InternationalConferenceArchitectureandIdeology WebProceedings

September2829,2012,Belgrade,Serbia Editedby VladimirMako MirjanaRoterBlagojevi MartaVukotiLazar FacultyofArchitectureUniversityofBelgrade BoardofRankoRadoviAward AssociationofAppliedArtsArtistsandDesignersofSerbia


InternationalConferenceArchitectureandIdeology WebProceedings

publishedby| FacultyofArchitecture,UniversityofBelgrade BoardofRankoRadoviAward,AssociationofAppliedArtsArtistsand DesignersofSerbia(ULUPUDS) forpublishers| Vladanoki VladimirLovri editors| VladimirMako MirjanaRoterBlagojevi MartaVukotiLazar technicaleditor| MarkoNikoli design| IvicaNikoli JelenaRistiTrajkovi VericaMeo ProductionofConference: TheExecutiveproducers: AleksandarBrki TamaraPetrovi JelenaPilji theplaceandyearofpublishing| Belgrade2012


Organizedby Incollaborationwith Faculty of Architecture University of Belgrade and Board of Ranko Radovi Award, AssociationofAppliedArtsArtistsandDesignersofSerbia Faculty of Philosophy University of Belgrade, Institute of Architecture and Urban & SpatialPlanningofSerbia Faculty of Technical Sciences in Novi Sad, Department for Architecture and Town Planning,IlijaMilosavljeviKolaracFoundation Ministry of Culture, Media and Information Society, Republic of Serbia and Serbian Chamber of Engineers and Goethe Institut Belgrade, PUC "Belgrade Woter and Sawerage",MuniciplaityofStarigrad

Undertheauspicesof

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Aseditorswewouldliketoexpressoursincerethankstoallofourcolleaguesandfriendswho contributed in preparing the CD publication with papers acepted for the International Conference ArchitectureandIdeologyandalsoalltheinstitutionswhomadetheConferencepossible. InparticularwethanktoFacultyofPhilosophyUniversityofBelgrade,InstituteofArchitecture and Urban & Spatial Planning of Serbia, Department for Architecture and Town Planning Faculty of Technical Sciences in Novi Sad, Ilija Milosavljevi Kolarac Foundation, Ministry of Culture, Media and Information Society Republic of Serbia, Serbian Chamber of Engineers and Goethe Institut Belgrade, Municipality of Stari grad, Rectorte of the Belgrade University and PUC Belgrade Waterworks and SewerageforcooperationintheorganizationoftheCongressandthisCDpublication. We want to express our gratitude to the members of the Scientific Committee for their continuous support during the organization of the Conference, and for the CD publication. Also we wouldliketoexpressourappreciationtotheScientificCommitteefortheinitialselectionofthepapers fortheConference. Our special thanks are also to the members of the Organizing committee for their continuous supportinmanydifferentways. Andfinally,wemustexpressourhighestrecognitiontoallthecontributingauthors. Editors

INTRODUCTION

The Faculty of Architecture University of Belgrade and the Board of Ranko Radovi Award, Association of Applied Arts Artists and Designers of Serbia (ULUPUDS), wishing to revive and continue professorRadoviseffortsinsupportingscientificmeetingsabouthistoryandtheoryofarchitecture,is launchinganInternationalConferenceonARCHITECTUREANDIDEOLOGY. The "Ranko Radovi" Award was established in order to encourage, develop and promote criticaltheoretical thought in the field of architecture and architectural creativity, based on ideas and worksofresearchers,writers,essayists,andscholarsinallbranchesofappliedartsandmedia,relating to architecture and the phenomenon of the city. At the end of 2011, Awards Committee initiated the international scientific conference with the theme "Architecture and Ideology" trying to fulfill the old wish of professor dr Ranko Radovi (1935, Podgorica 2005, Belgrade) and complete the series of conferences, that had begun with the themes "Architecture and History" (held in 1990 in the National Library of Serbia) and "Architecture and Technology" (held in 1991 at the Faculty of Architecture University of Belgrade). According to professor Radovi idea, the conferences were followed by thematic issue journal book (as he called them) De re Aedificatoria, as an hommage to Leone Battista Alberti (14041472), a man of theory, practice and broad, humanistic culture. The journal of the same title also follows the Third conference "Architecture and Ideology", 28th and 29th September2012,representingahommagetoprofessorRadoviuomouniversalofourtime. ThisCDproceedingsintroducesaceptedpapersthatarrivedinlargequantity,notonlyfromSerbia,but also from the neighboring countries (Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Greece, Italy, Austria, Hungary) and from the other countries as well (Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland, Great Britain, Poland, Russia, Kazakhstan, Spain, Portugal, Turkey, Algeria, Brazil and Japan). We will be pleased to host around 120 delegates from many countries and continents. Despite the economic concerns that universities all over the world are facing these days, we are happy to have participantsfrom25countriesregisteredforthisevent. Works of university teachers and associates, research scientists and artists have confirmed that the theme related to architecture and ideology is extremely actual, initiating various thoughts, ideas and interpretations. Contributions chosen for the CD proceedings reflect the breadth and richness of the main theme, discussed through thematic sections The Ideological Context of Architecture, The City and the Power, The Morphology and Ideological Patterns, and The Relation between Designers and Ideology. Throughout the world, in all cultures, this issue need to be studied from comparative and transnational perspective, in a broad historical and social context, and we hope to offer you the opportunitytodoso.

THEMATICFRAMEOFTHECONFERENCE
Space and time are inherent parts of our lives (they precede us and outlive us, we are always inthem,neverontheoutside).Thatiswhyphilosophershaverelentlesslytriedtofindoutabouttheir nature, and ideologies have tried to get a key to possessing these two media and control them. Actions in space are the result of complex interest interaction between politicians, investors, city planners and architects, on the one hand, and those who enjoy the results of their actions, on the other. City development means solid construction, therefore mistakes are hard or impossible to amend. That makes the test of the role of ideology in the fate of a city a good enough reason for exchangingopinionsonthistopicandforanattempttocriticallyoverviewnumerousdirect,indirect, hintedandhiddenmanifestationsofideologyinthe20thcenturycitydevelopment. Conference participants are expected each from his/her professional angle, with reference to a century worth of experience to provide their contributions on shedding light on mutual impact of architecture and ideology with all its positive and negative consequences andcontributions and tobringouthypothesesonthefutureofthatparticular,specificandvitalrelation.

Conferenceorganizersofferfourtopicsegmentsandgivepointsofreferencetosimplify theroleofparticipantsinmultidisciplinaryopinionexchange.

1.Ideologicalcontextofarchitecture
Conceptualissuesofideology; 20th century ideologies and their characteristics (historical, philosophical; sociological, political, psychological); Emergence,survivalanddisappearanceofthemainideologypatternsinsocietyandarchitecture; Durationofideologysystemsandaresistancetochange; Changesinmeaninganduseofphysicalstructuresduetoideologicalassumptions; Ideology matrix influence on general public, value systems, awareness of city environment and its shaping; Theideologicalinterpretationandevaluationofthehistoryofarchitecture; Theideologicalconceptsandregulationofthebuiltenvironment; Centralizationasideologicalstronghold; RankoRadoviandhisinterpretationoftheideologicalcontextofarchitecture.

2.Cityandpower
Holders of power (political, financial, technological, media) and urban development; subjects (politicians,businessmen,cityplannersandpeopleingeneral); Ideologicalinterestsandgoals,andtheiraccomplishmentinarchitecture; (Non)participationinshapingacitydestiny; Pressures on designs, unruly actions in taking the city space (illegal construction of both the inapproachableandthemarginalized); Ideologicalcausesofdemolishingthecityfabric; Spatialstandardsandsocialgroups;

Therightstohousing,workandleisure; Accessibilityofscarcecityassets; Disposalofthecitylandandrealestate; Typesofpoweralienationandhowtoovercomethem.

3.Morphologyandideologicalpatterns
Doctrinesinarchitectureandtheirpositive/negativeimpactonacity; Criteriaofurbanforming(urbannormsandstandardsindesigning)andtools (precomputerandcomputerapproachtoplanninganddesigning); Cityplanning(interestcontradictions,conflictingofaimsandmeans); Planners(conceptcreatorsormereexecutors); Theidealismorpragmatismofplannersvisions; Urbanformasaresultofconflict/harmonybetweenideologyandarchitecture; Physicalstructuresandpubliccityspacethrougharelationbetweenideologyandarchitecture; Citycenteranditsoutskirtsintheideologicalcontext; Typologicalpatternsofhousingandpublicstructuresderivingfromideology; Relationsbetweenthenewandtheinherited,theprogressiveandtheconservative;

4.Designersandideology
Figuresofthepowerandcityplannersandarchitects; Theinfluenceoftheideologyonthedesignprocess; Theideologyobjectificationthroughprojectscasestudies.

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SCIENTIFICCOMMITTEEOFTHECONFERENCE
VladimirMako,FacultyofArchitectureUniversityofBelgrade,Serbia,conferencechair MirjanaRoterBlagojevi,FacultyofArchitectureUniversityofBelgrade,Serbia,conferencecoordinator EvaVanitaLazarevi,FacultyofArchitectureUniversityofBelgrade,Serbia PetarArsi,FacultyofArchitectureUniversityofBelgrade,Serbia VladimirLojanica,FacultyofArchitectureUniversityofBelgrade,Serbia AleksandraStupar,FacultyofArchitectureUniversityofBelgrade,Serbia AleksandarIgnjatovi,FacultyofArchitectureUniversityofBelgrade,Serbia ivojinBataKarapei,memberoftheBoardofRankoRadoviAward,Serbia DarkoReba,FacultyofTechnicalSciencesinNoviSad,memberoftheBoardofRankoRadoviAward,Serbia AleksandarKadijevi,FacultyofPhilosophyUniversityofBelgrade,Serbia SretenVujovi,FacultyofPhilosophyUniversityofBelgrade,Serbia NikolaSamardi,FacultyofPhilosophyUniversityofBelgrade,Serbia LidijaMerenik,FacultyofPhilosophyUniversityofBelgrade,Serbia DubravkaStojanovi,FacultyofPhilosophyUniversityofBelgrade,Serbia Mikouvakovi,FacultyofArtsinBelgrade,Serbia IgorMari,InstituteofArchitectureandUrban&SpatialPlanningofSerbia,Belgrade,Serbia MilaPucar,InstituteofArchitectureandUrban&SpatialPlanningofSerbia,Belgrade,memberoftheBoardof RankoRadoviAward,Serbia RadivojeDinulovi,FacultyofTechnicalSciencesinNoviSad,Serbia DijanaMilainoviMari,AssociationofAppliedArtsArtistsandDesignersofSerbia,Belgrade,Serbia Draganivkovi,FacultyofFineArts,Belgrade,Serbia RudolfKlein,YblMiklosFacultyofArchitecture,SaintStevenUniversity,Budapest,Hungary HansIbelings,TheArchitectureObserver,Amsterdam,Netherlands MarjattaHietala,SchoolofSocialSciencesandHumanities,UniversityofTampere,Finland MerviKaarninen,SchoolofSocialSciencesandHumanities,UniversityofTampere,Finland IrinaKorobina,SchusevStateMuseumofArchitecture,Moscow,Russia DmitrijChmelnizki,Berlin,Deutschland KrzysztofDomaradzki,FacultyofArchitecture,WarsawPolytechnic,Poland TanjaDamljanovicConley,MassachusettsCollegeofArtandDesign,Boston,USA DarkoRadovi,InternationalKeioInstituteforArchitectureandUrbanismIKI,Yokohama,Japan AleksandarMirkovi,ArkansasTechUniversity,USA InesToli,FacultyofArtsandHumanities,UniversityofBologna,Italy IvoGoldstein,UniversityofZagreb,Croatia MilenkoStankovi,FacultyofArchitectureandCivilEngineering,UniversityofBanjaLuka,RepublicofSrpska FehimHadimuhamedovi,FacultyofArtsUniversityofSarajevo,BosniaandHerzegovina AmraHadimuhamedovi,InternationalUniversityofSarajevo,BosniaandHerzegovina ElsaTurkui,FacultyofArchitecture,Sarajevo,BosniaandHerzegovina

MartaVukotiLazar,chairoftheBoardofRankoRadoviAward,Serbia,conferencecoordinator

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CONGRESSDATA1
registrateddelegates 169 numberofreceivedabstracts 153 numberofapprovedabstracts*web 120 fullpaperpresentations 108 oralpresentations 78 *(Publishedonthewebsitewww.arh.bg.ac.rs/code/navigate.asp?Id=2803)

CONGRESSDATA2

oralpresentations fullpaperpresentations numberofapprovedabstracts*web Serbia 36 50 61 ForeignCountries 42 58 59 InTotal 78 108 120

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PARTICIPANTSPROFILEBYREGION

PARTICIPANTSPROFILEBYCOUNTRIES

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InternationalConferenceArchitectureandIdeology

TABLEOFCONTENTS
KEYNOTEPAPERS|S 1. IDEOLOGYANDARCHITECTURE: AESTHETICRATIONALISMANDITSCULTURALRESPOND|29 DrVladimirMako 2. POSTEVERYTHING.ARCHITECTUREANDIDEOLOGYAFTERTHE20THCENTURY|30 HansIbelings 3. BAVARIANISM: A LOVEABLE AND WHOLESOME NATIONAL STEREOTYPE, OR WAYS OF IDEOLOGIZINGARCHITECTUREINTHE19THAND20THCENTURIES|31 StefanMuthesius 4. NEWTECNOLOGIESASNEWIDEOLOGIES|32 DrMilaPucar VladimirLojanica IDEOLOGICALCONTEXTOFARCHITECTURE|S1 1. IDEOLOGY IN ARCHITECTURE AS A COMPLEX LOGIC AND HISTORIOGRAPHIC TERM. ABOUT THEWIDTHOFITSRANGEANDMANIFOLDOFMEANINGS|35 DrAleksandarKadijevi 2. KALMYKS COLONY AND CONSTRUCTION OF THE FIRST BUDDHIST TEMPLE IN BELGRADE AND EUROPE(19291944)|36 DrMartaVukotiLazar DrNataaDaniloviHristi urijaBorovnjak 3. JEWISHINFLUENCEONIDEOLOGIESOFMODERNARCHITECTURE|37 DrRudolfKlein 4. GENERALTHEORYOFIDEOLOGYANDARCHITECTURE|38 DrMiodragMikouvakovi 5. IDEOLOGICALFUNCTIONOFARCHITECTUREINSOCIETYOFSPECTACLE|39 DrRadivojeDinulovi

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HOLOCAUST, COMMUNISM, AND THE FATE OF BELGRADE SYNAGOGUES: DROWNING IN IDEOLOGICALMAINSTREAM|40 HarisDaj DrNikolaSamardi HEALTH AND ARCHITECTURE FROM SERVING IDEOLOGIES TO BECOMING IDEOLOGY THE CASEOFOUROBOROS|41 DrRuicaBooviStamenovi 100ofMODERNISMSUCCESSBASEDONIDEOLOGICALNEUTRALITY|42 DrAleksandarKekovi MarjanPetrovi THE CONSTRUCTION OF ARCHITECTURAL THOUGHT BETWEEN IDEOLOGICAL REASON AND ICONOLOGICALACT|43 DomenicoChizzoniti ANARCHISM AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT. LEGACY OF ANTICAPITALIST REJECTION OF SOCIALSTATEINARCHITECTURE,URBANANDREGIONALPLANNING|44 ZvonimirKontrec TRANSITIONALSPACE:WARSAWSPARADESQUAREANDITSIDEOLOGIES|45 LidiaKlein SPACE OF SOCIAL REPRESENTATION: THE MUSEUM OF REVOLUTION AS THE MONUMENT OF POLITICALPOWER|46 IvaMarkovi MladenPei Jagodaari ARCHITECTURAL COMMUNICATION ASPECTS: DENOTATIVE AND CONNOTATIVE MEANINGS OFREVOLUTIONMEMORIALHALLINNIKI,MONTENEGRO|47 SlavicaStamatoviVukovi FACTORY AS SYMBOL OF POSTWAR STATE IDEOLOGY. INDUSTRIAL ARCHITECTURE IN NOVI SADBETWEEN1945AND1965|48 AnicaTufegdi THE INFLUENCE OF IDEOLOGY: CHANGES IN INTERPRETATION OF CRITICAL REGIONALISM IN CONTEMPORARYARCHITECTURALTHEORIES(19812007.)|49 MilicaPajki INFLUENCE OF THE SOCIALIST IDEOLOGY ON TYPOLOGICAL MODELS OF MULTIFAMILY HOUSINGUNITS."BELGRADESCHOOLOFHOUSINGARCHITECTURE|50 JelenaRistiTrajkovi DanicaStojiljkovi VericaMeo

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TRADITION BASED ON MODERNISM. CASE STUDY MEMORIAL HOUSE OF SUTJESKA BATTLE, TJENTISTE[1964.1971.].AUTHORARCHITECTRANKORADOVIC|51 VladimirPareanin HUNGARIAN SEA PROMISES A RICH SUMMER COLLECTIVE GOOD AND ECONOMIC INTEREST INSOCIALISTLEISUREARCHITECTURE|52 DrMariannSimon THECITYANDURBANCULTUREINSERBIANRIGHTWINGIDEOLOGY|53 AleksandarStojanovi PREEMPTIVE & VIRTUOUS: CITY PLANNING & ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN FOR THE MILLENNIUM |54 DrVanaTentokali DrGeorgeKoutoupis NEGATIVE AESTHETICS AND ANTIAESTHETICS AS IDEOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO THE AESTETHICSOFARCHITECUTRE|55 VladimirStevanovi PUBLIC CLASSICISM AND PRIVATE PICTURESQUE. THE WHIGS CLASSICISM, A LESSON FOR THE INTERNATIONALSTYLE|56 DrPisanaPosocco IDEOLOGY AND THE EVERYDAY LIFE. POSTWAR MEMORIAL ARCHITECTURE IN PUBLIC SPACE |57 MarijaMartinovi ARCHITECTUREASANIDEOLOGYTRANSMITTER|58 PolinaMikhnova A MINISTRY FOR COMMUNICATIONS. RAILWAY ARCHITECTURE AND ITS SYMBOLIC IMPORTANCEASCOMUNICATION'SMEDIAFORMUSSOLINI'SFASCISTREGIME.|59 AnjaRadomirovi IDENTITY,QUIDDITY,ANDURBANPLACES.ACATEGORICALAPPROACHTOURBANSPACE|60 DrJeanMarieCorneilleMeuwissen ElhamMadadiKandjani INDUSTRIAL CENTRES IN VOJVODINA. THE IDEOLOGICAL CONTEXT OF CREATION AND DEVELOPMENT|61 DraganaPilipovi AleksandraPeterac KarlMikei MAPPINGTHEFUTURECITY|62 MarijaPavloviMaa

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CITYANDPOWER|S2 1. POWER,CITY,ANDARCHITECTURE|65 M.Sci.PetarArsi 2. 3. 4. ARCHITECTURE:BETWEENTOTALITARIANISMANDDEMOCRACY|66 M.Sci.DimitrijeMladenovi STALINISTARCHITECTUREANDSTALINISTIDEOLOGY|67 DrDmitrijChmelnizki WARSAW A CITY LOOKING FOR ITS IDENTITY. PROJECTS AND IMPLEMENTATIONS IN THE URBANDESIGNOFPOSTWARWARSAW|68 DrKrzysztofDomaradzki NEWMOSCOW4.IDEOLOGYOFIDEALCITY.|69 DrIrinaKorobina URBANMOBILITY.FROMMYTHOLOGYTOCONTEMPORARYTIMES|70 MnicaGondim PROCESSIONOFSIMULACRA:UNTRUEORMORETRUTHFULTHANTHETRUTH|71 DrAnetaHristova SOCIALLYRESPONSIBLEARCITECTURETHECASEOFINTERWARZAGREB|72 DrTamaraBjaiKlarin INSTRUMENTAL RATIONALITY AND CONTEMPORARY REALITY: THE NEEDS FOR SPATIAL STANDARDSINARCHITECTURE|73 DrVladimirMihajlov WHO GAVE US THE SPONGE TO WIPE AWAY THE ENTIRE HORIZON?". IDEOLOGICAL CAUSES OFDEMOLISHINGTHECITYFABRIC|74 Dinaami NerminaZagora BYE BYE 20TH CENTURY; SIMILARITIES IN THE URBAN DEVELOPMENT OF EX YUGOSLAV CITIES |75 Andrejmid ROYAL POWER AND ITS INFLUENCE ON ARCHITECTURE: THE ARCHITECTURE OF STATE BUILDINGSINBELGRADEDURINGTHEREIGNOFKINGALEXANDERIOFYUGOSLAVIA|76 VladimirAbramovi IDEOLOGY AND THE MEMORY IN THE CITY. CASE STUDY OF COMPLEX OF THE FEDERAL SECRETARIATFORNATIONALDEFENSE(GENERALSTABBUILDING)|77 VladimirPareanin MilicaMuminovi

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URBANREPRESENTATIONOF STATE POWER. THEQUEEN MARIABOULEVARD: 19182012| 78 IvanStanojev HOUSING POLICY AND CULTURE IN YUGOSLAVIA. THE CASE OF THE EXHIBITION HOUSING FOROURCONDITIONSINLJUBLJANA,1956.|79 Anelkairovi SULTAN MOSQUES: RELIGION AND IDEOLOGY AS SEEN. BY OTTOMAN ARCHITECTURE | 80 MarijaKoci THE THREE SITES FOR PALAZZO LITTORIO. BETWEEN PROPAGANDA AND CONTRADICTIONS (19321940)|81 FrancescaSalatin MEMORIAECAUSA|82 SanteSimone THE FORM OF THE COMMON CITY IN ADVANCED CAPITALISM. AN INQUIRY IN POST SOCIALISTURBANTRANSFORMATION|83 MSc.MejremaZatri INTEGRAL PERSPECTIVE ON CLIMATE CHANGE RESPOSNIVE URBAN SUSTAINBILITY: NEW IDEOLOGYORAWAYTOSTEPFORWARD|84 KsenijaLalovi Jelenaivkovi DanijelaMilovanoviRodi ARCHITECTURE IN THE SHADOW OF INVESTORS URBAN PLANNING. CASE STUDY: AVALA HOTELINBUDVA,MONTENEGRO|85 KosaraKujundi WHAT IS ''COMMON SPACE''? THE COMMON LAND AND THE REINVENTION OF THE SPACE OF QUOTIDIANITY.|86 JuanLpezCano ARCHITECTURALSCULPTUREINNOVISAD.REPRESENTATIONSOFAUTHORITYANDPOWER| 87 IvanStanojev AndreaTamas THE IDEALS OF THE SOCIALIST CITIES. PROGRAMMING OF THE PUBLIC SPACE AND CITIES IN FORMERSFRY|88 DraganaKonstantinovi CONQUESTOFSPACEINEXFILMEXPEDITION|89 Ivauki

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CLUJNAPOCA AND LVIV: POWER AND URBAN SPACE IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY|90 YuliaGordeeva

MORPHOLOGYANDIDEOLOGICALPATTERNS|S3 1. IDEOLOGYORFASHION?THECONTEMPORARYCITYANDTHEQUESTFORPOWER|93 DrAleksandraStupar 2. THE MODERN CITY RECONFIGURED. POSTSOCIALIST TRANSFORMATION OF NEW BELGRADE |94 DrLjiljanaBlagojevi 3. IDEOLOGICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES OF PLANNING, DEVELOPMENT AND REGULATIONOFTOURISTSETTLEMENTSINMOUNTAINDESTINATIONS|95 DrIgorMari DrSaaMiliji 4. REPLACEIDEOLOGY.TOWARDSNEWURBANVISIONS.|96 DinaNencini 5. HOUSING DESIGN MODEL WITHIN UNIQUE ARCHITECTURAL COMPLEXES IN SERBIA IN THE SIXTIESOF20THCENTURY.ASMODELFORMSOFHARMONIZATIONBETWEENIDEOLOGYAND MODERNARCHITECTURALFORMS|97 DrDijanaMilainoviMari 6. ARCHITECTUREASTHEIDEOLOGYOFTHEPLAN.REVISITINGMANFREDOTAFURI'SCRITIQUE OFIDEOLOGY|98 TiloAmhoff 7. RHETORICOFANTIRHETORIC.EGALITARISMASAFORMALFEATUREOF(POST)SOVIETCITIES |99 DrFilippoLambertucci 8. HOUSE IN RUMUNSKA STREET NO 15. FROM BOURGEOIS VILLA TO PRESIDENTIAL RESIDENCE |100 DrNenadRadi 9. INFLUENCES OF IDEOLOGY TO THE BUILDING OF PRESCHOOL INSTITUTIONS IN VOJVODINA REGIONAFTERTHESECONDWORLDWAR|101 DrMilenaKrklje DrNaaKurtoviFoli 10. BETWEEN ITALY AND JUGOSLAVIJA. POZZO LITTORIO/PODLABIN: THE LAST NEW TOWN OF COAL.|102 PaoloTomazella

