CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

Todays communication services have different constraints concerning data rates, latency and reliability. Bandwidth, power, cost and complexity are among the challenges for the designing of a communication system. With MIMO, the system spectral efficiency can be increased by allowing the transmission using several spatially separated data streams. Based on the assumption of ideal propagation environment, the capacity or spectral efficiency of MIMO channels grows approximately linearly with the number of transmitter antennas. IT is widely acknowledged that reliable fixed and mobile wireless transmission of video, data, and speech at high rates will be an important part of future telecommunications systems. One way to get high rates on a scatteringrich wireless channel is to use multiple transmit and/or receive antennas. In, theoretical and experimental evidence demonstrates that channel capacity grows linearly as the number of transmit and receive antennas grow simultaneously. Early uses of multiple transmit antennas in a scattering environment achieve reliability through diversity, where redundant information is sent or received on two or more antennas in the hope that at least one path from the transmitter reaches the receiver. To keep the transmitter and receiver complexity low, linear processing is often preferred. To achieve the high data rates promised in, however, new approaches for spacetime transmission are needed. One such approach is presented in where a practical scheme, called V-BLAST (Vertical Bell Labs Layered SpaceTime), encodes and decodes rates of tens of bits per second per hertz (b/s/Hz) with 8 transmit and 12 receive antennas. The VBLAST architecture breaks the original data stream into sub streams that are transmitted on the individual antennas. The receiver decodes the sub streams using a sequence of null and canceling steps. MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output) technology significantly enhances system performance. The extra degrees of freedom afforded by the multiple antennas can be used for increasing bit rates through spatial multiplexing [1] [4] or for improved diversity order through space-time coding techniques [5], [6]. However, multiple antenna deployment requires multiple RF chains (consisting of amplifiers, analog to digital converters, etc.) that are typically very expensive. There is, therefore, considerable incentive for low-cost, lowcomplexity techniques with the benefits of multiple antennas. Optimal antenna subset selection is one such technique. A selection of antenna elements, which are typically much cheaper than RF chains, is made available at the transmitter
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and/or receiver. Transmission/reception is performed through the optimal subset.

With space time coding, simultaneous diversity and coding gains can be obtained in addition to spectral efficiency. To increase system reliability, MIMO combined with Bit-interleaved Coded Modulation has been simulated for higher order PSK which performs well in mobile fading channels and BER performance is achieved at very low SNR. The goal of next generation networks (NGN) is to provide higher data rates as compared to the existing networks while granting the same degree of user mobility. NGNs are expected to deliver more advanced features such as enhanced multimedia, smooth streaming video, universal access and portability across all types of devices. These networks are envisioned to have worldwide roaming capability and will actually connect the entire globe and be operable from any location on earth or above the surface of earth. The core network is designed based on IP which tolerate a variety of radio access protocols. Future mobile networks are to provide anywhere, anytime, communications services to users requiring high data rates much greater than current networks. The applications could be high quality wireless video conferencing requiring up to 100 Mbps or wireless virtual reality requiring up to 500 Mbps. Wireless local area networks have higher data rates as compared to wide area networks such as 3G networks. These networks cover small areas often hotspots in shopping malls, airports, hotels or office buildings. The IEEE802.11a based WLAN delivers at about 54 Mbps using the 5-GHz band. The physical layer of this standard is based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). To achieve the ambitious goal of high data rates for next generation wireless networks with limited power and bandwidth at affordable complexity brings about tremendous challenges. MIMO combined with OFDM is one of the promising techniques to achieve the required data rates for next generation networks.

OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) technique has been adopted as the standards in the several high data rate applications, such as Europe DAB/DVB (digital audio and video broadcasting) system, high-rate WLAN (wireless local area networks) such as IEEE802.11x, HIPERLAN II and MMAC (multimedia mobile access communications), and terrestrial DMB (digital multimedia broadcasting) system. OFDM system transmits information data by many sub-carriers, where sub-carriers are orthogonal to each other and sub-channels are overlapped so that the spectrum efficiency may be enhanced. OFDM can be easily implemented by the IFFT (inverse fast Fourier transform)
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and FFT (fast Fourier Transform) process in digital domain, and has the property of high-speed broadband transmission and robustness to multi-path interference, frequency selective fading. However, OFDM signal has high PAPR (peak to average power ratio) because of the superimposition of multicarrier signals with large number of sub-carriers. The high PAPR makes the signal more sensitive to the nonlinearities of the HPA (high power amplifier) and result in signal distortion when the peak power exceeds the dynamic range of the amplifier. To transmit the high PAPR signal without distortion requires more expensive power amplifier with high linearity and wider dynamic range. Besides, the non-linear distortions due to clipping and amplification effects in the transmitted signal will lead to both in-band and out-of band emissions. The former provokes BER degradation whereas the later results in spectral spreading. Combining the advantages of space-time coding and OFDM is attractive in wireless system designs. This involves coding across space and frequency, which is often referred to as space-frequency coding (SFC).

