TECHNIA

International Journal of Computing Science and Communication Technologies, VOL. 3, NO. 1, July 2010. (ISSN 0974-3375)

ANALOG & DIGITAL MODULATION TECHNIQUES: AN OVERVIEW

1

dilip_sharma1172@yahoo.com; 2drabhaymishra@yahoo.com; 3rajiv.saxena@jiet.ac.in,

Ujjain Engineering College, Ujjain, MP Madhav Institute of Technology & Science, Gwalior, MP 3 Jaypee Institute of Engineering & Technology, Guna, MP
2

D.K.Sharma1, A. Mishra2 & Rajiv Saxena3

1

Abstract: A tremendous technological transformation during the last two decades has provided a potential growth in the area of digital communication and lot of newer applications and technologies are coming up everyday due to these reasons. Restricting overself to the domain of modulation techniques a brief overview over different analog and digital modulation techniques has been provided in this article through extensive literature survey in a tabular manner enabling to analyze and establish the superiority at a glance of a specific modulation technique for a particular application.

to have multimedia transmission, hence the existing modulation techniques are not able to provide a complete solution keeping this in the view the authors of this article have tried to draw a sketch within the existing modulation techniques to derive out exactly what modifications or the alterations in the present techniques may sort out the problem or there is still a need for designing a new modulation technique for the purpose of the present communication system requirements [6, 7]. 2.0 Classification of Modulation Techniques. Modulation is the process of varying some parameter of a periodic waveform in order to use that signal to convey a message. Normally a high-frequency sinusoidal waveform is used as carrier signal. For this purpose ,if the variation in the parameter of the carrier is continuous in accordance to the input analog signal the modulation technique is termed as analog modulation scheme if the variation is discrete then it is termed as Digital Modulation Technique [8]. Sr. No . 01 Table-1: Type of Modulation Techniques Modulation Techniques Analog Modulation Techniques Type (i) Amplitude Modulation (ii) Frequency Modulation (iii) Phase Modulation (i) Amplitude Shift Keying (ii) Frequency Shift Keying (iii)Phase Shift Keying Notation A.M. F.M. P.M. A.S.K. F.S.K. P.S.K.

1.0 INTRODUCTION: Living in the era of communication every thing may be video, audio or any information in the form of electrical signal is termed as data and there is an enormous requirement of data transfer between two or more point through the world wide web, every moment of the clock, which is a big threaten to the existing communication systems because of the problems like spectral congestion, severe adjacent & co-channel interference problems and noise corrupted data reception etc. This has resulted in serious need for the research work all around the world for the development of the communication systems which can handle the above said problems, where each aspect of the communication systems is dealt with the development of new encoding techniques, modulation techniques, possibilities for newer transmission channels and off course the demodulation and decoding techniques [1, 2]. The design of a communication system is application oriented and is dependent on the type of the signal. The choice of digital communication technique over its analog counter part becomes more evident of the fact that it provide larger immunity to noise for even at the price of large bandwidth requirements, where as the requirement of video, Audio and data over the computer network or the mobile telephony network termed as the third generation (3G) mobile communication poses a serious problem for the bandwidth so The existing modulation techniques need to be modified for the purpose where it can handle both the situations of noise and bandwidth efficiency [3, 4]. The major advantage of using digital modulation technique is that the use of digital signals reduces hardware, noise and interference problems as compared to the analogue signal where large number of waveforms will be required resulting in a larger bandwidth for the symbol to be transmitted [5]. Over the past years various modulation techniques have been designed and extensively used for various applications but the modern communication system requires data transmission at a higher rate, larger bandwidth in order

02

Digital Modulation Techniques

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2.1 Analog Modulation Techniques:There are basically three type of analog modulation schemes the amplitude modulation , the Frequency modulation and the phase modulation schemes which have in turn lot of class, subclass or derivatives as listed in Table-2 [9, 10]. In case of the Amplitude Modulation there are several derivatives and it is evident from the comparative table -3 that the Single Side Band Suppressed Carrier (SSS-SC) has smaller bandwidth and power requirements in contrast with Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier (DSB SC) and Double Side Band Full Carrier (DSB FC) and Single Side Band Full Carrier (SSB FC) but for detection of this signal, we require sharp cutoff Low Pass Filter (LPF) which is not practically viable. Using the Vestigial Side Band (VSB) technique in place of (SSB SC), we can

