EEE402F-b / EEE526Z Convergent Networks

Special Tutorial on Telecommunications

H Anthony Chan h.a.chan@ieee.org http://www.eng.uct.ac.za/~achan Mqhele E Dlodlo mdlodlo@ebe.uct.ac.za http://www.uct.ac.za/courses/eee_mdlodlo/ Department of Electrical Engineering University of Cape Town

Mqhele E. Dlodlo & H. Anthony Chan

EEE402F Module B: Convergent Voice and Data Network

Telecommunication Basics Tutorial 12 April 2013

Aims
To review the Basic Principles of Telecommunications To outline necessary background knowledge for higher level systems analysis, design, selection and management To identify critical systems characteristics To identify telecommunication systems as:
Radio Systems Data Systems, and Television Systems

To outline a sample of Business Services offered by Telecommunication Systems To cite some strategic issues facing telecommunication systems
Mqhele E. Dlodlo & H. Anthony Chan EEE402F Module B: Convergent Voice and Data Network
Telecommunication Basics Tutorial 12 April 2013

Objectives To demonstrate an understanding of the place of data communications in telecommunication systems To show an appreciation of the ubiquity of telecommunications in todays society To show an ability to identify and explain system characteristics

Mqhele E. Dlodlo & H. Anthony Chan

EEE402F Module B: Convergent Voice and Data Network

Telecommunication Basics Tutorial 12 April 2013

Telecommunication
The extension of communication over a distance, under the practical constraints of attenuation, noise and interference such that something may be lost in the process; hence the term 'telecommunication' covers all forms of distance and/or conversion of the original communications, like
radio, telegraphy, television, telephony, data communication and computer networking.
Mqhele E. Dlodlo & H. Anthony Chan EEE402F Module B: Convergent Voice and Data Network
Telecommunication Basics Tutorial 12 April 2013

Telecommunication Systems
A telecommunication system receives and converts some original information energy (voice, music, video, data) into an electronic information signal, transmits the signal and converts the signal at the destination back to its desired form. No live transfer! Examples include:
Telephone networks Data communication networks Computer networks Broadcast networks radio and television

Main Types:

Line systems Radio systems Satellite-based systems

Mqhele E. Dlodlo & H. Anthony Chan EEE402F Module B: Convergent Voice and Data Network
Telecommunication Basics Tutorial 12 April 2013

Elementary Concepts Wire-line A line system passes the electronic information signal down a wire, cable or fibre link (or a combination of these) The propagation speed can be as low as 60% the speed of light in some media. A source encoder converts analogue information into a Pulse Code Modulated (PCM) signal before transmission
Mqhele E. Dlodlo & H. Anthony Chan EEE402F Module B: Convergent Voice and Data Network
Telecommunication Basics Tutorial 12 April 2013

Elementary Concepts - Wireless

In a radio system, the source converts the energy into an electromagnetic radio signal to transmit over a radio link The propagation proceeds at the speed of light In either case, there will be signal degradation due to electronic noise and other mechanisms The objective of systems design is to minimise such distortions Interactive telecommunication systems require twoway or duplex channels, but broadcast systems need only simplex or one-way channels
Mqhele E. Dlodlo & H. Anthony Chan EEE402F Module B: Convergent Voice and Data Network
Telecommunication Basics Tutorial 12 April 2013

Line System Characteristics Attenuation and Noise Modulation: AM, FM, PM, PCM Twisted pair copper wires Coaxial cable or tube Optical fibre Transmission line characteristics

Mqhele E. Dlodlo & H. Anthony Chan

EEE402F Module B: Convergent Voice and Data Network

Telecommunication Basics Tutorial 12 April 2013

Wireless System Characteristics

Electromagnetic radio waves:
Surface wave Sky wave (via ionosphere) Space wave (line-of-sight and reflected) Satellite transponder radiation Tropospheric scatter

Electromagnetic light waves (pulsed infra red laser light) Propagation Antenna design Satellite link design Land-mobile access network design Maritime communication systems design Error-control coding Multiple access control schemes Detection schemes, e.g. joint detection
EEE402F Module B: Convergent Voice and Data Network
Telecommunication Basics Tutorial 12 April 2013

Mqhele E. Dlodlo & H. Anthony Chan

Data Networks and Systems Open Systems Interconnection Model Internetworking Model Data services and packet switching Frame mode bearer services Local area networks (LANs) Wide area networks (WANs)

