irrigation intensity. The irrigation intensity has been declining and it has come down from 133 % in 1979-80 to 119%. The peak level of net area irrigated source wise and the area irrigated in 1997-98 is furnished below.

( Lakh hectares) Sl. No. Source Peak level Net area irrigated % 1 Canal 9.42(1972-73) 8.38 28.5 2 Tanks 9.90(1996-97) 6.75 22.9 3 Wells 14.10(1997-98) 14.13 48.0 4 Others 0.76(1979-80) 0.19 0.6 Total Net Area Irrigated 29.84(1979-80) 29.45 100 An area of 52% of the net area sown is irrigated. There has been a sizable expansion in creation of irrigation potential and the net area irrigated has risen from 21.16 L.ha. in 1950 to 29.45 L.ha. in 1997-98. The poor irrigation intensity indicates that much of the potential created has gone for stabilization rather than expansion of the area. Among irrigation sources, wells irrigate 48% of the total area while canals irrigate 29% and tanks 22.9%. Years back each of these sources were contributing 33 1/3% and the present pattern shows that the ground water sources are being tapped fast and the commandability of the tank irrigation is on the decrease due to siltation and encroachment of the tank foreshore. It has to be construed that to sustain the 456 9.4 Soil and Water Conservation existing irrigation potentials the watersheds / catchments have to be adequately taken care. A reduction in the huge run off losses from the watersheds will automatically mean that more water will become available for retention as soil

moisture or as ground water. More soil moisture will support more permanent vegetation in the form of trees and grasses and make rainfed agriculture more productive. The enhanced recharge of ground water will revive natural springs and rejuvenate the dried up well and tube well irrigation. Reduced run off losses will also save a great deal of topsoil from erosion and consequent sedimentation of tanks and reservoirs and moderate the incidence as well as the severity of floods. Soil and Water Conservation in Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu was one of the pioneer States, which has sponsored and implemented soil conservation programmes in agricultural lands from 1949. Before initiating soil conservation measures, field trials in Agricultural Research stations were conducted for over fifteen years since 1934. Soil Conservation Schemes were launched as part of Famine Relief programme in 1949. Conservation of soil moisture, gully control, and generation of employment to rural people were the prime objectives of earlier programmes. In 1959 wind erosion control measures were initiated in Bodinaickanur area of then composite Madurai district to control wind erosion hazards. In 1967, a pilot water management project was implemented as part of soil and water conservation in Siddhamalli village of Cauvery delta, that won the appreciation of the Irrigation Commission (1972), which recommended such projects for the whole country. In 1969 water management works were initiated in Sathanur Command area. All water management works in command area are taken up now under the Command Area Development from the Sixth Five Year Plan. Soil Conservation in tribal areas was taken up from 1976. In 1978, Ravine Reclamation scheme was taken up in South Arcot and North Arcot districts.

In 1979, wind erosion control measures were taken up in Tirunelveli district. The scheme for Water conservation and harvesting technology and Energy Plantation in degraded lands were few pilot projects executed by Agricultural Engineering Department successfully. A Remote Sensing Cell created as part of Western Ghats Development Programme (1985) now caters to the needs of many user departments in Watershed delineation and, assessment of Land and Water Resources. Following the success of the wind erosion control programme in Tirunelveli and Thoothukudi districts, DANIDA came forward to assist a larger programme. The Comprehensive Watershed Development Programme in Tirunelveli, Thoothukudi phase I, Phase II and the Comprehensive Watershed Development Programme in composite Ramanathapuram district are externally aided projects with DANIDA assistance implemented by Agricultural Engineering Department. The implementation of integrated Watershed Development Programmes is necessary to a) conserve, develop and manage Soil and Water Resources, b) improve productivity of rainfed agriculture including black soil areas,9.4 Soil and Water Conservation 457 c) promote water harvesting for recharge of irrigation and drinking water wells, d) reclaim saline and alkali soils, and e) reduce siltation of reservoirs. Watershed development should bring out a holistic development and lead to a sustainable livelihood system and therefore each watershed becomes important on one point or the other.

