7QC Tools
QS-9000
QS-9000 is the name for the Quality System Requirements used to increase customer confidence in the quality of its suppliers. The idea of QS-9000 is quite similar to ISO-9000, International Quality System Standard, but QS-9000 applies particularly to the automotive industry for Chrysler Corporation, Ford Motor Company, General Motors Corporation, and truck manufacturers. QS-9000 is made up of three sections: an ISO-9000 based requirement, a sector-specific requirement, and a customer-specific requirement. These requirements guarantee a supplier procures a good quality product. Furthermore, by developing QS-9000, we will be able to improve our product, customer satisfaction, and supplier relations as well.
S t a n d a r d sf o rI S O 9 0 0 1a n dQ S 9 0 0 0 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ I S O Q S Q u a l i t yS y s t e mR e q u i r e m e n t s 9 0 0 1 9 0 0 0 M a n a g e m e n tR e s p o n s i b i l i t y X X Q u a l i t yS y s t e m X X C o n t r a c tR e v i e w X X D e s i g nC o n t r o l X X D o c u m e n ta n dD a t aC o n t r o l X X P u r c h a s i n g X X C o n t r o lo fC u s t o m e r S u p p l i e dP r o d u c t X X P r o d u c tI d e n t i f i c a t i o na n dT r a c t a b i l i t y X X P r o c e s sC o n t r o l X X I n s p e c t i o na n dT e s t i n g X X C o n t r o lo fI n s p e c t i o n ,M e a s u r i n g ,a n dT e s tE q u i p m e n t X X I n s p e c t i o na n dT e s tS t a t u s X X C o n t r o lo fN o n C o n f o r m i n gP r o d u c t X X C o r r e c t i v ea n dP r e v e n t i v eA c t i o n X X H a n d l i n g ,S t o r a g e ,P a c k a g i n g ,P r e s e r v a t i o na n dD e l i v e r y X X C o n t r o lo fQ u a l i t yA u d i t s X X T r a i n i n g X X S e r v i c i n g X X S t a t i s t i c a lT e c h n i q u e s X X P r o d u c t i o nP a r t sA p p r o v a lP r o c e s s X C o n t i n u o u sI m p r o v e m e n t X M a n u f a c t u r i n gC a p a b i l i t y X C u s t o m e r S p e c i f i cR e q u i r e m e n t X _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Quality
Quality means a totality of characteristics of an entity that bear on its ability to satisfy stated and implied needs. In some references, Quality is referred to as "fitness for use ", "fitness for purpose ", "customer satisfaction", or "conformance to the requirements ." To achieve satisfactory quality we must concern all stages of the product or service cycle. In the first stage
net1.ist.psu.edu/chu/course/tqm/t5.htm 1/7
3/31/13
7QC Tools
quality is due to a definition of needs. In the second stage it is due to product design and conformance. In the last stage quality is due to product support throughout its lifetime. There are two major aspects of quality: quality of design and quality of conformance. Quality of design involves the variations of a product or services in grades or levels of quality. This includes the types of materials used in construction, tolerance in manufacturing, reliability, etc. Quality of conformance concerns how well the product conforms to the specifications and tolerances required by the design. Quality of conformance is influenced by the choices of manufacturing processes, training and supervision of the workforce, the type of quality-assurance system used, and the motivation of the workforce to achieve quality. Back to Original Page
3/31/13
7QC Tools
A format that is published as a basic document which includes general instructions to all units. This kind of format has specific instructions for each individual unit. It is more detailed and easier to use. Back to Original Page
3/31/13
7QC Tools
Sampling
Sampling is the process of obtaining samples from a large group of data (or called population). There are numerous data, so it is difficult or impossible to examine the whole group. Examining all data will expend a lot of time, so doing only a small part of entire data, a sample, is more appropriate. Additionally, sampling theory is a study of the relationship between the whole data and the samples. It is useful to understand whether there are differences between two samples. All possible samples of size n can be drawn from a given population. For each sample, we can calculate a statistic; for example, the mean and the standard deviation of the data will vary from sample to sample. So a sampling distribution is useful to explain the data characteristics. There are three types of sampling processes: 1. Single sampling is composed of selecting a specifically random sample of n items from each group of items presented, and then condemning each group depends up on the results. For example, chose n items from each group for inspection. We will accept the group if the number of defects is less than or equal to d, a specific value. Otherwise, we will reject them. 2. Double sampling is composed of selecting two specifically random samples of n1 and n2 from data. By a technique of this type, the results of selecting a first sample (n1 ) are accepting the group, rejecting, or talking another sample of n2 items. The decision making depends on the associated results. 3. Multiple sampling is a technique of sampling that is similar to the double sampling, but there are more than two sampling items used in decision making. Back to Original Page
Scatter Diagram
A scatter diagram is a graphical diagram to show the relationship between two data variables. It is used to display the change of one variable when another changes. From a scatter diagram, we can find a mathematical equation that relates to the variables. To create a scatter diagram, these steps are followed: Collect data. This is the most essential step. Build a data sheet to show the information from the data. Define the variable axis of the graph. 1. The horizontal axis (X axis) displays the variable's measurement values; most are cause variables. 2. The vertical axis (Y axis) shows the measurement values of another variable; most are effect variables. Plot data on the graph. Construct a mathematical equation.
