TABLE OF CONTENT

12. Mine-Wide Monitoring ...................................................................................................................... 3 12.1 Monitoring of Mining Activities ................................................................................................... 3 12.1.1 Drilling and Blasting Monitoring ........................................................................................... 3 12.1.2 LHD monitoring ..................................................................................................................... 4 12.1.2.1 Monitoring of performance of machinery ..................................................................... 5 12.1.2.2 Monitoring of technical variables of LHD ...................................................................... 5 12.2 Monitoring of Health and Safety Issues ....................................................................................... 5 12.2.1 Mine Air Monitoring .............................................................................................................. 6 12.2.1.1 Monitoring of Harmful Gases ......................................................................................... 6 12.2.1.2 Monitoring of Dust Presence in Mine Air ...................................................................... 8 12.2.1.3 Monitoring of Temperature and Humidity of Mine Air ................................................. 9 12.2.2 Noise Monitoring .................................................................................................................. 9 12.2.3 Vibration Monitoring............................................................................................................. 9 12.2.4 Mine Water Monitoring ........................................................................................................ 9 12.3 Monitoring of Ventilation Efficiency .......................................................................................... 10 12.4 Falling Rock ................................................................................................................................. 10 12.5 Remote Control Vehicles ............................................................................................................ 10 12.6 Explosives ................................................................................................................................... 11 12.7 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................. 11 13. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND MINE CLOSURE ............................................................................... 11 13.1 Laws and Regulations ................................................................................................................. 12 13.1.1 Mnng Law .......................................................................................................................... 13 13.1.1.1 Mining Rghts and Licensing ......................................................................................... 13 13.1.1.2 Land Use Processes/Royalty ........................................................................................ 13 13.1.2 Occupatonal Health and Safety.......................................................................................... 14 13.1.3 Envronmental Law.............................................................................................................. 14 13.2 Baseline Study ............................................................................................................................ 14 13.3 Environmental Issues ................................................................................................................. 15 13.3.1 Subsidence .......................................................................................................................... 15 13.3.2 Dumpsite ............................................................................................................................. 17 13.4 Mine Water Discharge ............................................................................................................... 19 13.5 Mine Closure Activities............................................................................................................... 19 13.5.1 Sealing of Underground Opening........................................................................................ 19 1

13.5.2 Socio-economic Consideration ........................................................................................... 20 13.5.3 Mine Facilities ..................................................................................................................... 20 13.5.4 Monitoring Activities ........................................................................................................... 20 13.5.5 Revegetation ....................................................................................................................... 21 14. POWER REQUIREMENTS .................................................................................................................. 21 15. COMPRESSED AIR ............................................................................................................................. 23 15.1 Compressor selection ................................................................................................................. 24 16.1 Managerial Center ...................................................................................................................... 26 16.2 Dormitory ................................................................................................................................... 26 16.3 Cafeteria ..................................................................................................................................... 26 16.4 General Storage .......................................................................................................................... 27 16.5 Explosive Storage ....................................................................................................................... 27 16.6 Workshop ................................................................................................................................... 27 16.7 Surface Control Points ................................................................................................................ 27 References:............................................................................................................................................. 28

12. Mine-Wide Monitoring

12.1 Monitoring of Mining Activities
Monitoring takes an important place in mining industry. The efficiency of the operations depends on the application of theoretical results. Since sublevel caving method is mainly depend on drilling and blasting, we can classify the operations which have to be monitored as:

