CHAPTER 4: REPRODUCTION AND GROWTH

Hypothalamus

Positive feedback

Pituitary gland

Negative feedback

Ovary High Oestrogen Day 12 14 Day 1 11 and Progesterone High Day 14 - 28 Uterus Low

Diagram: Regulating of hormonal in menstrual cycle

D15

Day 1 11

Release

Release GnRH Pituitary gland &

LH

Hypothalamus

FSH

Follicle

Inhibit Oestrogen & Progesteron Negatitive Feedback Relatively low Oestrogen

D16

Day 12 14 Oestrogen increases

Positive feedback Hypothalamus

Secrete GnRH increases

Secrete

FSH increases & LH increases Cause Ovulation D17

Day 14 28 FSH & LH increases

Stimulate Ovulation

Promote development Corpus luteum

Secrete Progesterone & Oestrogen

Negatitive Feedback Inhibit FSH & LH

Hypothalamus & Pituitary gland D18

1. FSH is secreted stimulate the development of follicles (at the same time menstruation occurs)

Hormone FSH

Hormone LH

2. follicles produce oestrogen but in a small amount, as the follicle larger, oestrogen increases 3. cause

increase sectretion of GnRH

MODULE : P3
5

FSH increases

4. LH inreases

5. corpus luteum produce progesterone and oestrogen

6. implantation
2 6 8

7. if no implantation, corpus luteum degenerating

8. progesterone & oestrogen decreases

9. endometrium wall break down

D19

1. Pollen grain germinates

2. sugar stimulate germination Stigma

3. form pollen tube 5. generative nucleus 4. pollen tube grows into the style Tube nucleus divides by mitosis

7. 1 male nuclei + 2 polar nuclei Ovary Tube nucleus 8. 1 male nuclei + egg triploid zygote cell Integument

2 male gametes

6. Penetrate the ovule through micropyle

diploid zygote Diagram: Double Fertilisation in Plant

D20

Parental Phenotype (P1) Parental Genotype (P2)

Tall (Heterozygote) Tt

Tall (Heterozygote) Tt
Meiosis (P3)

Gametes

(P4)

t
Fertilisation (P5)

F1 Genotype F1Phenotype Genotype ratio Phenotype ratio

(P6) (P7) (P8) (P9)

TT Tall 1TT : 2 Tt :

Tt Tall 1 tt

Tt Tall

tt Dwarf

3Tall : 1 Dwarf

Key:

(P10) T allele for tall T allele for dwarf

D21 Diagram: Schematic Diagram for monohybrid

Bacterial chromosom e Bacterium Plasmid 1. Isolation of plasmid DNA

Cell containing gene of interest

2. Gene of interest is cut using an enzyme

Plasmid recombinant

3. Gene inserted into plasmid

4. Plasmid put into bacterial cell Bactrium recombinant Culturel medium 5. Recombinant bacterium is cultured

6. Identify bacteria carrying gene of interest D22