net1.ist.psu.edu/chu/course/tqm/t5.htm
4/7
3/31/13
7QC Tools
From a scatter diagram, curves are tentatively devised for linear and non-linear curves. With this, we can call two relationships between variables to linear and non-linear relationships. Back to Original Page
Self Inspection
Self inspection is a technique of inspection in which workers check their own work. Self inspection provides the most immediate feedback. With this technique, the worker may accept products that ought to be rejected. Furthermore, the worker may not notice all the errors. On the other hand, if the errors in decision and careless mistakes are eliminated, self inspection would be the efficient technique. However, it could be improved by developing tools or using devices that could automatically detect defects or mistakes. Providing new knowledge of quality processes to workers is an efficient method to improve the self inspection technique. Generally, the results from inspections are reported in terms of the total percentage of defects. With this method, inspectors will check the final products. They may find some mistakes or product errors, but they will not know the actual error source. As mentioned, self inspection is a method to solve this problem. Back to Original Page
Sensory Inspection
Inspections involve distinguishing acceptable from unacceptable goods and comparing them with a standard. Sensory inspection is a kind of inspection, conducted by the human senses , such as inspections of paint saturation or judgments of plating adequacy. They are different from physical inspection, which involves the use of devices, like calipers, micrometers or gauges, to measure. For inspection of this kind, it is difficult to set criteria because it depends on the physical condition of human workers, the period of work, and the skills acquired from experience. Naturally, different people have different senses and even the same person may make different judgments at different times. It is laborious to
net1.ist.psu.edu/chu/course/tqm/t5.htm 5/7
3/31/13
7QC Tools
judge an object with a complex form or a not-well-defined shape. Back to Original Page
7QC Tools
Seven QC tools are fundamental instruments to improve the quality of the product. They are used to analyze the production process, identify the major problems, control fluctuations of product quality, and provide solutions to avoid future defects. Statistical literacy is necessary to effectively use the seven QC tools. These tools use statistical techniques and knowledge to accumulate data and analyze them. Seven QC tools are utilized to organize the collected data in a way that is easy to understand and analyze. Moreover, from using the seven QC tools, any specific problems in a process are identified.
net1.ist.psu.edu/chu/course/tqm/t5.htm 6/7
3/31/13
7QC Tools
7QC tools always include : Check Sheet is used to easily collect data. Decision-making and actions are taken from the data. Pareto Chart is used to define problems, to set their priority, to illustrate the problems detected, and determine their frequency in the process. Cause-and-Effect Diagram (Fishbone Diagram) is used to figure out any possible causes of a problem. After the major causes are known, we can solve the problem accurately. Histogram shows a bar chart of accumulated data and provides the easiest way to evaluate the distribution of data. Scatter Diagram is a graphical tool that plots many data points and shows a pattern of correlation between two variables. Flow Chart shows the process step by step and can sometimes identify an unnecessary procedure. Control Chart provides control limits which are generally three standard deviations above and below average, whether or not our process is in control. Back to Original Page
net1.ist.psu.edu/chu/course/tqm/t5.htm
7/7