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ACITYBETWEENMETAMORPHOSISANDMUTATIONFROM19thTO21thCENTURY|103 DrSouadSassiBoudemagh ASOCIETYOFSPECTACLEANDARCHITECTURE.GASOMETERCITYVIENNA|104 MajaPliani WALKINGINAUTOMOBILECITY.CASESTUDY:NEWBELGRADE|105 MiraMilakovi MilenaVukmirovi DrEvaVanitaLazarevi ARCHITECTUREANDCITYRECONSTRUCTIONATSALONICAANDIZMIR,19121936|106 CristinaPallini

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COLUMNS OF COLONIALISM: REPRESENTATION OF POLITICAL POWER IN THE OFFICIAL BUILDINGSOFBRITISHRULEINCOLONIALCYPRUS|107 DrHuriyeGrdalli DrUmutKoldas ECOLOGY IN PUBLIC OPEN SPACE PLANNING AND DESIGN. SCIENCE, PHILOSOPHY OR IDEOLOGY?|108 Jelenaivkovi KsenijaLalovi Zoranukanovi THECITYWITHOUTAFLANEUR|109 AnaKriniLozica BUILDING THE CITY ON PROPAGANDA. URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN POSTWAR BERLIN. BETWEENTHEIDEOLOGIESOFEASTANDWEST|110 NathalieJosephinevonMllendorff POSTULATESOFTHEURBANISMINTHENAZISGERMANY|111 DukoBai CONSTANCY AND CHANGES IN ARCHITECTURE UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT IDEOLOGIESACASESTUDYOFTHEMARSHALLINGSTATION COMPLEXINNOVISAD|112 MScTatjanaBabi RenataBalzam DrMilenaKrklje LIFEORDEATHOFURBANSLUMS.DIFFERENTURBANMANAGINGPOLICIES|113 DrNataaDaniloviHristi DESIREANDDUPLICITY:LESSONSOFTHEPAST|114 AleksandarKui

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THE POWER OF MONARCHS AND URBAN MORPHOLOGY. A CASE STUDY OF JAVANESE CITIES |115 OfitaPurwani PERCEPTIONOFURBANPLANNINGANDARCHITECTUREORIGINATEDINFASCISTITALY. E42ROMAE.U.R.|116 JacquelineMaurer HARMONYANDCONFLICTBETWEENTHEIDEOLOGYOFSECURITYANDARCHITECTURE|117 NevenkaKneeviLuki DrAleksandraLjutina FINANCIALIMPACTONARCHITECTUREOFBELGRADEBANKSNOWANDTHAN|118 MilicaVujoevi MarkoStojanovi IDEOLOGY OF RELIGIOUS RITUALS AND THEIR IMPACT ON CITY URBAN FABRIC. CASE STUDY ( KARBALACITY)|119 GhassanJ.AlBasri CULTURAL HOUSES AND CULTURAL CENTERS: TERMINOLOGY, IDEOLOGY AND CULTURAL POLICY|120 AleksandarBrki AleksandraPeterac DraganaPilipovi CULTURE AND IDEOLOGY IN THE CITY STRUCTURE. FROM CULTURAL ACROPOLIS TO CITY OF KNOWLEDGE|121 DrMilaNikoli SHIFTINGIDEOLOGIESINTIMESANDSPACES:ACASESTUDYFROMKARABK,TURKEY|122 DrSuatabuk MeltemzkanAltnz BIG UNITARY BUILDINGS FOR HOUSING. REASONS FOR THE PROJECT OF THE COLLECTIVE SPACE|123 ClaudiaCelsi TYPOLOGICAL PATTERNS OF HOUSING AND PUBLIC STRUCTURES DERIVING FROM IDEOLOGY |124 MonikaJovanovi TALL BUILDINGS IN BELGRADE AND NOVI SAD. IN FRAMEWORK OF IDEOLOGY, HISTORY AND THEIRFUNCTIONALITY|125 MarkoLazi AnaPerii DrPredragianin

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COASTAL ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE. A WAY TO ACHIEVING THE PAARADIGM OF BELGRADE'SDESCENTTOTHERIVERS|126 MiloMihajlovi PARTISAN SQUARE IN UZICE AS THE MYTH OF FREEDOM OR AS THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE CITY|127 DejanMilivojevi INFLUENCE OF IDEOLOGY ON THE ARCHITECTURE OF SOKOL HOUSES IN THE KINGDOM OF YUGOSLAVIA|128 VladanaPutnik ARCHITECTURAL COMPETITIONS AND IDEOLOGICAL PATTERNS. DESIGNCOMPETITIONS FOR RESIDENTALOBJECTSIN THE CONTEXT OF SOCIAL AND IDEOLOGICAL CHANGES IN MODERN SERBIA|129 GrozdanaSisovic GENERAL LEGISLATIVE (REGULATORY) FRAMEWORK FOR RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION IN SERBIAFROM1948TO2011.THEEXAMPLEOFBELGRADE|130 VesnaCagiMiloevi VericaMedjo NevenaMitrovi IDEOLOGIES OF PROGRESS AND KNOWLEDGE IN THE ARCHITECTURE OF EVERYDAY LIFE. INDUSTRIALHOUSINGESTATESANDEDUCATIONALBUILDINGS|131 MarkoMatejic TRANSFORMATION OF NEW BELGRADE MODERN SPACE IN DIFFERENT IDEOLOGICAL CONTEXTS.CHANGESINTHETHEORYANDPRACTICEOFURBANPLANNING|132 DanicaStojiljkovi JelenaRistiTrajkovi

DESIGNERSANDIDEOLOGY|S4 1. BORBAFORARCHITECTURE|135 JelicaJovanovi DrInesToli 2. TEACHING IDEOLOGIES THROUGH DESIGN. THE EXPERIENCE OF COLLECTIVE HOUSING DESIGN STUDIOATTHEFACULTYOFARCHITECTUREOFOPORTO|136 MarcoGinoulhiac 3. ICONICITY:THEIDEOLOGYOFNEWMUSEUMARCHITECTURE|137 Pablov.Frankenberg 4. CONCRETEANDIDEOLOGY.AHARMLESSMIXTURE,ALOADEDWEAPON|138 DrMarisolVidal

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THE INFLUENCE OF THE IDEOLOGY AND SPIRIT OF THE TIMES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF ARCHITECTURALPROJECTSOFBROTHERSPETARANDBRANKOKRSTIC|139 MarinaDjurdjevic THE MILAN GREEN AND HORIZONTAL CITY. GIUSEPPE PAGANO. IDEOLOGY BETWEEN DIAGRAMANDPROGRAM|140 FrancescoMenegatti IDEOLOGICAL PARALLAX. THE YUGOSLAV PAVILION AT THE 13TH MILAN TRIENNIAL EXHIBITION|141 IgorEktajn DrKarinerman THE INFLUENCE OF QURANIC CONCEPTS ON ISLAMIC URBAN DESIGN; NECESSITY OF STUDY | 142 SeyedMahdiKhatami MichaelTawa COMMERCIALISM AS A NEW IDEOLOGY IN CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE. REVIEW OF A POSTWARBUILDINGTENDENCYINTHECAPITALOFBOSNIAANDHERZEGOVINA|143 DrMladenBurazor THE ROLE OF CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE IN GLOBAL STRATEGIES OF CITY BRANDING | 144 NerminaZagora Dinaami BLOCKSALONGYURIGAGARINST.LAYERBYLAYER|145 BranislavaKovaevi AnaSpasojevi ARCHITECTURE FOR THE OTHER 90%, SOCIAL ACTIVISM, ECONOMIC RECESION OR CLIMATE CRISISRESPOND|146 DanijelaMilovanoviRodi KsenijaLalovi Jelenaivkovi THEIDEOLOGYOFTHEVISUALINCONTEMPORARYARCHITECTURE|147 RenataJadreinMili THE SCENE OF THE THEATRE POLITICS. ARCHITECTURE IN FUNCTION OF NAZI AND SOVIET PROPAGANDAON1937WORLDFAI|148 TamaraBiljman CONCEPTUAL ISSUES OF IDEOLOGY ON CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN PROCESS. DECODINGEISENMANSBLURRINGCONCEPT|149 ParaskeviPanteliadou

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16.

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LISTOFPARTICIPANTS|157 BIOGRAPHYOFPROFESSORRANKORADOVI(19352005)|165

POLITICALIDEOLOGIESANDPROFESSIONNALIDEALOFARCHITECT|150 DrSouadSassiBoudemagh PROPOSED OLYMPIC COMPLEX IN BELGRADE PROJECT BY HITLERS ARCHITECT WERNER MARCH|151 DejanZec IDEOLOGYSHAPINGKNOWLEDGESITES.THECASEOFTHECIDADEUNIVERSITRIACAMPUSIN LISBON|152 AnaMehnertPascoal DESIGNINGANIDEOLOGY.TWOCASESTUDIESINTHEPORTUGUESECONTEXT|153 DanielaV.deFreitasSimes INFLUENCESOFPOLITICALIDEOLOGYANDPOWERONPUBLICBUILDINGSINNEWBELGRADE CASESTUDY:SAVACENTER|154 PredragMarkovi THE PARADIGM OF BOGDAN BOGDANOVI: THE NEW SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND IDEOLOGYOFPOSTMODERNISM|155 LjiljanaMiletiAbramovi

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KEYNOTEPAPERS|

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DrVLADIMIRMAKO,Professor UniversityofBelgrade,FacultyofArchitecture,makovl@arh.bg.ac.rs

IDEOLOGYANDARCHITECTURE: AESTHETICRATIONALISMANDITSCULTURALRESPOND
Abstract|

The aim of this work is to explore how the essentially same perceptual aesthetic value of an architectural structure can be differentiated by the cultural respond shaped by various ideological and political concepts. However, it seems that architectural structures in focus shouldbebasedonparticularaspectsofshaping,oratleast,tobecapabletoreflectmorethan oneassociationwithadeeperculturalmeaning.Thisargumentationrefersalmostimmediately to psychological issues involved in the process of creation and, let say, manipulation with the possiblesocialandideologicalmeaningofanarchitecturalstructure.

Keywords|
ideology,architecture,historiography,theory,interpretations

29

HANSIBELINGS
Architecturalhistorian,TheArchitectureObserver,Amsterdam/Montreal,ibelings@architectureobserver.eu

POSTEVERYTHING

ARCHITECTUREANDIDEOLOGYAFTERTHE20THCENTURY

Abstract|
The postmodern deconstruction of modern ideologies and dogmas during the last decades of the 20th century may have had a liberating effect in many fields, including that of architecture and architectural discourse. But it has led to the delusion that we have entered and are witnessing a postera, 'a state of permanent atemporality', apparently devoid of ideals. As such, postmodernism is a complex form ofstagnation,the creation of a transientyet immobile vacuum.

Keywords|
Architecture,Postmodernism,Modernism,Ideology,EndofHistory,Globalization

30

STEFANMUTHESIUS,Professor
WorldArtStudiesUniversityofEastAngliaNorwichGreatBritain,s.muthesius@uea.ac.uk

BAVARIANISM:

ALOVEABLEANDWHOLESOMENATIONALSTEREOTYPE,ORWAYSOFIDEOLOGIZING ARCHITECTUREINTHE19THAND20THCENTURIES

Abstract|
Bavaria is one of the strongest national / regional stereotypes, yet it is not a political one, because Bavaria is part of the confederation of German states. It furthermore takes part in a widerAlpinestereotype.Thiscomprisespeopleandartefacts;herethestressisonarchitecture and design. One may subsume here two types of significations under two subspecies of ideology: firstly, a combination of smallerscale decorative forms which appears as a direct and precise identification of the geographical unit, and secondly a much more vague amalgam of effects of the material and simple overall forms which are meant to conjure up more profoundvaluesofVolkstmlichkeit.

Keywords|
Bavaria,Germany,19thcentury,architecture,design,ideologization

31

DrMILAPUCAR,ScientificAdviser
InstituteofArchitectureandUrban&SpatialPlanningofSerbia,pucarmila@gmail.com

VLADIMIRLOJANICA,AssociateProfessor
FacultyofArchitecture,UniversityofBelgrade,vlojanica@beotel.net

NEWTECNOLOGIESASNEWIDEOLOGIES
Abstract|

The present stage in the development of new technologies and their implementation in architecture,theoreticiansofarchitecturehaverecognizedasanewstyle/directionandnamed it: Hightecharchitecture. For a long time now, high technologies have had an influence on the understanding of the concept and role of architecture, and architects as well. Architects are slowly losing their leading position in the design processes and project management and they are becoming the same among equals (other designers of infrastructural systems, civil engineersandmanagers),ortheircreativityisreducedjusttoconceptualsolutions. In the process of creating architecture, from the idea to the construction of a building, the investorsrole hasincreasedinimportance;theyoftendictatetheconditionsandhaveasayin the character of the building, complex or even big urban environments, depending on their economic power. There are many examples of these tendencies in architecture, such as business centers (example of office buildings in Dubai), sports objects built for world competitions (Olympic Games), mega shopping malls, buildings intended for world exhibitions (Expo)thesocalleddwellingmachinesetc. Nowadays, it is possible to build an object that is absolutely independent of microclimatic conditions of location. New materials, frames and systems often find use regardless of their economic justification. Power, consummerism and profit have become new ideologies in architecture. The positions of the investors as well as towns, fighting in a strong competition forprestige,gainastrategicallyimportantpositioninthepoliciesofmanydevelopedcountries. On the other hand, the development of new technologies has a positive effect on the building performances; especially when in question are rational energy use and implementation of renewable energy sources. Energy efficient buildings contribute to the reduction of CO2 emissions,whichhassignificantimplicationsonclimatechange. How to curb the negative trend which follows the development of new technologies and can be called a new ideology in architecture, and make these technologies become part of sustainable development, is certainly nowadays one of the most important tasks of the architecturalprofession,aswellasthetaskofsocietyasawhole.

Keywords|
hightechnologies,hightecharchitecture,energyefficiency,sustainabledevelopment

32

S1

IDEOLOGICALCONTEXTOFARCHITECTURE|

Conceptualissuesofideology; 20thcenturyideologiesandtheircharacteristics:historical,philosophical,sociological,political,psychological Emergence,survivalanddisappearanceofthemainideologypatternsinsocietyandarchitecture; Durationofideologysystemsandaresistancetochange; Changesinmeaninganduseofphysicalstructuresduetoideologicalassumptions; Ideologymatrixinfluenceongeneralpublic,valuesystems,awarenessofcityenvironmentanditsshaping; Theideologicalinterpretationandevaluationofthehistoryofarchitecture; Theideologicalconceptsandregulationofthebuiltenvironment; Centralizationasideologicalstronghold; RankoRadoviandhisinterpretationoftheideologicalcontextofarchitecture.

33


34

DrALEKSANDARKADIJEVI,Professor
DepartmentforArtHistory,FacultyofPhilosophy,UniversityofBelgrade,akadijev@f.bg.ac.rs

IDEOLOGYINARCHITECTUREASACOMPLEXLOGICAND HISTORIOGRAPHICTERM

ABOUTTHEWIDTHOFITSRANGEANDMANIFOLDOFMEANINGS

Abstract|
Among the different premises of architectural creation, which determine the character of materializedprojects,historiographersandscholarshave,untilrecently,gavetheleastamount of attention to ideology, a term not defined precisely enough in the scientific hermeneutics. Thewidthofrangeandmanifoldmeaningsofthiscomplexphenomenon,technicallyapplicable in various therotetical or historiographic discourses, on the less consistent interpretative platform caused its diluted and reckless terminological use. Too often used as a common synonymforarangeofvarioussocioculturalappearances,theconceptofideologywasalready at its inception postulated as apstract and having multiple meanings. Its phenomenological explication, more developed in sociological and philosophical literature, did not become pellucid in the historiography of architecture. A pronounced ideological character of the social reality within post World War II bipolar world order aditionally destimulized interested interpreters to start critical discourses on this controversial appearance, which, over the last few centuries, had a significant influence on the development of architecture. After the problematization of prevailed meanings of the term of architectural ideology, we are going to reactualize the specific opinion about its role given by Ranko Radov and other Serbian architecturalwriters.

Keywords|
ideology,architecture,historiography,theory,interpretations

35

DrMARTAVUKOTILAZAR
PhDHistorianofArt,UrbanPlanningInstituteofBelgrade,marta.vukotic@urbel.com

DrNATAADANILOVIHRISTI
PhDinArchitectureandUrbanPlanning,UrbanPlanningInstituteofBelgrade,natasa.danilovic@urbel.com

URIJABOROVNJAK
HistorianofArt,HistoricalArchivesofBelgrade,djurdja.borovnjak@arhivBeograda.org

KALMYKSCOLONYANDCONSTRUCTIONOFTHEFIRST BUDDHISTTEMPLEINBELGRADEANDEUROPE(19291944)
Abstract|
As a part of the numerous group of refugees from the Russian Empire after the October revolution in the period from 1920 to 1941, five hundred Kalmyks moved in to Belgrade and found their shelter here. Kalmyks are people of the Mongolian origin, having BuddhistLamaist national religion. Among the refugees there was a number of monks and the higher priest Manchuda Borinov (18721928), contributing greatly to the initiation of activities aiming to obtain the space for their religious purposes shortly after the immigration. In accordance with their religion, calmly and unobtrusively, Kalmyks gained affinity of the Serbian authorities and the Minister of Religion himself, who assigned them one thousand dinars monthly support for the maintanance of the rooms, later the Temple in Belgrade, although the Buddhist confession was not recognized by the State Constitution. Besides understanding and support of the authorities, the construction of the Temple was helped by the numerous donors. The first to offer their support to Kalmycs were the manufacturer Milo Jaimovi (18581940), by concedingthemthecomplexoffamilypropertyin1928inordertoestablishtheKalmykcolony there. The president of the Colony, ex colonel of the Russian Army Abua Aleksejev initiated activities for the construction of the Buddhist temple in this location in Belgrade. The Temple was already sanctified the next year, on December 12th 1929, in the presence of the entire Belgrade Buddhist Colony. The construction of the first Buddhist temple in Europe was the greatest event in the life of Kalmyks in exile. As an attraction, in 1930 the temple got its place in the Guide through Belgrade, and the street where it was situated got the name Buddhist street.

Keywords|
Belgrade,groupsofRussianrefugees,socialandreligiousselfconsciousness, Buddhism,architecture,modernization

36

DrRUDOLFKLEIN,Professor
SaintStephenUniversity,Budapest,kleinrud@gmail.com

JEWISHINFLUENCEONIDEOLOGIESOFMODERN ARCHITECTURE

Abstract|
This paper investigates the impact of Judaic tradition and Jewish thinking on ideologies of modern architecture, from a wide cultural historic perspective. Traditionally architectural theories were mainly reflective, based on good examples to be followed, recipes like Vitruvius or Albertis. However, as 20th century modernism refused tradition, prospective theories, created ex nihilo, and ideologies based on new cosmology took the lead in architecture. I argue, that this is the moment when Judaic heritage and Jewish thinking began to influence Westernarchitecture:ThenewcosmologyoriginatingfromAlbertEinsteinsspacetime,theory of relativity and quantum mechanics, all rooted partly in Judaic heritage, brought about Adolf Loos Raumplan, Erich Mendelssohns speed end energy and Siegfried Giedions Raumzeit and simultaneity that cemented together into a strong ideology in architecture, valid until the 1970s. Later PostModernism and Deconstruction brought about a series of protagonists of Jewish origin, Robert A. Stern, Richard Meier, Leon Krier, Frank O. Gehry, Peter Eisenman, Daniel Libeskind, etc., who implemented numerous further Judaic elements into their ideologies and buildings with or without reference to the Judaic tradition or their Jewish origin. This paper analyses mechanisms and strategies through which Judaic thought, Jewish attitude found their waysintoarchitecturalideologiesandpracticesinthefirsthalfofthe20thcentury.

Keywords|
Modernism,Judaism,Einstein,spacetime,PostModernism,Deconstruction

37

DrMIODRAGMIKOUVAKOVI,Professor
ProfessorofAesthetics,FacultyofMusicandInterdisciplinaryStudies,UniversityofArts,Belgrade, osuvakovic@orion.rs

GENERALTHEORYOFIDEOLOGYANDARCHITECTURE
Abstract|
Ideology is in political and cultural sense relatively connected and determined set of ideas, symbolic representations, values, beleifs and forms of thoughts behaviours, expressions, representations and actings whicha are common to memebrs of a social group, memebers of political parties, state institutions or social classes. In literature the notion od ideology is introduced in several, often equally valued and varian, but contrary ways: (1) ideology is a set of positive abd pragmatic beleives, values, forms of behaviours, and actings shared by a group of theoreticians or practicians, i.e., members of a culture or specific differentiated formations in the frames of a culture, (2) ideology is a set of false representations, false believes and effects of illusions shared by members of a social strata, class, nation, political party, specific culture or world of art, which project possible, actual and immediate world of existence, (3) ideology is phantasmatic construction which serves as support to our reality, in other words, it is an illusion which structures effective social relations and masks traumatic socialne divisions orconfrontationswhichcouldnotbesymbolized,thereforefunctionofideologyistosupplyus with bearable social reality, (5) by ideology it is refered to meanings, sense and values of structure power which particular social formation or society practice as a whole or to which it tends, etc. Louis Althuisser defined ideology as representation of imaginary relations of individual to his or her real conditions of exhistence. In Lacanian theoretical psychoanalysis, a step further from Althuisser, it is shown that the role of ideology is not to offer to a subject a pointofescapehis/herreality,buttoofferhim/hertheverysocialrealityasescapeformsome kaotraumaticrealcore.Inlatemodernistandpostmodernisttheoriesideologyisnotdefinesas natural system but as a form of social symbolic and imaginary production of ideas, values and beliefs. Here explained concept of ideology will be applied to reading and discussion of architectureassocialpractice.

Keywords|
ideology,tipologyofideologilcalmodels,aparatus,representation,subjectivisation,reality, architecture,formsoflife

38

DrRADIVOJEDINULOVI,Professor
FacultyofTechnicalSciences,UniversityofNoviSad,radivoje.dinulovic@gmail.com

THEIDEOLOGICALFUNCTIONOFARCHITECTUREINTHE SOCIETYOFSPECTACLE

Abstract|
Economical, political, social and cultural context we live in has already been defined in 1960s as a Society of spectacle (Debord). This society is based on radical exploitation of recourses technology and media, above all. At the same time, it has lost an ideological background in theological, philosophical or even ethical sense. Everything that has, from the Marxist point of view, been considered as social superstructure becomes an independent value, mainly commercialinnature.Insuchaworld,roleofarchitectureasanartistic,socialandexistential category has been changed. Traditional understanding and definition of architecture (utilitas firmitas venustas) is not satisfactory any more. The form built, modelled or thought is always an outcome of architecture since the only issue we can consider, in fact, is an architectural form. At the same time, contemporary architecture is not only based on using a full variety of media sources, technologies and their development, but new engineering solutions, materials and building techniques become a generator of thinking about physical structure and space in general. In that context, function of instead of function in architecture needs to be observed as a dominant value. Furthermore, the word function should be understood as pluralia tantum, or even material noun. As photography does not reach art through painting but through theatre (Barthes), architecture reaches art through its functions and not through visuality. This is why function of architecture is not only utilitarian (having in mind the fact that without utility there is no architecture), but is a complex system of answers about different existential needs economical and ecological, aesthetical, social, cultural, psychological, philosophical, ethical, political etc. Architecture as a system of thinking about space, establishes relation towards all of these problem aspects simultaneously and becomes an ideological category per se. Since human life represents a basic and essential object of architecture (Milievi), structure and final form of architecture need to be concerned as a machine(LeCorbusier),notasascene,sculptureordesignedartefact.