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International Journal of Computing Science and Communication Technologies, VOL. 3, NO. 1, July 2010. (ISSN 0974-3375)

achieve a low pass filter with a gradual cut off but it requires more BW and power than SSB-SC and less then the DSBSC and DSB-FC and hence ideally SSB-SC is proves to be better than other AM schemes but practically, VSB proves to be a much better candidate then the other amplitude modulation techniques [11, 12]. The Amplitude modulated signals require nonlinear amplifiers which generate spurious out-of-band spectral components which are filtered out with a great difficulty. Frequency Modulation proves to be better in comparison to amplitude modulation and phase modulation, and the derivative of frequency modulation, narrow band FM (NBFM) is usually employed to overcome above mentioned problems in the communication system [13, 14]. Table-3 provides representation, bandwidth requirement and power requirement properties of various analog modulation techniques. The great merit of FM over AM is that FM allows us to suppress the effects of noise at the expense of bandwidth. The major limitation of the analog modulation systems for communicating over long channels is that once noise has been introduced at any place along the channel, then it is carried out till the end. Because the analog modulation system ( AM, FM and PM ) are extremely sensitive to the noise present at the receiver end in contrast to this if a digital signal is modulated and transmitted the received signal is far less sensitive to receiver . 2.2 Digital Modulation Techniques:After the conversion of an Analog signal to digital by sampling different type of digital modulation schemes can be achieved by the variation of different parameter of the carrier signal for example the Amplitude variation gives BASK, Frequency variation gives BFSK and the phase variation gives BPSK. Also sometimes a combinational variation of this parameter is done to generate the hybrid modulation technique viz. a combinational variation of Amplitude and Phase Shift Keying (APSK). Many more digital modulation techniques are available and can also be designed depending upon the type of signal and the application [17]. Thus a better digital modulation technique is to be thought over by the designer which has an ability of exploiting the available transmitted power and the bandwidth to its full extent [18, 19]. In order to achieve a discrete signal it is essential to have the modulating signal of the form of a NRZ rectangular pulse thus yielding the modulated parameter as a discrete signal switching or keying between two discrete values [20]. However, ASK, FSK, and PSK with Nyquiste pulse shaping at the base band form the basic technique of digital modulation, but other methods are also possible with hybridization of two or more basic digital modulation schemes with or without pulse shaping [21, 23]. 3. Classification of Digital Modulation. These digital modulation techniques can be classified basically either on the basis of their detection characteristics or in terms of their bandwidth compaction characteristics [24]. Various types of digital modulation techniques are listed in Table-4 and few of them have been comprehensively emphasized here in details providing a comparative analysis.

3.1 Binary Amplitude Shift Keying [BASK] The BASK is obtained by the alteration of the amplitude of the carrier wave [1, 11]. It is a coherent modulation technique hence the concept of the co-relation between the signal, number of basis functions, the I and Q components and the symbol shaping are not applicable here. It has very poor bandwidth efficiency. The basic merit of this technique is its simple implementations but is highly prone to noise and the performance is well established only in the linear region which does not make it a viable digital modulation technique for wireless or mobile application in the present scenario. The combination with PSK [20] yields derivatives like QAM and MAry ASK, which have much important application with improved parameters. 3.2 Binary Frequency Shift Keying [BFSK] When two different frequencies are used to represent two different symbols, then the modulation technique is termed as BFSK.BFSK can be a wideband or a narrow band digital modulation technique depending upon the separation between the two carrier frequencies, though cost effective and provides simple implementations but is not a bandwidth efficient technique and is normally ruled out because of the receiver design complexities [1-3, 12]. 3.3 Binary Phase Shift Keying [BPSK] When the phase of the carrier wave is altered with reference of the modulating signal then the resultant modulation scheme is termed as Phase Shift Keying. The digital modulation technique can be said to be the simplest form of phase modulation and is known as binary because the carrier phase represents only two phase states [13]. It is normally used for high speed data transfer application, provides a 3dB power advantage over the BASK modulation technique and is robust and simple in implementation but proves to be an inefficient user of the provided bandwidth and is normally termed as a non-linear modulation scheme. It provides small error rates than any other systems. The modulation techniques provide a number of derivatives [20]. 3.4 Differential Phase Shift Keying [DPSK] For the perfect detection of a phase modulated signal, it become evident that the receiver needs a coherent reference signal but if differential encoding and phase shift keying are incorporated together at the transmitter then the digital modulation technique evolved is termed as Differential Phase Shift Keying [1, 14]. For the transmission of a symbol 1, the phase is unchanged whereas for transmission of symbol 0, the phase of the signal is advanced by . The track of the phase change information which becomes essential in determining the relative phase change between the symbols transmitted. The whole process is based on the assumption that the change of phase is very slow to an extent that it can be considered to be almost constant over two bit intervals (7). 3.5 Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) Another extension of the PSK digital modulation technique is the division of the phase of the carrier signal designed by allotting four equally spaced values for the phase angle [1-3] as

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BPSK by having the information capacity double to it, i.e. the

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International Journal of Computing Science and Communication Technologies, VOL. 3, NO. 1, July 2010. (ISSN 0974-3375)

