"
_
D
H
Nu g (4) `
The above equation is valid in the range of 1000 < Re< 10000,
0 < < 0.5%, 11.56 < Pr < 19.52, 0 < H/D < 15
The regression Nusselt number given by Eq. (4) is shown in comparison
with experimental Nusselt number. Two correlation equations for friction
factor for the base fluid and CuO nanofluids in a plain tube with and
without twisted tape inserts are developed both for laminar and
transition flow conditions and are given by Eq.(5) and Eq.(6) respectively.
0.004051
0.8436 0.4336
Re 23.01Re 1 1
"
D
H
f
g (5) `
0.01251
0.1946 0.2507
Re 0.2086Re 1 1
"
D
H
f
g (6)XXIV `
The equation (5) is valid for the values in the range of,1000 Re 2500 ,
11.56 <Pr < 17.38,0 0.5 , and 0 H D 15 `
The transition equation (6) is valid for the values in the range
of, 2500 Re 10000, 13.56 <Pr < 19.52, 0 0.5 , and 0 H D `
15 ( 0 `_
for the base fluid, H D 0 for the plain tube). The experimental friction _
factor and regression friction factor are compared.
Nanofluid Heat transfer and friction factor with helical inserts
Experiments are then conducted and the experimental Nusselt
number for base fluid as well as CuO nanofluids flowing in a circular
tube with helical inserts at different Reynolds number are estimated. It is
observed that Nusselt number increases with increase of Reynolds
number and also with percentage increase of CuO nanoparticle volume
concentration. The pitch length of helical inserts also affects the heat
transfer coefficient and high heat transfer is observed with helical inserts
of shorter pitch length. Based on the experimental data,a generalized
regression equation is developed to predict Nusselt number and is given
by Eq. (7)
1.862 0.3280
0.5291 0.4 0.4965
Reg 0.1861Re Pr 1 1
"
"
De
D
d
H
Nu
(7)
Where D/De is the ratio of tube internal diameter to the effective
or hydraulic diameter. The above regression equation is valid for, the XXV
values in the range of 1000<Re<10000, 11.56 Pr 19.98, 0 `
0.5%, and
0 < H De < 9. ( 0, For the base fluid and H De 0 for the plain tube). _ _
The experimental friction factor of CuO nanofluids is found to give
slightly a higher value compared to the friction factor obtained with the
base fluid. Friction factor also increases with increase in the nanoparticle
concentration in the base fluid. The friction factor is increasing with
decrease in pitch length. This is because the fluid has to move over a
longer path when the ratio of H/De = 3 when compared to the ratio of
H/De = 9. As the flow rate progresses, the magnitude of friction factor
goes on reduces with increase in the Reynolds numbers.
The correlations are developed for prediction of laminar friction
factor , given by Eq. (8) and transition friction factor, given by Eq. (9)
0.2630 0.6360
0.71606 03668
R e 8.955Re 1 1
"
"
e e
g D
D
D
H
f (8) `
0.08944 0.3030
0.1785 0.2330
R e 0.1772Re 1 1
"
"
e
g D
D
d
H
f (9) `
The correlation equation (8) is valid for the values in the range
of1000 Re 2500, 10.98 Pr 17.96,0 0.5%, and 0 H De `
9
The equation (9) is valid for the values in the range of
2500 Re 10000,10.9 Pr 19.98, 0 0.5%, 0 H d 9 . `
The values of
friction factor estimated with Eq. (9) are found to be linearly proportional
with values of experimental friction factor in transition regimes.
CHAPTER 6 (conclusions)XXVI
Experimental investigation is carried out to study the heat transfer
and friction factor characteristics of an anti-freeze water-propylene based
CuO nanofluids in a plain tube with twisted tape and helical inserts. The
conclusions and scope for future work are presented in this chapter. XXVII
List of publications pertaining from the present work
Papers published
1. M.T. Naik.,G. Ranga Janardhana., Temperature dependent thermal
conductivity enhancement of copper oxide nanoparticles dispersed in
propylene glycol-water base fluid International journal of
Nanoparticles, Vol. 3, No. 2, 2010,Inderscience Enterprises Ltd..
2. M. T. Naik, G. Ranga Janardhana, K. Vijaya Kumar Reddy
Experimental investigation into rheological property of copper oxide
nanoparticles suspended in propylene glycol-water based fluids ARPN
Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences VOL. 5, No. 6, June,
2010.
Publications Under review
1. M.T.Naik, D.N.Reddy, G Ranga Janardana,Heat transfer and friction
factor experimental investigation of CuO nanoparticles
inwater/propylene glycol base fluid flowing in a circular tube with
twisted tape inserts A S M E Journal of heat transfer
2. M.T. Naik., G. Ranga Janardana,,L. Syam Sundar., Experimental
heat transfer and friction factor characteristics of propylene glycol XXVIII
based CuO nanofluid in circular tube with helical inserts under laminar
flow journal of Experimental Heat, Taylor and Fransis
3. M.T. Naik., G. Ranga Janardana,,T Kishen Kumar Reddy., Transition
flow heat transfer and friction factor with water/propylene glycol CuO
nanofluid in circular tube with helical insert International journal of
Heat transfer Engineering, Taylor and Fransis
4. M.T.Naik., Investigation of Thermophysical properties of propylene
glycole based CuO Nanofluids for Heat transfer Applications, Int. J.
Nanotechnology, Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.