Drilling and Blasting, and Transportation of ore

12.1.1 Drilling and Blasting Monitoring

As i is said before, the production in sublevel caving method is based on drilling and blasting. The major problems which can be seen with this method are dilution and sizing. In order to prevent dilution and avoid over/under sizing of the blasted ore, it is essential to construct a precise monitoring. The monitoring activities are carried underground and all data collected from monitoring activities are managed and evaluated in a surface monitoring point. Drilling Monitoring In Havran iron mine Atlas Copco Simba M4 C-ITH drill rig is used for drilling of production. This drill rig has an electronic instrument which can store the drilling parameters such as: hole length, hole dip and position of hole. After a production drift is excavated just upon excavation holes are drilled and now they are ready to charge. In production holes drilling, hole parameters are stored by PC-card for transfer of data and storage of drill parameters which is provided by Simba M4 C-ITH itself. Those stored drill hole data are analyzed in surface monitoring point and if a deviation in a hole in the ring is seen , blasting parameters such as stemming and charging can be adjusted considering to that deviation in order to achieve an optimum blasting. For example; surface monitoring point realized that one hole of a ring is deviated through the neighbor hole. If regular charging is applied to the deviated hole it causes finer fragmentation and dilution. But by monitoring the drill holes this situation we can overcome this problem by adjusting the charge of the deviated hole. Blasting and hauling monitoring Since caving is provided by blasting, blasting is the most important basic operation in sublevel caving mining method. In order to achieve desired fragmentation and dilution it has
3

to be designed a proper blast pattern and its application should be proper in mine. To understand whether application of blasting pattern is proper or not those parameters have to be analyzed after blasting: Dilution: By examining one blasted slice dilution amount can be estimated. According to design of production blasting, 9062 tons of ore will flow to the drawpoint. Maxiumum allowable dilution for our case is %10 so we can have 906 tons of syenite porphyry in blasted portion. In theory one slice is cleared from drawpoint by 216 cycle of one LHD unit. But in practice number of cycles required to clean 1 slice may change. In hauling of ore representative sample will be taken from the top of orepass. In each 25 cycle one sample should be taken and analyzed and the result represents the 2 5 buckets of ore. If dilution in results greater than %10 production should be stopped and new ring should be blasted. If dilution smaller than %10 production should be continued. Dilution monitoring also gives an idea about how blasting is successful. If dilution exceeds the limits for every ring blasting pattern should be revised according to conditions. Consequently samples from blasted ore should be taken according to calculation below: Total time for clearing one blasted ring: 16 hours. Total cycles: 216 Time required for one cycle T=

16 x 25 1.85 hours=112 minutes 216

In every 112 minutes sample should be taken from top of orepass in order to determine quality of blasting and variations in cycle number to clear one blast. Sizing Sizing is another important issue related with blasting and it can be monitored at loading point. There can be seen problems while transportation through orepass or transportation by LHD if fragmentation is very fine or very coarse. Shift engineer must be careful and should monitor and if it is not proper blasting should be adjusted by him.

12.1.2 LHD monitoring

LHD machines are the most important machines affecting the productivity of the mine in sublevel caving method. These machines should be monitored in order to achieve maximum
4

productivity. In ore transportation; from faces to orepasses Atlas Copco Scooptram ST1520 is used. Two important monitoring is applied to these units.

12.1.2.1 Monitoring of performance of machinery

An LHD can make 400 cycles per day theoretically but in practical this number may fluctuate. f number of cycles per day is decreasing that means production of mine and performance of LHD is low. In order to keep that number in a reasonable range total cycle number of an LHD per shift should be counted. This job is done by a simple vehicle counter which is located to exit of production drift. Shift engineer will read the counter at the end of the shift, and see how many cycles have LHD done. If total number of cycle is lower than theoretical, then problem will be solved immediately in order to reach maximum performance. For this, AutoMag Car Counter which is manufactured by Chambers Electronic is selected. Sensing distance of this machine is 3m so location of counters should be far 3m from sublevel in order to avoid errors in counting. This device will be connected to the surface monitoring point and data will be available in surface monitoring point.

12.1.2.2 Monitoring of technical variables of LHD

Scooptram ST1520s have self-monitoring systems. They continuously show critical data on a screen to keep the machine at top production levels. There is a warning system alerts the operator in case of any immediate problems related with engine oil drain, electrical system, parking brake engagement, break oil pressure, low fuel, hydraulic oil temperature, coolant level and temperature, transmission oil temperature and impending brake application. If there is seen such conditions operator immediately calls surface monitoring point and ask for maintenance service and LHD is replaced by spare one in order to continue the production.