QPSK has four message points in the constellation diagram and so it becomes a highly bandwidth efficient digital modulation technique. But the exact phase retrieval becomes a very important factor for the receiver design considerations, failing which can give rise to erroneous detection of the signal. This factor increases the receiver design complexities. To compensate for these problems, normally the idea of pulse shaping the carrier modulated signal is employed with the Root Raised Cosine Pulse shaping for achieving better performances which in turn provides a demerits that the constant envelope property of the signal is lost but then there is a lost but there is a remarkable improvement in the ISI performance of this digital modulation technique [15-18]. 3.6 Minimum Shift Keying [MSK] Minimum Shift Keying (MSK) is a modified form of continuous phase FSK. Here, in this case, the spacing between the two carrier frequencies is equal to half of the bit rate which is the minimum spacing that allows the two frequencies states to be orthogonal [1-3]. An MSK signal can e said to be derived from either an Offset Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (OQPSK) signal by replacing a square pulse by cosinusoidal pulse or alternatively from an FSK signal. The information capacity of an MSK signal is equal to that of QPSK signal but due to the cosine pulse shaping the bandwidth requirement is lesser than that required by QPSK. It achieved smooth phase transitions thus providing a constant envelope. It has lower out of band power and can be said to be more spectrally efficient than the QPSK modulation technique [19-25]. The major demerits which this digital modulation scheme suffer s is that it is in the class of linear modulation. The spectrum is not enough compact to realize [27] data rate approximating RF channel bandwidth. Table-2 [26, 27] summarizes representation and different properties of this technique. 3.7 Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying [GMSK] An MSK signal is generated by applying a half sinusoidal pulse in place of a square pulse. If a Gaussian pulse shape is used instead then the resultant digital modulation technique is an improved version of the MSK digital modulation technique in the sense of bandwidth and spectral efficiency and is termed as GMSK digital modulation technique (Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying). Moreover, the major advantage in this technique is the sufficiently lower side lobe levels and the narrower main lobe as compared to a QPSK and MSK pulse [18]. GMSK can be viewed as either a frequency or phase modulation scheme, although the rate of change of phase is limited by the Gaussian response but he phase carrier can still advance or retard up to 90o over the course of the bit period. The severity in pulse shaping lies on the bandwidth time product (BT) because of the reason that the achieved phase change over a bit period may fall short by act on bit error rate [28] but it still provides improved bandwidth efficiency over MSK. The bandwidth of a GMSK system is defined by the relationship between the premodulation filter bandwidth B and the bit period T B. Thus the decision of value of BT

and data rate is crucial in the sense that there has to be a trade of between the BER and out of band interference [29, 30] as the narrow filter will result in provocation of Inter Symbol Interference (ISI) which on the other hand will reduce the signal power enormously [30]. The generation of a GMSK signal can be done by any one of the two methods as in the case of MSK signals, the Frequency Shift Keying modulation method. Only difference which comes in here than the generation of MSK signal is that the pulse shaping by half root raised cosine pulse is replaced by a Gaussian pulse shape. 3.8 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM):The OFDM is a modulation scheme having multicarrier transmission techniques here the available spectrum is divided into many carriers each one being modulated at a low rate data stream. The spacing between the carriers is closer and the carriers are orthogonal to one another preventing interferences between the closely spaced carriers hence OFDM can be thought of as a combination of modulation and multiplexing techniques, each carrier in a OFDM signal has very narrow bandwidth so the resulting symbol rate is low which means that the signal has high tolerance to multipath delay spread reducing the possibility of inter symbol interferences (ISI) which is the requirement for The higher is the transmission rate, the large will be the bandwidth of the signal as compared with the coherence bandwidth of the propagation channel, at this stage the different spectral components present in the signal will experience different fading characteristics, this frequency selective fading has to be characterized using appropriate techniques in order to achieve acceptable error rate at the detection or output in order to achieve characterization in frequency selective fading the basic approach is to partition the signal into frequency bands, each one of which is narrow as compared to the coherence bandwidth of the channel and subsequently each of this signal component is then modulated onto a different sub carrier and the signal components are sent parallel over the channel. Hence, each signal component will now experience non- frequency-selective fading because now the high rate serial data sequence is converted into a number of lower rate parallel sequences and then each of them is modulated onto a sub carrier, the effective method to achieve this is orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). The modulation parameters dependent on the data rate used shall be set according to (Table-12) Rate Dependant Parameter. 4.0 Comparison The BASK technique is simpler and economic in implementation and is less prone to errors but provides less bandwidth efficiency and operates efficiency in the linear region only, which does not make it an efficient technique for the wireless communication systems. On the other hand, he BFSK technique is still less prone to errors and the bandwidth requirement is the same as that of BASK ( Table-4) but is not a bandwidth efficient technique. The error performance parameter is better to BASK (Table-9,10). It requires matched filer detection and because of this, the receiver design complexities increase and so it is seldom used for wireless or mobile application. The BPSK modulation technique is still better than the above mentioned two modulation techniques. It is a coherent