Ninth Plan Review The Ninth Plan was formulated with objectives of Soil and water conservation through reclamation of problem soil and improvement through integrated management., Soil and moisture conservation through watershed management, Soil health care, Protection of rivers and catchments and Promotion of peoples participation. Financial progress

Table 2 Financial progress made during the Ninth Plan Financial progress (Rs. in crores) Sl. No. Scheme Outlay Expenditure 1 Agricultural Engineering Dept. Soil Conservation in hills and plains 65.50 140.98 2 Soil Conservation in Tribal areas 3.70 4.21 3 Soil Conservation in WGDP 17.00 16.05 4 Soil Conservation in HADP 22.30 22.29 5 Soil Conservation in Mettur Stanley --- 4.48 6 Soil Conservation in Vaigai --- 1.55 7 New schemes 91.75 --

8 Soil Conservation in Kundha and lower Bhavani (Centrally Sponsored Scheme) -- 6.59 9 Wasteland Development -- 31.06 Total-Agrl.Engineering 200.25 199.46 1 Agriculture Department Soil Survey and Land use Organsation 17.90*+ 9.75 27.83 2 National Watershed Development Programme for Rainfed Agriculture -- 19.72# Total-Agriculture 17.90* +9.75 47.69 Grand Total-Agri+ Agrl.Eng 227.90 247.15 * Provision under Crop husbandry sector. # Earlier it was 100 % centrally sponsored scheme, now it is shared between state and centre.

While Soil and water conservation programme is implemented by Agricultural Engineering Department, Soil Survey and soil Testing schemes are implemented by Agriculture Department. Under this sector as against the overall outlay of Rs. 227.90 crores, an amount of Rs. 247.15 crores was spent during the Ninth Plan. Out of which,458 9.4 Soil and Water Conservation Agriculture Department spent Rs. 47.69 crores as against the outlay of

Rs. 27.65 crores and Agricultural Engineering Department spent Rs. 99.46 crores as against the provision of Rs. 200.25 crores. Physical Progress Table 3 Physical progress made during the Ninth Plan Sl. No. Scheme Physical progress (L.ha) Target Achievement 1 I. Agri. Engineering Dept. Soil Conservation in hills and plains 4.00 3.87 2 Soil Conservation in Tribal areas 0.02 0.033 3 Comprehensive Watershed Development 0.09 0.09 4 Soil Conservation in WGDP 0.04 0.04 5 Soil Conservation in HADP 0.15 0.15 6. Soil Conservation in Kundha and lower Bhavani (Centrally Sponsored Scheme) 0.03 0.03 The physical targets were achieved in almost all schemes except under soil conservation in hills and plains. Constraints and Shortcomings The Soil Conservation programmes were target-driven requiring procedures to be completed in scheduled time with the result the officials concerned could not integrate themselves with the community. There was no

training component for the beneficiaries. The beneficiary participation was confined to preparation of action plans and no stakeholder contribution was envisaged resulting in lack of involvement. An aberration in Soil Conservation works was the vastly differential fund allocation per hectare by different agencies: State government Rs. 1500/-: Central Government Rs. 6000/-: In externally assisted Comprehensive Watershed Development Programme Rs. 12,500/-. The allotment of funds per hectare by the State Government was inadequate to carryout water harvesting works needed to improve the groundwater recharge. Tenth Five Year Plan Land and water conservation is the basic responsibility of Agricultural Engineering Department. The Mission mode approach of the Government is to accomplish the goals of saving every drop of rain, providing adequate water for agriculture and conservation of life support system Land and Water Resources through watershed management and irrigation water management strategies. New approaches and Strategies and Goals for Development Mission for land and water conservation will be actualized through Micro watershed approach Water Budgeting Participatory approach9.4 Soil and Water Conservation 459 Micro Watershed Development Work Plan Special attention for problem soils Convergence and Synergy of schemes and Monitoring and Evaluation.

