Generator Protections

4/11/2013
PDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.com
4/11/2013
GENERATOR
Generating units are the source of the power system and their security against any adverse conditions is most important in the system. The GENERATOR protection must ensure a fast and selective detection of any fault in order to minimize their dangerous effects.
4/11/2013
Generator is accompanied by excitation system, prime mover, voltage regulator, cooling system etc. Hence it is not a single equipment. The protection of generator should be co-ordinated with associated equipment. Protection of passive elements like transmission line and transformers is relatively simple which involves isolation of faulty element from the system , whereas protection of generators involves tripping of generator field breaker, generator breaker and turbine.
4/11/2013
GENERATOR PROTECTION SCHEME
4/11/2013
GENERATOR AND GENERATOR TRANSFORMER AS A UNIT

Station Transformer: 11/6.6 kv transformer with LV grounded through high resistance, feeds the station auxiliary load. Unit auxiliary transformer: 11/6.6 kv transformer with LV grounded through high resistance feeds the unit auxiliary loads
4/11/2013
Any earth fault on the 6.6 kv system cannot be seen by any E/L relay (since the 6.6 kv system is high resistance grounded ) However 3-O/L relays are provided on the 6.6kv side of the station transformers and unit auxiliary transformers. An open delta voltage of the 6.6 kv bus PT is connected to an over voltage relay with a very low setting. Any earth fault on the 6.6 kv system will cause the presence of the open-delta voltage and make the voltage relay operate which is connected to give alarm. The faulty 6.6kv feeder can be identified by tripping the 6.6kv outlets one after the other.
4/11/2013
4/11/2013
GENERATOR HAS THREE PARTS

1. STATOR 2. ROTOR 3. EXCITATION SYSTEM
4/11/2013
FAULTS IN GENERATOR
EXTERNAL FAULTS INTERNAL FAULTS FAULTS RELATED SYSTEM
4/11/2013
EXTERNAL FAULTS
OVER LOADING UNBALANCE LOADING SHORT CIRCUIT EARTH FAULT
10
4/11/2013
INTERNAL FAULTS
PHASE TO PHASE FAULTS IN WINDINGS PHASE TO EARTH FAULTS INTER TURN FAULTS
11
4/11/2013
FAULTS RELATED SYSTEM

UNDER VOLTAGE OVER VOLTAGE UNDER FREQUENCY OVER FREQUENCY REVERSE POWER LOSS OF EXCITATION LOW-FORWARD POWER
12
4/11/2013
GENERATOR PROTECTIONS ARE BROADLY CLASSIFIED INTO THREE TYPES

CLASS-A: (UNIT SHUT DOWN ) This covers all
electrical protections for faults within the generating unit in which GENERATOR FIELD BRK., GENERATOR BREAKER, UAT LV BRK. and TURBINE should be tripped
13
4/11/2013
CLASS-B: ( INTERLOCKED TRIPPING) This covers all MECHANICAL protections of the turbine in which TURBINE will be tripped first and following this generator will trip on REVERSE/LOW FORWARD POWER protection(GT/UAT/FIELD brks.)
14
4/11/2013
CLASS-C: This covers electrical protection for faults in the system in which generator will be unloaded by tripping of generator breaker only. The unit will come to house load operation and the UAT will be in service.
15
4/11/2013
SOME OF CLASS-C PROTECTIONS ARE 1. Gen. T/F HV side breaker pole discrepancy 2. Gen. Neg. Ph. Sequence 3. Gen. T/F over current 4. Reverse power protection without turbine trip
16
4/11/2013
GENERATOR PROTECTIONS
1. Stator E/F (64)
95% stator E/F protection (64G1) 100% stator E/F protection (64G2)
2. Rotor E/F (64)

First rotor E/F protection (64R1) Second rotor E/F protection (64R2)
17
4/11/2013
3. Inter turn fault 4. Negative phase sequence (46G)

5. Loss of excitation protection(loss of field) (40G)
6. Minimum Impedance (Mho backup impedance) (21G) 7. Differential ( 87G) 8. Overall differential (87 O ) 9. Power protection
Low forward power (37G) Reverse power (32G)
18
4/11/2013
10.Frequency protection ( 8 1 )
Under frequency ( 8 1U) Over frequency ( 8 1O)
11.Thermal overload (51G) 12.Voltage protection