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International Journal of Computing Science and Communication Technologies, VOL. 3, NO. 1, July 2010. (ISSN 0974-3375)

modulation technique and can be used for high speed data transfer application and has a basic advantage of double information capacity ( Table-7) over BASK and BFSK. Simple implementation and robustness makes it a useful technique for satellite communication but on the other hand it has proved an inefficient use of the bandwidth and is categorized under a class of non-linear modulation techniques (Table-5). The error performance is better and is optimized to achieve minimum possible error rate ( Table-6, 7). The detection of phase shift ( Table-8) makes the receiver design complex, so the technique is not of interest for the wireless or mobile communication applications. The DPSK technique provides information capacity similar to BPSK and is considered to be more viable technique than BPSK and is a non coherent orthogonal modulation (Table-4, 5). But the receiver complexities are more than BPSK because memory is required in the system to keep the track of relative phase difference. The most widely used technique is the QPSK modulation technique which has an information capacity double to BPSK (Table-4) over the same bandwidth and requires coherent detection, so it can be considered to be highly BW efficient. Since the modulation envelope is also constant hence it is said to be spectrally efficient modulation technique also. Thus it provides major advantages over BPSK and has also overcome the major drawbacks of the BPSK. In detection of a QPSK signal, the detection of exact phase shit becomes an important criterion which on the other hand increases receiver design complexities as well. The improvement further in this modulation technique can be achieved by pulse shaping the modulated carrier. The pulse shaping by co-sinusoidal pulse shaping provides a better performance modulation technique, the Minimum Shift Keying (MSK), which can also be viewed as comprising of two CPFSK signals. This has a major advantage that the out of band power is significantly lower than QPSK (Table-7) and the 99% of total power of MSK is 1.2 TB thus spectrally efficient and constant envelopes. It has proved to be a better modulation technique than QPSK in the sense that the signal coherence and deviation ratio are largely unaffected by variation in input rates ( Table 11). But the basic demerit ( Table 7) of MSK modulation technique is that the spectrum is not enough compact for the realization of higher data rates. The GMSK modulation technique is a variation of MSK where the co-sinusoidal pulse shaping of the modulated carrier is replaced by the Gaussian pulse shaping. This improves the envelope and the spectral efficiency ( Table 6, 7). A BT = 0.3 GMSK has been more popular than its other variants as it is optimized for the better bandwidth and error performances at this value. The major disadvantage shown by this modulation technique is its high susceptibility to ISI at higher data rates due to the narrow symbol shape ( Table 7). The technique is highly used in GSM mobile communication. The average probability of bit error at the output of a demodulator and decoder is the performance measure of the demodulator decoder combination. To be more precise the probability of error is a function of code characteristics, waveforms, the transmitted power, characteristics of the transmission channel and the demodulation and decoder combination. Hence the reconstructed signal at the receiving

end is an close approximation of the transmitted signal and the difference or some function of the difference in the original and the reconstructed signal. This marks a measure of performance in terms of distortion in a digital communication system. (Table10) summarizes the BER equations of digital modulation techniques. The basic research work carried out in the field of communication lead to the development of new modulation techniques, coding techniques, error rate performances analysis but the ever increasing demand of the faster communication system with large bandwidth requirements has again generated a new hunger towards the development of newer techniques, so many modulation techniques like BPSK, DPSK, MSK, GMSK, M-ary QAM have been developed. The major consideration with any modulation technique developed is that its detection performance should show a better bit error rate (BER) performance, several methods have been devised for the exact or improved BER performances of the modulation techniques. The main objective of a communication system designer is to transmit message as speedily as possible, with least probability of error. Fast communication is possible by: (i) reducing the time of each massage; but this, in turn, increase the bandwidth and (ii) simultaneous transmission of several messages over a single physical channel. This process is known as multiplexing. So OFDM can be a good candidate over other digital modulation schemes. 5.0 Conclusions: An analysis of the digital modulation technique carried out in this article reveals that the selection of a digital modulation technique is solely dependent on the type of application. This is because of the fact that some of the technique provide lesser complexities in the design of the modulation and demodulation system and prove economic like the BASK, BFSK, BPSK and DPSK techniques and can be visualized for the systems which really does not require high amount of precisions or when economy is the major aspect and the BER performances can be tolerated. On the other hand when the system designer has a sole consideration for the techniques like BASK, BFSK, BPSK and designer has to think in terms of better modulation techniques like the QPSK, MSK and GMSK, where GMSK has proved its performance over the other two in the area of mobile communication because of the spectral efficiency. But the criterion for higher data rate communication is taking the lead in almost every area of communication and thus the ISI and BER realization become very important and crucial aspect for any future digital modulation technique. Taking the above facts into consideration, the design of a digital communication system is very trivial and is very much applications oriented, as one application may require higher precision in data reception where as the other may compromise on this aspect but may be rigid on the aspect of the available bandwidth or power, thus the parameters like the modulation bandwidth, power, channel noise and the bit error rate become very important parameters in the designing of digital/wireless communication system. Reference:

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International Journal of Computing Science and Communication Technologies, VOL. 3, NO. 1, July 2010. (ISSN 0974-3375) 27. 28. 29. 30.