12.2 Monitoring of Health and Safety Issues

Risk management requires preventative measures in the different part of the mines. Some of them are easily seen and understood while others are invisible. Every employee has to be aware of the risks and has to take a place in preventive risk management. Also, a safe working environment needs an overall view since health and safety issues are a natural part of any mining activities. In order to provide a safe working environment such parameters should be monitored: Mine air
5

Noise Vibration Mine Water Falling rock Remote controlled vehicles Explosives

12.2.1 Mine Air Monitoring

12.2.1.1 Monitoring of Harmful Gases The oxides of nitrous, Carbon Monoxide, Carbon Dioxide, Sulphur Dioxide and other related gases which are produced as a result of blasting operation have to be controlled and are prevented from reaching to dangerous levels by an effective ventilation plan. Gas amounts in the mine should be monitored continuously in order to ensure that the levels do not exceed the top limits. The threshold limits and minimum acceptable values for mine air components is given below: Oxygen (O2): Minimum acceptable value for oxygen is 19% by volume. Carbon Dioxide (CO2): Threshold value is 0.5% by volume. Carbon Monoxide (CO): Threshold value is 0.005% by volume. Hydrogen Sulphur (H2S): Threshold value is 0.002% by volume. Sulphur Dioxide: (SO2): Threshold value is 0.0007% by volume. Nitrogen Oxide(NO): Threshold value is 0.00025% by volume. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2): Threshold value is 0.0005% by volume. Emission of these gases is caused by diesel engines and blasting operations. Automatic monitoring system in the mine should control the presence of the given gasses above. Monitoring points should be located where air exits the working place. In our case 3 of sublevels will be active and ventilated. For this mine MKS Multigas 2030 continuous gas analyzer is chosen as an automatic monitoring device which controls the mine air and warn if limits exceeded. These devices are
6

located to the sublevel and ventilation shaft junction. If a limit is exceeded device will send a signal to the surface monitoring point and it gives an alarm with both sound and light in order to stop the operations. Figure 12.1 shows the device.

Figure 12.1 MKS Multigas 2030 Continous gas analyzer (www.ccrprocessproducts.com) Location of the mine air monitoring devices is shown in figure 12.2. Sublevel colored with purple represents the main level which is used for transportation of ore to the shaft. Brown color sublevel represents the where development of new production drifts is going on and red color sublevel represents the level where production is done. Blue openings represent the connection of levels to the ventilation shafts. Locations of monitoring points are yellow points. 6 of MKS Multigas 2030 continuous gas analyzer will be located at these points.

12.2.1.2 Monitoring of Dust Presence in Mine Air

In the past, dust was one of the major hazards for the workers in the mines especially if it contains silica. Since silica causes lung disease silicosis. Now, wet processes take place of dry dust-dreating processes. That is, the dust is bound by water and it is not a risk to the employees. However, the measurements have to be checked regularly to control that they are below the limit values. Accord ing to Maden ve Taocaklar letmelerinde ve Tnel Yapmnda Tozla Mcadele Ynetmelii, treshold values are given below: If silicate content of dust is below 5%, threshold value is: 5mg/m3. If silicate content of dust is above %5, threshold value: For example if silicate content is %10 then treshold value would be 2,5mg/m 3. If silicate content of dust if found under 5% then there is no need to measure threshold value. According to Maden ve Taocaklar letmelerinde ve Tnel Yapmnda Tozla Mcadele Ynetmelii, time between dust concentration measurements cannot be more than 1 month in production galleries, 2 months in drift driving zones and 1 year for other places. It means that there is no need for continuous dust monitoring in mine. Safety measurement periods for dust concentration of mine air is given below: In production drifts: Twice per month In development zones: Once per month In main levels and other underground openings: Twice per year.

12.2.1.3 Monitoring of Temperature and Humidity of Mine Air

In order to get maximum performance and to get good work from workers, optimum temperature and humidity should be provided to the underground. Optimum temperature changes between 18-20 Co. Temperature can be easily measured by digital thermometers and it can be connected to control surface point. Temperature fluctuations can be controlled immediately. For humidity same situation is valid. Optimum humidity for working place varies between 5060%. An hygrometer for each level is installed and connected to the surface control point. f there is any change in humidity it is monitored from surface control point and then it can be pulled to the optimum humidity.

12.2.2 Noise Monitoring

Maximum noise level for both underground and surface working places is 87 dBA in Turkey according to noise control regulations for exposure period of one shift. Noise level will be measured everyday and in case of any exceeding the maximum allowable level precautions will be taken.