Keywords|
Modernism,Judaism,Einstein,spacetime,PostModernism,Deconstruction

39

HARISDAJ,PhDstudent,TeachingAssistant
FacultyofPhilosophy,hdajc@f.bg.ac.rs

DrNIKOLASAMARDI,Professor
FacultyofPhilosophy,nsamardz@f.bg.ac.rs

BELGRADESYNAGOGUESAFTERWWII

Abstract|
First Belgrade synagogues were built after increased Jewish immigration in second half of 16th century. Until beginning of 20th century Belgrade Jews were predominantly Sephardim and their cultural and social life took part within Jewish quart in Dorol. By the end of19th century they had two synagogues in Dorol and one Ashkenazi downtown. Between World Wars two synagogues in Zemun joined three in the capital, so with another one built altogether five synagogues were active in Belgrade at the beginning of WWII. The end of the war and liberation brought different destiny to Jewish temples. All five made it through the war with different damages, but despite that by 1960s the only active one remained Sukat Salom, three were brought down and Zemun Ashkenazi synagogue was turned into a restaurant. Destiny of synagogues was closely related with revival after 1945 and building of a new society that consideredthemunnecessarysurplus.

Keywords|
synagogue,Belgrade,Zemun,Dorcol,Jews,Sephardim,Ashkenazim

40

DrRUICABOOVISTAMENOVI,AssociateProfessor
FacultyofArchitecture,UniversityofBelgrade,ruzicabozovic@arh.bg.ac.rs

HEALTHANDARCHITECTURE

FROMSERVINGIDEOLOGIESTOBECOMINGIDEOLOGYTHECASEOFOUROBOROS

Abstract|
Health is an important personal and social asset defined by World Health Organization as reaching beyond absence of illness or infirmity and implying complete physical, social and psychological wellbeing. In theory and practice of the 20th century architecture the diverse interpretationsofhealthrangefromexplicitsanitationissuestoimplicitphilosophicalreadings. Main objective in this discourse is to trace the roots of the ideological lining in some of these constructs with focus on two areas hospital design and housing. The historic overview starting in ancient times, points to the presence of a consistent ideological component in variousspatialinterpretationsofhealthincludingtherecentlyprevailingwellbeingparadigm.In modernism, the role of health limited to sanitation and extensive legislation was to help establishandmanifestpoweroverthespace.Thesubsequenttechnocraticenvironmentalism addressed issues of healthy spaces with energy consumption and financial returns as core objectives. Likewise, the recent salutogenic approach to designing healing places conceals the commodification of health and imminent manipulation. New tendencies in design of both hospitals and housing transcend limitations of modernism and embrace hapticity while reinstalling material imagination in the process. Yet, the ideological influence of biopolitics on this salutogenic design and resurrection of normativeness through Evidence Based Design calls for overdue insurgency against hypocrisy and concealed ideological aims in addressing health inarchitecture.

Keywords|
health,ideology,architecture,wellbeing,holistic,housing

41

DrALEKSANDARKEKOVI,AssistantProfesor
UniversityofNis,Facultyofcivilengineeringandarchitecture,kekovic.aleksandar@gmail.com

MARJANPETROVI,Assistant
UniversityofNis,Facultyofcivilengineeringandarchitecture,kekovic.petrovicmarjan77@gmail.com

100ofMODERNISM

SUCCESSBASEDONIDEOLOGICALNEUTRALITY

Abstract|
In the entire history of architecture there were no more dramatic changes than those happeningbetweenthetwoworldwars.Themodernistmovementdevelopedinthis,fromthe historical point of view, very short time period, has no adequate contender. We may consider the concept of the Moderne a comprehensive idea, and not a style. Yet, such a global phenomenon as the Moderne, after one century can be interpreted as a unique style phenomenonintheentirehistoryofworldarchitecture.Developmentofcapitalistrelationsand newpostwartime,whenthemankindtendedtodiscardhistoricalresiduethatledtotheWWI wereanaturalallyinglobalpropagationandacceptanceonnewideasofmodernisminlifeand architecture. Nevertheless, the efforts of Modern avantguard to achieve their goal by building ofgoodtaste,propagationofsocialtheoriesandnewmorality,didnotbearfruit.Thisgoalwas reached through completely unexpected means, by connection of technology, economy and philosophy, which lead to the rapid and definitive acceptance of the modernist movement in almost the entire world. In the newly formed SHS Kingdom (Yugoslavia), there were many contradictions at economic, social and cultural level, with pronounced ethnic and national tensions. The parts the new state was being formed of, had different cultural patterns formed under diverse influences. The Moderne movement owes its blossom in the SHS Kingdom (Yugoslavia) to King Aleksandar who wished to create a single nation with a unified cultural pattern. Even though the Moderne movement favored leftist ideas, as a style with no decoration,itrepresentedanidealbasisforannulmentofallcultural,artisticandarchitectonic patterns. It offered a substitution of the preceding styles without a need to compile them into a new, artificial, supernational style, or to favor an individual style and bring the other styles intoaninferiorposition.TheModerne,asacombinationoffunctionandgeometricalformand tectonics, wasaccepted almost in allEurope, and it appeared to be idealfor the new state and anewnation.

Keywords|
Moderne,architecture,movement,pattern,style,culture

42

DOMENICOCHIZZONITI,AssistantProfessor
PolitecnicodiMilano,domenico.chizzoniti@polimi.it

THECONSTRUCTIONOFARCHITECTURALTHOUGHT BETWEENIDEOLOGICALREASONANDICONOLOGICALACT
Abstract|

The aesthetic of contemporary architecture has consistently influenced the research and project culture. In the recent state of crisis, many ideologies have emerged as a decadent experience: historicist ideology as nostalgic myth; hightech ideology as futuristic dream; ideology of the structural instability such as tectonic challenge; ideology of precariousness as challenge todurability.Wemust rediscover the value of ideology through symbolicconception of architecture. The iconology and the ideology are two aspects that both concern the culture ofarchitecturalproject.

Keywords|
Ideology,Revolution,Iconology,Art,Politics,Architecture

43

ZVONIMIRKONTREC,PhDstudent
BauhausUniversittWeimar,zvonimir.kontrec@gmail.com

ANARCHISMANDTHEBUILTENVIRONMENT
LEGACYOFANTICAPITALISTREJECTIONOFSOCIALSTATEINARCHITECTURE,URBAN ANDREGIONALPLANNING

Abstract|
This article demonstrates the importance anarchist ideology has played in the development of architecture and urban and regional planning. It shows how innovations anarchism brought into political theory became a major source of correspondent tendencies in architectural and planningtheory. It is the anarchist concept of history the possibility of realizing a social ideal in the present without having to postpone it for the future (like in Marxism) which makes this transfer of ideas frequent. In this segment, anarchist logic converges to that of an engineers, focusing on animmediateproblemsolution. Iidentifyanddocumentfourofsuchtransfers: The possibility of a socialist society respecting almost absolute freedom of the individual madeanarchismattractivetotheartisticavantgarde. Ideathatsocialrelationshipsshapedbyterritorialarrangementstoo(alreadyrecognizedasa majorinspirationoftheGardenCityMovementandscientificallybasedregionalplanning). The quest for direct modes of political participation not only resonated the spirit of participatoryarchitecturebutalsoplayedanimportantroleinitsshaping. Thelegitimizationofexistingformsofselforganization(JohnFCTurner,ColinWard). The article concludes that solutions developed by a countercapitalist rejection of paternalistic social state provision, unified in a quest for individual wellbeing and selfrealization through personally engaging collective action, present an alternative worth considering at a time when neoliberalcapitalismandstateprovisionisprovingtobeeconomically,sociallyandecologically unsustainable.

Keywords|
anarchism,architecture,urbanplanning,avantgarde,participation,selforganization

44

LIDIAKLEIN,PhDstudent
UniversityofWarsaw,AcademyofFineArtsinWarsaw,lidiaklein1128@gmail.com

TRANSITIONALSPACE:WARSAWSPARADESQUAREAND ITSIDEOLOGIES

Abstract|
Parade Square (Plac Defilad), the immediate surrounding of The Palace of Culture and Science (originally known as the Joseph Stalin Palace of Culture and Science) built between 1952 and 1955 constitutes a spatial picture of Polish political transformation in a nutshell. It was originallyusedbythegovernmentofthePeoplesRepublicofPolandasaplaceforpropaganda parades. After 1989, the immediate surroundings of the Palace became a showcase of the bourgeoningearlycapitalism,withavibrantmarketandahugeamusementpark.Althoughthe park was demolished in 1997, temporary structure of corrugated metal sheltering hundreds of stands with goods remained in the square until 2009. In 2009, the ephemeral market was demolished in order to make space for the Modern Art Museum building, which is to be realized in 2016. Its design was chosen by a competition organized in 2007 and won by ChristianKerez.Thecompetitiongaverisetoaheateddebateonthepropercharacterofthe future building, in which the issue of the Palace of Culture occupied a preeminent position. Among the most common voices were opinions that the Museum should overshadow the Palace of Culture and that it provided Warsaw with a chance of creating a new icon, suitable for the new times and able to supersede the old one The Palace. Architecture became a tool markingtheshiftbetweencommunismandanew,neoliberalreality. The Parade Square provides a case study of not only spatial dimension of Polish systemic transformation, but also enables to capture issues crucial for countries undergoing political change, such as the desire for architectural icons within neoliberal reality and needs of hygienisationandwesternizationofurbanspace.

Keywords|
politicaltransformation,stararchitecture,neoliberalism,postpolitics

45

IVAMARKOVI,PhDstudent
UniversityofBelgradeFacultyofArchitecture,iva4markovic@gmail.com

MLADENPEI,PhDstudent
UniversityofBelgradeFacultyofArchitecture,mladmix@gmail.com

JAGODAARI,PhDstudent
UniversityofBelgradeFacultyofArchitecture,jagodanijekodkuce@yahoo.co.uk

SPACEOFSOCIALREPRESENTATION
THEMUSEUMOFREVOLUTIONASTHEMONUMENTOFPOLITICALPOWER

Abstract|
Sociopolitical changes that followed after World War II in Yugoslavia influenced the overall developmentstrategyofculturalpolicythathadamajorroleintheformationofanewconcept of the establishment and construction of cultural objects. In the period after World War II, especially in the early fifties, the government formed cultural institutions that had the aim to educate, and thereby control sociocultural life, and thus represent and promote the political idea of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The main goal of the research, by using critical analysisandevaluationoftheMuseumofRevolutionasanewformofculturalinstitution,isto determine why there is a need for its establishment and construction. Museum of Revolution, as a specific and newly formed institution, was presented as a cultural and architectural phenomenon that occurred in the early fifties of XX century in socialist Yugoslavia. Through examination of the political and social context within which was possible to implement this type of cultural activity, the Museum of Revolution is considered an architectural object, as well as its relationship as an institution with the ideology propagated by the Party and the State. The main task is presenting the concept of the museum (museological and architectural/art), through role examination of the newly formed cultural policy. Through critical interpretation of the socialist program of museum architecture, the Museum of RevolutionispresentedasavictorymonumentoftheYugoslavpeopleintheirfightfornational liberationandtherealizationofsocialistsociety.

Keywords|
The Museum of Revolution, Yugoslav postwar modernism, architectural expression, politicizationofarchitecture,IdeologyinMuseum

46

SLAVICASTAMATOVIVUKOVI,M.Sc
FacultyofArchitectureinPodgorica,slavicas@tcom.me

ARCHITECTURALCOMMUNICATIONASPECTS:
DENOTATIVEANDCONNOTATIVEMEANINGSOFREVOLUTIONMEMORIALHALLIN NIKI,MONTENEGRO

Abstract|
Each and every object/product meant for use including architecture as such, is a means of communication an act of communication conveying different messages, from the manner in which it should be used (denotation, primary communication) all the way to the information it gives, with its spatial and visual presence, as a part of context it is in, social, cultural, political, technological, geographical, economic and other conditions (connotation, secondary communication). In this respect, each architectural object is a reflection of the times it emergedinaswellasofthechangeswhichoccurredovertime. Revolution Memorial Hall building in Niki, or rather what this building is today an unfinished concrete and steel megastructure whose area has tripled when compared to the area envisaged by the initial project in 1976, by Slovenian architect Marko Mui, is a good example of a double, parallel semiotic interpretation of architectural and spatial phenomenon. First, one could interpretdenotative andconnotative meanings of the object atthetime it had been planned, designed and constructed (a similar object had not been built in the former SFRY): it was funded from voluntary local tax, as a controlled, public space of totalitarity, a citywithinacity,whichdeniesprivacybyrepresentingtheideologyoftherevolution,socialist selfmanagement and industrialization, whose spatial organization is dominated by the principle of openness, accessibility and equality, spatial selfregulation where all the content is geared towards reviving the memories from the time of revolution, from different areas intended for spontaneous discussions and gathering of citizens all the way to the symbolic nucleus memorial area controlled and approved by a Commission for Memorial and Visual Synthesis which had been established for this particular purpose. In addition, one could interpret what does this ideaobject stand for in the present spatial reality, in its mega unfinishednessandexplosiveoccupationofprimerealestatespaceattheheartofthecityin which such dead space has continued to live generating new events in the space, from commercialestablishments(kiosksizebusinesses)onitsfringes,totheattemptsofthestate, due to its lack of finances needed for its demolition, to revive it through the conversion of usable parts of the space, or,according to ideas of students of architecture, to simply bury it turningitintoalargerthanlifemonumentthusmakingitspresencefeltthroughanopenpublic space. Resemiotization of space is a product of reideologization selfgovernment concept of culture and space where a social compact would be achievable, becomes a space where spontaneouseconomiccompactevolve.

Keywords|
architectural communication, denotation, connotation, ideology, Revolution Memorial Hall building 47

ANICATUFEGDI,PhDstudent,TeachingAssistant
UniversityofNoviSad,FacultyofTechnicalSciences,DepartmentofArchitectureandUrbanPlanning,atarher@gmail.com

FACTORYASSYMBOLOFPOSTWARSTATEIDEOLOGY
INDUSTRIALARCHITECTUREINNOVISADBETWEEN1945AND1965

Abstract|
Postwar reconstruction of the Yugoslav industry was a necessity in the economic and political sense. In addition to material components, such as general economic growth and higher employment, factories were provided ideal framework for the establishment of new state ideology of selfmanaging socialism. Therefore, postwar industrial space is recognized as Lefebvresspace,socialproductandpoliticalinstrument. New industrial buildings were designed according to needs of workers, in order to achieve better working conditions, hygienic and technical protection, and higher social standards. Derived from the division of labor, factories have represented functional places. Ideas of collectivismandselfmanagementhaveproducedfacelessandmonotonousarchitecture. After researching postwar industrial architecture spatial concept, on the level of individual industrial building, industrial complex / area and the whole city, the paper reviewed its social, political and ideological dimensions from time distance. In design and reconstruction of factories particularly interesting is the role of architects, especially those who before the war fosteredmodernistideas. The aim of research is consideration of specific postwar industrial heritage in Novi Sad and determination of its place and meaning in the history of socialist industrial architecture in region.

Keywords|
socialism,selfmanagement,ideology,industrialarchitecture,NoviSad

48

MILICAPAJKI,PhDstudent
FacultyofArchitecture,UniversityofBelgrade,ScholarofMinistryofEducationandScience,Governmentofthe RepublicofSerbia,m.pajkic@yahoo.com

THEINFLUENCEOFIDEOLOGY: CHANGES IN INTERPRETATION OF CRITICAL REGIONALISM IN CONTEMPORARYARCHITECTURALTHEORIES (19812007.)

Abstract|
The problem of losing the characteristics of region and its borders, the sense of place and national identity, can be characterized as the universalization of aesthetic in architectural practice under the influence of social changes. In these circumstances, regionalism, and especially critical one, represents a key theme related to many questions of contemporary architectureanditsrelationstothedominantideology. Therefore, this paper examines direct influence of ideology to a perceived transformation in theoreticalpositionthatcriticalregionalism takestowardstheoriesofarchitecturalmodernism andpostmodernism.Itwillreviewtheoreticalassumptionsandthesesthroughmajorliterature on critical regionalism (Kenneth Frampton, Liane Lefaivre and Alexander Tzonis), and will attempt to map its concepts of place and critical. These two terms are recognized as points in which one can determine a continuous, but transformational development of critical regionalism influenced by the current globalization of information and capital, primarily because the place is a natural environment for community relations, and is therefore predestined for dynamic ideological changes. The notion of critical has the potential of researchingculturalstudiesasinseparablefromthecentersofpower. As illustrations, study aims to examine works of Serbian architects that critically reflect on regionalism in terms of periodic social, political, economic, cultural and ethnic changes in Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, and latter Serbia, in last five decades. Two resort projects at Zlatibor and Tara Mountain (architect Mihajlo Mitrovi) and memorial architecture in Tjentite (architect Ranko Radovi) are recognized as ones that, in addition to grasping architectureasasymbiosisoflocalanduniversalparadigms,indicateatypologyofobjectsthat is purely socialist construction. Paper emphasizes that historical moment and ideology in Yugoslavia are entirely responsible for existence of these projects, because they were focused towards construction of enhanced feeling of belonging to a local, celebrating socialist ideals of theworkingclassanditsselfmanagement,insuringplacesforleisureandmemory.

Keywords|
criticalregionalism,critical,place,ideology,resort,memorialarchitecture

49

JELENARISTITRAJKOVI,PhDstudent,TeachingAssistant
FacultyofArchitecture,UniversityofBelgrade,arch.jelena.ristic@gmail.com

DANICASTOJILJKOVI,PhDstudent
FacultyofArchitecture,UniversityofBelgrade,danicarch@yahoo.com

VERICAMEO,PhDstudent,TeachingAssistant
FacultyofArchitecture,UniversityofBelgrade,vericamedjo@gmail.com

INFLUENCEOFSOCIALISTIDEOLOGYONTYPOLOGICAL MODELSOFMULTIFAMILYHOUSINGUNITS
BELGRADESCHOOLOFHOUSINGARCHITECTURE

Abstract|
Thepaperexplorestheideologicalinfluencesintheperiodofthesocialistsystemonthedesign of the typological models of residential units built in Belgrade. After the Second World War, one of the main policy goal of socialism was to solve the housing problems of Belgrade, by buildingthemodern,seriallymanufacturedandeconomicalhousingarchitecture.Theperiodof intensive construction of housing architecture of Belgrade in the period of socialist self management is defined by the term "Belgrade School" of housing architecture and it is primarily related to the achieved quality of housing in this period in terms of functional organization. This paper explores new concepts and principles of the" Belgrade School" of housing architecture with the emphasis on the impact of spatialfunctional apartment transformation on the family lifestyle and the formation of a new socialist culture of dwelling. Since the problem of housing is interdisciplinary, the transformation is studied out through detecting the relations of cause and effect among ideological social changes, culture of habitation, technical and technological criteria and functionalspatial house structure. The evolution of "Belgrade school" of housing architecture has become a representation of social, political,economic,demographicandculturalchangesoftheperiod.

Keywords|
multifamily housing, Belgrade, functional organization, socialism, representation, dwelling culture

50

VLADIMIRPAREANIN,PhDstudent,TeachingAssistant
UniversityofBelgradeFacultyofArchitecture,Serbia,parezanin@arh.bg.ac.rs

TRADITIONBASEDONMODERNISM
CASESTUDYMEMORIALHOUSEOFSUTJESKABATTLE,TJENTISTE[1964.1971.] AUTHORARCHITECTRANKORADOVIC

Abstract|
The aim of this paper is to give a brief survey of the both basic and conceptual, architectural andcreativeprocedures,aswellastopresentsometheoreticalandscientificproceduresgiven by architect Ranko Radovic1 regarding the study of Memorial House of Sutjeska battle2. The focus will be on the Radovics work review in terms of regional principles and ideas of the Modern movement, affirmations and their installing in their creative gesture. The socio historical,politicalandculturalcontextwithinthisworkhasbeencreatedcouldnotbeavoided as well as the authors legacy of the right to critical thinking"[1], which was introduced by his writing and building work. The significance and potential of memorial house in Tjentiste has sensed many specifics that followed him from the very inception of designing idea of the memorialcentreinTjentite,whichwasdedicatedtonationalliberationstruggle. The case study Memorial House of Sutjeska battle has the aim to give an intensive analysis of the atmosphere and sociohistorical context of abandoning ideology of uncommitted international modernism, but also to stress Radovics understanding of the specific unity of international and regional, pointing on antimodern and antipostmodern Critical regionalism aesthetics. Having in mind the opinion of the authorities in this field, this paper aims to look for significanceofRadovicsmultiplearchitecturalcodingandtradition,aswellastheirunityinthe contextofromanticrevivalofbothmetaphoricalandmetaphysicaltradition.

Keywords|
International,regional,Criticalregionalism,multiplecoding,ideology,creativegesture

51

DrMARIANNSIMON,AssociateProfessor
BudapestUniversityofTechnologyandEconomics,FacultyofArchitecture,simon@eptort.bme.hu

HUNGARIANSEAPROMISESARICHSUMMER
COLLECTIVEGOODANDECONOMICINTERESTINSOCIALISTLEISUREARCHITECTURE

Abstract|
The subject of the paper is the architectural development around Lake Balaton in the period 19571965. The regional plan though it counted with foreign visitors, too concentrated mainly on domestic tourism. The intensive and thorough design process involved the entire architectural profession. Architects had the opportunity to realize their ideals on socialist holiday resorts, though they had to implement them within restricted financial and technical circumstances. The constraints led to creative solutions: buildings combined industrial prefabrication with onsite manual work, light construction with heavy materials; all this gave them a special character. However this period ended soon and by the middle of the 60s a new concept was realized: highrise quality hotels for foreign tourists and summer cottages purchased by Hungarians. The paper focuses on how ideological changes influenced architecture and urban development. It argues that behind the radical and visible change in architecture there was a shift in the relationship of the regime towards foreign tourism, which moved from the original resistance to capitalism to the acceptance of foreign tourism as a sourceofhardcurrency,whichthestateawfullylacked.Thehighestpoliticalcirclesdebateson how they should relate to foreign tourism were hidden from the public, but even contemporary official argumentations published in newspapers offer an excellent source for discovering the change. The paper demonstrates how development around Lake Balaton was presented in the media, how the appreciation of common good and collective leisure soon turned to emphasize the economic interest and how the growing number of foreign visitors wasinterpretedasasourceofnationalpride.Thethesisofthepaperisthattheideaandpraxis of building for socialist tourism was rapidly forced back, and the collective experience gave primacytotheindividual,wellbeforesocialiststateceasedtoexist.

Keywords|
Balaton,tourism,socialism,economy,architecture

52

ALEKSANDARSTOJANOVI,PhDstudent
InstituteforrecenthistoryofSerbia,acas109@gmail.com

THECITYANDURBANCULTUREINSERBIANRIGHTWING IDEOLOGY

Abstract|
In perception of Serbian rightwing ideologists in the past, the city and urban culture were often seen as something impure, decadent and potentially harmful to Serbian national values and tradition. The roots of this ideology lie in conservatism of rural population, lack of authentic urban culture in Serbia and tradition and resistance toward foreign cultural and civilizational influences (especially ones coming from the West). During the interwar period, especially during the 1930s, this radical ideology was in its zenith, and was supported by many prominent artists, scientists andnational workers. During the occupationin WorldWar II some of these ideas were frequently used by ideologists of Nedics government, whose cultural policy implied extreme affirmation of Serbian village and conservative tradition. However, some elements of this ideology have outlived their creators, and are present in modern extremepoliticalrightwing.Thisarticleaimstoshowandexplaintherootsofthisideology,its historythroughoutthe20thcentury,anditsinfluencesonmodernrightwingideologies.Article is based on several years of research in most important Serbian archives, domestic and foreign literature, wartime and interwar time Serbian newspapers and some written memoirs of eminentcitizensofBelgrade.

Keywords|
city,urbanculture,rightwingideology,Serbia,antiSemitism,xenophobia

53

DrVANATENTOKALI,Professor
AristotleUniversityofThessaloniki,Greece,fanvan@arch.auth.gr

DrGEORGEKOUTOUPIS,Professor
TechnologicalEducationalInstituteofSerres,Greece.gkout@teiser.gr

PREEMPTIVE&VIRTUOUS:
CITYPLANNING&ARCHITECTURALDESIGNFORTHEMILLENNIUM

Abstract|
In the last decade, a new ideological context for the city planning and architectural design that tendstobecome"planetary"andtomodeltheforthcoming"planetary"city,startedtobecome clearer. It is about a biopolitical context and the correctness implied by it, amongst a major economic and political paradigm shift taking place, in terms of a generalized "crisis". The two characteristics, "preemptive" & "virtuous", which are proposed here, mean, by their origin, thatthenewplanning/designwantstobenotonly"just",butalso"moral"atthesametime.