S. Haykin, Digital Communication, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Replika Press Pvt. Ltd., N. Delhi, India, 2000-2001. 2. A.B. Carlson, P.B. Crilly, J.C. Rutledge, Communication Systems, McGraw-Hill, Singapore, International Edition, 2002, (4 th Ed.). 3. K.S. Shanmugam, Digital & Analog Communication, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Replika Press Pvt. Ltd., N. Delhi, India, 2000. 4. B.P. LATHI, Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, India, (3 rd Ed.). 5. N. Sarkar, elements of Digital Communication Systems, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, India, 203 (Ist Ed.). 6. H.P. HSU, Series, McGraw-Hill, USA, CA, 1976. 7. Continuous Phase Modulation Part I : Full Respons , IEEE transactions on communications (Legacy, pre-1988), vol. COM-29, no.3, pp.196-209, 1981. 8. A. Continuous Phase Modulation Pa , IEEE transactions on communications (Legacy, pre-1988), vol. Com-29, no.3, pp. 210-225, 1981. 9. ertain digital Modulation -18, no.2, pp. 97-102, 1970. 10. N.D. ndr Symbol Timing Es IEEE transactions on communications vol.44, no.10, pp.1362-1372, 1996. 11. 12. 13. 14. communication, vol. SAC-2, no.4, pp.487-497, 1984. COM-25, no.9, pp.1032-1036, 1977. envelope signals with ef IEEE transactions on communications, vol.38, no.8, pp.1164-1172, 1990. g Several

transaction on communications, vol. COM-25, pp.433-441, 1977. 1044-1050, 1981. communications, vol. COM-29, no.7, Detected GMSK

transactions on communications, vol. COM-47, pp.1963-1700, 1999. M.A. Mendlov vol.1, pp.685-690 (Oct-7-10), 2002.

Sr. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Table-2: Classification of Analog Modulation Techniques MODULATION TECHNIQUES Amplitude Modulation Double-Sideband Suppressed Carrier Amplitude Modulation Double-Sideband With Full Carrier Amplitude Modulation Single-Sideband Suppressed Carrier Amplitude Modulation Single-Sideband With Full Carrier Amplitude Modulation Vestigial-Sideband Narrow-Band Frequency Modulation Wide-Band Frequency Modulation Phase Modulation REPRESENT ATION AM DSB-SC AM DSB-FC AM SSB-SC AM SSB-FC AM VSB NBFM WBFM PM TYPE Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear NonLinear NonLinear NonLinear

optimization for nontransactions on communications, vol.41, no.11, pp.1606-1609, 1993. 15. J.K. Gautam, A. Ku : A Tool in Signal -226, 1995. 16. modulation classification for digitally transactions, San Diego, CA. Vol.2, pp.712-716, 1992. 17. -Likelihood Method 29, pp.1132-1136, 1996. 18. A.J. cosine serie Miltary communications conference, MILCOM-92, CONFERENCE RECORD Fusing command control and intelligence : IEEE transactions (11-14th Oct.), vol.1, pp.0395-0399, 1922. 19. Frequency and Time Recovery for MSKvol.47, no.6, pp.938-946, 1999. 20. J. Lu, K.B. Letaief, J.C.-PSK and M21. transactions on communications, vol.47, no.2, pp.181-184, 1999.

Table-3: Performance Analysis of Analog Modulation Schemes Sr. No . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 TYPE OF ANALOG MODULATION AM-DSB-FC AM-DSB-SC AM-SSB-FC AM-SSB-SC AM-VSB NBFM WBFM BANDWI DTH (B. W.) % POWER SAVING Standard 66.67% 16.67% 83.33% >SSB-SC Same as DSB-SC More than F NBFM
P =

POWER REQUIREM ENT 3/2 Pc 5/4 Pc 1/2 Pc 1/4 Pc Greater than SSB-SC Same as DSB-SC More than NBFM Pc = carrier power

2 2

m m

pulse shaping for MSKcommunications, vol.44, no.7, pp.769-771, 1996. 22. ower spectral density for full response Mon communications, computers and signal processing, vol.1, pp.182186, 9-10 May, 1991. 23. modulation technique vol.36, no.1, pp.32-40, 1988. 24. -type transactions on communications, vol. COM-24, no.8, pp.845-856, 1976. no.8, 809-819, 1976. -29,

2
m

.
m = modulating frequency

25. 26.

modulatio n index in FM

F =

modulati on in PM

IEEE transactions on communications, vol.COM-29, no.6, pp.916918, 1981.

Table 4: Classification & Performance Analysis of Digital Modulation Techniques [1-7] Sr. Modulation Representation Type BW

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International Journal of Computing Science and Communication Technologies, VOL. 3, NO. 1, July 2010. (ISSN 0974-3375) requirement Rate (Mbit s/s) on g Rate (R) bits Per Subcarrier
BPSC

01 02 03 04

01 02

Technique Binary Modulation Scheme Binary Amplitude Shift Keying Binary Frequency Shift Keying Binary Phase Shift Keying Differential Phase Shift Keying Quadrature Modulation Scheme Quadrature Phase Shift Keying Minimum Phase Shift Keying M-ray Modulation Scheme

N o.