This new approach has emerged from the lessons learnt from the DANIDA assisted Comprehensive Watershed Development Project and based on the past experience in the implementation of soil conservation programmes. Micro Watershed Approach and Development Plan The State has been delineated into 33 river watersheds, which feed to main rivers and tributaries. These are further delineated into macro watersheds based on streams and large nallahs. These macro watersheds are suitably divided into sub-watersheds based on minor streams and small tributaries. The sub-watersheds are further divided into micro watersheds, which would respond to various resources management treatment more efficiently. In order to facilitate comprehensive water budgeting, the mini watershed of 5000 ha would be the optimum area to be taken up for treatment. The approach will incorporate measures for soil moisture conservation, soil erosion control, run off harvesting and rainwater harvesting and individual based farm developments. The plan will be prepared in consultation with the watershed committees, line departments and Regional Research Stations of Tamil Nadu Agricultural University. The ultimate objective of the watershed development is to make the society living in the watershed self-sustaining, through creation of complementary assets that can contribute to concatenation of benefits, so that their standard of living is improved. Water budgeting will alleviate the hydrological poverty of the watershed. The project will follow the participatory approach, actively involving all sections of the community at every stage with preference to women and

other vulnerable groups in the society. This will facilitate sustainability by creating a feeling of ownership for resources created with project assistance. It will also demonstrate effective land use practices on common and private land. Implicit in this approach will be sharing of costs and benefits by beneficiaries. The role of project staff will be to provide technical guidance and facilitate rather than implement. Hence the staff will work towards capacity building of village level institutions to enable them to manage their resources. The project will adopt low cost and farmer friendly interventions directed towards insitu conservation of soil and water. A holistic farming systems approach that suits the farm unit/ farming household will be followed. The intention is to demonstrate how appropriate low cost farming practice (land based and household based including animal husbandry and horticulture interventions) and soil and moisture conservation techniques can improve the condition of landless, marginal and small farmers under dry land condition. The Tenth Plan will focus special attention to Saline and alkaline soils. Black soil, which spreads over an extent of 27 L.ha., will receive460 9.4 Soil and Water Conservation specific attention through focussed research and development. Micro watershed work plans for black soil areas will be developed to alleviate the two extreme problems of drainage and moisture stress. Convergence and Synergy - Apart from the State Plan support, the micro water shed plan will avail funds from Employment Assurance Scheme, (EAS) Swarna Jayanthi Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) and the Central Ground Water Board. The stockholders contribution is also expected to sustain their interest in maintaining the assets. It may be worthwhile to

consider prescribing a farmers contribution ranging from 10 to 25 % depending on the status of farmers instead of present system of providing loan cum subsidy. Monitoring and Evaluation - It is proposed to monitor the performance of the micro watersheds development programme in terms of bio-physical and economic indicators like reduction in rainwater loss and sediment, yield, augmentation of ground and surface water resources, change in cropping pattern, cropping intensity and productivity, grass and fodder production, fuel production and improvement of soil fertility - sharing of usufruct. Water Security- Ensuring adequate water for agriculture, industry and eco-system maintenance besides providing safe drinking water, enhancing water sources through percolation ponds and other water recharge structure in Tamil Nadu, rainwater harvesting for all households, development and popularization of appropriate rainwater harvesting technologies in line with the topography of the specific region concerned are the elements in Water Security, one of the points in the Chief Ministers 15 point programme. The failure of monsoon over a period of years and indiscriminate exploitation of groundwater have led to the scarcity of water for drinking and agriculture. This situation is due to the improper maintenance of irrigation tanks, which have been the asset in providing irrigation for crops and also due to ineffective water management and conservation practices. In fact, the water table has been very rapidly sinking in Tamil Nadu. This problem is due to over exploitation of ground water at a rate much faster than the natural recharge without creating an environment to facilitate rainwater percolation to improve recharge. The forest destruction has