Keywords|
biopolitics,environmentalism,security,preemption,virtue,zone

54

VLADIMIRSTEVANOVI,PhDstudent
FacultyofArchitecture,UniversityofBelgrade,wladimirstevanovic@gmail.com

NEGATIVEAESTHETICSANDANTIAESTHETICSAS IDEOLOGICALAPPROACHESTOTHEAESTETHICSOF ARCHITECUTRE

Abstract|
This text investigates the relation between architecture and ideology in the context of autonomous and heteronomous approach to aesthetics. History makes record of numerous derivationsofautonomyofaestheticsintheaxis:creativeact,intention,poeticsreceptiveact critical thinking. In those terms we heard about socially unengaged creation and l'artpour l'artism, direct and nonpragmatic process of cognition and value judgment, as well as approach to a theory, liberated from external effects. Despite this, heteronomy of aesthetics affirmsconstantpresenceofideologicalaspectinaesthetics. Opposed aesthetic approaches converge in the field of architecture. When it comes to aesthetics of architecture, complexity distinguishes in understanding of architectural work, ranging from the creative process and observer experience, through multiple conditionalities reflected in practical needs and user requirements, to understanding of a value of broader socialandculturalsignificance. The goal of this text is to postulate and provide a theoretical explanation as to the ideological parallel between two heteronomous aesthetical approaches of negative aesthetics and anti aesthetics, whereby ideology is considered any set of beliefs and views that can, as preconception, stand before thinking. The position of an expertaesthetician is not far away from the position of a layman, if they both go beyond scientific postures, entering the limitationsoftheirownandsocialideologicalinterpretations. i) Negative aesthetics: within metaphysical aesthetic systems, existence, purpose and function of architecture are deduced from certain extradisciplinary ideas, such as Platos Eidos, Christian God or Hegels Absolute Spirit. In this sense, architecture was interpreted as a discoveryofsomedeeperreality,noeticessence,being,throughnumberandproportion. ii) Antiaesthetics: metaphysical absolute isonly replacedwith another reason originating from outside of the architecture ideology. Ideological approaches in XX century aesthetics are concentrated around concepts, arguing the existence of an a priori view of the world, closely relatedtopositivismandDiltheylikeobjectivedimensionofsociallife,aswellasJausshorizon of expectations. In this context, valuation of architecturecomes down to ascertaininga degree ofcompliancewithcertainideology..

Keywords|
Autonomy, heteronomy, negative aesthetics, antiaesthetics, preconception, horizon of expectations 55

DrPISANAPOSOCCO,AssociateProfessor
DIAP,DipartimentodiArchitetturaeProgetto,UniversitSapienzaRoma;pisanaposocco@yahoo.it

PUBLICCLASSICISMANDPRIVATEPICTURESQUE
THEWHIGSCLASSICISM,ALESSONFORTHEINTERNATIONALSTYLE

Abstract|
The XVIII century in England was neither the first nor the last occasion for the classic architectures style to be used in an ideological way. There was a previous use during the Renaissanceage,andthenthereweresomeotherclassicisms:Palladianism,neoclassicismand historicism, and again the use of classical style during totalitarian regimes, such as the late fascist era, the Speers architecture for the Nazis, until the soviet classicism so loved by Stalin, oftenadoptedpretendingtoevokeanimageofmisconceivedandmythologicaldemocracy. What is new in the Englands Georgian era is the attitude to distinguish between architectural lemmasasastylisticgrammarandcompositionofspacesasaprocess. Oncedecidedthatthechosenlanguageistheclassicalone,thenmostlyintheinteriorsthere is full freedom to use the lemmas to write in prose or in poetry. This is the lesson of Picturesqueincomposingspacesdifferentandetherogeneous,andwasthemainlegacytothe XXcentury. Mies and LeCorbusier, in fact, used the same lemmas: concrete pillars, flat ceilings, glass walls, butthefinaldesignandthewaytoshapethespacesweretotallydifferent. The Picturesque Classicism prepared the way to the International Style: the XX c. new democratic utopia. The georgian architecture was the image the Whigs invented for themselves: a classical exterior image whit unexpected gorgeous interiors and surprising spatialsequences. The more ideologically strict is the language of the outside, to be clearly understood by everyone, themore sophisticated are the interiors, strictly codified for social mise en scne, to beenjoinedbyselectedusers.

Keywords|
classicsms,picturesque,whigs,democracy,composition,sequence

56

MARIJAMARTINOVI,PhDstudent
FacultyofArchitecture,UniversityofBelgrade,marija.martinovic@gmail.com

IDEOLOGYANDTHEEVERYDAYLIFE
POSTWARMEMORIALARCHITECTUREINPUBLICSPACE

Abstract|
This paper examines extensive field of memorial architecture that emerges after World War II in Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Different types of memorials were littered throughout the country in a period of approximately three decades. Those types varied in size and function from memorial plates to urban landscapes that could cover the surface of severalthousandacresandincludememorialbuildingsandmonuments. This study aims to investigate memorial spaces of Socialist Yugoslavia in regard to Henri Lefebvre's theory of Production of Space. Memorial spaces are considered as monumental spaces that can serve as a mirror that reflect individual membership to every member of society. Architecture is regarded not as autonomous object but as a complex field that occurs as a result of social practices. Focus of the paper is on identifying different aspect of spatiality: the perceived, the conceived and the lived; or more precisely differences between representations of space and representational spaces. The first part of the paper will concern with previously described theoretical framework, and in the second part the memorial architecture will be analyzed as a dialectical interplay of collective manifestations of commemoration practice on one side, and activities in memorial space in everyday life on the other.Itisimportanttoemphasizedeflectionfromstrictlysemiologicalcategorization,thuswe will be concerned not with text but with texture bodily experience of the space, in which visitorspartakeintheideologicalconstruction.

Keywords|
socialspace,memorialarchitecture,monument,everydaylife,ideology

57

POLINAMIKHNOVA
D.SerikbayevEastKazakhstanSTU,polina1108@mail.ru

ARCHITECTUREASANIDEOLOGYTRANSMITTER
Abstract|

All spheres of human activity reflect the ideology of any particular historical period with its inherent priorities, canons, and restrictions. It is most obviously seen on the examples of material culture, the architecture in particular, due to its durability and availability. The architectures language of perception and conveying the spirit of a time period manifests itself viabuildingsfunctions,artisticstyle,sculptures,anddecorationdetails. Historically, the most powerful ideological foundations are formed by religion and state authority. Since ancient time sacral structures have been architectural monuments. The imperialarchitecture,distinguishedbyenormousmonumentalforms,demonstratedthepower ofstateauthority. A striking example of the impact of ideology on architecture and society was the Soviet Union. In 1920s avantgarde movements which reflected new ideological principles appeared on the wave of enthusiasm. The incompatibility of ideologies of power and religion led to the destruction of most of churches. By the second half of the twentieth century the Stalin Empire style reflected the imperial ideology and expressed the power of the state in architectures language. In 1960 a large scale construction of standard bearingwall houses began with the campaign against architectural excesses. As a result, in terms of social needs, a lot of people were provided with selfcontained flats for living; but from the aesthetic point of view, it formedamonotonoushabitatthatwasuncomfortableforhumanhealthandpsyche. The era of postindustrialism led to a new stage in the evolution of architecture and urban environment; it reflected such peculiarities of time as the primary role of information, digital technologies,andtheprinciplesofsustainabledevelopment. Architecture reflects the needs of the society. On the other hand, as a means of socialization, architecture shapes the society which later becomes the bearer of the new world view and ideology.

Keywords|
religion,stateauthority,technology,sustainablearchitecture,society,socialinstitution

58

ANJARADOMIROVI,PhDstudent
UniversityIuavofVenice,ra_anja@yahoo.it

AMINISTRYFORCOMMUNICATIONS
RAILWAYARCHITECTUREANDITSSYMBOLICIMPORTANCEASCOMUNICATION'S MEDIAFORMUSSOLINI'SFASCISTREGIME.

Abstract|
In 1924 Benito Mussolini creates the Ministry for Communications, grouping the direction of the Italian State Railways, Post and Telegraphs, and Mercantile Marine. The change in competencefromMinistryofPublicWorkstoMinistryofCommunicationsmarksanewway of conceiving especially the State Railways. Thus remaining a vital infrastructure, it gains the roleofacommunication'smediabroadlyspeaking.TherailwaybecomesforMussoliniavehicle of the mass, a mobile mass that moves across the peninsula, following the itineraries imposed by the regime and a net across which to unwind his myth during his journeys around the country. The train station point of conjunction between the city and the railway net that unifies the country becomes the conjunction point between the State "governed" by the fascistregimeandthepeople. The importance granted by Mussolini to railway architecture is such that ten percent of the overall budget of the State Railways is put towards the construction of new train stations. But unlikethebroadcompetitionpolicyadoptedbyMussoliniinthefieldofpublicarchitectureand urbanism, theconstruction of both train stations andpostoffices is thoroughly retained by the technical office of the Ministry. Though defining himself as an employee of the State, Angiolo Mazzoniistheoffice'sleadingarchitect.Heistheonewhodesignsandbuildsthearchitectural image of the Italian railways, through the design and construction of over thirty train stations from Sicily to the Alps. The paper addresses this particular case of communication and propaganda in Italy during Mussolini's regime, through the analyses of the symbolic importance of the railway for fascist ideology and how, with the fundamental contribution of architecture,itwastransformedfrommeansoftransportationintoa"massmedia".

Keywords|
MinistryofCommunications,BenitoMussolini,fascism,AngioloMazzoni,railwayarchitecture, propaganda.

59

DrJEANMARIECORNEILLEMEUWISSEN
GrazUniversityofTechnologyInstituteofUrbanism,meuwissen@tugraz.at

ELHAMMADADIKANDJANI,MSc
GrazUniversityofTechnologyInstituteofUrbanism,madadi@tugraz.at

IDENTITY,QUIDDITY,ANDURBANPLACES
ACATEGORICALAPPROACHTOURBANSPACE

Abstract|
Even though in the beginning, the category of identity in fields such as philosophy, psychology anddialecticswasfocusedonhumanidentityandtherecognitionofitsquidditybutduetothe scientific and the cultural evolution in the last decades, especially in the case of the human made environment, its domain has been the transition to the territory of the humanmade environment. Nevertheless the issue of identity, and the discussion about identity in urbanism in regard to other sciences, is quite recent and new. However, during recent years the identity of the humanmade environment is deemed as one of the most important issues in urbanism. Duringtheevolutionandtheprocessofformationanddevelopmentinthe20thcentury,which wasrelatedtoglobalization,citiesandurbanspaceswereexposedtoimpressivemutationsand alterations. In this process the past and present became separated from each other, and the problem of disconnection of the meaning of humanity and environment was not solved. Globally and locally, the form of the city and the human made environment became to be uniform, a similarity and a resemblance. Commonly, to have no distinction and being universal andglobal,thelocalpresencequiddityofurbanspaceshasbeenaffectedbythemodernurban design movement and exposed to variations. Despite the importance of identity as one of the qualitative aspects of the urban life in the city whichgives meaning and richness to thehuman quiddity, still this complicated and expanded concept is not taken into real consideration, especially in relation to urban spaces. Doubtless, from any point of view looking at environments and urban spaces there are some spaces which are creative and meaningful and full of variation. By making a connection between people and urban spaces a desirable living environment can be reached, while some other places lack this ability and are not established suitable for people who use these places. Based on this main hypothesis, identity is a comparative category which depends on the extent to which urban spaces reflect themselves, although some of the urban spaces and the urban places, despite their week structures, do have a strong sense of identity. Thus an awareness of identity of a society can help to obtain a series of guidelines, that if these guidelines followed, urban spaces can be designed and implementedinsuchaway,thattheyhaveidentity.Inotherwords,oneofthemostimportant ways of identifying urban spaces is to establish a series ofguidelinesthat are based oncultural valuesandsocialidentity.

Keywords|
UrbanSpaces;Identity;Quiditty;CulturalValues;SocialIdentity;City

60

DRAGANAPILIPOVI,PhDstudent
FacultyofTechnicalSciences,UniversityofNoviSad,draganans81@gmail.com

ALEKSANDRAPETERAC,PhDstudent,Researcher
FacultyofTechnicalSciences,UniversityofNoviSad,cacinger@gmail.com

KARLMIKEI,M.Arch,Teachingassistant
FacultyofTechnicalSciences,UniversityofNoviSad,emodia@gmail.com

INDUSTRIALCENTRESINVOJVODINA
THEIDEOLOGICALCONTEXTOFCREATIONANDDEVELOPMENT

Abstract|
From an ideologicalpolitical point of view, the policy of evenly distributed development of Vojvodinas territory was such that every bigger urban center got its own diverse share of industry.This,inturn,ensuredrapidurbandevelopmentandgrowthoftheworkforce,aswellas construction of public infrastructure buildings (schools, universities, hospitals). The basic political standpoint, from the aspect of regional planning and the general urbanization policy, wastogroupthesebuildingsintoindustrialzones. With the change of the sociopolitical context, it came about to the general privatization of the once state infrastructure. Mass layoffs, restrained production, new supply and demand policy etc.resultedinagravesituationthattheabandonedindustrialbuildingswereafaceof. In nearly all urban centers in Vojvodina a large number of such buildings are now dilapidated, many torn down. Modern society, ever more centralized, together with economic crisis and the politicalenvelope,marginalizedtheseurbancentersinthesenseofurbanplanning. Bearing in mind that these buildings were, as a rule, built from solid materials and are infrastructurally well equipped ( railroads and motorways), strategically located, former industrial centers do not need large investments. It is, therefore, rational to presume that they could be rehabilitated in a short period of time, into a former or a new use that is socially beneficial. Thegoalofthispaperistopointoutthepotentialofindustrialheritageaswellasitsimportance through raising of social awareness. Changing the use or restoring its primary function, could be one of the survival mechanisms in these times of recession and crisis. These buildings bare an ambientalvalueandtheiridentityoughttobeestablishedonceagain.

Keywords|
Industrial buildings, industrial heritage, industrial centers in Vojvodina, urban planning, urban heritagerecycling,identity

61

MARIJAPAVLOVIMAA,PhDstudent
FacultyofPoliticalSciences,UniversityofBelgrade,JPEPS,memini.marija@gmail.com

MAPPINGTHEFUTURECITY
Abstract|

Resistance to allencompassing project of modernity and its paradoxical twists has brought to attention the idea of dismantling all the grand narratives, consequently ideologies. No surprise that disappointment in the Enlightenment was described through various scenic and spatial metaphors. Since Webers comfortable iron cage, associated easily with Foucaults elaborated concept of panopticon, space organization and visualization production have been set in discourse, for the purpose of postmodernity root concept constant instability. Fixity of once fineandcarefullystructuredspacesinthebroadsenseoftheword,hadbeentakenastheplaces of known, explained and thus secured. Once conquered, a place becomes referential concept, a landmark in communication. Place is no longer space, open to further investigation, it is signified closed territory that is to be possessed and defensed. Performativity of the concept contributed to legitimization of performers and vice versa, introducing the system and its architecture. Formulated as constitutional, the concept evolves into the set of ideas bond further deeper into the structure to keep it function. Suddenly, places are everywhere, were surrounded by them, wefeelsecure,butstilllackoffeardisappearanceandalsoinneedofunknownandemptyatthe same time. Whether the places in their spreading clash with others, or the total corruption of spaces occurred from inside, once selfsupporting structure of the signified place fails. Now that we know the expectations that can wait us behind the corners, we tried to escape them, refuse to perform and intentionally change or even negate trajectories. Impulses of dialectics have raised their frequencies and what was once relatively stable architecture of a system becomes a net of selfsufficient nods in heterotopias. The easiness of possibility of absence of the signifier and availability of signified shifts us to freedom of choice. The concept of making a place from newly discovered space is privatized, but the privacy is now nonexistence. If architecture is a kafkiancagethatwentinsearchofabird,isittheonlywayofseeingthebird?.

Keywords|
mapping postmodernity, precognition of configuration, presupposition of expectation, learning as locating, expressing as orientation, confronting the geographies, avoiding the microphysics of power

62

S2

CITYANDPOWER|

Holdersofpower(political,financial,technological,media)andurbandevelopment;subjects(politicians, businessmen,cityplannersandpeopleingeneral); Ideologicalinterestsandgoals,andtheiraccomplishmentinarchitecture; (Non)participationinshapingacitydestiny; Pressuresondesigns,unrulyactionsintakingthecityspace(illegalconstructionofboththeinapproachable andthemarginalized); Ideologicalcausesofdemolishingthecityfabric; Spatialstandardsandsocialgroups; Therightstohousing,workandleisure; Accessibilityofscarcecityassets; Disposalofthecitylandandrealestate; Typesofpoweralienationandhowtoovercomethem.

M.Sci.PETARARSI,Professor
FacultyofArchitecture,UniversityofBelgrade,petar.arsic12@gmail.com

POWER,CITY,ANDARCHITECTURE
Abstract|

Oneofthemaintraitsofdevelopmentofcities,publicspaces,andarchitectureiscertainlytheir continuity and uninterruptedness. The civilizational development, both culturological and technological, is continuously creating and preparing conditions for gradual development and constant improvement of both scientific and theoretical deliberations as well as of practical actions of creators in the areas of designing, physical planning, and construction of city spaces andarchitecture. The impact of ideologies, authorities, and various power centers on development, physical planning, and construction of cities, city spaces, and architectural complexes, as well as on housing, was investigated, expounded, and documented by a large number of authors in the course of the past twentieth century. That impact is evident, as well as its consequences on the tissue of cities, their character, city public spaces, morphology, and esthetic and, in compositionterms,characteristicsandvalues. The obligation of the theory and science is to impartially, realistically, in a critical manner, but without exaggeration and overstating, appraise all the complexity and multilayeredness of impacts of authorities and powers on development of cities and architecture, or maybe it is more appropriate to scrutinize these categories and their complexity through continuous mutualimpacts,allthemodalitiesofinterdependencies,andinteractions. We deem that it is also important, in the critical analysis of historic periods of development of cities and architecture, to rise above rigidly critical attitudes towards such impacts as extremelynegative,monstrousordisastroustoarchitecture,andtoscrutinizeintegralityof impacts of power centers on physical planning of space, by evaluating both negative and positiveimpactsandconsequences. City spaces and architectural complexes, constructed and physically planned in one period under the influence of certain ideology, continue to live for a long time period tend to be adapted to new times, new social needs and lifestyles, but are also exposed to the impacts of newideologiesandideologicalinfluences. We believe that it is important to devote certain attention to this topic as well the theme of impact of various and constantly new ideologies on built city spaces and architecture, and transformationsundersuchdynamicandconstantlychanginginfluences.

Keywords|
City,ideology,architecture,continuity,development,changes,adaptations

65

M.Sci.DIMITRIJEMLADENOVI,Professor
FacultyofArchitecture,UniversityofBelgrade,Serbia

ARCHITECTURE:BETWEENTOTALITARIANISMAND DEMOCRACY

Abstract|
A city is a space formed by structures of various characters, forms, and uses. Every generation adds something new to its city, endeavors to leave a mark on the history by interpreting, in its ownway,theoldverifiedspatialrelationships. Is the democracy we strive for a new chance for a more beautiful, more organized city more worthy of man? Answers are full of contradictions because, in a large number of countries having developed democracy, macroeconomy of big systems is getting an increasingly important role, which is reversing certain processes to the trends known from the times of totalitarian systems and, in the countries that are still on the paths of establishing democracy, that role is played by the notorious interest groups. The democratic quality of architecture cannot be precisely defined that term could imply both modernity, and actuality, and humanness,andaccessibility. One must not forget that there had been pacts between architects and dictators in the implementation of the most radical projects that were later recognized as the best in their epochbythehistoryofarchitecture. Today,conventionaldictatorshipshavechanged.Inthemostdevelopedcountries,donningthe mantle of democracy, huge monopolies of authorities and big businesses are being formed. In essence, it is a new version of totalitarianism, which continues to cooperate with top architects. The connection between architecture and political systems is obvious, but that does not mean that architecture emerging in democracy must be better than the one created in authoritarian systems. There are numerous examples of urban compositions and architectural creations that came to be by the will of rulers. After all, architecture itself is undemocratic because it originatesinthemindofitscreator,andnotatthemeetingsofacitygovernment. It takesa lot of time todevelop new esthetic canons of space. How toget to such newcanons, and, at the same time, to satisfy the main postulates of a modern democratic society? The problem boils down to articulation of city spaces, and not to architecture of individual structures. A true democracy aggravates the conditions for actions of regimes and investors andmonopolizedgroupsorindividualsconnectedwiththem.

Keywords|
City,totalitarianism,democracy,architecture,canons,styles

66

DrDMITRIJCHMELNIZKI
Berlin,chmelnizki@gmx.de

STALINISTARCHITECTUREANDSTALINISTIDEOLOGY
Abstract|

Stalins architecture came into existence as a distinct phenomenon in 1932, when the Soviet government started to take an interest in cultural problems and total artistic censorship was introduced. It is obvious that Stalins architecture is closely connected with Soviet ideology; however, the nature of this connection is not so clear. Under Stalin internal and foreign policy did not directly follow ideology. Ideology served as a camouflage for governmental activities directedattacklingcertainpracticalobjectives. On the one hand, monumental buildings and structures were erected that supported the ideological ideas, but they were relatively few. The best known and most expensive ideological building, the Palace of the Soviets, was never built. In general, construction in Stalins time contradicted its ideological declarations. Stalin was prepared to spend money on Soviet ideology,butnottofollowit. Soviet society was officially classless, but in fact represented a strict hierarchy. The separate strata of society were supplied with goods and services according to different norms; this is clearlyseeninthetypologyofSoviethousingandthestructureofSovietcities. Official ideology talked about the construction of comfortable socialist towns for the working class,butthegovernmentneverplannedtofinancetheseprojects.Inreality,thenewindustrial towns consisted of barracks for workers, apartments for middle managers, and isolated settlements of villas for the elite. Pictures of elite housing were published in the press as workershabitations. In the 1930s numerous theatres with large concert halls were built in the USSR. Official ideology viewed them as symbols of Soviet cultural growth. In reality, though, the performing arts were dying and the buildings were primarily used for Party congresses and conferences. Official ideology propagated the idea of communal housing and the communal way of life. In reality, this was a way for the state to refuse to finance construction of individual apartments for workers. The idea of building communal houses simply meant the construction of communalbarracksastheonlytypeofmassdwelling. This contradiction between ideological declarations and the real goals of the Soviet government explains the total failure experienced by foreign architects such as Ernst May, Hannes Meyer, and Bruno Taut, who came to the USSR in the hope of participating in the constructionofcomfortableworkerstowns,butdiscoveredthatsuchhousingformednopart oftheplansoftheSovietgovernment. In this lecture I will analyze the degree to which Stalinist architecture followed and contradictedofficialStalinistideology.

Keywords|
Stalinistarchitecture,Stalinistideology,socialistcities,massdwelling,barracks 67

DrKRZYSZTOFDOMARADZKI
WarsawUniversityofTechnology,domarpracownia@gmail.com

WARSAWACITYLOOKINGFORITSIDENTITY
PROJECTSANDIMPLEMENTATIONSINTHEURBANDESIGNOF POSTWARWARSAW

Abstract|
During the Second World War Warsaw lost its urban texture. The city became a field of activities for architects, urban planners and designers. The rebirth of Warsaw was designed in various ideological periods from Stalin era to the European Union. The changes of policy had a biginfluenceonthearchitecturalsolutionsandthecityspacewhatwecanobservenowadays.