BASK BFSK BPSK DPSK

Non coherent Non coherent Coherent Non coherent

2RB 2RB 2RB 2RB 2 3 4 9 12 18 24 36 48 BPSK QPSK QPSK 16-QAM 16-QAM 64-QAM 2/3 1 2 2 4 4 6

bits Per OFDM Symbo l

CBPS

bits Per OFDM Symbo l

DBPS

BPSK

48 48 96 96 192 192 288

24 36 48 72 96 144 192

QPSK MSK

Coherent Coherent

2RB 5 Less than QPSK Where 6 7

M
M-ary PSK Coherent 2 2

2N , N
/N /N

01

02

03

01

02

03

04

M-ary Phase Shift Keying M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Shift Modulation M-ary Frequency Shift Keying Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Binary Phase Shift Keying OFDM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation OFDM 16Quadrature Amplitude Modulation OFDM 64Quadrature Amplitude Modulation OFDM

M-ary QAM

Coherent

54

64-QAM

288

216

M-ary FSK

Coherent Coherent

M2

/N

Table-12: Numerical Values for the OFDM [Multicarrier Modulation Schemes] Parameters Sr. PARAMETERS VALUE No. 1 20Mhz Sampling Rate = 1/T 2 Useful Symbol Part Duration 64*T 3.2 microsecond 16*T, 0.8 Sec. (mand.) 8*T, 0.4 Sec. (Opti.) 80*T, 4 Sec, 72*T 5 6 7 8 9 Number of Data Sub-carriers
SD

OFDM

BPSK-OFDM

Coherent Coherent

QAM-OFDM

Less than Other techniques Less than Other techniques Less than Other techniques Less than Other techniques

3 4

Cyclic Prefix Duration Symbol Interval

+ +

48 4

16-QAMOFDM

Coherent

Number of Pilot Sub-carriers

SP

64-QAMOFDM

Total Number of Subcarriers

ST F

Coherent

52 (

SD +

SP )

Sub-carrier Spacing

0.3125 Mhz ( 1/ 16.25 Mhz ( 64

ST

Spacing Between the two outmost sub-carriers

F )

10 11

FFT Size,

FFT

Used Sub-carrier index

{ -26 to -1 , +1 to +26 }

Table-11: Modulation Parameters of Digital Modulation Techniques in multicarrier Modulation Schemes Sr. Data Modulati Codin Coded Coded Data Table-6: Parametric Study of Digital Modulation Techniques [1, 8-30] No. of Type of No. of Message Information BW BW Efficiency

Sr.

Digital

Symbol

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International Journal of Computing Science and Communication Technologies, VOL. 3, NO. 1, July 2010. (ISSN 0974-3375) No. Modulation Technique Type BASK BFSK BPSK DPSK Symbols Envelope Not Constant Constant Constant Constant points Capacity required Shaping

01 O2 03 04

01 01 02 02

01 01 02 01 04 Expressed in terms of Signal Energy/Symbol 04 Expressed in terms of Signal Energy/Bit

Poor Better than BASK (NC) Double to BFSK (NC) Same as BPSK Double of BPSK

2RB 2RB 2RB 2RB

Poor Not BW Efficient Used for High speed data transfer For Medium speed communication Highly BW efficient Out of Band Power Significantly lower than QPSK, 99% of total Power of MSK is 1.2TB Excellent Excellent Than above

Not required Not required Not required Not required Required, Rectangular Pulse Required Half CoSinusoidal pulse Required Gaussian Pulse Better than Above Schemes

05

QPSK

04

Constant

2RB

06

MSK

04

Constant

Same as QPSK

Less than QPSK

07

GMSK OFDM BPSKOFDM QAM-OFDM 16-QAM 64-QAM Type of Digital Mode Tech BASK BFSK BPSK DPSK QPSK