12.2.3 Vibration Monitoring

There will be two types of monitoring of vibration; 1. Effects of underground blasting in surface and 2. Effects of underground blasting in openings. A monitoring device namely Minimate Plus keeps vibration data for analysis. This software can be connected to computer and analysis can be done in Blastware software which is useful for detailed vibration monitoring. For every production drift monitoring of vibration will be done.

12.2.4 Mine Water Monitoring

Mechanical pumps are used for leaked water into mine or waste water. There may be environmental harms related to discharge water. There are two things about the monitoring of water.

1. Chemical Content of Water: This is important because there may be some heavy metal impurities in orebody. chemical composition of mine water has to be monitored every month in case of discharging contaminated water into environment. At least two samples have to be taken from sumps and discharge point. If any acidic pH or heavy metal contamination is

observed, necessary precautions will be taken. 2. pH monitoring: pH is an important feature of water which can affect the environment. If there is a contact between pyrite and water orebody may gain an acidic characteristic to mine water. Due to that reason mine water will be monitored in two different monitoring points. First monitoring point is sumps in mine. Other monitoring point is discharge point of mine water from mine.

12.3 Monitoring of Ventilation Efficiency

Since we cannot determine leakage amount exactly, the calculated values might not coincide with practical values in the mine. Theoretical pressure and velocity values should be compared with monitored values. The instruments of anemometer and barometer are used for this purpose. Pressure and velocity of air should be measured everyday and efficiency of ventilation should be determined. If the efficiency of ventilation system is low then it has to be revised.

12.4 Falling Rock

In order to prevent rock fall accidents, a careful machine scaling is essential. Also, every accident related with falling rock is investigated so that mine personnel and scalers can learn more about the causes of rock falls and how they can be prevented.

12.5 Remote Control Vehicles

Remote controlled vehicles are risky equipment since an operator may be busy in a long time and cannot see a worker who is near the machine. So, these machines require strict safety routines. The perimeters of those machines have to be fenced off. By doing so, nobody can accidentally be placed in danger. We have to educate the maintenance staff on training safety routines, then give to certificate to the successful ones with a permission to work within that fenced off areas.

10

12.6 Explosives
Both blasting operations and other explosive related risks have also be checked by strict safety controls. Blasting operation should be done only at a specified time and all the staff have to be in a predetermined meeting point before the blasting.

12.7 Conclusion
So it is seen that monitoring is an important issue for both labors and mining to keep the safety level and production at top. The schematic view of monitoring of Havran mine is given in figure 12.3

13. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND MINE CLOSURE

In modern mining operation, sustainable development must be considered carefully. Mining activities are inevitably generating the environmental disturbance to the surrounded areas, which as a result, have negative effects to the environment. To contribute to the development of the society, all mining projects should have a good mine closure and environmental protection plan that is done according to the law and regulation. Likewise for this iron mine, there will be harmful effects to the surrounding

11

area throughout the mine life. Thus, in this chapter, environmental issue, and mine closure plan will be discuss in the following sub sections.

13.1 Laws and Regulations

The laws and Regulations related to mining sector in Turkey are made for realizing several goals namely for utilization of natural resources, for encouragement exploration and exploitation, for providing raw material requirements.The titles below illustrates the main law and the related regulations. Mining Law No .5177 (2004) and No :3213 (1985) Implementing Regulations of the Mining Law Regulation on the implementation of The Mining Law ( Official Gazette,Date :03.02.2005, No:25716) Mining Operations Licensing Regulation Law ( Official Gazette, Date :21.06.2005, No:25852) Labour Law No: 4857 ( Official Gazette,Date :10.06.2003, No:25134) Regulation of Health and Safety Measurements for Mines ( Official Gazette,Date :02.02.2004, No:25380) Environment Law ( Official Gazette,Date 9.08.1983, No:2872) Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation (1993, 1997, 2002, 2003, 2004 and 2005) Control of Air Pollution from Industry Regulation ( Official Gazette,Date 7.10.2004, No:25606) Control of Soil Pollution Regulation ( Official Gazette,Date 31.05.2005, No:25831) Control of Solid Waste Regulation ( Official Gazette,Date 14.03.1991, No:20814) Control of Hazardous Waste Regulation ( Official Gazette,Date 14.3.1983, No:25755) Control of Water Pollution 31.12.2004, No:25687) Assessment of Management of Environmental Noise ( Official Gazette,Date 1.07.2005, No:25862) Regulation ( Official Gazette,Date