Keywords|
cityidentity,postwarWarsaw,sentimentalspace,socialistrealism,urbanstructure,ideological periods

68

DrIRINAKOROBINA
SchusevStateMuseumofArchitecture,Moscow,Russia

NEWMOSCOW4. IDEOLOGYOFIDEALCITY.
Abstract|

NewMOSCOW4 The Russian approach to urban planning has always differed radically from the European: the idea of urban development has usually been identified with a quest for ideal forms of organization of urban space and has accordingly tended to express clear and decisive planning intentions. This is especially evident in the history of the development of Moscow in the 20th century. Urban planning in Moscow constantly turns to the idea of foreseeing the future and designing the ideal city. History has predetermined the ideology informing Moscows development. Following the October Revolution of 1917 Moscow became the capital of the young Soviet state, taking upon itself the role of ideological centre and laboratory for experiments in the formation of a new society and the quest for new forms of settlement. It was this period that defined the ideal goal as that of building the bright future, which in its turn determined the direction that would be taken by urban planning over this entire period. The 20th century saw a succession of concepts for building New Moscow whether they were ideas by individual architectsorplansdevelopedoveryearsbyplanninginstitutions. Historical discourse allows us to identify at least three stages in the development of pre perestroika Moscow, each of which is based on radically different planning approaches aimed attransformingthecapitalintoanidealcity. NewMoscow1:planningacapitalfortheworldsfirstCountryofSoviets. New Moscow 2: the General Plan for the Reconstruction and Development of Moscow as the modelcapitaloftheEmpireofVictoriousSocialism(adoptedin1935). New Moscow 3: the 1971 General Plan for the Reconstruction and Development of Moscow belongstotheperiodofdevelopedsocialismandwasbasedontheideaoftotalplanning. GorbachevsperestroikamarkedthebeginningofthecollapseoftheSovietsystemandarapid switch to a free market in the 1990s. This resulted in a radical transformation of Moscow from the social, economic, territorial, typological, and morphological points of view. The capital continues to function as a gigantic laboratory dedicated to producing New Moscow 4, which has all the marks of an ideal city. However, the quest for the ideal is now more a matter of architectural design than of urban planning. The free market has activated a different concept oftheideal;theidealisbecomingsomethingthatisdepictedandsometimesopenlyimitated.

Keywords|
idealcity,ideology,NewMoscow,urbanplanning,architecture,government

69

MONICAGONDIM,Professor
ProfessorofUrbanDesign,BrasliaUniversity,monica.gondim@gmail.com,www.monicagondim.com.br

URBANMOBILITY
FROMMYTHOLOGYTOCONTEMPORARYTIMES

Abstract|
This article deals with the representation of mobility in archeological remains, mythological narratives and architectural literature. The research suggests that this collection of human history shows the formation of the archetypes of mobility that, over time, shaped the cities accordingtotheirpreferenceformovementorforpermanence.

Keywords|
mobility,morphology,history,archaelogy,mythology,Bible

70

DrANETAHRISTOVA
FacultyofArchitecture,UniversitySt.CyrilandMethodiusSkopje,anetahristova_2000@yahoo.com

PROCESSIONOFSIMULACRA:UNTRUEORMORE TRUTHFULTHANTHETRUTH

Abstract|
In many aspects the unstable social and cultural context of the postsocialist economical and political transformation of the Balkan countries and their integration within the liberal market economies reflects the influence of their historical discontinuities. Essentially, this turning point opposes two ideologies: the obsolete (socialist) project of modernization based on the presumption of equality, liberty and scientific progress and the fragmented (postsocialist) postmodern subjective sentiment about the past. The nostalgic impulse instigated by the crisis of the 1990ties has encouraged revival of ideals of the ancient past in Republic of Macedonia and their representation through architectural scenic forms used for claiming historical legitimacy. Ultimately, the gradual procession of this simulacrum through the architectural production has exceeded the good intentions and, aspiring to represent the ancient truth withthemoretruthfulpresenthasdistortedtheurbanimageintokitsch. Several recent projects reflect this idiosyncrasy, especially the colossal Skopje 2014 for the central core of the capital, where the provocative, creative impulse of the presocialist urban referencesevokedattheturnofthelastcenturyhasendedupwithsemanticconfusionlavishly abused by the politicians in their election campaigns as substitute for the lack of visionary thinking and strategies of sustainable urban development. Sadly, those pretentious and superficial simulations of secondary reality have only confirmed the fact that current efforts for saving history in most cases end up with farce that Boyer calls emotional remembrance of the nostalgic past. How is architecture [ab]used in the current political marketing? How can we distinguish true from false architecture within the newcomposed social landscape? How can we liberate architecture from the ideological pressure and cultivate fruitful intellectual ground for its own values? These are some of the questions we raise in this critical essay.

Keywords|
Skopje2014,simulacrum,idiosyncrasy,narrative,imagery,identity

71

DrTAMARABJAIKLARIN,SeniorAssistant
CroatianAcademyofSciencesandArtsTheCroatianMuesumofArchitecture,I.G.Kovaia37,Zagreb;bjazic@hazu.hr

SOCIALLYRESPONSIBLEARCHITECTURETHECASEOF INTERWARZAGREB

Abstract|
Neues Bauen was established in Croatia in the late 1920s and early 1930s and was generally performed in two stages. Initially it was accepted atthe stylistic level, and then gradually as an integral spatial and building concept deprived of its social and communal functions due to the political and social conditions. Only a few architects had accepted it from the beginning in its totality calling for socially responsible behaviour and considering the possibilities of applying thenewtechnologiesofconstruction,namelyindustrializationandprefabricationintheservice of societys spiritual and physical renewal. In 1932 and 1933 the circumstances had changed. Architectspointedtomajorhousingandtownplanningproblemsonmanydifferentoccasions unplanned residential areas, unsanitary housing conditions, and the impossibility of implementing urban planning. Its involvement in establishing the better working and living conditionsofthemassesnecessarilyimpliedinYugoslaviatheunacceptableleftpoliticalviews.

Keywords|
Zagreb,NeuesBauen,sociallyresponsiblearchitecture

72

DrVLADIMIRMIHAJLOV,TeachingAssistant
FacultyofArchitecture,UniversityofBelgrade,mihajlovvladimir@yahoo.com

INSTRUMENTALRATIONALITYANDCONTEMPORARYREALITY: THENEEDSFORSPATIALSTANDARDSINARCHITECTURE

Abstract|
The essence of the problem considered in this paper, is recognized in deterioration of public and residential space in the city, after the transition and deregulation of architecture and construction in Serbia. This field is marked now by increasing lack of rulesexpecially spatial standards in the architectural praxis. The paper, thus, gives the answer to the following question: why contemporary architectural practice in Serbia does not insist on standards for thedesignandplanninganymore? Architecture in the neoliberal context is principally engaged in improving profession, with the aim to respond to market demands in consumer society. In this sense, it insists on distinctive position the ability of architect to convince clients in the unique forms of space produced by him. This approach is commercial based it corresponds to the demands of content/use, and results in profitting. Since the production of space is powered by mighty individuals who tend to be unique and to manifest the power, the use of spatial standards in architecture is not welcome any more. However, neomarxist orientation tries to revive the critical reflection of reality, and its main task is to define the standards and types derived from the spatial context. It insists on the public areas and projects, on comfortable housing, which will guarantee the integrationintheurbanfabric,aswellasthedevelopmentofthesociallifeofresidents. The uniqueness of both approaches, theoretical and practical, is the requirement that the profession needs. A clear visibility of the objectives and method are needed for problem solving, in order to overcome urban decline in space for clients. The wider population with common set of criteria/standards should influence the architectural theory and practice. Finally,thebothideologicalorientationmentionedarebasedonthosewhoproducecityspace, notonthosewhomakesspeculationswithit..

Keywords|
standards,context,needs,quality,neoliberalism,neomarxism

73

DINAAMI,PhDstudent
SapienzaUniversityofRome,Firmad.o.o.Sarajevo,dinas@firmaarh.com

NERMINAZAGORA,PhDstudent
FacultyofArchitectureSarajevo,Firmad.o.o.Sarajevo,nerminaz@firmaarh.com

"WHOGAVEUSTHESPONGETOWIPEAWAYTHEENTIRE HORIZON"
IDEOLOGICALCAUSESOFDEMOLISHINGTHECITYFABRIC

Abstract|
The phenomenon of demolition, while on one hand being an advancement of mankind, at the same time constitutes a sort of subtle negation of our past, not only from the point of view of traditional values but also from the ethical point of view. On the other hand, demolitions are the essential instrument of ideology's power. The conquerors deliberately destroy the built heritage of their adversaries enabling in that way the adversary ideology to start over. The demolition breaks the illusion of eternal return, breaks the idea of continuum marking a turnaround the shift from one side to another, contributing to systematic destruction of the identityandmanipulationofhistory. These contrasting reflections are leading to a question are the famous demolishers such as Haussmann, Le Corbusier or even Mussolini ingenious visionaries of modernization or dark forces of totalitarian governments and radical doctrines? Whatever the extent, we have to keep in mind that Haussmann's "regularization of the existing tissue" gave birth to the City of LightsaprestigiousEuropeanmetropolisthatweknow.Ontheotherhand,Haussmannization transformed Paris into imperialist vision of Napoleon the city that is disproportionately favoring bourgeoisie on the expense of working class. Undoubtedly, with that ambiguous argumentcomesthepolemicthatshouldbetreatedwithcaution. Theintentionofthispaperistouncovertheappropriatenessofdemolitionswithinarchitecture as a discipline the condition that is necessary in order to assure the functioning of the city, revealing on the other hand the multitude of ways that this particular approach could be manipulatedinideologicalpurposescarefullyremovingthatracesofunwantedpast.

Keywords|
demolition,necessity,restart,instrument,manipulation,history

74

ANDREJMID,PhDstudent
GrazUniversityoftechnology,DeputydirectoratKomunaprojektd.d.Maribor,andrej.smid@gmail.com

BYEBYE20THCENTURY;
SIMILARITIESINTHEURBANDEVELOPMENTOFEXYUGOSLAVCITIES

Abstract|
From a two decades time distance the face of almost every former Yugoslav city appears to revealthreedistinctiveurbanentities:theyshowthreedifferentfaces:thebravenewcityof the socialist era; the charming, always regenerating old, classical city and the brutal, illegal, underthecarpetcity.Allofthemareresultsofthecitymanagementstreamsandthepower relationshipsinthecarefullyconstructedappearanceofthesocialisturbanplanning. The city structure comparison of five ex Yugoslav cities Belgrade, Sarajevo, Split, Pritina and Maribor shows similarities that are almost intentional. The urban planning attitude throughoutthehistoryrevealsthreepowerfulwaysofthinkingandactingthatgeneratedthree city planning principles and resulted in built zones and structures: the developments of the functionalcityparts,thepreservationofhistoricalstructuresandthepermissive,halfillegalcity extensions. After comparing these five cities today it only seems that the permissive, half illegal current is prevailing in the last twenty years of city development. Since the main urban development themes are not actual anymore, the former positions of the urban planners and architects are outdated; with the dissolution of the brave 20th century ideas the first decade of our century shows that the urban perception is altered the positions of urban planning on the other side aremainlydefendedasunchangeable. TodeveloptheexYugoslavcitieswithsimilarurbanhistorytherearetwostatementsanurban planner of the 21st century has to take into consideration. The first is that the 20th century is overanditscitydevelopmentprinciplesareoutdated.Thesecondpainfulstatementisthatthe positionoftheurbanplanneranddesignerhasbeenirreversiblychanged.

Keywords|
Urbanplanning,20thCentury,Belgrade,Functionalcity,Urbanstructure,Yugoslavia

75

VLADIMIRABRAMOVI,PhDstudent
FacultyofPhilosophyUniversityofBelgrade,vabramovic@gmail.com

ROYALPOWERANDITSINFLUENCEONARCHITECTURE: THEARCHITECTUREOFSTATEBUILDINGSINBELGRADE DURINGTHEREIGNOFKINGALEXANDERIOF YUGOSLAVIA

Abstract|
The aim of this paper is to present influence of ideology on state buildings in Belgrade during the reign of King Alexander I. We shall follow the role of King Alexander as a mastermind of building the new state and a new nation, the new Yugoslav national entity and the city of Belgrade as a new capital. The architecture has its fundamental role in presenting this image, anditfollowstheideologicalpatternrootedingeneralEuropeanacademism.However,thereis certain lagging behind general European trend of the epoch, transposing the late 19th century architectural praxis into third and fourth decade of 20th century. Besides being driven by Alexanders energy, the realization of this project is made possible by commissioning Russian migr architects, who fled their country in the aftermath of the Revolution of 1917. The Russian architects interweaved their pompous interpretation of academism into those representative buildings projected by them. This whole arrangement and Alexanders preference for Russian (White) migrs served not only as definition of new identity of state and the city of Belgrade but also, in the light of Alexanders authoritarian rule and general stance of Yugoslavia in international arena, served as an expression of his staunch anti communism, positioning Yugoslavia firmly onto ideological map of contemporary Europe. The main object of this analysis will be the following representative buildings: the Army Headquarters building (by W. Baumgarten), the State archive building (by N. Krasnov) and the Ministryofagriculture,watermanagement,forestryandminingbuilding(byN.Krasnov).

Keywords|
Belgradecapitalcity,Statebuildings,AlexanderI,Russianarchitects,Ideology,Identity

76

VLADIMIRPAREANIN,PhDstudent,TeachingAssistant
FacultyofArchitecture,UniversityofBelgrade,Serbiaparezanin@arh.bg.ac.rs

MILICAMUMINOVI,PhDstudent
KeioUniversity,Japan,arh.muminovic@hotmail.rs

IDEOLOGYANDTHEMEMORYINTHECITY
CASESTUDYOFCOMPLEXOFTHEFEDERALSECRETARIATFORNATIONAL DEFENSE(GENERALSTABBUILDING)

Abstract|
The complex of the Federal Secretariat for the National Defense (19561963), well known as Generalstab building, was designed by one of famous architects of Modern movement in Serbia Nikola Dobrovi (18971967). The complex is conceived as a landmark with its prominent position in cityscape, monumentality, expression of form and materiality. The two monumental blocks of complex descend towards Nemanjina Street, creating a form of gate as symbolicmentalstructure. The symbolic and ideological value of this complex reaches to the post WWII struggle of architects to introduce Modern architecture in Serbia. The fact that these buildings were designedbyoneoffamousarchitectsinSerbiaduringthattime,givesadditionallayerofvalue. Alongthat,today,thiscomplexrepresentsaremainderofpartofrecenthistoryanditspolitical regime,aswellassymboloflostwar. Starting point of this paper is that city is a palimpsest, in which past has its own reflection on now, in which past is maintained through memory, which is selective, which forgets. This paperintroducestheissuesofrelationtomemoryincitythroughthiscomplexcaseofbuildings of the Federal Secretariat for the National Defense. The paper addresses the response to this concrete situation with tendency to raise more general questions. It analyzes the concepts which stretch from, what Walter Benjamin defines as a catastrophic aspect that looks back at the ruins of the past and a utopian aspect that indicates the possibility of redemption in the present [1]. The paper stresses this issue, between demolition and restoration from cultural, politic and economical aspects. It rehearses the arguments for necessity of comprehensive approachindealingwithmemoryinthecity. Through this complex issue we want to address the limitations of the common laws of protection of cultural heritage, and highlight the need for their reevaluation. The aim of this paper is not to foreclose discussion surrounding the case of Generalstab building but to open upaseriesofdialogsinordertoexploretheissueofmaintainingandmanagingmemoryinthe city.

Keywords|
ideology,memory,restoration,conservation,demolition,palimpsest

77

IVANSTANOJEV,PhDstudent
FacultyofTechnicalSciencesNoviSad,ivan.stanojev@gmail.com

URBANREPRESENTATIONOFSTATEPOWER
THEQUEENMARIABOULEVARD:19182012

Abstract|
TheQueenMariaBoulevardisthefirstboulevardeverbuiltinNoviSad.Designandcompletion of this space was initiated with a political event par excellence. The Boulevard was opened to political processions, ceremonies and festivals, with its rituals and ephemeral transformations. Stated aim is that, through a historical analysis concerning five periods of time, discover relationsbetweenpoweranditsurbanrepresentation.TheregimeformedtheBoulevardasan appropriate stage for continuous demonstration of its authority and new political goals. Since the completion of the Boulevard in 1928, Novi Sad was under jurisdiction of four Countries. Hungarys annexation during the WWII is considered to be an equal fifth period. Regimes changed but mechanisms remained the same and they successfully served under various different States, promoting and systematically strengthening their values and ideologies. During almost every timesequence, some substantial buildings were erected and more significantly, some were torn down. Nevertheless, alterations in physical structure range over various space levels. Hence, few specific topics are elaborated: buildings and their typology, applied symbols and images, erected and destroyed monuments. Contextualisation of all the changes made in physical structure considers discours of collective identity and memory, as well as appearance of signs, symbols and images (all used in the process of embracing or exchanging desirable values). The narrative of the Queen Maria Boulevard for the first time defines ceremonial identity of Novi Sad and relations between its urbanism and political spectacle.

Keywords|
NoviSad,boulevard,urbanism,spectacle,identity,urbanmemory

78

ANELKAIROVI,PhDstudent,TeachingAssistant
FacultyofArchitecture,UniversityofBelgrade,andjela.cirovic@gmail.com

HOUSINGPOLICYANDCULTUREINYUGOSLAVIA
THECASEOFTHEEXHIBITIONHOUSINGFOROURCONDITIONS INLJUBLJANA,1956.

Abstract|
Housing is considered as a social program largely conditioned by dominant ideology and its apparatus. In this analysis, the apartment is taken as one of the catalysts in the relation between social and ideological conditions and individual needs. The presented study examines the relations of housing culture and housing policy during the fifties in Yugoslavia as a unified sociopolitical system. The exhibition held in Ljubljana in 1956 is interpreted as a particularly significantmomentintherethinkingofthelivingspace.

Keywords|
rethinkingthelivingspace,housingculture,housingpolicy,Yugoslaviain1950's

79

MARIJAKOCI,PhDstudent
FacultyofPhilosophy,UniversityofBelgrade

SULTANMOSQUES:RELIGIONANDIDEOLOGYASSEENBY OTTOMANARCHITECTURE

Abstract|
This paper represents an analysis of buildings better known as the sultan mosques and of their importance within the ideological concept of the fundamental social and political trends within the Ottoman empire. These mosques, whose construction was sponsored by the sultan in power, hence their name, had a great influence on the orientaliazation of Balkan settlements, as well as in the manipulations linked to directing political tensions, especially during the XVII century. These mosques appear as the very first such buildings in conquered cities,asthisinpartenabledthestudyoftheirprimaryusage.Furthermore,immediatelyafter it was conquered in 1521, mosques were built in the city of Belgrade, and their numbers only multiplied. This paper focuses on their appearence during the XV century and how they influencedthecreationofanewurbancultureintheOttomanBalkanregionthatwasbeingset up. The analysis continues to the next century, when the sultan mosques attracted the attention of scientists and researchers because of to their greater numbers as well as more reliable historic sources. During the XVII century, the Ottoman Empire went throught a period of transformation which was a harbringer of the impending crisis. This in turn influenced the architectureofthatperiodandthefundamentalideabehindthesultanmosquesalsochanged. Although their functions remained the same, the crisis affecting the basic ideological concepts of the Muslim Sheria Law (religious laws) resulted in that these type of building now became the sites for disatisfied citizens to demonstrate their woes. This paper reflects on the attempted revolt in the city of Edirne in 1694 when the most important mosque in that city was the center for the mobilization of the Muslims in their attempt to influence the existing stateofaffairs.

Keywords|
OttomanEmpire,sultanmosques,Edirne,Belgrade

80

FRANCESCASALATIN,PhDstudent
UniversitIuavdiVenezia,francesca.salatin@gmail.com

THETHREESITESFORPALAZZOLITTORIOBETWEEN PROPAGANDAANDCONTRADICTIONS(19321940)

Abstract|
Mussolini always goes forward, but not in a straight line. He zigzags, giving his opponents the impression of getting closer, while he is still keeping to his plan. These words, which Ojetti quotes in his Taccuini, could well synthesize the Duces attitude during the event of the CompetitionforPalazzoLittorio,theseatoftheFascistpartyinRome. The object of this study is the analysis of the three basic episodes in which the competition is articulated through the choice of the building sites: initially thought of as a triangular landplot alongtheViadellImpero(1932),theninanareanearPortasanPaolo(1937)andfinallybuiltat the Foro Mussolini as the seat of the Foreign Affairs Ministry (1940). The ostentatious decisiveness of the Duce, who plans the exact day of the beginning of the work in anticipation of 4 years, counterbalances the continuous rethinking of the building area. Contemporarily Mussolinialsogiveswaytoalternativeprojects,likethatfortheColossusattheForoMussolini, provinghowhisplanswereinfactnotsoclearanddefiniteasitseemed. If we look back chronologically to the facts in a temporary sequence, the emphasis of the propagandaleftaside,wemayunderstandhowtheprocesswentonrandomlyandnotwithout contradictions. What should have been the determinative episode for Mussolinis vision of the urban strategy, the Palazzo Littorio, becomes instead the sign of the uncertainties in the urbanistic field, and Mussolini is responsible for most of them, with his unlimited faith in his ownpoliticalgenius,combinedwiththeimpossibilityforhimtofollowhistoomanytasks.

Keywords|
PalazzoLittorio,Mussolini,ViadellImpero,ForoMussolini,Colossus,ForeignAffairsMinistry

81

SANTESIMONE,PhDstudent
UniversitdiRoma'Sapienza',santesimone@me.com

MEMORIAECAUSA
Abstract|

To define the relation between morphology and ideological patterns is important to redefine thesenseofGeniusLoci.Thiscanberegardedasastrangespirit.Thisinitsabilityto bedueto memory and then identity, has the ability to hover the entire city. But sometimes curls up in placeswhereauthenticsystemsofdifferences,arecanceled,andwereareallocatedimportant ideas. At that point, that corner is charged with total values become the only place where we wishtheappointmentofadifferentcity. In Serbia this refuge could be located in the center of Novi Beograd. This part of the city since the founding of its soil can be considered as an authentic city for the representation. The possibilityofreadingitasarelationshipbetweensignsandnotonlyasbuildingsperchedalong streets and squares allow us to reflect on how we can build a story where before there wasn't through the staging. Several design considerations have been developed on this important Modern project (notably the 1985 competition organized by Bogdan Bogdanovic, for example intheproposalofPaoloPortoghesiandSlobodanSelinkic).SoNewBelgradetobefoundedasa place free of the deathJudenlager Semlin continually reborn as a city of the mythical Slavic culture. Since the redrawing the project through the subsequent proposals, it is proposed during the conference, a reflection of urban form through the reading of drawings in order to understand thepotentialofNewBelgradetodefineanewrepresentation. Then,canwethinkaboutanAnotherModernity?

Keywords|
NewBelgrade,GeniusLoci,Island

82

MSc.MEJREMAZATRI
FacultyofArchitectureUniversityinSarajevo,mejrema.zatric@gmail.com

THEFORMOFTHECOMMONCITYINADVANCED CAPITALISM
ANINQUIRYINPOSTSOCIALISTURBANTRANSFORMATION

Abstract|
An architectural maneuver in urban space is, indispensably, an act of representation. While its output is always form, concept of representation recognizes the urban space as text, a milieu semantically loaded which, therefore, signifies. The nature of urban space, as constantly contested reveals the political dimension of representation, the climate of which is set by the dominant ideological matrix. While in the socialist regimes the formal representation in urban space favored the Fordist Big State, representation in postsocialist urban space is profoundly marked by entrepreneurial logic of urban governance representation as commodity. By means of historiographic analysis of postsocialist public space casestudies, this investigation will demonstrate how the 'hypertrophy' of the public city contrasts and clashes with the common space of the citizens, as they attempt to appropriate the space of public representation and establish the representation of the common. The switch of ideological matrices that brings about postsocialism is seen here as favorable to reveal the role of architectural form in the establishment of publiccommon tension. This paper, thus, argues for greater attention of practice to the architectural textures and their common use value that allowsforthecollectiveappropriationofspaceandthevitalrepresentationofthe'common'.

Keywords|
urbanrepresentation,commonspace,collectivespace,appropriationofspace,postsocialist city,urbantransformation

83

KSENIJALALOVI,AssistantProfessor
FacultyofArchitectureUniversityofBelgrade,ksenija.lalovic@gmail.com

JELENAIVKOVI,AssistantProfessorDOMENICOCHIZZONITI,AssistantProfessor
FacultyofArchitectureUniversityofBelgrade,j_zivkovic@ptt.rs

DANIJELAMILOVANOVIRODI,AssistantProfessor
FacultyofArchitectureUniversityofBelgrade,danstev@afrodita.rcub.bg.ac.rs

INTEGRALPERSPECTIVEONCLIMATECHANGERESPOSNIVE URBANSUSTAINBILITY:
NEWIDEOLOGYORAWAYTOSTEPFORWARD

Abstract|
Climatechangeisnowrecognizedasoneofthemostchallengingandcomplexproblemsfacing humanity. Problem is real, the stakes are high, and there is no single solution or common prescription. It is believed that actions taken over the next decade, especially in urban areas, will have an enormous influence on the rate and magnitude of climate change over the next centuries. Climate change is not simply an environmental problem, it is about human capacity of individuals and communities to respond to threats, it is closely related to how communities perceive themselves in the world, how humans both create and respond to change, how we sustainourdevelopmentinbalancewithnature.Ifwetakeasastartingpointgloballyaccepted and institutionalized validity of the sustainability commitments within which we define our commonbeliefsaboutwhatisgoodtodayandforfuturegenerations,thenthequestionishow is it possible that the local objectives that are formulated from them, remain at the level of declarative and general acceptance. Why is that, in real life, starting from these higher defined objectives and goals we finish with thelocalbehaviorsthatareultimatelyunsustainablelocally or globally? There are many concepts developed so far more or less successfully applicable in urban design and planning practice but their impact was obviously not enough to make more significantchangenecessaryforthisglobalmoment.HereinthispaperwewillpresentIntegral philosophical and theoretical framework that integrates all of them in larger perspective of IntegralSustainableDevelopmentapproach,asresponsetoglobalcallsforanendtotheage of fragmentation in field of sustainable development. This is a first evolutionary attempt to create a concept for deploying knowledge from the full spectrum of disciplines in order to addresslocalandglobal,socialandenvironmentalproblems.