accentuated the problem of reduced percolation of rainwater. Hydrologically over 95% of rainwater must percolate into the subsoil system in order to keep all the drainage system (including river system) full of water round the year. Break in this cycle decreases water percolation into soil system. Inadequate impounding of water and improving soil conservation have further added to the ground water scarcity. Today nearly 65% of rainwater in Tamil Nadu runs off into sea. Though the problem of water scarcity may appear to be complex, the solution lies in capturing water in micro watersheds, i.e. insitu rainwater harvesting and conservation through a peoples programme together with capacity building among people by Government and dovetailing the existing programmes and funding on a project cum mission mode drawing lessons from the success stories of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat apart9.4 Soil and Water Conservation 461 from those within the State. The strategies in the policy for sustainable water management would include interventions such as Rainwater harvesting for ground water recharge to stablise drinking water and irrigation wells in the dry land areas. Water harvesting structures in canal irrigated areas to improve the ground water percolation. Rehabilitation of irrigation tanks especially rainfed tanks through Kudimaramath. Renovation of Village Ponds, Ooranies, Temple Tanks, and other traditional storages through Kudimaramath. Scientific use of water in canal irrigated areas and reduction of water loss.

 Introduction of water saving irrigation methods like Drip and Sprinkler irrigation on a large scale. Construction of community wells to promote conjunctive use of surface and ground water. Water Conservation and rainwater harvesting is most effective when taken up as part of watershed management. The watershed being a hydrological unit, an intervention to store rainwater or moderate the runoff responds more favourably. Watershed management involves soil and water conservation efforts integrated with appropriate cropping pattern, proper agricultural practices combined with animal husbandry as a community effort to reap maximum economical gain. Rainwater harvesting can be done in village level percolation ponds/ tanks, individual farm ponds. Check dams along the gullies, contour trenches, planting of vettiver grasses along contours, afforestation of waste, non/low productive land, raising horticultural crops etc. will increase percolation of water into the subsoil system, reduce surface runoff, increase time for water to remain on land, reduce soil erosion, recharge groundwater and improve water availability throughout the year. Judicious and rational use of water coupled with appropriate cropping pattern, equitable distribution of water and adoption of integrated agricultural practices (including animal husbandry) can turn drought areas into oasis. The success of the programme is in direct proportion to the extent of participation of people in the process. Maintenance is a key factor for continued sustenance of an improved water body. Participation by people from the beginning in this major step of water resources management would

ensure the maintenance of these bodies. What is required is a sustained movement with high degree of peoples participation in the process of improving/ developing their water sources and finally to managing the resources. The role of the Government has to be one of the facilitator giving technical and other support. Insitu water conservation throughout the State preferably on watershed management approach has become inevitable for Tamil Nadu given the rapidly sinking groundwater and resultant water scarcity even during normal462 9.4 Soil and Water Conservation monsoon. Watershed management will further help in improving the economic condition of the people involved particularly in agriculture. The approach will succeed only if it is entirely managed and operated by the people. Water management, which requires to become a peoples movement and continuous support from Government, will ensure water security for the State and economic independence of the people in future. Tenth Five-Year Plan Programmes Agricultural Engineering Department 1. Soil Conservation in Hills and Plains (Rs. 85.46 crores) The objective of the scheme is to prevent soil erosion, improve soil moisture and create water-harvesting facilities in watersheds predominantly under rainfed agriculture. An area of 10.50 L.ha. is yet to be covered in the State. Soil and Water Conservation works will be taken up on Micro watershed basis in an area of 2.5 L.ha. at a cost of Rs. 85.46 crores. 2. Soil Conservation in Tribal Areas (Rs. 5.11 crores) The scheme aims to increase the land productivity by conserving the soil, improving the water holding capacity and improving the land use