12

Wild Life Protection and Improvement Regulation ( Official Gazette,Date 8.11.2004, No:25637)

13.1.1 Mnng Law

In June 2004, the Law No.5177 amending Mining Law and certain Laws is effectuated and it provided legislation unity to the mining sector.Improvement of investments , production and exports in the mining sector were provided by this law, since it removes the limitation of mining activities on certain types of lands. Also , it includes all minerals , which were not covered by the previous Law.Furthermore, the permitting process is shorten by this law.The fees to be paid by licence holders is reduced. Finally , the unification of the mining sector legislation and security of mining licences are ensured.

13.1.1.1 Mining Rghts and Licensing

The new Mining LAW No :5177, divides minerals into five groups and 4 th group, contains metallic minerals. General Directorate of Mining Affairs (GDMA) grants the exploration licenses. The duration of exploration license is about 3 years. Exploitation can only be done after obtaining all necessary permissions. 1) First of all the, Operating License is taken by, Directorate General of Mining

Operations (Maden Ileri Genel Mdrl,MIGEM). 2) Secondly, the EIA document is needed and it is recieved from the Provincial

Environment and Planning Directorate (ED ,Il evre ve ehircilik Mdrl.) 3) Next, GSM permissions is getting from Special Provincial Administration ( Il zel Idare) 4) Than, the Property Permits is recieved from General Directorate of Forestry( Orman Genel Mdrl) , since it is assumed that the mining area is forest and thus this region is under the responsibility of General Directorate of Forestry ( Mlkiyet Izni).

13.1.1.2 Land Use Processes/Royalty

Minerals are not the property of the landowner, but they are under the ownership and domination of the state. Therefore, the royalty is possessed by State .The royalty payments of 4 th group, that includes metallic minerals is 2% of produced ore. The royalty is paid 30 % more, if the mining area is forest or government owned.
13

Finally, the Regulation on the implementation of the mining Law and the Mining Operations Licensing Regulation implements the mining Law.

13.1.2 Occupatonal Health and Safety

The regulations implemented by the ministry of Labour and Social Security carries out the mining operations .The main concerning issues sanctions for preventing dangerous activity. The Regulation published in official Gazette No :25380 deals with the minimum requirements for improving the safety and health of workers in the surface and underground extractive industries. In order to improve in health and safety standarts in Turkey, some of recent changes made in rules.The improvements based on ILO convention 155 and EU directives. are safety in the mines and envisages

13.1.3 Envronmental Law

All environmental protection and reclamation practices in mining were voluntary in nature and insufficient, before 1982. However, with the help of Turkish legal system with the 1982 constitution, environmental regulations were specificly introduced.After that, the

Environment Law 2872 in 1983 was enacted. In 1993, Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Regulation and other Regulations concerning an air, water, west, noise took effect and some of which related to mining activities are given below:

Air Quality Control Regulation(1986) Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation (1992) Water Pollution Control Regulation (1988) Control of Solid Waste Regulation(1991) Control of Hazardous wastes Regulation (1993) Noise Control Regulation(1986)

Nevertheless, there is not a special legislation in Turkey towards overcoming the effects that mines cause and rehabilitation of spoiled land.

13.2 Baseline Study

14

It is wise that there is a baseline study before the mining activities starts taking place. On one side, it can be kept as a reference document so that the mine closure plan can be effectively designed. On the other side, it can also be kept as a reference to prevent some unforeseen situation to happen.

