Organisational Development: Lesson Overview [1.

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Lesson 1: Sanitation Concepts / Lesson Overview [1.0]

SANITATION: CONCEPTS & DEFINITIONS (Lesson 1)

Lesson Overview
The lesson is defining terms and concepts. It gives important messages regarding sanitation. Content of Lesson 1
Lesson Overview [1.0] Important Messages [1.1] Definition of Sanitation [1.2] Centralized & Decentralized Sanitation [1.3] Ecological Sanitation [1.4] Sanitation Options [1.5]

After this lesson you will have a clear idea of the vast and often different concepts and interpretations of sanitation . The lesson will give you a good basis for the whole course, as you get the understanding of sanitation as used in the course, what it entails and what it is about.

Resources | Exercises | Links

External resources used in this lesson: Sanitation Connection (http://www.sanicon.net) is an Internet-based resource that gives you access to accurate, reliable and up-to-date information on technologies, institutions and financing of sanitation systems around the world. Institutions of international standing contribute to the information base by providing and maintaining a topic of their specialization. Plan of Implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development

Other Lessons of Module 1

Lesson 0:Template Lesson 1: Sanitation Concepts Lesson 2: Governance Concepts Lesson 3: Sanitation Context & Challenges Lesson 4: Sanitation & Poverty Lesson 5: Importance of Sanitation Lesson 6: EcoSan Lesson 7: Critical Issues Lesson 8: Sanitation vs. HIV

Time needed
Time needed to complete this lesson: 45 min

Keywords
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Organisational Development: Lesson Overview [1.0]

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MDGs = Millennium Development Goals State of emergency Industrial waste products Hazardous wastes Improved sanitation Hygiene Centralised sanitation systems Decentralised (on-site) sanitation systems Dry systems, Water based systems Ecological sanitation (Ecosan) Ladder of sanitation options

Lesson 1: Sanitation Concepts / Lesson Overview [1.0] 2010 by InWEnt gGmbH

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Organisational Development: Definition of Sanitation [1.2]

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Lesson 1: Sanitation Concepts / Definition of Sanitation [1.2]

SANITATION: CONCEPTS & DEFINITIONS (Lesson 1)

Definition of Sanitation
There are diverse definitions of sanitation but most commonly, it is understood that sanitation aims to remove and dispose of human waste (excreta and urine) and wastewater in such a way that it creates convenience and privacy for the users, and creates a hygienic environment which reduces the risks of pathogen transmission from human waste. Some definitions take account of the removal of stormwater, hospital waste, industrial waste and solid waste.

Content of Lesson 1
Lesson Overview [1.0] Important Messages [1.1] Definition of Sanitation [1.2] Centralized & Decentralized Sanitation [1.3] Ecological Sanitation [1.4] Sanitation Options [1.5]

If we summarise, we can say that Sanitation comprises: Safe collection, storage, treatment and disposal/reuse/recycling of human excreta (faeces and urine) Management/re-use/recycling of solid waste (rubbish), (not considered in this course) Collection and management of industrial waste products Management of hazardous wastes (including hospital wastes, chemical and other risky substances).

Other Lessons of Module 1

Lesson 0:Template Lesson 1: Sanitation Concepts Lesson 2: Governance Concepts Lesson 3: Sanitation Context & Challenges Lesson 4: Sanitation & Poverty Lesson 5: Importance of Sanitation Lesson 6: EcoSan Lesson 7: Critical Issues Lesson 8: Sanitation vs. HIV

Improved Sanitation
The term improved sanitation has been used in the MDGs and defined by the Joint Monitoring Programme of WHO/UNICEF 2006 and includes: Ventilated improved pit latrine Pit latrine with slab Only private facilities are considered to be improved! Not considered as improved sanitation are: Flush/pour flush to elsewhere (excreta are flushed to the street, yard or plot, open sewer, ditch, drainage way, channel river or stream); Pit latrine without slab/open pit; Bucket; Hanging toilet/hanging
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Definition used in the course

Consequently, it is suggested to retain for this course the
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Organisational Development: Definition of Sanitation [1.2]

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latrine; No facilities or bush/field Setting up a safe and adequate disposal and evacuation facility for waste water at the household level is not sufficient, if it is not treated! Hygiene comprises the following issues: Safe water storage Safe hand washing practices Safe treatment of food stuffs Sanitation and Hygiene are two different issues!

retain for this course the definition considering Sanitation as an entire chain of evacuation, collection, transport, treatment, disposal, reuse of wastewater and sludge management, excluding solid waste. This includes human, hospital, industrial waste water and stormwater, and also applies equally to centralized or decentralized wastewater system as well as to combined or separate stormwater & wastewater networks.