eventually to improve the economic status of the tribal farmers so as to take them above the poverty line. Integrated development of the tribal pockets will be taken up with multi sector approach in Jawadhu hills (Vellore district), Kalrayan hills (Tiruvannamalai and Villupuram districts), Yercaud hills (Salem district), Sitheri hills ( Dharmapuri district), Kolli hills (Nammakal district), and Pachamalai (Trichy district) . This programme provides employment to the local people and helps them to bring the areas treated under cultivation. Land levelling, construction of contour stone walls and check dams will be taken up in an area of 3000 hectares during the Tenth Plan period at a cost of Rs. 5.11crores. 3. Scheme for Reclamation of Alkali Soils (Rs. 96 crores) Based on the guidelines issued by the Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India, it is proposed to cover an area of 50,000 hectares over the period of 5 years from 2002-07. The activities proposed are survey of project area, preparation of implementation plans, on farm development, boring and installation of pumpsets, and application of soil amendment, organic manures etc. An area of 50,000 ha will be covered at a cost of Rs. 96 crores. 4. Soil Conservation in the Catchment Area of Kundah and Lower Bhavani River Valley Project and Vaigai catchment .(Rs. 3.20 crores) The objective of the scheme is to arrest the siltation of the multi purpose reservoirs in Vaigai catchment. The All India Soil and Land Use Survey Organization has identified priority watersheds where the works are to be taken up. During the Tenth Plan period, an area of 2,000 hectares will be covered at a cost of Rs. 3.20 crores.9.4 Soil and Water Conservation 463

5. Participatory Watershed Development Project (Rs. 203.85 crores-EAP proposed) The project will be implemented in selected watersheds throughout the State. The Watersheds will be prioritised based on the level of degradation and its potentialities. The project will follow the participatory approach involving all sections of the community at every stage, viz., planning, implementation, maintenance, monitoring and future benefit sharing. This will facilitate sustainability by creating a feeling of ownership for resources created with project assistance. Implicit in this approach will be sharing of cost and benefit by beneficiaries. Village Development Associations will be formed for the purpose. Socio economic survey will be conducted through PRA to assess the available resources and problems and requirements for developing watershed and participatory watershed plan will be prepared by the Village Development Association under the technical guidance of the project staff. Activities like nursery, watering, watch and ward will be carried out by the beneficiaries themselves. The project components include insitu moisture conservation (disc ploughing), agro forestry / medicinal / herbal / energy plantation, bore wells, contour bunds with vegetative hedges, gully treatment, desilting irrigation tanks, village ponds, and ooranies, training of beneficiaries / staff, crop component etc. An area of 3 L.ha. will be covered at a cost of Rs. 203.85 crores. It is proposed to pose the project for External funding. The ongoing programmes can be merged with this project. 6. Micro Watershed based Geographical Information System (GIS) for Soil Conservation for Planning and Monitoring and Evaluation (Rs. 1.50 crores) Agricultural Engineering Department is already having facilities for

remote sensing, which can be upgraded / augmented. To build up a database of all available resources in every watershed and to incorporate developments taking place a micro watershed based GIS will be created for each project area. A water resources audit and watershed auditing to identify old works under various programme will be carried out incorporating the development works already completed so that a Comprehensive data base will be available to assist planning, monitoring and evaluation. This would cost Rs. 1.50 crores during the Tenth Plan period. Agriculture Department Ongoing Schemes The following ongoing schemes will be continued during the Tenth Five Year Plan also: 1. Soil and Land Use Organisation (Rs. 2.92 crores) The objective of the scheme is preparation of soil resources inventory including the nature of soil occurring in the area, their morphological, physical and chemical characteristics through field studies and laboratory analysis, classification according to internationally recognized system of soil classification and mapping their extent on standard topographic base and finally interpreting it for variety of uses. Based on the details generated through reconnaissance soil survey, district wise soil atlases are printed giving general information of the district's soil types, land capabilities, irrigability, production464 9.4 Soil and Water Conservation potentials etc. The above survey is being taken up through the 4 soil survey units at Coimbatore, Thanjavur, Vellore and Tirunelveli. This programme will be implemented with an outlay of Rs. 2.92 crores. 2. Soil Testing Laboratories and Mobile Soil Testing Laboratories