04 02 04 16 64

Constant

04 02 04 16 64

Same as MSK High Than above

Narrow BT0.3 popular Less than Other techniques

08

Not Constant

Sr. No. 01 02 03 04 05

Table-7: Merits & Demerits of Digital Modulation Techniques [1, 7-14, 19-30] Derived From ASK FSK PSK PSK PSK From OQPSK by replacing square pulse by Cosinusoidal pulse From FSK by replacing CoSinusoidal pulse by Gaussian pulse From multicarrier modulation scheme MSLL - 13 db - 13 db - 13 db - 13 db - 13 db Merits Simple implementation, low cost Simple implementation, low cost Simple implementation, robust, used mostly for satellite communication, 3 dB Power advantage over BASK Reduces complexities of Receiver design for non coherent case Twice the data in same BW, hence BW efficient, more spectrally efficient than BPSK Constant envelope, out of band power is lower, minimum spacing allows two frequencies to be orthogonal, spectrally efficient and easily generated, smooth phase transition as compared to QPSK Constant envelope, spectrally efficient, widely used in GSM mobile communication with BT = 0.3 Robust to ICI & ISI, High Spectral Efficiency, Efficiently implementation by FFT, Low sensitivity to time synchronization errors, Tuned sub channel receiver filter are not required, Facilitates single frequency network i., Complex equalization. Demerits Not an BW efficient technique, more noise prone, operates only in linear region Received design complex Inefficient use of BW, nonlinear modulation scheme Efficient less than coherent PSK Complex receiver design, pulse shaping is required but then it losses its constant envelope property Linear modulation, the spectrum is not compact enough to realize data rates approximating rf CHANNEL bw Promotes ISI at higher bit rate transmission 1. Sensitive to Doppler Shift. 2. To frequency synchronization problem. 3. Inefficient transmitter power consumption since linear power amplifier is required.

06

MSK

- 13 db Fast roll of factor with BT = 0.3, narrow main lobe, lower side lobe level

07

GMSK

OFDM 08 BPSK-OFDM QAM-OFDM 16-QAM 64-QAM __

Table 8: Detection Performance Analysis of Digital Modulation Techniques [1-7, 19-30] Sr. No. 01 02 Digital Modulation Techniques BASK BFSK Demodulation Performance Simple demodulation Simple demodulation (Matched filter Combination with other techniques With PSK Derivatives QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (used extensively in digital microwave links M-ray ASK M-ray FSK

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Special case of orthogonal

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International Journal of Computing Science and Communication Technologies, VOL. 3, NO. 1, July 2010. (ISSN 0974-3375) detection) 03 04 BPSK DPSK Phase shift detection makes the Rx complex Receiver requires memory to measure relative phase difference between wave forms received in successive intervals Phase shift detection is important Direct injection of NRZ data to frequency modulator with Modulation Index 0.5 Bandwidth time product BT is an important factor performance is measured by SNR versus BER Bandwidth time product BT is an important factor performance is measured by SNR versus BER modulation With ASK-QAM Non coherent orthogonal modulation when considered over two bit interval Different phase variation. Replacement of a square pulse by sinusoidal pulse to give MSK Replacement of co-sinusoidal pulse by Gaussian pulse to give GMSK Nil BPSK,QAM,16-QAM, 64-QAM

QAM, incoherent detection, QPSK, OQPSK, BPSK, /4PSK, 16 PSK, MPSK /4 DPSK OQPSK-Q channel shifted by symbol QPSK to OQPSK to /4 QPSK when differentially decoded referred to as /4 DQPSK GMSK GMSK BT = 0.3 GMSK BT = 0.5 BPSK,QAM,16-QAM, 64-QAM

05

QPSK

06 07 08

MSK GMSK OFDM

Table-9: Performance Characteristics of Digital Modulation Techniques (1-7, 12-18) 1 Digital Modulation Technique Error Probability Error Performance ISI Status Dimens ions No. of Basis Funct ions One

01

BASK

1 exp 2
o

8 ,

, for

Efficient only in linear region

Nil

One

Noisepower, BW
Performs Well at high Nil One One values as PSK & FSK for same signal energy and bit rate. Small error rate than any other system but restriction of AWGN on 1 bit decoding .It is optimum as it achieves minimum possible error rate. Required is 3 Less Prone Two Two

Amplitude,
02 BFSK

1 exp 2
o

2
b

, Noise & Bit density,

&

03

BPSK

1 erfc 2

Less Prone

Two

Two

04

DPSK

1 exp 2

05

QPSK

06

MSK

dBless than that of BFSK for same error rate. Performance better over BPSK & BFSK but major draw back is used of square pulse, can be improved by shaping with root raised cosine improving ISI. The signal coherence and derivation ratio are largely unaffected by variations in input data rate. The carrier is lag of lead

Prone To ISI

Two

Two

Less Prone Than QPSK

Two

Two

07

GMSK

0.68,

BT

0.25,

0.85, BT 558

by 90 over bit period, w.r.t. BT resulting in BER.

More Prone Than MSK

Two

Two

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International Journal of Computing Science and Communication Technologies, VOL. 3, NO. 1, July 2010. (ISSN 0974-3375)

08

OFDM

1 erfc 2 2

W0W P WT 2
2 2 S

Minimum than other schemes

Nil

d d d
Table-10: BER Equations of Digital Modulation Techniques

2 in BPSK 4 in QPSK 16 in 16QAM

2 in BPS K 4 in QPS K 16 in 16QAM

S r . N o . 1 2

MOD.