Keywords|
integraltheory,integralsustainableurbandevelopmentapproach,contiouscollaboration

84

KOSARAKUJUNDI,PhDstudent,TeachingAssistant
FacultyofArchitecture,Podgorica,kosarak@gmail.com,kosara.kujundzic@ac.me

ARCHITECTUREINTHESHADOWOFINVESTORSURBAN PLANNING
CASESTUDY:AVALAHOTELINBUDVA,MONTENEGRO

Abstract|
Avala hotel in Budva is associated to the beginnings of urbanization and tourism at the Montenegroseaside.Thetransformationofhotelsandsurroundingareaisfollowedbyspecific sociopoliticalcircumstances. Comparativeanalysisofthethreehoteldesignsandbuildingsenableschronologicalinsightinto interactions between economy, politics and architecture, with special focus on the contemporary tendencies that created investors urban planningterm related to urban planninghighlyinfluencedbyinvestorsrequirements. The first hotel was built between the two world wars, establishing the foundations of urbanizationandtourisminBudva. The second building is erected according to the design of architect Vladislav Plamenac, who won the first prize on Yugoslav competition in 1978. Furthermore, for this design the architect received Borba award, the most significant Yugoslav recognition at the time. At this period, the first detailed urban plans were made. In the one including hotel surrounding area, the conclusion was that it represents highquality, seasidefavorable ambience and therefore shouldnotbeharmedbyfurtherbuildingexpansionanddecreaseofgreenareas. The new millennium brought investments growth and significant building expansion. Large amount of foreign capital triggered numerous, uncontrolled building initiatives that caused permanent spatial devastations. This was the case with Avala. Illegal reconstruction resulted in the over enlarged new building that bears no resemblance to previous one. In addition, the 2008 new detailed urban plan was also the creation of investors urban planning. With no relation to the previous plan and entirely driven by profit, it arranges building reconstructions withmultiplehorizontalandverticalenlargements. To conclude, the contemporary tendencies in architecture and urban planning in Montenegro have led to irreversible spatial devastation. Hence, the aim of this research paper is to inspire initiativesthatwillhelpovercomingthisdecliningandharmfulsynergyofarchitectureandnew socioeconomicphenomena.

Keywords|
hotelAvalareconstruction,investmentsgrowth,investorsurbanplanning,illegal construction,buildingexpansion,spatialdevastation

85

JUANLPEZCANO,PhDstudent
SapienzaUniversitdiRomaFacoltdiArchitettura,juanl_c@yahoo.es

WHATIS''COMMONSPACE''?
THECOMMONLANDANDTHEREINVENTIONOFTHESPACEOFQUOTIDIANITY.

Abstract|
The concept ''public space'' has transformed throughout history. According to the various disciplines that have contemplated the issue such as sociology, antopology, philosophy the roots of this change are to be found in the gradual privatization of common spaces, and in the carelessness of public institutions in addressing issues relating to the collective sphere. While many citizens have been deprived of some fundamental rights and goods, others have generatedanew,selfregulatedlogictocircumnavigatethetraditionalcategoriesofpublicand private,withvisibleconsequencesinthefieldofarchitecture. Theinterventionhastwoparts.Firstly,Ireflectuponthemutationsproducedbythesemantics ofthepublicsphere,leadingtotheuseofcommonasanidoneoustermthathelpstodefine the contemporary urban reappropriation movement. Secondly, I examine the effects of these circumstancesthroughthelensofarchitecturalproduction,andinvestigatehowcertainspaces built with innovatives methods of construction and management are both opening up new viewsinourdisciplinaryskyline,andtouchinguponalargerandmoreheterogeneouspublicby merging practices used in art, architecture, craftsmanship and urban activism. The thematic intention is to explicate a foundational layer of the history of ''common space'', a history that depictsamovement'sattemptstousearchitectureasawayofliberatetheprocessesofdesign fromthemundaneconventionswithwhichtheyhavebeenbound.

Keywords|
commonspace,public,action,spontaneous,designprocess,activism

86

IVANSTANOJEV,PhDstudent
FacultyofTechnicalSciencesNoviSad,ivan.stanojev@gmail.com

ANDREATAMAS,PhDstudent
FacultyofTechnicalSciencesNoviSad,andreatamas80@gmail.com

ARCHITECTURALSCULPTUREINNOVISAD
REPRESENTATIONSOFAUTHORITYANDPOWER

Abstract|
The majority of architectural sculpture in Novi Sad is used only for decorative purposes. Nevertheless, some of freestanding sculptures, reliefs and panels were designed with significant meaning as representations of authority and power, or a statement of identity. In the Municipality of Novi Sad (Novi Sad Petrovaradin Sremska Kamenica) the architectural sculptures are recognized within three unique groups: sculptures promoting state and political power,sculpturespromotinginfluentialsocialgroupsandtheireconomicpowerandsculptures asrepresentativesofapersonalpower.Architecturalsculpturesthatexpressstateandpolitical power rarely remained untouched and preserved their original form. It is proved common that new regimes tent to deny predecessors and establish dominance by applying their own insignias. In contrast to the State power group, sculptures that promote influential and economical power prove themselves immune to regimechanges. As integral parts ofbuildings design, they are constant marks and permanent content of public space. No compensatory applications of this kind of architectural sculptures have been noticed. Every atypical architectural sculpture takes part in forming an identity of a building. Nevertheless, according to their artistic expression or dominant position and size, they can influence buildings identity significantly,andmoreimportantly,shapethecollectiveidentityandurbanmemory.

Keywords|
NoviSad,architecturalsculpture,symbols,power,identity,urbanmemory

87

DRAGANAKONSTANTINOVI,MSc
DepartmentofArchitectureandUrbanism,UniversityofNoviSad,konstan_d@uns.ac.rs

THEIDEALSOFTHESOCIALISTCITIES
PROGRAMMINGOFTHEPUBLICSPACEANDCITIESINFORMERSFRY

Abstract|
The former Socialist Federative Republic ofYugoslavia emerged in the aftermath ofWorld War Two, unified on the ideas of socialist revolution and further developed in the self proclaimed socialeconomic system of workers selfmanagement. The crafting of the country was largely underpinned by ideological agitation of ruling Communist party, which underlined the importanceofworkandpersonalresponsibilityinthesocietalgrowth.Thearchitecturestarted its own path, resting on Modernist doctrine and socialist programming, leading to unique case ofEuropeansocialistModernism,reflectedonbothurbanandarchitecturallevel.Theinherited agrarianeconomy,underdevelopedinfrastructureandalmostnosignsofconstructionindustry tormentedtheidealsofarchitectureineachandeveryway.However,theideologicallyinduced spirit of workmanship, national modernisation and volunteering work managed to build foundation of architectural development in country hardly devastated by war and faced to numerous existential difficulties. The relations between the state and the architectural practice, conceived as an extension of crafted political and cultural discourse, were close and managed through strong ideological campaign which rendered all layers of artistic activities. In that sense, although the urban practice showed strong affiliation to the ideals of modern planning, it also sub served the needs of ideological mediation. This ideology presumed the continual reinforcement of political ideas, through massive social events promotional speeches, events and gathering, for which the urban space is conceived, created, and consequently occupied. In this social practice of massive ideological propaganda, the special attention is focused on ceremonial spaces, which included different spatial levels, and included urban space, as the focal point. The paper focuses on the programmatic, ideological, urban and architectural background of such urban (re)constructions, which established urban practice,butalsosupportedestablishmentofthesocialorderinthecountry.

Keywords|
20thcentury;Yugoslavia;socialism;urbandesign;publicspace;architecturalprogramm

88

IVAUKI,PhDstudent
UniversityofBelgrade,FacultyofArchitecture,mailto:cukic.iva@gmail.com

CONQUESTOFSPACEINEXFILMEXPEDITION
Abstract|

One of the consequences of the neoliberal transition, which Serbia in recent years goes by, is the disappearance of public spaces and the emergence of hybrid pseudopublic spaces. The development of market capitalism threatens to current right to use public spaces, forcing the development of those functions and activities that make a direct profit. The disappearance of public space, the emergence of quasipublic spaces with limited access occurs in parallel with the aggression of commercial culture and the emergence of cultural spectacle. It is this trend which mobilized citizens to selforganization and the individual struggle for active participation in shaping cities. Numerous examples of taking the abandoned spaces in European cities (Hamburg, Berlin, Madrid), but also in cities in the region (Ljubljana, Zagreb, Pula) indicate the engagement of citizens who understand that the results and performed actions in space will achieve more in this fight. One such example is the Inex Film Expedition, driven by young individuals and groups, who managed to conquer the abandoned building of the former public company Inex Film in Belgrade. The initiative is exploring possibilities of self organization, solidarity and doityourself philosophy. Today it is the only Belgrade squat created in order to revive abandoned building and provide the necessary working space and cultural production. This project deals with conquest of space in order to emphasize the importance of public space and civic action, and the examples that highlight strategies and modelsofrevitalizationandrenewalofurbanareas,whichincludesuchprojectsandinitiatives.

Keywords|
righttothecity,publicspace,abandonedspace,revival,squatting,InexFilmExpedition

89

YULIAGORDEEVA,PhDstudent
InstituteofPhilosophyandSociology,PolishAcademyofSciences,iulia.v.o@gmail.com

CLUJNAPOCAANDLVIV:POWERANDURBANSPACEIN THESECONDHALFOFTHE20THCENTURY

Abstract|
Themainpurposeofmypaperistoshowthewayinwhichpoliticalpowercouldinfluencecitys development as well as the way in which the citys cultural and architectural heritage together with peoples consciousness could resist those attempts. As examples I chose ClujNapoca in Romania and Lviv in Ukraine. I would like to show the processes which took place in urban space of these cities in the second half of the 20th century, their main purposes and their results. ThecityofClujNapocadevelopedthroughoutitshistoryontheborderlineofdifferentcultures and civilizations (Roman, Dacian, Saxon, Hungarian and Romanian). Nowadays the population of the city constitutes Romanians, Hungarians, Germans, Jews and Roma. The main actors in the 20th century history of ClujNapoca were Hungarians and Romanians. The history of Cluj Napoca in the second half of the 20th century is first of all the history of the Romanian authorities attempts to add a more Romanian character to the city space and to hide the significance of the Hungarian heritage. We could see, however, the differences in the urban planning in ClujNapoca in the first after War decades, in the Ceausescu time and in the period aftertheRomanianrevolutionof1989. The 20th century history of Lviv was first of all the history of the rivalry between Polish, Ukrainian and Soviet influences on the city space. The first after War years was the period of Stalinist style urban planning, but most of those plans were never turned into reality. The following Khrushchevian period added the neighborhoods to the city space. After the collapse of Soviet Union Lviv found itself within the borders of the young Ukrainian state and became thevictimofacompletelydifferentnationalandspatialpolicy.

Keywords|
ClujNapoca,Lviv,urbanspace,culturalborderline

90

S3

MORPHOLOGYANDIDEOLOGICALPATTERNS|

Doctrinesinarchitectureandtheirpositive/negativeimpactonacity; Criteriaofurbanforming(urbannormsandstandardsindesigning)andtools(precomputerandcomputer approachtoplanninganddesigning); Cityplanning(interestcontradictions,conflictingofaimsandmeans); Planners(conceptcreatorsormereexecutors); Theidealismorpragmatismofplannersvisions; Urbanformasaresultofconflict/harmonybetweenideologyandarchitecture; Physicalstructuresandpubliccityspacethrougharelationbetweenideologyandarchitecture; Citycenteranditsoutskirtsintheideologicalcontext; Typologicalpatternsofhousingandpublicstructuresderivingfromideology; Relationsbetweenthenewandtheinherited,theprogressiveandtheconservative.

DrALEKSANDRASTUPAR,AssociateProfessor
FacultyofArchitecture,UniversityofBelgrade,stupar@afrodita.rcub.bg.ac.rs

IDEOLOGYORFASHION? THECONTEMPORARYCITYANDTHEQUESTFORPOWER

Abstract|
Thecomplexityofcontemporaryglobalprocessesandtrendshasinfluencedsignificantchanges in cities. Nowadays, their role, structure and symbolism are shaped by the rules of global capitalandadifferentkindoforganizationofproduction,servicesandmarkets.Theyalsohave to follow the imperative of urban growth and to provide and control multilevel development. Urban spaces, processes and flows have become reflections of multiplying urban needs and a consequence of the ongoing competition for the leading position in the global network of power. Exposed to increasing ambitions, expectations and possibilities, cities of the 21st century manipulate the myths of the new global order simultaneously underlining the importance of efficiency, connectivity and environmental correctness. However, the program, extent and success of urban transformations, as well as their themes and applied methods, transmit multilayered messages of the general (im)balance of power. Considered as an ideological backup, but also as a matter of fashion, every project of urban transformation emphasizestheuniquenessoflocalglobalnexus.Therefore,thispaperwillpresentandanalyze recent trends which redefine contemporary cities focusing on motives of detected urban changesanddecodingsymbolsandsignsappliedintheurbanspace.

Keywords|
city,power,urbanstructure,architecture,globalization,symbols

93

DrLJILJANABLAGOJEVI,AssociateProfessor
FacultyofArchitecture,UniversityofBelgrade,ljblagojevic@arh.bg.ac.rs

THEMODERNCITYRECONFIGURED
POSTSOCIALISTTRANSFORMATIONOFNEWBELGRADE

Abstract|
The paper explores postsocialist transformation of New Belgrade (Serbia) which unfolds against the extant modern urban landscape of the new city constructed during the period of socialism.NewBelgradewasrealizedasamodern,functionalcityofsocialistcollectivehousing in societal property, with very limited internal economic dynamics. The last two decades of postsocialist sociopolitical and economic transition have unleashed the dynamic processes of change such as depoliticization, privatization, gentrification, commoditization and desecularization of urban space. With almost no historic preservation of modernist architecture and urban plan, the underurbanized structure of New Belgrade allowed for far more efficient development than the spatially and legislatively constricted historical centre. Development programs are those deemed to have been lacking in the socialist epoch, from churchesandupmarketresidential,tobusinessandcommerce,retailandleisure,bankingand gambling.Inthecontextofeminentlyideologicalantisocialist/communistdiscourse,thespace of the modern city is often reductively seen as the physical residue of the deposed socio economic and political system, or as its ideological monument. Thus ideologically stigmatized, modernurbanlandscapeiseitherlefttodecayorsubsumedbytherapidlydevelopingspaceof globalization.Somerecentstudiespresentthecurrentprocessesofurbanchangeinbrightand positive light of an eagerly awaited progress towards market economy, while others see the paramountimportanceofprotectionandpreservationofmodernistarchitecturalheritage.Can it be argued that the balance between the two is to be found in sustainable development strategies which appreciate New Belgrade's specificity of modern city urban landscape and its waterscape?

Keywords|
New Belgrade, modern city, postsocialist city, urban landscape, sustainability, greenblue network

94

DrIGORMARI,SeniorScientificAssociate
InstituteofArchitectureandUrban&SpatialPlanningofSerbia,igor@iaus.ac.rs

DrSAAMILIJI,SeniorScientificAssociate
InstituteofArchitectureandUrban&SpatialPlanningofSerbia,sasam@iaus.ac.rs

IDEOLOGICALANDMETHODOLOGICALISSUESOF PLANNING,DEVELOPMENTANDREGULATIONOFTOURIST SETTLEMENTSINMOUNTAINDESTINATIONS

Abstract|
This papers deals with theoretical, ideological and methodological issues of planning and regulation of settlements in mountain tourism destinations. The paper indicates major determinants of tourist settlement development in mountain destinations in the EU member countries, together with appropriately adjusted and balanced system of development management and implementation of spatial and urban standards. The management of sustainable development and tourist center development is a complex process encompassing variouspoliciesandmeasuresforinitiatingandrealizingthefirststageandpriorities,aswellas formonitoringtheimplementationofplanningdecisions.Thestructuralchangesandtransition process that have taken place in Serbia over the past few decades have influenced the application of these experiences. At the same time, the development of mountain tourist settlementshasnotbeenguidedonlybycreativearchitecturalandplanningvisions,butalsoby partial approach of stakeholders to decisionmaking that has been contrary to an integrated approach. Stages in the tourist settlement development in mountain regions of Serbia have been analyzed, particularly those on the Stara planina (Old Mountain) that is singled out with regard to the influence of development/noncommercial and commercial market stakeholders on defining the priorities and activating the development. Considering experience of countries withhigherlevelofdevelopmentofmountainregions,byspecifyingthemaccordingtospecific local and regional conditions, the main starting point for positioning priorities for sustainable development and management of settlement development and regulation, financed from public and private sector resources,have been defined. Investment in tourist settlements does not include only tourist facilities development, but primarily infrastructure development, natural resources protection, service sector development, offer in space, etc. History and rational model of tourist settlement development which,although under influence of different holders of political power, has over the period of 35 years managed to keep and justify an integrated professional and scientific approach to spatial and urban planning, is shown on the exampleofplanningtheStaraPlaninamountaindestinationfortourism.

Keywords|
planning,development,stakeholders,tourism,mountainsettlements

95

DINANENCINI,Professor
FacultyofArchitecture,SapienzaUniversityofRome,dinanencini@libero.it

REPLACEIDEOLOGY.
TOWARDSNEWURBANVISIONS.

Abstract|
How architects means today the reality has to be? From South America to China, the hyper metropolis,isparadoxicalinitsinhumanity.Istheeconomicsandfinancialsystemadegenerate form of ideology, or an implicit destiny in the construction of the city of the past, unable to accept and include or even resist the social and economic transformations of our time? Or the European city can still set an example or an alternative to global megacities? The uniquely instrumental ability, or, the ability of architecture to materialize the idea of a city, or more generally the idea of space, is an assumption of this argument, and yet, although we can be certainthatthiscapacityisalwaysexpressed,byRenaissancetreatisesuptotheheteronomous expressions as S, M, L, XL which urges us to take a position as architects on the contemporarycityisitsaestheticreason.

Keywords|
realism,urbanvision,policies,europeancities,adaptativecapacity

96

DrDIJANAMILAINOVIMARI
HistorianofArt,ULUPUDS,kustos@ulupuds.org.rs,dijanam.maric@gmail.com

HOUSINGDESIGNMODELWITHINUNIQUEARCHITECTURAL COMPLEXESINSERBIAINTHESIXTIESOF20THCENTURY
ASMODELFORMSOFHARMONIZATIONBETWEENIDEOLOGYANDMODERN ARCHITECTURALFORMS

Abstract|
ThispaperdiscussestypicalexamplesofresidentialcomplexesinthecitiesofSerbiainthesixth decade of the twentieth century designed for the needs of successful socialist enterprises and institutions. The concepts of these residential complexes encompass major postulates of socialist ideology. Ideal creation of rationally composed, single architectural complexes with apartments and space for work and leisure time activities evident in all spatial concepts are actually the embodiment of an idea of a happy community a nucleus of communist society, where new socialist elites live and create in harmony, equality and order. This is in fact a utopistically conceived model rising from ideological convictions and break from the past, a model that derived from the revolutionary change of the socalled retrograde bourgeois individualistic concept into the socalled progressive collectivistically established idea. A space created in this way has its historical genesis in the exploration of collective housing of the Soviet constructivists in twenties and thirties of the twentieth century, but also in the organization and design concepts of settlements for industrial facilities, mines, factories, etc., that were previously present in the Serbian architecture. In the realization of these ideas, as well as with an idea to express desires of new socialist elite for progress, power and ability of new society to provide adequate space to workers, a rational model of architectural design in the spirit of contemporary trends and international architecture was accepted, which is, in our examples, interpreted in a recognizable and specific way. In such environment, architecture andarchitectshadaprogrammaticallysettasktocreatenewspacethat,althoughpervadedby ideology, still substantially reflects the spirit of the time in which it was created and also contemporary attitudes, thus logically fitting into the development flow of Serbian contemporaryarchitecture. Taking into account that no appropriate analysis and valorization of the subject architecture have been carried out to date, the present paper is aimed at indicating the values of established ideas and their architectural interpretation, in order to make an appropriate value judgmentwithrelationtoarchitectureofthattime. TheattentionofthispaperisfocusedonhousingcomplexesofthePartizanskiputcompanyin Takovska Street, residentialoffice complex for the Janko Lisjak company, residentialoffice complexfortheTehnoprometcompanyinBelgrade,aswellasmanyotherblocks.

Keywords|
design model, residentialoffice complex, socialist ideology, harmonization, modern architecturalform 97

TILOAMHOFF,Professor
UniversityofBrighton,T.Amhoff@brighton.ac.uk

ARCHITECTUREASTHEIDEOLOGYOFTHEPLAN
REVISITINGMANFREDOTAFURI'SCRITIQUEOFIDEOLOGY

Abstract|
This paper revisits one of the key writings on ideology in architecture, Manfredo Tafuri's Toward a Critique of Architectural Ideology, published 1969 in Contropiano. In the essay Tafuri analyses the integration of architectural ideology 'project' and 'utopia' into state ideology, its move from superstructure to base. For him Architecture as the ideology of the Plan is swept away by the reality of the Plan at the moment the plan came down from the utopianlevelandbecameanoperantmechanism. Tafuri's essaywas also a comment onAntonio Negri's Keynes and the Capitalist Theory of the State post1929, published the year before. According to Negri the economic crisis of 1929 had destroyed confidence in the future. As a consequence, in John Maynard Keynes' economic theory, the state was to remove fear of the future, to eliminat its risk and uncertainty. The curewastoprojectthefutureaccordingtopresentexpectations,whatNegridescribedasthe stateastheplan. For Tafuri though It is significant that almost all the economic objectives formulated by Keynes in his General Theory can be found, in purely ideological form, at the basis of the poetics of modern architecture. It was architecture that aimed at the reorganization of production,distributionandconsumptioninthecapitalistcity.Whilehis'critiqueofideology'is often discussed, the specificnotion of'architecture as the ideology of the Plan' remains largely overlooked. The paper clarifies Tafuri's critique of ideology, drawing attention to the 'plan' as specific form of representation, organization and administration. It situates the essay within the political context of Workersim and their slogan contro il piano, against the plan. It will finally test Tafuri's argument by looking closely at the reality of an earlier example of that history, the 1862buildingplanforBerlin..

Keywords|
ManfredoTafuri,critiqueofideology,plan,Workerism,economictheory

98

DrFILIPPOLAMBERTUCCI,AssociateProfessor
DIAP,DipartimentoArchitetturaeProgetto,UniversitdegliStudidiRomaSapienza,filippo.lambertucci@uniroma1.it

RHETORICOFANTIRHETORIC
EGALITARISMASAFORMALFEATUREOF(POST)SOVIETCITIES

Abstract|
After WWII housing becamea mass problem, and would have been increasingly facedin terms ofindustrialandlogisticproductivity;inthefranticprocessofimprovementofstandardisation, production itself would gain ground as an aesthetic category; the face of the soviet city would take on those precise and extensively recurring uniformity traits that will become the symbol itself of the city. In particular, with the decree of the Central Committee and Council Minister On the removal of excesses in design and a construction, sanctioning the ideological elimination of the decaying criteria of ornamentations dating back to the Stalin period, KhrushevformallybanishedboththeformalismandthemodelitselfofthetypicalStalinistcity, and focuses on productive optimisation, by implementing a thorough functionalist approach from the building and town planning viewpoint. The issue of housing is tackled from a merely numericalperspective;accommodationsarecodedaccordingtominimumsizealternativesand toazeroedaggregativerange.Onceratifiedonthebasisofthenewapproachimplementedby Brezhnev in the mid1960s, the figure of microrayon became the main feature of soviet cities; the poverty of aggregative variants, both at a building and townplanning level, excludes any variation of urban design and the characteristics of places never represent an element of concern for designers. The utopia of regulated, bright and open city, shared by several avant gardes, find here its strictest implementation; in this case, however, openness mainly translatesintodispersion,disorientation;theegalitarianutopiadoesnotdealwiththeneedfor places or, better, well knows that a place is, after all, identity, and identity is individualism. PostSoviet cities inherit this crystallised urban tradition and, with different premises, the problem of mass housing reappears, even if this has become a mass of potential consumers, withspaceandpersonalisationneedsthatdecadesofstandardisationhadrejected.