(Rs. 17.60 crores) The Department of Agriculture, which is having a network of field staff at village level, helps farmers in their area to take soil samples and get them analysed through these laboratories, which were established in different districts of the State. Nineteen such Soil Testing Laboratories are functioning in different districts. Besides these laboratories, 16 Mobile Soil Testing Laboratories are also providing this service at farmers doorsteps, i.e. in villages on a notified date enabling the farmers to get an on- the- spot analysis and advice on their soil. These Soil Testing Laboratories also help farmers in suggesting suitable reclamatory measures for the problem soils, preparing village level fertility indices and assessing the quality of irrigation water. A sum of Rs. 7.42 crores for Soil Testing Laboratories and Rs. 10.18 crores for Mobile soil Testing Laboratories is provided for the Tenth Plan period towards the cost of staff, contingencies, cost of analytical chemicals, equipments etc. 3. Preparation and Distribution of Bio Fertilizer Packets (Rs. 12.70 crores) Though fertilizers are readymade artificial means of supplying essential nutrients for boosting crop production, their continuous and indiscriminate use makes the soils sterile and results in degradation of soil potential. Hence the use of different types of organic manures, bio-fertilizers, etc, has an important role as part of Integrated Nutrient Management Package. In view of nonavailability of adequate quantity of organic manure, bio-fertilizers using microorganisms to fix atmospheric nitrogen as a result of technology development in modern agriculture came in handy. A sum of Rs. 12.70 crores is provided for Tenth Plan towards the cost

of staff and working expenses for production of Bacterial culture. 4.Central Control Laboratory (Rs. 2.29 crores) The Central Control Laboratory functioning at Kudumianmalai has to supervise and guide the functioning of Soil Testing Laboratories. This laboratory will also analyse the check samples drawn from other laboratories so as to correlate the results and ensure the correctness of the procedures adopted. This serves to strengthen the quality control of fertilizers and also serves as a watchdog on quality parameters. An amount of Rs. 2.29 crores is provided for this scheme. 5.Saline And Alkaline Land Reclamation (Rs. 6.97 crores) It has been programmed to reclaim 1600 hectares of problem soil in the districts of Nagapattinam, Thiruvarur, Kancheepuram, Thiruvallur, Vellore, Thiruvannamalai, Salem and Namakkal. An amount of Rs. 6.97 crores is provided for this scheme. The scheme wise outlay and physical targets for the Tenth Five Year Plan are set out in Annexures I & II. 9.4 Soil and Water Conservation 465 Annexure I Tenth Five Year Plan Outlay- Soil and Water Conservation Name of scheme Financial outlay (Rs. in crores) Agricultural Engineering Dept. Ongoing Schemes

1. Soil and Water Conservation on watershed basis 85.46 2. Soil Conservation in Tribal Areas 5.11 3. Soil Conservation in Vaigai River Valley 3.20 Total- Ongoing schemes 93.77 New Schemes: 1 Reclamation of Alkali Soils 96.00 2. Participatory Watershed Development Project 203.85 3 Micro watershed based GIS 1.50 Total- New Schemes 301.35 Total Agricultural Engineering Dept. 395.12 II Agriculture Department: 1.Soil Survey and Land use organization 2.92 2. Soil Test Labs 7.42 3.Mobile Soil Testing Lab 10.18 4. Preparation of BC packs 12.70 5. Central Control Lab 2.29 6.Saline and Alkaline Land Reclamation 6.97 Total Agriculture Department (Ongoing Schemes) 42.48 Grand Total 437.60 Annexure II Tenth Five Year Plan Physical Target- Soil and Water Conservation Details of scheme Physical programme 000 ha

