OUTLINE

Introduction
Structure oI Electric Power system
Variable load on power stations
Load curves
Load Characteristics Load Characteristics
Load duration curves
Load curves and selection oI generating units
The power demands oI diIIerent
consumers vary in accordance with their
activities.
The result oI this variation in demand is The result oI this variation in demand is
that load on a power station is never
constant rather it varies Irom time to time
STRUCTURE OF ELECTRIC POWER
SYSTEM
ndividual consumers
Distribution
11Kv/400v
Distribution
substation
Power station
11Kv/400v
Distributor
Transmission Line
Alternators 220kV/11kV
Transmission
11kV/220kV sub-station
Transformer
Domestic load
Commercial Load
Industrial Load
Municipal Load Municipal Load
Irrigation load
Traction load
DeIinition:
The Load on a power station varies Irom time to time
due to uncertain demands oI the consumers
EIIects oI Variable load: EIIects oI Variable load:
Need oI additional equipment
Increase in production cost
DeIinition:
The curve showing the variation oI load
on the power station with respect to time
Daily load curve -Load variations during the whole
day
Monthly load curve - Load curve obtained Irom the
daily load curve
Yearly load curve - Load curve obtained Irom the
monthly load curve
BASE LOAD:
The unvarying load which occurs almost
the whole day on the station
PEAK LOAD:
The various peak demands oI load oI the
station
Connected load
Maximum demand
Average load
Load Iactor
Diversity Iactor Diversity Iactor
Plant capacity Iactor
Plant use Iactor
It is the sum oI continuous ratings oI all
the equipment connected to supply
system
MAXIMUM DEMAND
It is the greatest demand oI load on the
power station during a given period.
It is the ratio oI maximum demand on the
power station to its connected load.
imum demand
Demand factor max
connected load
The average oI loads occurring on the power station in
a given period (day or month or year)
Daily averageload
No.of units(KWh)generated in a day
Daily averageload
24 hours
No.of units (KWh)generated in a month
Monthly averageload
Number of hours in a month
Yearly averageload
No.of units (KWh)generated in a year
8760hours
The ratio oI average load to the maximum demand
during a given period .
Load factor
Average load
Maximum demand Maximum demand
II the plant is in operation Ior T hours,
Load factor
Average load T
Maximum demand T

Units generated in T hours

Max demand T
The ratio oI the sum oI individual
maximum demands to the maximum
demand on power station .
Diversity factor
Sum of individualmax .demands
Max . demand on power station
It is the ratio oI actual energy produced to
the maximum possible energy that could
nave been produced during a given nave been produced during a given
period.
Plant capacity factor
Actual energyProdcued
Max.energy that could havebeen produced
It is the ratio oI kWh generated to the
product oI plant capacity and the number
oI hours Ior which the plant was in
operation operation
Plant use factor
Station output in kWh
Plant capacityHoursof use
When the elements oI a load curve are arranged in
the order oI descending magnitudes .
Load curve Load duration curve
The load duration curve gives the data in
a more presentable Iorm
The area under the load duration curve is
equal to that oI the corresponding load equal to that oI the corresponding load
curve
The load duration curve can be extended to include any
period oI time
The number and size oI the units are
selected in such a way that they correctly
Iit the station load curve. Iit the station load curve.
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