Keywords|
postSovietcity,egalitarism,density,functionalism,context

99

DrNENADRADI,AssistantProfessor
DepartmentofArtHistory,FacultyofPhilosophy,UniversityofBelgrade,nradic@f.bg.ac.rs

HOUSEINRUMUNSKASTREETNO15.
FROMBOURGEOISVILLATOPRESIDENTIALRESIDENCE

Abstract|
The paper traces the transformation of a typical bourgeois villa in the elite Belgrade district Dedinje into a presidential residence. Built as a family house in 1934, the villa was, due to its geostrategic position seized during the German occupation of Belgrade. Josip Broz Tito moved into the villa in 1944, immediately after the liberation of Belgrade. Though he used the White Palace, former residence of Prince Paul Karadjordjevic, as official Residence until his death in 1980, he choose the villa in Rumunska street no 15 as his private home. The building was renovated several times. The most significant renovation occurred in 1948, when Tito's Grand Cabinet was added. From that moment the villa entered the public sphere. Since it was visible throughmanybroadcastsandphotosofTitoinofficeasasupremerulerofYugoslavia.In1982 the Residence became part of the museum space in Josip Broz Titos Memorial Center. The final chapter in the history of this extraordinary building and its environment took in 1997 when it was again put to use as the president's residence. Slobodan Miloevi moved into the compounds in 1997 and finally the villa was destroyed on April 22nd 1999, during NATO bombing of Yugoslavia. The paper addresses the Residence as a metaphor for the architectural body politic, as a powerhouse between visible/invisible and public/private dichotomies. The main aim ofthe paper is to demonstrate through cognitive analysis of the villas morphological structure the ideological and epistemological importance of the rulers home as a mirror of society.

Keywords|
architecture,museology,ideologyofspace,power,JosipBrozTito,VladislavVladisavljevi

100

DrMILENAKRKLJE,AssistantProfessor
UniversityofNoviSad,FacultyofTechnicalSciences,DepartmentofArchitectureandUrbanism, milena.krkljes@gmail.com

DrNAAKURTOVIFOLI,Professor
UniversityofNoviSad,FacultyofTechnicalSciences,DepartmentofArchitectureandUrbanism,nfolic@gmail.com

INFLUENCESOFIDEOLOGYTOTHEBUILDINGOFPRESCHOOL INSTITUTIONSINVOJVODINAREGIONAFTERTHESECOND WORLDWAR

Abstract|
The arise of new ideologies after the Second World War, directly influenced changes in a child care system and induced building of new preschool institutions. After the period of war destruction and poor financial situation when almost all kindergartens were closed, changes in society system and financial progress became very soon an impact for solving the problems of increased number of preschool children and places for their daily care. Adoptions of new legal acts that define main aims of child care have contributed to the rapid growth in number of preschool institutions. New kindergartens have been working on different ideologies then thosebeforetheSecondWorldWar,andwerebasedonSovietmodelofchildcare. The aim of the paper is to show influences of post war ideology and overall social situation to the spreading of network and construction growth of preschool institutions in Vojvodina region.Significantchangesinthefieldofchildcareoccurredwithimprovementsinpedagogical programs which required different spaces in which educational work takes place. Significant preferenceswererelatedtotheequalityforallchildrenandtheirsystematicraising,whichwas also reflected in the terms of physical environment in which children reside. It was enabled by new legal acts that have defined work of preschool institutions, have given the guidance on nutrition and preventive health care, but also necessary spatial and other physical aspects of adequate facilities for preschool institutions. Regulations have been developed from these legal guidelines affecting the construction of new, modern and comfortable buildings for kindergartens, as well as spacious and landscaped courtyards. Clear, but not limiting standards in that period, made it possible to build a number of typologically different buildings. Some of themwereawardedasexquisitearchitecturalworksthatstillsuccessfullymeetthedemandsof modernpedagogicalagenda.

Keywords|
new ideology, preschool institutions, childcare, typology of kindergartens buildings, Vojvodina region

101

PAOLOTOMAZELLA,PhDstudent
CentroRegionalediCatalogazioneeRestaurodeiBeniCulturalidelFriuliVeneziaGiuliaPassariano, paolotomasella@regione.fvg.it

BETWEENITALYANDJUGOSLAVIJA. POZZOLITTORIO/PODLABIN:THELASTNEWTOWNOFCOAL.
Abstract|

Intervention of new foundation, Pozzo Littorio/Podlabin is a workingvillage built during the Fascismperiodinthesouthernedgeoftheistrianpeninsula.Itsconstructionwasbeginin1939 and was partially finished in 1942. The installation was considered necessary for the exploitation of coal mines existing in the region. The architect Eugenio Montuori (19071982) was charged to compiling the project. The new town was planned to welcome about 3.000 persons and was built over a little tableland not so far from Albona/Labin. The community was provided with all of the indispensable services. The symmetrical town planning scheme with the orthogonal network of streets has been softened and aligned to the topography of the environment, namely defused by long and soft curves. The main square, of rectangular shape, represents the central point of the town. In it a first part is characterized from the presence of a strong tower destined to the parades of people and to the commerce; another portion, dividedfromthefirstonefromaspaciousarcade,constitutesthechurchyard.Twoonlyarethe building typologies adopted for the workingclass residences: a first intensive type characterized by three levels; a second building model constituted from isolated homes linked tofourapartments.PozzoLittorioremainsanewcivilinstallationmodelinanindustrialarea.In thiscaseofstudythearchitectMontuoritensetothemodernarchitecturebytherecoveringof somebuildingvalues,typicaloftheregionaltradition.AftertheSecondWorldWar,whenIstria wasaregionofS.F.R.Jugoslavija,thetownwasreusedfornewworksofcoalexploitation.

Keywords|
Istria,coal,workingvillage,regionaltradition,residentialtypologies

102

DrSOUADSASSIBOUDEMAGH
UniversityMentouriofConstantine,Algeria;25000,Email:souad44@hotmail.com

ACITYBETWEENMETAMORPHOSISANDMUTATION FROM19thTO21thCENTURY

Abstract|
Constantine is a big city, particular because of its site and history. But it is especially a city that currently polarizes a huge interest from public authorities, researchers, as well as citizens representedbyassociationsthataremilitatingtosafeguardandpromotethecity. MakingConstantine"aregionalcapital,ametropolis"istheambitiousurbanprojectofthiscity authorities.Itisaprestigiousproject,butatthesametime,adoubleedgedsword. With the emergence of this project, a new conception of the city and its image is induced, the one that conjures new canons of urban modernity, with the whole discourse that sustains it and indicators that materialize it. A new attitude toward the current city of Constantine has emerged,fromboththeauthoritiesandcitizens. In fact, the city is, since a long time, between the two extremes situations regarding the attitude to take concerning the built heritage that composes and identifies almost the whole city of Constantine. On one hand, a strictly defensive position of this heritage, an attitude which freezes any attempts of rehabilitation, preservation or revitalization, on the other hand actionsnotsupported,individual,evennonregulatoryandsecretones. The inhabitants are continuing in spite of all to invest their city and do not accept that the natural process of appropriation of space may be stopped indefinitely. We will try to expose theconflictualsituationofachangingCityinsidenumerousandvariedissues,aswellasstakes andchallenges.

Keywords|
urbanmorphology,colonialimpact,postcolonialchanges,builtheritage

103

MAJAPLIANI,PhDstudent,TeachingAssistant
TheFacultyofEducationinSarajevo,majasiric@gmail.com

ASOCIETYOFSPECTACLEANDARCHITECTURE
GASOMETERCITYVIENNA

Abstract|
The city of Vienna recognizes its industrial zone, in which there are abandoned and protected Gasometers, as an important development potential. In 1995, a decision was passed on their reusage, assigning new functions to them in accordance with the needs of contemporary society. Architectural stars use individual practice to create an urban multiplex through the logic of diversity and fragmentation of the inside, while integrating the outside. This urban multiplex spectacular appearance matches the contemporary supermodern worldviews. There are a lot of functions inside Gasometercity, housing as the primary function which is considered by many to be the backbone of urban development. The project of the regeneration of this industrial zone which had become a vital point of identification in no mans land on Viennese outskirts, caused a lot of controversies when it comes to the confrontationofconcepts,contextsandcontents.Intentionofthispaperistofindanswers:Is it necessary to house peopleinside gas tanks?!; Is architecture of spectacle the only real and possible way in this complex relationship the plan the capital the public interest!?. The paper itself also deals with the eternal question of formfunction relation, as well as with the identity of place, of which this cultural heritage site was paradoxically freed. In the end Mrduljas thesis that architecture can act as a protector of public interest only if it maintains the integrity of a culturally useful discipline which understands the context within it acts is confirmed,andthiswasdefinitelynotthecasewithGasometercity.

Keywords|
architectureofspectacle,Gasometercity,industrialheritage,housing,urbanplanning

104

MIRAMILAKOVI,TeachingAssistant
FacultyofArchitecture,UniversityofBelgrade,mira.milakovic@gmail.com

MILENAVUKMIROVI,TeachingAssistant
FacultyofArchitecture,UniversityofBelgrade,milena.vukmirovic@arh.bg.ac.rs

DrEVAVANITALAZAREVI,Professor
FacultyofArchitecture,UniversityofBelgrade,eval@eunet.rs

WALKINGINAUTOMOBILECITY
CASESTUDY:NEWBELGRADE

Abstract|
Viewedfromtheaspectofmediology,theinventionofautomobileisoneofthekeychaptersof mankind development, which begins with the design of internal combustion engine. As a revolutionary invention of its time, it isnotsurprising that number of ideas were inspired by it. Seen from the perspective of urban design, it refers to the ideas of modern movement that haveentiresetofdesignrulesadoptedtotheautomobileanditsspeedofmovement. The actual period is characterized by the use of the nomad devices, based on the invention of themicroprocessor.Thosedevicesenablethecompressionofspaceandtime,whichledtothe reevaluation of the ways people work, live, travel, spend leisure time, etc. However, the negative environmental impacts of combustion in different sectors are alarming. This has resultedintheriseofnewmovementswiththesameaimtocreateanurbanenvironmentthat corresponds to the principles of sustainable development. In addition, the tendency is reductionofprivatecarsusageinfavourofsustainablemodesoftransport.Thepriorityisgiven towalking. Architects and urban designers are seen as actors whose activities will be focused on creating an urban environment suitable to the needs of both pedestrians and citizens. Additional importance is reflected in the fact that such environment will also contribute to enhancement of the city liveability. Thus, the paper will present the characteristics of 60km/h as well as 5km/harchitecturalapproaches.Seenasspatialstructurebuiltonthemoderndesignprinciples convenient to illustrate 60km/h approach, the case study will be New Belgrade. On the other hand, contemporary transformations and experiences seek examinations of another type of view: the citizens view about quality and the possibilities for walking in this kind of environment.

Keywords|
Walking,5km/happroach,60km/happroach,Automobilecity,NewBelgrade

105

CRISTINAPALLINI,Seniorresearcher
PolitecnicodiMilano,cristinapallini@email.com

ARCHITECTUREANDCITYRECONSTRUCTIONATSALONICA ANDIZMIR,19121936

Abstract|
Between 1912 and 1936 ageold East Mediterranean ports like Salonica and Izmir became a terrain par excellence for implementation of reconstruction plans. Both cities were destroyed by fire and rebuilt to become a manifesto of newly formed nationstates: Greece and Turkey. French experts, together with local professionals trained in Western Europe, played a leading part in envisaging which profound changes in the citys physical structure could favour a rapid improvement of its operational efficiency. However, while plans were put into execution after many revisions, proposals for a university, trade fairs, schools and museums became priority projectsforfosteringanewsocialedifice,andanewcollectiveidentity.

Keywords|
Salonica,Izmir,townplanning,reconstruction,university,tradefair

106

DrHURIYEGRDALLI,Professor
NearEastUniversity,hgurdalli@neu.edu.tr,narhanim6@gmail.com

DrUMUTKOLDAS,AssistantProfessor
CyprusInternationalUniversity,ukoldas@ciu.edu.tr,ukoldas@yahoo.com

COLUMNSOFCOLONIALISM:
REPRESENTATIONOFPOLITICALPOWERINTHEOFFICIALBUILDINGSOF BRITISHRULEINCOLONIALCYPRUS

Abstract|
British colonial rule had a significant influence on sociospatial infrastructure, architectural design,andurbanplanningofCyprus.ThearchitecturalhistoryofCyprusundertheBritishrule can be traced through analysis of three periods. The first period witnessed the rejection of the preexistent dominant architectural styles as the native forms of architectural identity of the island. In this respect, the British urban planners conducted surveys of Cyprus and developed alternative architectural and urban designs in order to transform sociospatial infrastructure in the island during this period by undermining the predominant Ottoman style and its vernacularderivatives. The second period started in 1920s and lasted in early 1950s. Architectural design of this era was shaped by the increasing prosperity of the British rule due to maritime trade, concerns of British rulers about consolidating their political power in the island as well as discarding the waves of Cypriot nationalisms, which could challenge their authority in the island. Therefore the British architectural practices and urban planning policies turned to the local architectural styles and reflected the Cypriot mlange that was composed of Byzantine, Medieval Venetian and Lusignan, Ottoman and the colonial characteristics. The final stage of British colonial rule took place between the early 1950s and 1960. This period was characterized by the challenge of the Cypriot nationalism against the islands colonizer. Notwithstanding some remarkableimprovementsintheurbanplanningandarchitecturalstyles,thisperiodwitnessed a significant decrease in the colonial architectural activities due to the increasing unrest and politicalinstabilityintheisland. Among various other architectural practices, construction of administrative official buildings had been an important indicator of change and continuity in the colonial architectural philosophy in different periods of the British rule. This study aims to explore representation of power in the official buildings which were constructed in Cyprus during the colonial period under the rule of British Empire between 1878 and 1960. Referring to constructed buildings, archival documents, interviews with the architectural historians and the architects of the time the paper will analyze the changes and continuities in the architectural policies, forms, designs andpracticesinthedifferentperiodsofBritishcolonialruleintheisland.

Keywords|
British Colonialism, Cyprus, architectural designs, urban planning, official buildings, representationofpower 107

JELENAIVKOVI,AssistantProfessor
FacultyofArchitectureUniversityofBelgrade,j_zivkovic@ptt.rs

KSENIJALALOVI,AssistantProfessor
FacultyofArchitectureUniversityofBelgrade,ksenija.lalovic@gmail.com

ZORANUKANOVI,AssistantProfessor
FacultyofArchitectureUniversityofBelgrade,duke@arh.bg.ac.rs

ECOLOGYINPUBLICOPENSPACEPLANNINGANDDESIGN
SCIENCE,PHILOSOPHYORIDEOLOGY?

Abstract|
Today, at the beginning of the 21st century, ecology is not "only" a science or a rationale for "green" philosophies and political actions. Due to global recognition of environmental crisis, and the role that cities play in it, ecologically sound urban development became institutionalized. "Ecology" becomes a buzzword for urban development and "reimaging" the cities in competition for new inhabitants and investments. It starts to be interpreted as a new planninganddesignideology. Being a place where urban and natural systems meet and interact, public open spaces are important both as a reflection of environmental problems and as a part of their solution. Besidestheirecologicalimportance,publicopenspaceshavevariousrolesinurbanlifeandare constituents of urban identity. As well, as a social scene, they are places of special importance for the social and cultural interaction and integration. This multifaceted nature of public space keeps open the debate on the quality of public space, and the role that ecology should play it theirplanninganddesign. This paper aims to contribute to the debate by using case study methodology to explore the ways in which ecology conceptually relates to public open space planning and design and by critically evaluating material consequences of this relations. We argue that the way the meaning and content of ecology is conceptualized, shapes the way it is integrated in planning and design theory, which consequently, shape our urban environment. Since ecology as a science evolves over time, it is important to keep its relation to planning and design open for new interpretations. Therefore, ecology should not be integrated to public space planning and designasa"solution"butasawayofapproachingpublicspacequalityproblems.Interpretedin that way, integration of ecology to planning and design theory opens up the space for creative practice.

Keywords|
publicopenspace,ecology,science,philosophy,ideology

108

ANAKRINILOZICA,JuniorResearcher
MuseumofArchitectureoftheCroatianAcademyofSciencesandArts,aklozica@gmail.com

THECITYWITHOUTAFLANEUR
Abstract|

Shopping centers are a symptom of the changes that mark the transition from modern to postmodern city whose landscape is formed by social, economic, and ideological factors characteristic of late capitalism. This study will deal with shopping centers in Zagreb the phenomenon that set its mark on the second half of the 20th century, in Zagreb emerges as late as in the 1990s. Through the phenomenon of shopping centers, I will trace radically changed processes of deciding about urban space where the real estate market, in collusion with the interests of investors, has replaced the modernist conception of urban planning as being the outcome of academic analysis and rationally planned development. Malls are unavoidable objects in the landscape shaped by the market and the interests of private investors, which is characterized by the desire for the city to be transformed as a whole, for it to be revitalised as a source of added value. Through comparison of typology of shopping centers in the city and those located in the outskirts of town, alongside road hubs or major urban thoroughfares, and of the type of facilities that they offer, I will try to answer the following questions: Can a shoppingcenteroperateas a vital centre of acommunity, and what kind of social space does it create? In what ways class stratification, implosion and fragmentationofpublicspace,carriedoutbytheshoppingcenters,transformlocalpracticesof usingandexperiencingpublicspace?.

Keywords|
Shoppingcenter,postmoderncity,publicspace,socialstratification,urbanplanning,flaneur

109

NATHALIEJOSEPHINEVONMLLENDORFF,PhDstudent
InstituteofArtHistory,UniversityofBern;nj.v.moellendorff@gmail.com

BUILDINGTHECITYONPROPAGANDA
URBANDEVELOPMENTINPOSTWARBERLIN.BETWEENTHEIDEOLOGIESOF EASTANDWEST

Abstract|
This paper focuses on how architecture and the urban development of Berlin in the 1950s reflect the ideology of the two German states. I will investigate how architecture functions politically as propaganda, both in theory and practice, by examining two outstanding and historicallyconnectedexamplesonoppositesidesoftheIronCurtain:theHansaviertelandthe Frankfurter Allee. By the end of the Second World War, Berlin was the most decimated city in Germany with little architectural evidence of its imperial and fascist past. Only 12.6% (Friedrichshain)to6%(Hansaviertel)ofthebuildingswereconsideredreconstructableafterthe bombardment. Both quarters of the city are situated on the same axis, which had been consideredonemajorstreetsincethereignofKingFrederickIofPrussia(ruled17011713).His idea was to connect the two summer residences of the Hohenzollern family Charlottenburg and Friedrichsfelde with the main residence, the city castle. After 1945, it was agreed that this axis should be rebuilt first and foremost to be the shining symbol of a revived democratic and modernGermany. The separation of the Western Allies and the Soviets, which induced the Berlin Blockade in 1948,dividedthecitypoliticallyandideologically.Theaxisbecamehosttoanacrimoniousfight in architectural propaganda. The new government in the East neglected the previously approvedplansforurbanreconstructionintheBauhausstyle.Acollectiveofarchitects,leadby Hermann Henselmann, was chosen to rebuild the Frankfurter Allee as a boulevard of the people in the Stalinist style, leading directly to Moscow geographically and ideologically. To generate the idea of the collective, the Workers Palaces were built directly by the German people. West Berlin was desperate to construct a counterpart to the Frankfurter Allee by rebuilding the Hansaviertel. An international contest, the Interbau, was chosen to select 48 architects from 13 countries who could best create the western ideal of international, modern urban living by housing individuals in a style drawing from both urbanism and nature, constructing a City of Tomorrow in the styles between International Modernism and early Brutalism.Thechoiceofcontrastingarchitecturalstyles,theframeworkofdifferentiatedurban planning, the way of organisation, i.e. collective team vs. international contest, and the documentation by the media reveals clear ideological propaganda of the two adverse political systemsinthedifferingarchitecturalapproachesandstylesinEastandWestBerlin..

Keywords|
Berlin,ColdWar,Propaganda,Stalinism,Internationalism 110

DUKOBAI,PhDstudent
MunicipalityNoviGradSarajevo,basicaid@hotmail.com

POSTULATESOFTHEURBANISMINTHENAZISGERMANY
Abstract|

NSDAP was created like movement with autocratic leadership that has absorbed a large amount of other ideas and movements represented a cross section of society 20ies. This appliestothebasicguidelinesforspatialplanningandurbandesignthataffectsallseenbefore. However there are certain specifics that are unique or signs to consider. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the relevance of the six settings, their crossover to the concept of ideal city. The first setting is antiurbanism created in response of create "Metropolis" and poor urban standardsofbigcity.SecondsettingisFirercitieswherethecitycoreservedastheexperiment to create a new center changing its layout, purpose and function. The third setting is the continuing influence of the modern arhitecture, whitch is not rejected but presented it to the appropriate projects: through housing projects, industrial zones and building projects for tourism. The fourth setting is the new industrial cities. This kind of city has developed a conceptual synthesis of the first three settings, all in the form of "garden cities". The fifth settingistheimpactofmodernconceptofairwar.Thefactthatcitiescouldbewipedoutinan air attack was known in the mid 30's, led to the planning of cities to have any chance of survival. Sixth is setting an aggressive space policy conducted by the technical wing of the SS. This setting include the concentration camp role of to building up economies of the other settings. In reality, most cities in Germany were a combination of these settings, mixed with the existing cities matrix. Even the biggest project made by Speer and Hitler's Welthuptstadt Germanianotplannedasauniquesetting.SynthesisofthesesettingsistheIdealNazicity,one chimerawhobalancesbetweenthesmallcommunityprojectsandHitler'sgrandiosecity.

Keywords|
Nazi Urban design (Stdtebau), Ideal Nazi city, Albert Speer, Adolf Hitler, Fhrer cities (Fhrerstadt),Antiurbanism

111

MScTATJANABABI,TeachingAssistant
UniversityofNoviSad,FacultyofTechnicalSciences,tanja.b.babic@gmail.com

RENATABALZAM,PhDstudent
UniversityofNoviSad,FacultyofTechnicalSciences,renata.balzam@gmail.com

DrMILENAKRKLJE,AssistantProfessor
UniversityofNoviSad,FacultyofTechnicalSciences,milena.krkljes@gmail.com

CONSTANCYANDCHANGESINARCHITECTUREUNDERTHE INFLUENCEOFDIFFERENTIDEOLOGIES
ACASESTUDYOFTHEMARSHALLINGSTATIONCOMPLEXINNOVISAD

Abstract|
Different periods in history brought the different ideological matrix. Their significance and influence were reflected not only through the articulation of social reality, but also in applying modern technologies on the functional, programmatic and structural characteristics of buildings. Planning in urban environment was determined by the spirit of the time (Zeitgeist) and ideological frames which varied from the inherited and conservative to the new and progressive. Observed from the perspective of space and time, it can be noticed that some specific architectural and urban compositions were the focal points in cities in the period of theircreation.Despitethefunctionaltransformationthosebuildingshaveundergone,theystill remain symbols of their time, but with contemporary and progressive ideological determinants. This paper investigates and critically analyses constancy and changes in architecture under the influence of ideological matrices during the 20th and at the beginning of the 21st century. In thepattwentyyears,NoviSadhasgonethroughnumeroustransformations,withtheobjective to activate and regenerate the devastated areas and buildings. Constant technological development, urban transformation and changes in social organisation were crucial for the changeoftherolethatMarshallingstationcomplexhadinthecity.Thiscasestudyexaminesits role in the historic development of the city as well as its possibilities to follow the trends in architecture nowadays, with an inclination to analyse whether the tendencies of architectural revitalisation might turn it into a generator of a modern and culturally conscious society. The aim of the paper is to stress the importance of the values of these resources, the regeneration ofwhichcouldfurtherthedevelopmentofanewurbanandregionalcharacter.