13.3 Environmental Issues

If compare to surface mining, underground mining has a much lower impact to the surrounding environment. However, if once ignore the effect; the bad result would be unpredictable. Particularly for this mining project, several effects can be listed as: Subsidence Dumpsite Mine water discharge

13.3.1 Subsidence
In sublevel caving method, there will be continuous caving of hanging wall throughout the mine life. Since there is no backfilling of the area where the ore is already extracted, this will cause subsidence to occur at the surface. In the literature, there is no certain prediction technique as the subsidence varies from case to case. The prediction of the occurrence of the subsidence can be determined by the following algorithm. The total volume of ore to be extracted is 25,566,663 m3. This volume will be replaced by quartz porphyry which is the hanging wall of the ore body. Assume the swell factor of the quartz porphyry is 1.1. The volume of quartz will swell after caving:

This means that, 23,242,420.91 m3 of quartz porphyry rock will break and subsidize to occupy the area where the ore is already extracted. The subsidence zone area after the extraction of the ore is shown in figure 13.l.

15

Figure13.1: Subsidence Area

It is estimated that, 23,242,420.91 m3 of the hanging wall subsidize to fill the void of the extracted area. Thus, the height of the subsidence can be predicted by using: ( )

The subsidence zone area which has a polygon shape (Figure 13.2) is found to be 1,259,986.34 m 2. If the void is uniformly fill the void, the H is:

In Figure 13.2 shows the subsidence area by the polygon shape and the 3 red circle points are the main shaft (in the middle) and the ventilation shaft to be driven.

16

Figure 13.2: Subsidence Area (Plan View)

Possible environmental issues when the subsidence occurs: Displacement of the land and erosion Changing of natural watersheds

To deal with the above listed problems, the measurement of the land disturbance will be done after the mining operation is finished, or stopped. A plan to solve the problems will be designed accordingly.

13.3.2 Dumpsite
During the development throughout the mine life, some amount of waste material will be obtained from the extraction of the opening such as, shaft, main level, sublevel, ramp, etc. Thus, the total waste volume can be determined by multiplying the total length and area of each particular opening. Since the openings are driven in the footwall, thus all the wastes are Syenite Porphyry which has a swell factor of 1.3. Table 13.1 is a summary of the total waste that will be obtained throughout the mine life. Table 13.1 Waste Volume Loose Opening Main Shaft Ven. Shafts Length 680 1408 Area 41.28 12.57 Volume 28070.4 Volume 36491.52

17698.56 23008.128

17

Main Levels Sublevel Ramps Production Drift Ven.Drift 4m

6519 6801 2133 8026.75 2330

46 32.85 32.85 35.57 12.57

299874

389836.2

223412.9 290436.705 70069.05 91089.765 285511.5 371164.9468 29288.1 38074.53 1240101.795

To be able to find the dimensions of the dumpsite, the angle of repose of the rock should be known. Assume the angle of repose of syenite porphyry is 35o and the dumpsite has conical frustum shape. The volume of it can be found by using: ( Where: H: Height of the conical frustum R: Radius of the lower base r: Radius of the upper base Assume the height of the frustum is 20 m, and by doing several iterations, the dimensions of the dumpsite is obtained and is shown in the Figure 13.3: )

Figure 13.3: Dumpsite dimension

18

With this size, it can store the waste of 1,275,050 m3 which is sufficient for the amount of waste that will be obtained throughout the mine life. The top and bottom surface area of this conical frustum waste site is found to be 40,115 m2 and 90,792 m2 respectively. Thus, an area of at least 90,792 m2 should be reserved for the waste dumpsite. The dumpsite will be reserved to store the syenite porphyry which is obtained from the development stages, and may also contain small amount of magnetite. Thus, there might be small amount of sulfide content comes will the waste material. As the sulfide contain in the rock, precaution must be taken since it can alter the pH level of the water which can result in acid mine drainage. To solve this problem, if it happens, a water treatment system will be installed. This system will be placed under the consideration of the flow direction of water in the dumpsite. Lime will be used as a neutralized agent, and if there is metal contamination occurs, it will be treated by using anaerobic reactors.

13.4 Mine Water Discharge

When discharging water to the surface, some problems can be arise when the water contact the waste rock which contain sulfide. This can generate the acidic water and may also contain some heavy metal contamination. Thus, in order to prevent this problem, a treatment system should be installed. Lime can be used to neutralize the acidity and anaerobic rectors can be used to solve the heavy metal contamination problems.

13.5 Mine Closure Activities

After the mine is exhausted or not feasible to mine anymore, it should not be just abandoned and left as it is. A good plan is needed to minimize the environmental effects and the socio-economic problems.