M 2N

B. W.

BPSK QPSK

2,1 4,2 2 /

3 4 5 6 7 8 9

SQPSK MSK M-PSK 16QAM MQAM QPR LQPR

4,2 4,2 M,N 16,4 M,N L level s L level s M,N 2

/ / 2 / N / 4 / N / 4

2[1 1 / L2 ]erfc

[ / 4(log 2 L)

1/ 2

(6 /

/ L M / L

{L2 1}) 1 / 2 E b / N o ]

1 0 1 1

M-FSK

OFDM -BPSK

Pb m where

1 2 c kI

sin
o

I E c0

1 2

N 1 k m k 0

cos E c kI k m

d .

cos

f 1

1 2

OFDM -QPSK

4
b

1 2

sin
0

c 0 cos
1 2
2 2

Q c0

d .
Q ck m

where
1 3 OFDM 16QA M 16

1 k m k 0

cos

ck

cos

Mini mum B.W. is requir ed than other sche mes Mini mum B.W. is requir ed than other sche mes Mini mum B.W. is requir

i1 0

Q 0

Q 0

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International Journal of Computing Science and Communication Technologies, VOL. 3, NO. 1, July 2010. (ISSN 0974-3375)

i2

1 2 e
1 2
2

2 sin 2 d sin 2 dc0 sin dc0

0
2

Q Q cos 2 dc0 cos dc0

d .

1 k m k 0

cos 2 dck

cos dck

Q Q cos 2 dck m cos dck m .

ed than other sche mes

Table 5: Mathematical Representation of Digital Modulation Techniques [1-8, 17, 18] Mod. Mathematical Representation Type Correlation between signals Component Q component

BASK

X(t) = Am (t) cos2 fct for 0 < 1 < TB, m(t) = 1 for Bit 1 & 0 for Bit 0 Signal energy representation X(t) =

Non Coherent

Non correlation

Nil

Nil

BFSK Xi(t) =

2EB cos 2 f c t T
B

cos(2 fct) for 0 < t t < TB, i = 1,2

fc =

c B

Non Coherent

Non correlation

Nil

Nil

BPSK

X1 (t) = 1, (f1) & X2 (t) = 0, (f2) and X1(t) =

DPSK

X1(t) for Bit 1 & X2(t) for Bit 0 Over dual bit interval
B c

2E B TB

cos(2 fct) & X2(t) =

2EB TB

Coherent cos(2 fct+ )

Non correlation

Nil

Nil

Non coherent
B

Correlation exists

Nil

Nil

X1(t) =
B B

B c B B

X2(t) =

EB cos(2 f c t ) for 0 t TB 2TB EB cos(2 f c t 2TB ) for TB t 2TB

Coherent Correlation exist Xt(t) =
B

QPSK (Phase division) Phase angles 45,135, 225 and 315degr ee

It is a special case of Non coherent Orthogonal Modulation for TB = 2TB & EB = 2EB X1(t) for Bit 1 and X2(t) for Bit 0

Xo(t) =

2EB cos(2n 1) cos(2 f c t ) TB 4 2EB sin(2n 1) sin(2 f c t ) TB 4

XQ(t) = -

EB sin (2n 1) 4

n = 1, 2, 3, 4

for 0 < t < TB, Where n = 1`,2,3,4 and for Bit 10 00 01 11 Phase /4 3 /4 5 /4 7 /4

MSK X1(t) = cos

2 f ct

AB t TB

Coherent

Correlation exist Xt(t) = +

Where the value of = 0 for A = 1 and the value of = for A = -1. Thus the above expression can be of the form (1) X1(t) = cos
c B

2E B TB cos 2T B t

n = 1, 2, 3, 4 XQ(t) = +

2E B TB sin 2TB t

for A = 1 & B = + 1

Tb < 1 < Tb

Q < 1 < Tb

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International Journal of Computing Science and Communication Technologies, VOL. 3, NO. 1, July 2010. (ISSN 0974-3375)

(2) X1(t) = cos

2 f ct

t TB

for A = -1 & B = + 1

GPSK

G(t) =

1 2T

Q 2 Bban Q 2 Bban
2

t 0.5TB log e 2 t 0.5TB log e 2

, Bban is the bandwidth of the filter

Coherent

Correlation exists

I(t) = cos[C(t)] For C to be a constant such that

T

Q(t) = sin [C(t)]

CG (t )dt

Q(t) =

OFDM

1 0

exp j 2

t/

;0

Non Coherent

Non correlation

Nil

Nil

T = Signal Duration, N = N-Point IDFT, Signal samples

=Scale factor,

;n

0,1,2,......... ,

1.
=

Sub carrier frequency =

Sub-carriers. EB = Energy of the Bit, TB = Time duration of the Bit, fc = Carrier Frequency, m(t) = Modulation Index, A = Amplitude, nc = Noise 9 OFDM With (BPSK, QAM, 16QAM, 64QAM)
j 2 f ct 1 k 0 k k

Non Coherent

Non correlation

Nil

Nil

is complex data symbol, T = OFDM block duration, shape , = carrier frequency.

gt

= pulse

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