A way to do space-frequency coding is to take the space time codes (e.g., Alamouti code), and apply them in the frequency dimension instead of time dimension. That is, instead of mounting the space-time coded symbols on multiple time slots, they are mounted on multiple OFDM subcarriers. Use of orthogonal space-time block codes (OSTBCs) in the frequency dimension is attractive for SFC OFDM because of their low complexity decoding (i.e., single symbol decode-ability) and suitability for fast fading channels. A spacefrequency block coded (SFBC) OFDM scheme which uses Alamouti code in the frequency dimension is defined in [8] for high mobility broadband wireless access. For the time dimension OSTBCs to be single symbol decodable, the often made `quasi-static' (QS) assumption (i.e., fade remains constant over one block time, which is valid only in slow fading channels) is essential, the violation of which results in an error-floor. Rapid time variations in the fading process result in such a violation. In SFBC OFDM systems, on the other hand, the QS assumption gets violated in the frequency dimension in highly frequency-selective channels (i.e., different subcarriers, and hence symbols belonging to the same SFBC block mounted on different subcarriers, see different channel gains), even if time-variations in the fading process is very slow. The severity of this effect depends on the channel length L, power delay profile of the channel, and the SFBC block size. In highly frequency selective channels (i.e., large L), this QS assumption violation becomes a source of significant inter-symbol interference (ISI) in the frequency dimension in SFBC OFDM. If left uncared for, this results in error floors.

Further, in any OFDM system, the orthogonality among subcarriers is lost if the channel changes within an OFDM symbol duration, which results in intercarrier interference (ICI). Thus, in addition to the issue of ISI caused due to frequency selectivity of the channel, SFBC OFDM experiences ICI caused due to time-selectivity of the channel (i.e., channel varying within one OFDM symbol duration) . Like ISI, ICI, if uncared for, also will result in error floors. Attempts have been made in the literature to cancel ICI in MIMO OFDM systems. Proposed ICI-mitigating block linear filters for STBCOFDM. However, they do not consider the loss of QS assumption in large delay spread channels. Improvement in performance is possible in SFBC-OFDM if both ISI (Due to loss of QS assumption) as well as ICI (due to time-selectivity) can be estimated and cancelled. In this paper, we propose a linear parallel interference cancellation (PIC) approach to mitigate the effects of both ISI and ICI in SFBCOFDM. The proposed detector estimates (using soft output values) and cancels the ISI in the first step, and then estimates and cancels the ICI in the second step. This two step procedure is carried out in multiple cancellation stages. We evaluate the performance of the proposed detector for different codes including i) rate- 1 Alamouti code, and ii) rate-2/3 G5 code [12], for varying degrees of time selectivity (different speeds) and frequency selectivity (different channel lengths, L). We show that the proposed detector effectively cancels the ISI and ICI in high mobility, large delay spread channels.

CHAPTER-2

EXISTING SYSTEM

Full Rate or FR or GSM-FR or GSM 06.10 was the first digital speech coding standard used in the GSM digital mobile phone system. The bit rate of the codec is 13 Kbit/s, or 1.625 bits/audio sample (often padded out to 33 bytes/20 ms or 13.2 Kbit/s). The quality of the coded speech is quite poor by modern standards, but at the time of development (early 1990s) it was a good compromise between computational complexity and quality, requiring only on the order of a million additions and multiplications per second. The codec is still widely used in networks around the world. Gradually FR will be replaced by Enhanced Full Rate (EFR) and Adaptive Multi-Rate (AMR) standards, which provide much higher speech quality with lower bit rate. Full-rate 22 STC design which attempts to maximize both the diversity gain and the coding gain, while leading to an optimum detector of reduced complexity. More specifically, the proposed STC is a full-rate, full-diversity 22 space-time code whose optimum receiver has a complexity that is only proportional to M2, where M is the size of the signal constellation. Thus, the number of Euclidean distance computations in the optimum detector is reduced to 162 = 256 for a 16QAM signal constellation and to 642 = 4,096 for a 64-QAM signal constellation. Comparing these numbers to those associated to the Golden code (or Matrix C), it becomes clear that this code makes the implementation of fullrate, full-diversity 22 STCs with optimum receiver realistic.

STC DESIGN CRITERIA

We start with a brief discussion of the most common design criteria for STCs when the transmitter does not have any channel state information. For the 22 transmission, we write R = HX + Z , (1) where H is the 22 channel matrix with the entries of complex channel gains, X is the 22 codeword matrix In (1), R includes the received signals, and Z denotes the matrix of additive noise samples. Code optimization generally relies on the analysis of pair wise error probability (PEP) P(X X) which is the probability that X is detected while X is transmitted. The goal is to minimize the error probability, but the analysis
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of exact error performance is difficult, and therefore one resorts to the union bound X Ps P XXX XX ( ) , (3) where X denotes the codebook of the space-time code. A Chernoff bound analysis of the PEP was performed in [4], and this analysis led to the following design criteria: 1) Rank Criterion: In order to achieve the maximum diversity, the diversity gain ( ) min rank( ) , H X d X = XX XX
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, (4) where = X X , should be maximized. If H is full rank for all code word pairs, then the code is said to have full diversity. 2) Determinant Criterion: The coding gain is defined as = = () 1 , min ( ) dX l H l X XX XX , (5) where ) ( l denotes the lth largest eigenvalue of the

enclosed matrix. In order to obtain the best performance, the coding gain should be maximized for a given average transmit power. It should be noted that, for high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) values, the most important parameter is the diversity gain which dominates the steepness of the biterror rate (BER) curve. Afterwards, it is the coding gain which should be maximized. In the sequel, we will directly optimize the proposed code such that the coding gain is maximized. In light of the above design criteria, this directly ensures that the optimized code will have full diversity.

DRAWBACKS: 1. FRC has very high decoding complexity, which grows exponentially with the number of transmitted symbols 2. FRC requires number of iterative process for decoding the transmitted signal in MIMO 3. FRC depends on the Channel condition and noise level LITERATURE SURVEY:

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