13.5.1 Sealing of Underground Opening

To eliminate any danger to the health and safety of the public, the underground opening should be closed properly. All the shafts should be close by using the dry shaft sealing method as it is suitable and economical in this case.

19

Figure 13.4: Dry shaft sealing method

13.5.2 Socio-economic Consideration

After the mine operation is finished, many workers will lose their job. It might be hard for them to find another job in mining sector, or it might be more difficult to find another job in different sectors since they have no experience and knowledge in that fields. Thus, in order to contribute to the development of the society and community, a special program should be create for the workers so that they can find their way after the mining activities is terminated. A survey should be made among all the workers to ask what do they really need, or what kind of new technical fields they wish to learn so that they can use this as a tool for living. After, the survey has been taken, a program should be established such as training them in another field, or a portion of money should be invest to create jobs for them.

13.5.3 Mine Facilities

The buildings such as offices, dorm etc., will be kept or removed according to the circumstances. The local community will be asked whether they need these building for any purpose. If answer is yes, the buildings will be kept for them so that can gain the benefits from it. However, if the local people do not need these building, all the facilities will be removed. Some facilities that have the salvage values will be sold so that the money can be taken to support the mine closure program and activities.

13.5.4 Monitoring Activities

20

After closing all the openings, removing all the mine facilities, the mining area should not be just abandoned without any further investigation. The subsidence area should be monitored at least once a year to make sure it is safe for the public.

13.5.5 Revegetation
Black pine tree will be planted in the dumpsite area after the mining activities is finished. The trees will be planted 1 in 5m2. Thus, total pine tree required for the dumpsite is 8023 trees, and 40,115 TL to purchase it.

14. POWER REQUIREMENTS

There are two energy sources for the mine: First one is Soma - Bostanc transformer station and the second one is Kocada wind power plant (16Mw). (It is taken from Havran Municipality authority with direct contact). Electric is transmitted by high voltage lines. In order to use it on the mine, firstly we decrease voltage and regulate the current in a medium voltage line for fans and then in a low voltage line for working area. Transformer stations are used for this purpose.

Figure 15.1 Electrical Distribution from main source to mine The figure 15.1 shows how electric is used in the mine. Transmission is achieved by high voltage lines. Between transmission and distribution voltage is decreased based on the mine requirements. Distribution voltage is chosen as 7200 V. Power and mine grounding are fed underground in insulated cables, through the shaft and intake entry. In order to prevent from leakage of water on the electric line, power lines are placed on the right side of tunnel. For lighting the roads , the lamb with 125W will be used in every 50 meters. However, the lamps with 320W will be used in the working area of the mine.Electric distribution in the mine is shown in the figure 15.2

21

Figure 15.2 Electric distribution line in the mine. Unit Drifter Jumbo Boomer Rock Bolter Drill Rig Exhaust Fan1 Exhaust Fan2 Boaster Fan1 Boaster Fan2 Boaster Fan3 Auxiliary Fan Pump 1 Pump 2 158 18 63 63 207.81 207.81 70 129 16 135 27.76 27.76 Power (kW)

22

Pump 3 Pump 4 Lighting Hoisting (Skip) Hoisting (Gage) Total

35.9 217 300 5200 3000 9876.04

Table 15.1 Unit power requirements for machinery As you can see from Table 15.1, total power consumption is 9876.04 kW. Based on SME Mining Engineering Handbook, the peak load in kilowatts per month and the average daily power consumption in kilowatt hours can be estimated from the following formulas:

Power consumed in kWh/day= 1800xT0.57 Peak load in kW=165x(16000)0.5=20871kW Power consumed=1800x(16000)0.57=448353.8 kWh/day By using the electric prices of Tedas (http://www.emsad.org.tr/tr1/2913.pdf), power cost can be calculated.