Over voltage (59) Under voltage (27)
13.Out of step (pole slipping ) (78G) 14.Voltage restrained over current (51/27G) 15.Standby earth fault (51N) 16.Inadvertent Energization
19
4/11/2013
1. STATO E/F PROTECTION The most common practice is the neutral point of the generator is usually earthed to enable detection of earth faults associated with the stator winding and associated systems and also to limit the transient over voltages during faults or switching. The commonly adopted earthing methods for industrial generators. High impedance Earthing: In this method the neutral of the generator is earthed through the primary winding of a grounding transformer having a loading resistor across its secondary. This method of earthing of is called high impedance earthing. In this arrangement , the primary earth fault current will be limited to between 3 to 25 amps depending upon the size of the machine and phase to ground capacitance of the Stator.
20
4/11/2013
High impedance grounding is generally used in case of unit connected Generators where the generators is connected to the system through a delta/star step up transformer with control breaker on the HV (star) side. The neutral of the HV star winding is solidly grounded. A neutral displacement relay ( voltage operated) connected across secondary of the distribution transformer. The relay is IDMT type with typical setting range of 5-20 volts and is tuned to supply frequency.
21
4/11/2013
Short circuits between the stator winding in the slots and the stator core are the most common electrical fault in Generators. Inter turn faults, which normally are difficult to detect, will quickly develop into a ground fault and will be tripped by the stator ground fault protection.
22
4/11/2013
95% STATOR E/F PROTECTION

The relay is normally set to operate at 5% of maximum neutral voltage with a time delay of 0.3 0.5 seconds. With this voltage setting , it protects approximately 95% of the stator winding. RESULTS IN VOLTAGE SHIFT OF GEN NEUTRAL W.R.T GROUND DETECTED BY OVER VOLTAGE RELAY CONNECTED ACROSS GROUNDING RESISTOR PROTECT APPROX 95% OF STATOR WDG It also covers the generator bus, the low voltage winding of the unit transformer and the high voltage winding of the unit auxiliary transformer.
23
4/11/2013
100% STATOR E/F PROTECTION THIRD HARMONIC PRINCIPLE

For Single line to Ground fault near the neutral end of winding , there will be proportionately less voltage available to drive the current through the ground, resulting in a lower fault current and lower neutral bus voltage. If an earth fault occurs and remains undetected because of its location (near the neutral end). A 100 % Stator earth fault protection is designed to detect earth faults occurring in the regions of Machine winding close to the neutral end.
24
4/11/2013
Principle: This works on the principle involving monitoring neutral side and line side
of the
components of the third harmonic
voltages produced by the AC generators. AC Generators in service produce a certain magnitude of third harmonic voltages in their windings. Under the healthy conditions of working the third harmonic voltage developed by the machine is shared between the phase to ground capacitive impedance at the machine terminal and the neutral to ground impedance at the machine neutral.
25
4/11/2013
The 100% stator E/F relay includes 95% unit which covers the stator winding from 5% of the neutral and a 3rd harmonic voltage measuring unit -2 which protects the rest of the stator winding. The voltage check unit is included to prevent faulty operation of the relay at generator standstill or during the machine running up or running down period.
26
4/11/2013
27
4/11/2013
28
4/11/2013
ROTOR E/F PROTECTION

The field circuit of a generator has no intentional earthing and hence a single earth fault occurring in the field system poses no immediate threat. However, the presence of the first ground increases the risk of a second earth fault developing due to increased insulation stresses between the field system and earth. The resulting double earth fault will cause part of the filed winding short circuited there by producing an unbalance in the magnetic field and consequent vibrations and mechanical damage.
29
4/11/2013
METHODS OF DETECTION
Potentiometer method A.C injection method D.C injection method
30
4/11/2013
MODERN ROTOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTION RELAY OPERATES ON THE PRINCIPLE OF LOW FREQUENCY INJECTION INTO THE FIELD WINDING VIA CAPACITORS. IF AN EARTH FAULT OCCURS, THE CORRESPONDING CURRENT OR RESISTANCE IS DETECTED In general ALARM 25 K OHM TIME = 1.0 SEC TRIP 5 K OHM TIME = 0.5 SEC
31
4/11/2013
POTENTION METHER METHOD