Agricultural Engineering Dept. 1. Soil and Water Conservation on watershed basis 250.00 2. Soil Conservation in Tribal Areas 3.00 3. Soil Conservation in Vaigai River Valley 2.00 Total- Ongoing schemes New Schemes: 1 Reclamation of Alkali Soils 50.00 2. Participatory Watershed Development Project 300.0 ater is the elixir of life, a precious gift of nature to mankind and millions of other species living on the earth. It is fast becoming a scare commodity in most part of the world. Water resources comprising of surface water (river and lakes), ground water and marine and coastal waters, support all living things including human beings. Though water is available in the 63 universe in huge quantity in the order of 1400 x 10 km , only 3% of the waters in the universe is fresh water. Among the fresh waters, only about 5% of them or 0.15% of the total world waters are readily available for beneficial use. The 3 total water resources available in India is 1850 km , which is 1 roughly 4% of the world's fresh water resources . Tamil Nadu accounts for 4 per cent of the land

area and 6 per cent of the population, but only 3 per cent of the water resources of the country. Most of Tamil Nadu is located in the rain shadow region of the Western Ghats and hence receives limited rainfall from the south-west 2 monsoon. W 28 3 Water Resources 3.2. Rainfall The State gets relatively more rainfall during north east monsoon, especially, in the coastal regions. The normal rainfall in south west and north east monsoon is around 322 mm and 470 mm which is lower than the National normal rainfall of 1250 mm. Similarly, the per capita water availability of the State is 800 cubic meters which is lower 3 than the National average of 2300 cubic meters. 3 Fig 3.1 South West Monsoon 5. 923 4. 581 5. 133 5. 633 5. 133

6. 053 South West Monsoon (MM) Normal Actual 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 North East Monsoon (MM) Normal Actual 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 480 460 440 420 400 380 360 1. 864

1. 704 6. 464 1. 304 6. 464 2. 274 3 Fig 3.2 North East Monsoon 3.3 Surface water resources of Tamil Nadu 3 The total surface water potential of the state is 36 km 1 or 24864 M cum. There are 17 major river basins in the State with 61 reservoirs and about 41,948 tanks. Of the annual water potential of 46540 million cubic metres (MCM), surface flows account for about half. Most of the surface water has already been tapped, primarily for irrigation which is the largest user. There are about 24 lakh hectares are irrigated by surface water through major, medium and minor schemes. The utilisation of surface water for irrigation is 2 about 90 percent. 3.4 Ground Water resources of Tamil Nadu The utilisable groundwater recharge is 22,423 MCM The current level of utilisation expressed as net ground water draft of 13.558 MCM is about 60 percent of the available

recharge, while 8875 MCM (40 percent) is the balance available for use. Over the last five years, the percentage of safe blocks has declined from 35.6 per cent to 25.2 percent while the semi-critical blocks have gone up by a similar percentage. Over-exploitation has already occurred in more than a third of the blocks (35.8 percent) while eight blocks (2 percent) have turned saline. The water level data reveals that the depth of the wells range from an average of 0.93 metres in Pudukottai district to 43.43 metres in Erode. According to the Central Groundwater Board, there has been a general decline in groundwater level in 2003 due to the complete desaturation of shallow aquifers. There has been a s ecr uos eR ret a W Successful water conservation & tree planting in Tamil Nadu village
In an article in The Hindu, Febr. 12, 2009 about a visit to Kongathiraiyanpatti village (40 km from Pudukottai in Tamil Nadu, India), M.J. Prabu reports on how water conservation along with tree planting helped farmers rebuild their lives and preventthem from migrating to towns. We noticed vast areas of land left fallow for want of water. The area in and around the village (about 500 acres) was totally dry, the surface soil hard and trees literally absent. During summer (May-June) we could not find even a single tree to sit under for shade, says Mrs. J. Poppy from Kudumbam, a rural development organisation and part of the Tamil Nadu LEISA Network. The local administration did not do anything and farmers started to leave their lands and migrate in search of work. Kudumbam representatives convinced the villagers of the importance of tree growing and the need for conserving water. Groups of villagers (50 % women, 50 % men) were formed who were entrusted with the task to get the whole village involved in the watershed implementation project. In about 5-6 years, the village transformed from a dry barren land to a more productive zone.