Mqhele E. Dlodlo & H. Anthony Chan

EEE402F Module B: Convergent Voice and Data Network

Telecommunication Basics Tutorial 12 April 2013

Signalling, Transmission and Switching

Signalling: passing of information from one point to another for setting up or supervision of a telephone call or a data exchange session Transmission: dispatch and propagation of a signal, message, or other form of information by any means, such as by telegraph, telephone, radio, television, or facsimile via any medium, such as wire, coaxial cable, microwave, optical fibre, or radio frequency. Switching: the process of making connections and relaying information between a calling party and a called party usually through a combination of space and time division multiplex apparatus in the exchange fabric
Telecommunication Basics Tutorial 12 April 2013

Mqhele E. Dlodlo & H. Anthony Chan

EEE402F Module B: Convergent Voice and Data Network

ITU-T Signalling System No. 7

Is extended to data and multimedia control Separates signalling and user traffic Provides better support for services like:
network management Network maintenance Centralised call accounting

Mqhele E. Dlodlo & H. Anthony Chan

EEE402F Module B: Convergent Voice and Data Network

Telecommunication Basics Tutorial 12 April 2013

Transmission
The central problem of transmission is the conveyance of signals as waves over distances significant with respect to the wavelengths involved Large volumes of data are regularly transmitted sequentially making it necessary to encode the information into a signal A travelling sinusoidal wave progressively experiences increased phase delay and attenuation with distance in the direction of propagation The main characteristics of transmission media are the propagation constant, characteristic impedance and reflection coefficient Transmission media include twisted copper wire pairs, coaxial cables, strip lines, waveguides, optical fibre and free space Transmission system design and analysis relies greatly on electromagnetic theory as well as differential and integral calculus

Mqhele E. Dlodlo & H. Anthony Chan

EEE402F Module B: Convergent Voice and Data Network

Telecommunication Basics Tutorial 12 April 2013

Switching Principles

Goal: to enable any terminal (telephone, data terminal, computer) as requested by the calling party Switching centre telephone exchange Full mesh backbone or core networks Digital switching time division stages shift PCM words in time between incoming and outgoing channels, multiplexing them onto different time slots Space division provides direct physical paths right through the exchange connecting the local loops of one subscriber to that of another.

Mqhele E. Dlodlo & H. Anthony Chan

EEE402F Module B: Convergent Voice and Data Network

Telecommunication Basics Tutorial 12 April 2013

Evolving Core Switching Technologies

Frame Relay (FR) Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) Internet Protocol (IP) IP Virtual Private Network (IP VPN)

Mqhele E. Dlodlo & H. Anthony Chan

EEE402F Module B: Convergent Voice and Data Network

Telecommunication Basics Tutorial 12 April 2013

Business Services
Private Automatic Branch Exchange, key-phones, Centrex Virtual Private Networks (VPN) Private networks and leased lines Conference calling ISDN supplementary services Mobile telecommunication systems paging, SMS, voice, remote login, email, Internet access Free-phones 0800 series Facsimile Interactive services teletex, teletext, email, EFT-POS, credit cards, smart cards, voice mail Voice over IP
EEE402F Module B: Convergent Voice and Data Network
Telecommunication Basics Tutorial 12 April 2013

Mqhele E. Dlodlo & H. Anthony Chan

Personal Consumer Services

Television Services
High Definition Television (HDTV) Direct Satellite Television (DSTV/DBS) Cable Television

Asynchronous Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) and variants Wireless Local Loop Dial-up Email or Internet Access Telephone Banking Internet Banking Automatic Teller Machines Phone Cards Emergency Services Online Directory Services Online Shopping

Mqhele E. Dlodlo & H. Anthony Chan

EEE402F Module B: Convergent Voice and Data Network

Telecommunication Basics Tutorial 12 April 2013

Strategic Issues
Telecommunications network numbering Telecommunications standards Telecommunications network management
Centralised maintenance Reliability Voice tariffs Forecasting future demand

Telecommunications security Telecommuting Convergence of technologies

Mqhele E. Dlodlo & H. Anthony Chan EEE402F Module B: Convergent Voice and Data Network
Telecommunication Basics Tutorial 12 April 2013

EEE402F-b / EEE526Z Convergent Networks

The ability to communicate with high speed network at affordable price is important to the people, business, and industry in every country to complete in global market. www.uct.ac.za/depts/commnetwork/ 2005 Ref: G. Langley & J. P. Ronyne; Telecommunications Primer, 4/e; Pitman Publishing, 1993
Mqhele E. Dlodlo & H. Anthony Chan
Telecommunication Basics Tutorial 12 April 2013

EEE402F Module B: Convergent Voice and Data Network