In this scheme, a centre tapped resistor is connected in parallel with the main field winding. The centre point of the resistor is connected to earth through a voltage relay. An earth fault on the field winding will produce a voltage across the relay. The maximum voltage occurring for faults at the ends of the winding.
32
4/11/2013
33
4/11/2013
AC INJECTION METHOD
It comprises of an auxiliary supply transformer, the secondary of which is connected between earth and one side of the field circuit through an interposed capacitor and a relay coil. The field circuit is subjected to an alternating potential at the same level through out, so that an earth fault anywhere in the field system will give rise to a current which is detected by the relay. The capacitor limits the magnitude of the current and blocks the normal field voltage, preventing the discharge of a large direct current through the transformer.
34
4/11/2013
35
4/11/2013
D.C Injection Method

The capacitance current objection to the a.c injection scheme is overcome by rectifying the injection voltage. The d.c out put of a transformer rectifier power unit is arranged to bias the positive side of the field circuit to a negative voltage relative to earth. The current is limited by including a high resistance in the circuit and a sensitive relay is used to detect the current.
36
4/11/2013
37
4/11/2013
INTER TURN FAULT PROTECTION

Inter turn faults have commonly been disregarded on the basis that if they occur they will quickly develop into earth faults. This is probably true if the fault is in the slot portion is never attractive and may be entirely unjustified. There is a possibility of the machine being very seriously damaged before the fault evolves to a condition that can be detected by the longitudinal system.
38
4/11/2013
It is generally considered difficult to obtain a reliable protection against short-circuiting of one turn if the stator winding has a large number of turn per phase. For generators with split neutrals, the conventional inter turn fault protective scheme comprises a time delayed low set over current relay which senses the current flowing in the connection between the neutrals of the stator winding.
39
4/11/2013
zero sequence voltage measurement Short circuit of one or more turns will cause the Generated E M F to contain zero Sequence component Earth faults will also produce a zero sequence voltage. Most of the voltage will be expended on Earthing Resistor Hence, drop across the winding should be measured
40
4/11/2013
NEG.PH.SEQUENCE PORTECTION
When the generator is connected to a balanced load, the phase currents are equal in magnitude and displaced electrically by 120 deg. The ampere turn wave produced by the stator currents rotate synchronously with the rotor and no eddy currents are induced in the rotor parts. Unbalance loading gives rise to a negative sequence component in the stator current. The negative sequence current produces an additional ampere turn wave which rotates backwards, hence it moves relatively to the rotor at twice the synchronous speed. The double frequency eddy currents induced in the rotor may cause excessive heating, primarily in the surface of cylindrical rotors and in the damper winding of rotors with salient poles.
41
4/11/2013
42
4/11/2013
LOSS OF EXCITATION
Loss of excitation may occur under normal running conditions due to following reasons: 1. Failure of Brush gear of the pilot or shunt exciter 2. Accidental opening of the field breaker 3. Failure of the regulation system 4. An open circuit or a short circuit of the main field
43
4/11/2013
The condition is particularly detrimental when the generator is operating in paralleled with other generators or with the utility system. When the generator looses its field on load , it runs as an induction generator, operating at super synchronous speed. The defaulting machine absorbs VARs from the system to support excitation and continues generating action. Slip frequency currents are induced in the field system which, it allowed to persist for long, cause over heating of the field winding /rotor iron.
44
4/11/2013
The maximum active power that can be generated without loss of synchronism when the generator losses its excitation depends on the difference between the direct axis and quadrature axis synchronous reactance. For generators with salient poles, the difference is normally sufficiently large to keep the machine running synchronously, even with an active load of 15-25% or rated load.
45
4/11/2013
For cylindrical turbo generators, the direct and quardrature axis reactance are practically equal, and the machine fails out of synchronism even with a very small active lode, The slip speed increases with the active load. The stator end regions and parts of the rotor will be overheated, it the machine is permitted to run for a long time at higher slip speeds.
46
4/11/2013
47
4/11/2013
48
4/11/2013
BACKUP IMPEDANCE
The generator minimum impedance protection(impedance backup protection) is primarily provided to protect the generator against uncleared external short circuits on the lines emanating from the station bus bars. The relay has an impedance or offset MHO characteristic and is set to cover the impedance of the longest line.
49
4/11/2013
In case of generator, though the initial short circuit current may be high during the sub transient/transient periods, the steady state short circuit current may be less than the full load current, due to the effect of armature reaction. Since the initial short circuit current is high and almost wholly reactive the armature reaction flux is in direct opposition to the field flux. This would reduce the field flux, which in turn reduces the induced EMF and hence the short circuit current. The AVR tends to compensate the reduction by forcing the field in case of system faults.
50
4/11/2013
However, for close up faults, the AVR compensation may not be enough to boost the voltage and hence the fault current. Conventional over current relays may not, therefore, be suitable for generator application. Voltage controlled or voltage restrained over current relays are commonly adopted in such situations. These relays are designed to become more sensitive with generator voltage reduction and hence operate positively, even if the sustained short circuit current fails below the full load current.
51
4/11/2013
DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
Differential protection is commonly applied to generators above 1 MVA rating. This is a unit protection, which covers both phase, and earth faults within the machine. The zone of protection is defined by current transformers at neutral side and line side of the stator winding.
52
4/11/2013
Current transformer at each end of the protected zone are interconnected by an auxiliary pilot circuit. Current transmitted through the zone causes secondary current to circulate round the pilot circuit without producing any current in the relay. A fault within the protected zone will cause secondary currents of opposite relative phase as compared with the through fault condition. The summated value of these currents will flow in the relay, thus energizes the relay. The voltage setting is decided from the secondary load drop by the following formula.
53
4/11/2013
The differential relay is usually high impedance relay. The current transformers on the generator neutral and the line side shall have identical turns ration and similar magnetizing characteristics. Hence under normal service conditions and external faults, with unsaturated current transformers, the voltage across the relay is negligible.
54
4/11/2013
55
4/11/2013
GEN.OVERALL DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION

This protection is used to protect the complete bus of generator, generator transformer and high voltage bus side of unit auxiliary transformer. The special features of the relay are: 1. Through current restraint for external faults 2. Magnetizing inrush restraint 3. Over excitation restraint to counteract operation at abnormal magnetizing currents caused by high voltage/low frequency
56
4/11/2013
The magnetizing restraint is required to keep the relay stable when a nearby fault on an adjacent feeder is cleared. During the time of fault, the terminal voltage of the main transformer is practically zero and after fault clearance i.e when the circuit breaker of the faulty feeder opens, the transformer terminal voltage quickly rises. This may cause severe recovery inrush currents. The inrush restraint is also required when the unit transformer is energized for the H.V bus.
57
4/11/2013
The over excitation restraint is important since there is a possibility of over voltage when load is suddenly disconnected in which the differential relay may trip the generator and the voltage remains high until the automatic voltage regulator (AVR) brought it back to the normal valve.
58
4/11/2013
59
4/11/2013
60
4/11/2013
POWER PROTECTION
1. LOW FORWARD POWER: In thermal machines, when the steam flow through turbine is interrupted by closing the ESVs or the governor valves, the remaining steam in the turbine generates (low) power and the machine enters to motoring conditions drawing power from the system. This protection detects low forward power conditions of the generator and trips generator breaker after a time delay, avoiding motoring of generator.
61
4/11/2013
The low forward power relay will be provided with TURBINE TRIP interlock in thermal machines. A setting of 0.5% of rated active power of generator with a time delay of 2.0 sec. Shall be adopted. 2. REVERSE POWER: Reverse power protection shall be used for all types of generators. When the input to the turbine is interrupted the machine enters into motoring condition drawing power from the system. Reverse power relay protects the generators from motoring condition. In thermal machines, reverse power condition appears subsequent to low forward power condition.
62
4/11/2013
For reverse power relay, a setting of 0.5% of rated active power of generator with 2 stage timer as 1. Stage-1: with turbine trip interlock, a time delay of 2 sec. shall be adopted. 2. Stage-2: Without turbine trip interlock a time delay of about 20 sec. can be adopted to avoid unnecessary tripping of unit during system disturbance causing sudden rise in frequency or power swing conditions.
63
4/11/2013
FREQUENCY PROTECTION
1. UNDER FREQUENCY 2. OVER FREQUENCY The generators are designed to give rated output at rated terminal voltage and rated frequency. Hence an operation above certain limit i.e. +5% and -5% of rated frequency is avoided to protect various apparatus in a network and also the generator and turbine.
64
4/11/2013
OVER LAOD PROTECTION