15. COMPRESSED AIR

Compressed air is required in the mine for machines and repairshop unit in the underground to do different operation. A compressed air system consists of a compressor, a receiver, a distribution network, and the air operated machines. Surface of the mine where the compressor stands 442 m above from the sea level. The atmospheric pressure at that level is about 14.42 psi (Mine 302 lecture notes). Equipment Jumbo Scaler Boomer M2 D SB 450 Air Requirement (m3/s) 0,012 0,012

23

Shotcreter Bolter

Spraymac 1050 WPC Boltec MC Total

0,16 0,006 0,19

Correction for altitude must be done. This correction is necessary because catalog values of air using machines are prepared for sea level. At higher altitudes density of air decreases, more amount of air must be provided. The correction factor for the 442 m from sea level 1,02.

15.1 Compressor selection

Total air requirement is 200 l/s and working pressure for machines change between 7-10 bar. In order to meet that requirement atlas copco GA 30-90 air compressor is selected. Technical properties are
Teknik zellikler Yksek kapasiteli FAD (l/s) Yksek kapasiteli FAD (m/sa, cfm) Kurulu motor gc alma basnc 23 - 273 l/s 1.3 - 333.9 m/h 30 - 90 kW 4 - 13 bar(e)

http://www.atlascopco.com.tr/trus/products/navigationbyproduct/Product.aspx?id=1512842&productg roupid=1473343

16. SURFACE FACILITIES

In every mine, there should be surface facilities buildings and these buildings should be constructed in order to meet the mining operation and employees. These buildings should be constructed considering safety and hygiene standards based on regulations established by the country. In order to select suitable areas for the buildings, climatic and terrain features of the locality, intensity of the sun radiation, the direction of the winds, the condition of fog generation and the flue-gas dispersion in the atmosphere are take into consideration.
24

Subsidence area is critical issue in the sublevel caving mines, in that iron mines, before determination of the sitting areas of the buildings, detail analysis must be made by evaluating the possible and probable reserve in order to estimate subsidence coverage areas. After that planning, suitable surface place for buildings are selected. In that mine, in order to meet the mining operation and employees demand some buildings should be constructed those are managerial center, dormitory, cafeteria, general storage, explosive storage, workshop, surface control points, fuel station, parking lots, mineral processing buildings.

Figure 16.1 : Surface Facility

25

Figure 16.1: Surface facility and subsidence zone

16.1 Managerial Center

Managerial center is constructed at the mine site. This building is used for all administrative works. A coverage area of the buildings is about 400 m2.

16.2 Dormitory
Dormitory is providing workers to accommodation place. This place is sitting a little bit far away from the mine site because of the safety reasons. In the iron mine, about 500 personnel will be working so, coverage areas can be calculated 25 m2 each room and for 125 rooms, 1000 m2 is required.

16.3 Cafeteria
In that place, all the employers have their meals. The areas for that building is abut 200 m 2.

26

16.4 General Storage

It can be used for any material like bolts or shotcrete etc. or machines parts. This provides the mine easy and faster accessibility for required things.

16.5 Explosive Storage

The buildings where the explosives are stored and it should mine far from the mine and other facility buildings in order to protect them in case of explosion. The area for the buildings is about 100 m2.

16.6 Workshop
In order to maintenance of the equipment and the machines, a workshop will be constructed in the mine. In there, any parts of equipment or machines or any material repairmen and reproduction are made. The mine is relatively large and the service requirement for the machines is more, so the coverage area for the building is about 1200 m2.

16.7 Surface Control Points

Technical detail is mentioned on the mine wide and monitoring part, the coverage area for the buildings is about 200 m2.

16.8 Fuel Station

In the fuel station, the fuel is stored in there to provide machines, trucks or any cars fuel. The coverage area of the buildings is about 100 m2.

16.9 Parking lots

It is used for parking machines and any equipment or cars. It is required because of parking all equipment separately will reduce the risk of the accident and provide efficient access without any interruption. However, in the mine, not so many machines will be on the surface, so the area requirements will not relatively small, it will coverage about 800 m 2.

16.10 Mineral Processing Building

Mineral processing plant is constructed to enrich the iron ore from the % 40-45 to %60-65.

27

References:
Howard L., SME Mining Engineering Handbook, SME, 1992 KR AFAK, Discussion and evaluation of mining and Evironment Laws of Turkey with regard to EU Legislation
http://www.atlascopco.com.tr/trus/products/navigationbyproduct/Product.aspx?id=1512842&productg roupid=1473343

28