Lesson 1: Sanitation Concepts / Definition of Sanitation [1.2] 2010 by InWEnt gGmbH

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Organisational Development: Centralized & Decentralized Sanitation [1.3]

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Lesson 1: Sanitation Concepts / Centralized & Decentralized Sanitation [1.3]

SANITATION: CONCEPTS & DEFINITIONS (Lesson 1)

Centralized & decentralized sanitation systems (on-site)

In general, centralised conventional urban sanitation systems consist of: Collection and transport of wastewater and stormwater through combined or separate sewers Treatment of the waste water and sludge (Waste Water Treatment Plant) Treatment of stormwater. Conventional sanitation systems are based on water-borne sewerage. They began to spread in European cities from around the end of the 19th century, when piped water supplies and the use of flush toilets lead to an increased water consumption and wastewater production. Conventional decentralised (on-site or individual) sanitation systems have been used for centuries to provide excreta disposal at the household level. There are two basic types: Dry systems : simple pit latrine (unimproved), covered pit latrines and Ventilated Improved Pit latrines (VIP). Water based systems : pour-flush latrine (single or double pit), pour-flush toilet to a septic tank Content of Lesson 1
Lesson Overview [1.0] Important Messages [1.1] Definition of Sanitation [1.2] Centralized & Decentralized Sanitation [1.3] Ecological Sanitation [1.4] Sanitation Options [1.5]

Other Lessons of Module 1

Lesson 0:Template Lesson 1: Sanitation Concepts Lesson 2: Governance Concepts Lesson 3: Sanitation Context & Challenges Lesson 4: Sanitation & Poverty Lesson 5: Importance of Sanitation Lesson 6: EcoSan Lesson 7: Critical Issues Lesson 8: Sanitation vs. HIV

Water based system

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Organisational Development: Centralized & Decentralized Sanitation [1.3]

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Lesson 1: Sanitation Concepts / Centralized & Decentralized Sanitation [1.3] 2010 by InWEnt gGmbH

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Organisational Development: Ecological Sanitation [1.4]

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Lesson 1: Sanitation Concepts / Ecological Sanitation [1.4]

SANITATION: CONCEPTS & DEFINITIONS (Lesson 1)

Ecological (or Sustainable) Sanitation

Ecological sanitation (Ecosan) or sustainable sanitation offers a new philosophy of dealing with what is presently regarded as waste and wastewater. Ecosan is based on the systematic implementation of re-use and recycling of nutrients and water as a hygienically safe, closed-loop and holistic alternative to conventional sanitation solutions. Ecosan systems enable the recovery of nutrients from human faeces and urine for the benefit of agriculture, thus helping to preserve soil fertility, assure food security for future generations, minimize water pollution and recover bioenergy. They ensure that water is used economically and is recycled in a safe way to the greatest possible extent for purposes such as irrigation or groundwater recharge. In this way, when improving an existing and/or designing a new sanitation system, sustainability criteria related to the following aspects should be considered:

Content of Lesson 1
Lesson Overview [1.0] Important Messages [1.1] Definition of Sanitation [1.2] Centralized & Decentralized Sanitation [1.3] Ecological Sanitation [1.4] Sanitation Options [1.5]

Other Lessons of Module 1

Lesson 0:Template Lesson 1: Sanitation Concepts Lesson 2: Governance Concepts Lesson 3: Sanitation Context & Challenges Lesson 4: Sanitation & Poverty Lesson 5: Importance of Sanitation Lesson 6: EcoSan Lesson 7: Critical Issues Lesson 8: Sanitation vs. HIV

Aspects to be considered: Health Environment and natural resources Technology and operation Financial and economic issues Socio-cultural and institutional aspects.

In order to fully understand the spirit and the dimensions of the Sustainable Sanitation, a specific paragraph is dedicated to deal in detail with the Ecosan approach. You find more information on Ecosan later in this Module.

Detail

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Organisational Development: Ecological Sanitation [1.4]

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Lesson 1: Sanitation Concepts / Ecological Sanitation [1.4] 2010 by InWEnt gGmbH

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Organisational Development: Sanitation Options [1.5]

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Lesson 1: Sanitation Concepts / Sanitation Options [1.5]

SANITATION: CONCEPTS & DEFINITIONS (Lesson 1)

A Ladder of Sanitation Options

Content of Lesson 1
Lesson Overview [1.0] Important Messages [1.1] Definition of Sanitation [1.2] Centralized & Decentralized Sanitation [1.3] Ecological Sanitation [1.4] Sanitation Options [1.5]

[ Financing wastewater collection and treatment in relation to the Millennium Development Goals and World Summit on Sustainable Development targets on water and sanitation UNEP 2004. Click the image to enlarge it. ]

Other Lessons of Module 1

Lesson 0:Template Lesson 1: Sanitation Concepts Lesson 2: Governance Concepts Lesson 3: Sanitation Context & Challenges Lesson 4: Sanitation & Poverty Lesson 5: Importance of Sanitation Lesson 6: EcoSan Lesson 7: Critical Issues Lesson 8: Sanitation vs. HIV

The figure shows the Ladder of Sanitation options. The different levels of sanitation service and technology have different costs. Going up the ladder of sanitation options progressively moves to higher levels of service with network based solutions at the top and on-site sanitation at the bottom.

For more information on the sanitation ladder please see Module 2.

Resources | Exercises
Plan of Implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development
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Organisational Development: Sanitation Options [1.5]

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(PDF, 62 pp, 0.3mb)

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