A generator operating on a large system under continuous supervision is not in much danger of accidental overloading. The power r that can be generated is limited by the steam production and hence can not rise un noticed or maintained for any appreciable period above the programmed level. Overloads in terms of current or MVA as distinct from megawatts are possible. Depending on the voltage regulator setting and type of control relative to the rest of the system, a given generator may take a disproportionate share of the MVAR load on the system. Overloads up to 1.4 times the rated current are not normally detected by the impedance or over current protection. Sustained loads within this range are usually supervised by temperature monitors (RTD/or thermocouples)
65
4/11/2013
OVER VOLTAGE PROTECTION

During the starting up of a generator, prior to synchronization, the generator terminal voltage is obtained by the proper operation of the automatic voltage regulator (AVR). After synchronization, the terminal voltage of the machine will be dictated by its own AVR and also by the voltage level of the system and the AVRs of nearby machines. It is not possible for one machine to cause any appreciable rise in the terminal voltage as long as it is connected to the system.
66
4/11/2013
Increasing the field excitation, owing to a fault in the AVR, merely increases the reactive MVAR output, which may ultimately lead to tripping of the impedance relay or the V/Hz relay. Maximum excitation limit prevents the rotor field current and the reactive output power from exceeding the design limits. This protection is used for the insulation level of the generator stator windings. Severe overvoltage will occur, if the generator circuit breaker is tripped while the machine is running at full load and rated power factor, the subsequent increase in terminal voltage will normally be limited by a quick acting AVR
67
4/11/2013
However, if the AVR faulty or at this particular time switched over to manual control, over voltage will occur. This voltage rise will be further increased if simultaneous over speeding should occur, owing to a slow acting turbine governor. Modern unit transformers with high magnetic qualities have a relatively sharp and well defined saturation level, with a knee point voltage between 1.2 and 1.25 times the rated voltage (Un). A suitable setting of the over voltage relay is, therefore, between 1.15 and 1.2 times Un and with a definite delay of 1 to 3 sec. An instantaneous high set voltage rely can be included to trip the generator quickly in case of excessive over voltage following a sudden loss of load and generator over speeding.
68
4/11/2013
OUT OF STEP (POLE SLIPPING)

An generator may lose synchronism with the power system, without failure of the excitation system, because of severe system fault disturbance operation at a high load with a leading power factor and hence a relatively weak field, In this condition, which is quite different from the failure of field system, the machine is subject to violent oscillations of torque, with wide various in current, power and power factor. Synchronism can be regained if the load is sufficiently reduced but if this does not occur within a few seconds it is necessary to isolate the generator and then resynchronize.
69
4/11/2013
The impedance of the generator measure at the stator terminals changes mostly when synchronism is lost by the machine. The terminal voltage will begin to decrease and the current to increase, resulting in a decrease of impedance and also a change in power factor. A pole slipping protection comprising of two ohm relays is used to detect out of step operation. The relay monitors the load impedance at the machine terminals and operates when the terminal impedance locus sequentially crosses both ohm relay characteristics which corresponds to one pole slip between the defaulting machine and the system
70
4/11/2013
VOLTAGE RESTRAINED OVER CURRENT This will operate when the fault current from the generator terminal becomes low due to excitation system characteristic with under voltage criteria. It operates as a backup protection for system faults with suitable time delay.
71
4/11/2013
STANDBY EARTH FAULT

This relay monitors the current in the generator transformer neutral. It can detect earth faults in the transformer HV side or in the adjacent network.
72
4/11/2013
INADVERTENT ENERGIZATION
Many instances of inadvertent energization 1. Closing the generator breaker with the machine at standstill 2. Closing a unit service breaker with the machine at standstill 3. High voltage breaker flashover near synchronism 4. Closing of generator disconnect with unit breaker closed
73
4/11/2013
Full voltage energization of a machine at standstill does not produce an enormous magnitude of current, but it does supply an extreme impact of torque and mechanical damage to the shaft or bearings may occur. The resulting current is of sufficient magnitude that fast removal is necessary if thermal damage to the generator is to be avoided.
74
4/11/2013
75

Generator Protections

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Generator Protections

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

4/11/2013

PDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.com

PDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.com

PDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.com