Keywords|
constancyandchangeinarchitecture,ideologicalforms,railfacilities,centresofcultureandart, relationshipbetweenformandfunction

112

DrNATAADANILOVIHRISTI
UrbanPlanningInstituteofBelgrade,natasa.danilovic@urbel.com

LIFEORDEATHOFURBANSLUMS
DIFFERENTURBANMANAGINGPOLICIES

Abstract|
The constant expand of urban population, specially due to migrations, forms city slums, the settlementsofurbanpovertythatcannotcomplywithofficialstandardsofconstruction,safety or hygiene. The dualism of the city, its bright lights, power and world of opportunities on one side, and distress and misery on the other, sometimes is obvious, neighboring each other, meeting on everyday bases. Fifty years ago, informal dwellings of poor were perceived as transitory, it was assumed they would become unnecessary with economic takeoff, but slums continued to grow. According to UN Habitat, about 840 million people lived in slums in 2005 and the figure will likely grow to 2 billion by 2030. The poor habitants are often completely excluded from access to basic services like health care, education, employment or right to vote. They are forced to gain a livelihood in hard and usually illegitimate way, associated with criminal act of trafficking. The concept of slum (favela, shanty town, tent city, township, ghetto etc.) is considered particularly as broad range of dwellings, from those made of cardboard, wood and shed metal to several stores abandoned tenures occupied by squatters. However, managing slums all over the worlds cities differs, from eviction and cleansing,togoodgovernance that provides public housing scheme andworking together with citizens on upgrading the living conditions. Some of the poor suburbs became popular tourist destinations; they mapped themselves by offering totally new and exciting experiences, tasty cuisine,vividclublifeandcreativeculturalevents.

Keywords|
slums,poverty,migration,exclusion,eviction,upgrading

113

ALEKSANDARKUIPhDstudent
FacultyofArchitecture,UniversityofBelgrade,aleksandar.kusic@gmail.com

DESIREANDDUPLICITY:LESSONSOFTHEPAST
Abstract|

The settlement of New Belgrade has witnessed in the past two decades a feverish activity aimed at acquisition and exploitation of land previously unoccupied during the reign of Yugoslav socialism. Postsocialist Capital has proven keen on turning space, the realm of the commonintheideologyofsocialism,intoacommodityexchangedthroughthefabricofprivate property. Yet for all of their embeddedness in times that followed the collapse of socialist federation, these events are viewed today as called upon in the later periods of this very same Yugoslav socialism. Supposedly part of a stance that left the embrace of ideology never to returnthisaddressingwasdefinedmostclearlyinthestudyIskustvaprolosti[Lessonsofthe Past], published in 1985. The study was conceptualized as an allout rejection of the Athens Charter principles, viewed as implemented in an unmediated fashion throughout the spaces of New Belgrade settlement. Approaching the study from the standpoint of the Lacanian theory the paper aims to show that it speaks not only of a successful operationof ideologicalquilting, but also of a prophesized arrival of new points of authority, one of politics, and the other of economics. Acting as a medium that teaches how to desire a pact with the Politician and the Capitalist, the study is seen as being doubly let down by its outcome as the paper clearly demonstratesthroughtheexamplesofpostsocialist,capitalistrampage.

Keywords|
Ideology,Master,Late/PostSocialism,NewBelgrade,LessonsofthePast

114

OFITAPURWANI,PhDstudent
EdinburghCollegeofArts,UniversityofEdinburgh,lecturerinSebelasMaretUniversity,Indonesia

THEPOWEROFMONARCHSANDURBANMORPHOLOGY
ACASESTUDYOFJAVANESECITIES

Abstract|
This paper deals with how power relations of the stakeholders of a city can influence urban morphology. I compare the Javanese cities,Yogyakarta and Surakarta which are considered as the locus of Javanese culture. They share similar history, which dates back to the 18th century Mataram kingdom and there remain two monarchs in each city despite the presence of the state government. However, both cities have different status after Indonesian independence which relates highly to the status of the monarchs. Yogyakarta was granted a special status in which the territory of the two monarchs before Indonesian Independence is recognised and considered to be on a similar level to a province and the king of major court and the prince of theminorcourtareautomaticallyappointedgovernorandvicegovernorofthatspecialregion. Surakarta, in contrast is only recognised as a city, governed by the state. The monarchs in Surakarta are only recognised to have cultural importance and their property is being appropriated by the state. This has resulted in a difference in power relations in both cities. In thispaper,Iwillfocusonhowthisdifferenceisbeingtranslatedinthebuiltenvironment.Since the 18th century both cities grew out from the palace and settlement around it, following a hierarchical pattern. The layout of both were mostly similar. After Indonesian Independence, thedifferenceofpowerrelationscanbeseenparticularlyintheactivationoftheoldtownsand the preference of government in the development. The urban layout of Yogyakarta remains centred in the old town, preserving the cosmological axis previously used to legitimate the king, while the layout of Surakarta has several focuses, the major court and minor court palaces,andanarteryroadbetweenthem.

Keywords|
Javanesecities,power,monarch,urbanmorphology,ideology

115

JACQUELINEMAURER,BA
UniversityofBasel/Switzerland,jacqueline.maurer@stud.unibas.ch

PERCEPTIONOFURBANPLANNINGANDARCHITECTURE ORIGINATEDINFASCISTITALY.E42ROMAE.U.R.
Abstract|
In 1942 Italy planned the Universal Exhibition E 42 which wanted to present the progressive country under its fascist regime. In comparison to previous world exhibitions with their provisional pavilions, the urban project of E 42 wanted to introduce the Fourth Rome as a permanent ideological and tactical site leading to the sea. Whilst German National Socialism had forced the foreclosure of Bauhaus, in Italy rationalism was highly thought of as it also aimed for the production and representation of a new man. In spite of this fact traditionalist architecture was finally favoured for the urban and architectural face of E 42. Adalberto Libera was the only rationalist architect for E 42 who managed to win the competition for the Palazzo dei Ricevimenti e Congressi, where rationalist architectural concepts are interestingly combined with traditionalist ones. Due to the Second World War building activity of E 42 had to be cancelled but some of the projects were eventually completed in the 1950s. Finally the quarter, under the Fascist regime planned to be the Olimpiade della Civilt, could show itself to the world during the Olympic Summer Games in 1960, for which additional buildings were constructed. Still today coming from central Rome to the modern E.U.R., as the quarter was renamed already under Mussolini, visitors are exposed to a completely different atmosphereofthecitywithitsmonumentalbuildings,widestreetsandclearperspectives.The drain grates are still marked with E.42, analogous to those in the centre with their S.P.Q.R. (Senatus Populusque Romanus), as a reminder of Roman Antiquity. A certain bar called E.42 isdecoratedwitholdphotographsthatshowthebuildingsites,andthewebsiteofEURS.p.A. does not even mention E.U.R.s fascist origin. This paper will present the major urban plans and executed projects for E 42/E.U.R. and discuss questions about the achievements and the criticalperceptionofthisoriginallyideologicalurbanproject.

Keywords|
Italy,Fascism,E42/E.U.R.,urbanism,architecture,perception

116

NEVENKAKNEEVILUKI,CIspec.
TheAcademyofCriminalisticScience,nevenka.kl@kpa.edu.rs

DrALEKSANDRALJUTINA
TheAcademyofCriminalisticScience,aleksadra.ljustina@kpa.edu.rs

HARMONYANDCONFLICTBETWEENTHEIDEOLOGYOF SECURITYANDARCHITECTURE

Abstract|
Security is always present category of human society and one of the basic human needs that every human individual seeks to satisfy in their physical and social environment. The role of architecture would be to provide the optimum conditions of organized space as a frame of life and human activities and communities. Every social order, historicaly seen, was faced with various forms of threats and developed its security and protection mechanisms. In an effort to maintain and last, in an attempt to reach a certain level of security in various forms of social order (from slavery through feudal to the capitalist, industrial, socialist, democratic,) sociology of these historical forms of society had a great influence on architecture that appeared in a specific historical period different architectural concepts were created diametrically as a result of the impact of specific social characteristics of the social community. Seen from a modernpointofview,theerroneousconclusionisoftenbroughtthatthesecuritymeasuresof modern technological systems are added to the facilities, which is wrong. The security measures are very old as a concept and in implementation: a strategy of prevention, rejection, detection and surveillance were the factors in shaping the built environment through the history of human settlement. Between security, as one of the basic human needs and architecture, as a spatial framework in which all human activities take place in order to meet them, there is an unbreakable bond and interdependences between. The development of modern society and new forms of threats, an increased level of crime, public protests and demonstrations, terrorist attacks particularly, resulted in a different approach to the design of publicspacesthroughtheapplicationofthetheoryofcrimepreventionthroughenvironmental designandprovidesthearchitectureapowerfulroleincreatingasafespaces.

Keywords|
security,architecture,space,society,power,crime

117

MILICAVUJOEVI,MA
InstituteofArchitectureandUrban&SpatialPlanningofSerbia,milicavujosevic@yahoo.com

MARKOSTOJANOVI,Student
FacultyofPhilosophy,UniversityofBelgrade,marko.pr.asa@gmail.com

FINANCIALIMPACTONARCHITECTUREOFBELGRADEBANKS NOWANDTHAN

Abstract|
Banks have formerly attracted clients with monumentality of their buildings, which were supposed to show the power of the specific financial institution and to inspire peoples confidence to safely leave their money to them. Today, in light of modern technology, banks are advertised through communication media, which are found just about everywhere except on the banks faade. But, regardless of that, bank buildings havent lost much of its representativeness. Subject of this paper is to analyze the impact of financial power on the architecture of banks in Belgrade, from the beginning of last century until today. Analysis of their architecture, location and selection of the architect is trying to point out the similarities and differences between banks operating in the period between the two world wars with the banks that are being built in Belgrade now. The contribution of this paper is in presentation of the factors that affect the appearance of the financial institutions buildings, as well as to give guidelinesthatcanbeusedindesigningneworrefurbishmentofexistingbuildingsforabank.

Keywords|
influence,power,finance,banks,architecture,facade,style

118

GHASSANJ.ALBASRI,MSc,SeniorLecturer
Dept.OfArchitectureUniversityOfTechnologyBaghdad/Iraq.galbasry@yahoo.com

IDEOLOGYOFRELIGIOUSRITUALSANDTHEIRIMPACTON CITYURBANFABRIC
CASESTUDY(KARBALACITY)

Abstract|
Religious tourism is the most prominent feature of contemporary tourism in Iraq since centuries, due to the great impact of Islamic ideology and its multiple implications on ground, and the existence of many important religious and sacred shrines which are attracting a great mass of visitors from many countries and Iraqi cities all around the year. Recently in some occasions numerous amount of people exceeds 7 million are there in the city of Karbala where the most important shrines are there , these masses of people are of a great impact sincetheyneedtobeneartheshrinein/outwithinanarea0.5sq.km..Withalltherequired issues such as amenity, security logistics and socioreligious interaction between people etc.. And if we believe that architecture is a spatial manifestation of social ideology that can be dissected to reveal the underlying vocabularies of this ideology, we can find a series of many architecturalandurbantreatmentsonminorandmajorscalethatreflectsthat. This paper explores the impact of this culturalreligious ideology ceremonials on the city: its morphologicalfabric,Planning,landuse,transportationandothertopics,andwhatprocedures are required from us as planners and architects in order to ascertain the implications it holds for understanding how to secure a meaningful religious tourism. Demonstrating that the current system is in need to an overall assessment and improvement in Karbala city as a case study,focusingontheimpactonurbanandmasterplanningprocess,andhowtoadoptapolicy that can be implemented as much as possible on other cities taking in consideration the local factorsthatwillappearongroundthere.

Keywords|
citymorphologyurbanfabricmasterplanningreligioustourismIslamicideology,master planning

119

ALEKSANDARBRKI,PhDstudent
FacultyofDramaticArts,UniversityofArtinBelgrade,japundz@gmail.com

ALEKSANDRAPETERAC,PhDstudent
Researcher,FacultyofTechnicalSciences,UniversityofNoviSad,cacinger@gmail.com

DRAGANAPILIPOVI,PhDstudent
Reasercher,FacultyofTechnicalSciences,UniversityofNoviSad,draganans81@gmail.com

CULTURALHOUSESANDCULTURALCENTERS:
TERMINOLOGY,IDEOLOGYANDCULTURALPOLICY

Abstract|
By mapping polyvalent objects intended for cultural and educational activities within the territory of the Republic of Serbia, we are faced with the problem of determining the correct terminology for these buildings which most often get classified among Cultural Houses or Cultural Centers. By analyzing study cases of certain cultural establishments, through a genealogical and typological analysis we come across an accuracy that is tied to the linkage of the ideological direction of the state or certain social happenings and the renaming of these buildings/institutions. The goal of this project is to utilize the latter study cases in order to explain and terminologically clarify the names of these structures, as well as classify them and connect them to a broader sociopolitical and cultural context that have influenced their transformation, as well as the strategy of cultural policy in which these Cultural Houses/Cultural Centers play a significant role. In addition, this study will also aim to explain their positioning in relation to a rural or urban characteristic of the environment in which they findthemselves.

Keywords|
Culturalhouse,CulturalCenter,terminology,ideology,typology,culturalpolicy

120

DrMILANIKOLI,AssistantProfessor
FacultyofTechnicalSciences,UniversityofNoviSad,mila.nikolic@gmail.com

CULTUREANDIDEOLOGYINTHECITYSTRUCTURE
FROMCULTURALACROPOLISTOCITYOFKNOWLEDGE

Abstract|
Museum has a special place in the power structure, and a special place in the structure of the city.Myresearchshowsthatthatplacetodayisinthemuseumcluster.Inthecluster,however, do not lie only the future and the development potentials of the museum, but the history of thecityandtheshiftsofpoliticalandurbanisticideologiescanbereadthroughit.Themuseum cluster represents an urbanistic, or an ideological manifesto, expressing the most elevated strivingsintheconstructionofthecityandoftheimagewhichasocietywantstodisplayabout itself. It reflects urban models of different periods: the past ones, in reused representative buildingsandcomplexes,andthoseprevailingatthetimeoftheircreation,intheclustersbuilt specificallyforthatpurpose.Thisconveystothemuseumlandscapetheycreateanexceptional educational capacity, while constant changes in the museum cluster and in the use of its spaces,primarily public, increase the complexity of this issue andpointout also thechanges in thecontemporarysocietyandideologies. Thus the museum also confirms its privileged position in the major urban theories and utopias of the 20th century. The museum cluster, as a global phenomenon of the physical concentration of museum institutions, architectures and contents, and with them of the spirit of the city, time and knowledge, introduces a sense and order in the system of museums and the system of the city. Inscribed at the same time in the pragmatic schemes and idealistic tradition of urbanism, it extends the idea of locus genii and psychogeographic principles to the contemporary city, and gives them a new strength in the context of the knowledgebased society and of an unprecedented urbanization. From the museum cluster, I indicate the actual changesinthepublicspaceandinthepublicsphereingeneral,andshownewmodels,useand impactoftheculturallandscapeinthereprogrammingandreshapingofthecity.

Keywords|
museum,cluster,contemporarycity,publicspace,locusgenii

121

DrSUATABUK,AssociateProfessor
Karabkniversity,suatcabuk@hotmail.com

MELTEMZKANALTINZ,PhDstudent
MiddleEastTechnicalUniversity,meltemozkan@gmail.com

SHIFTINGIDEOLOGIESINTIMESANDSPACES:ACASE STUDYFROMKARABK,TURKEY

Abstract|
Karabk city was established in the northwest Anatolia in 1937 as a result of ironsteel factories investment. The industrial setting would transform a small section of a village to an affluent and selfsufficient city in a few years. Rapidly, the city became a heart of the young Turkish Republic which formulated ironsteel industry as a demonstration of its technological and economic advance. Not only are the factories formulated by Republican ideology, but also its urban setting. The factory workers residence crisis was solved with a plan of Yenisehir that was set up by the famous French architectcity planner Henri Prost. The plan was formulated with a hierarchical setting according to workers ranks. In addition, social infrastructure mechanism was added to this urban formulation to create a prosperous living environment. However, Yenisehir, which is the only, planned and early modern settlement of Karabuk that has been urbanized unhealthily in time reached its population from 100 to 100.000. The area has been facing a destruction process in recent years with various reasons, although houses were in a good condition and lived inside. On opposed to the reactions from scientificandprofessionalcommunitythesedestructionscouldnotbeprevented. In this paper, Karabk Yenisehir settlements spatial alteration will be analyzed. Notably, the study will focus on shifting ideologies of the Turkish Republic where building and demolishing processes perfectly expose changing social and political agenda of the Republic in different timeperiods.

Keywords|
KarabukYenisehir;IronandSteelFactories;SpatialTransformation;Architecture;Urban Planning;Ideology

122

CLAUDIACELSI,PhDstudent
UniversitySapienzaofRome,PhDschoolofArchitectureandbuildingspaceandsociety,claudia.celsi@gmail.com

BIGUNITARYBUILDINGSFORHOUSING
REASONSFORTHEPROJECTOFTHECOLLECTIVESPACE

Abstract|
Today's necessity to speak about the relationship between architecture and ideology depends on the progressive leaving of the architectural discipline from its necessary operative reasons: the idea and the form. This progressive leaving has provoked that the collective value of the architecture degenerates into a communicative vehicle and into a purely aesthetic result, and has provoked also the degeneration of the individual sphere, which is intended only as a privateinterest.Suchdegenerationsflowinthefallofthecollectivesenseofthecitywithinthe individual and collective sphere necessarily coexist, giving themselves a reason through the identification and the denomination of a selected place and the peculiar values that it communicates. The return of the interest towards the ideology marks the possibility to rejoin the two necessary operative reasons through their mutual neutralization process and to bring the discourse on the architecture as collective art. It condenses the creative act and the reference topermanentandrecognizable systems. Ideologyas the foundationof thecollective character of the architecture also effectively counteracts the dispersion process of the contemporarymetropolis,andacceptstherealreasonsofthesettlements. The big unitary buildings for housing are considered as the immediate translation of the contrastbetweenthebasicneedoflivingandthebasicneedofsociality;thiscontrasttakesthe limitvalue between urban scale and architectural scale, that fixes three different levels of reading. The first one focuses on the relation of the internal character of the building; the second one investigates the theme of the limit scale of the building compared to the city; the thirdoneconsidersthebuildinginitscomplexity,inordertodetermineanimageofcityinthe city or other city, or rather as formal representations of ideas aimed at improvement of living. This considerations about the great urban artifact for housing leads to an image or a meta project that could be considered a representation of an idea about the relationship between collectivehousingandthecitytheurbanmonastery..

Keywords|
Bigunitarybuildingsforcollectivehousing;Collectivespace;Morphology;Project; Representation;Urbanmonastery

123

MONIKAJOVANOVI,PhDstudent
Interdisciplinarystudies,UniversityofArtsinBelgrade,monika.z.jovanovic@gmail.com

TYPOLOGICALPATTERNSOFHOUSINGANDPUBLIC STRUCTURESDERIVINGFROMIDEOLOGY
Abstract|
Inthispapermyfocuswillbeontherelationbetweenbiopoliticsandarchitectureaswellason the role of architecture in forming national, racial, class, political, behavioural, moral, and familyidentitiesandcodes. Architecture as an interdisciplinary political social science and practice is determined by relations and synthesis between humanities, technical sciences, designing, building and planning. By developing and acquiring complexity of its own language within historical and geographical societies in which it emerges, architecture is not just an indicator of a certain societys situation, but one of the primary constituents of its relations and regulations (Pojmovnik teorije umetnosti, uvakovi, 2011.). Therefore, based on the architectural language of a historical moment, regarding existing or nonexisting typological patterns by which it is made, it is possible to do an analysis of the overall structure of society of that moment. Leaning on the theoretical platform of Michel Foucault (1978.), Hannah Arendt (1958.) and Tamara orevi (2010.) I will analyse the typological patterns of the middle class family housing in western Europe throughout the 20th century, towards emerging typological patterns of today with the aim of acknowledging the transformation of the structure of the middleclassfamilyanditseventualdisappearance. By identifying the present language of architecture of capitalist society in housing typologies I will identify architectures biopolitical function in forming contemporary private life and everydayreality.

Keywords|
biopolitics,architecture,housingtypology,privatelife,familyidentitiesandcodes

124

MARKOLAZI,TeachingAssistant
FacultyofTechnicalScience,NoviSad,arhitektura@live.com

ANAPERII,TeachingAssistant
FacultyofTechnicalScience,NoviSad,arhitektura@windowslive.com

DRPREDRAGIANIN,Professor
FacultyofTechnicalScience,NoviSad,mp_art@eunet.rs

TALLBUILDINGSINBELGRADEANDNOVISAD
INFRAMEWORKOFIDEOLOGY,HISTORYANDTHEIRFUNCTIONALITY

Abstract|
Tall buildings represent an important part of the city, its urban morphology, and also they are very important for the visual identity of the city. Depending on the ideology, throughout the course of history of architecture, different types of buildings are built to be the tallest ones in the city. With a rise and fall of various ideologies and political systems, there have been significant changes in understanding and usage of these structures. There are many examples of this in the most recognizable cities in the world (global level) and also in Serbia (local level). The main goal of this research is to analyze these buildings in framework of ideology, history, symbolism, their purpose and their content. The buildings analyzed are built in 20th and 21st century. First,they areanalyzed on theglobal level ofthe world,and then on the local level by a number of examples of these buildings in Belgrade and Novi Sad. The results show that tall buildingsarecurrentlyintrends,butalsotherearesomecontradictionsrelatedtothem.Inthe analyzed cities in Serbia very few buildings of this type are built in past decades. The most of existingonesrepresentsoldideologies,whicharesurpassed.

Keywords|
skyscrapers, tall buildings, Belgrade skyscrapers, Novi Sad skyscrapers, city symbols, tall buildingsfunctionality

125

MILOMIHAJLOVI,PhDstudent
FacultyofArchitecture,UniversityofBelgrade,milos_arh@yahoo.co.uk

COASTALADAPTATIONTOCLIMATECHANGE
AWAYTOACHIEVINGTHEPAARADIGMOFBELGRADE'SDESCENTTOTHERIVERS

Abstract|
The specific position of Belgrade at the confluence of the rivers Sava and Danube, as a development potential has never been sufficiently used. Long has Belgrades descent to the riverbanksbeenjustastatementinstoriesandplans,andemphasishasbeenputonthistopic only on ocassions that were neither of architectural nor planning nature. In this paper, the existing problems will be examined from the perspective of struggle and adaptation to climate change, taking into consideration the guidelines of the responsible climate planning, as well as possible results of their application. The necessity of finding new solutions, as well as the responsible climate change planning application are the reality of today. Such processes have been initiated and have been ongoing in many cities in the world, while they are inevitable on our land and will be a huge opportunity for the final development of the coastal area of Belgrade, the prosperity of the city as a whole, as well as for the improvement of planning practiceinSerbia.

Keywords|
responsibleclimatechangeplanning,waterfrontdevelopment,guidelines

126

M.Sci.DEJANMILIVOJEVI
Highbusinestehnicalschool,Uzice,dejan.milivojevic@vpts.edu.rs

PARTISANSQUAREINUZICEASTHEMYTHOFFREEDOM ORASTHEARCHITECTUREOFTHECITY
Abstract|
The project for reconstruction of Uzice andthe implementation of the project werecarried out intheperiodfrom1953to1961.InthespecifiedperiodthepoliticalcontextofNewYugoslavia evolved from the dictatorship of the proletariat and the impact of SSSR towards the avant gardeconceptionofsocialjustice,whichobviouslyhadimportantconsequencesinthefieldof creativity in architecture and urbanism . The city of Uzice as the first liberated territory in occupied Europe, had high rank amongst other cities in mythology of New Yugoslavia /1945 1990/. The myth should have been established in the memory of a new state and, in that sense, the project of Uzice reconstruction, can be placed in the context of political populism but also in the context of the Citys architecture based on the principles of International style. As we can see , there are two governing ideologies : the political and architectural. Both had internationality as main feature.There were two important architect planners : Ruzica Bogdanovic and later Stanko Mandic . Stanko Mandic devoted almost all his professional life working on the plans and building in Uzice. The paper explores the aesthetic concept implemented in the composition of architectural and urban whole of the Square and the city center andthat is why,the influence of myth was subjected to the architecture.The autonomy andoriginalityofthedesignersisarealsoindisputableinthetreatmentofurbanconceptsand formandmaterialinrelationtoprevailingpragmatismofModerncity.

Keywords|
politicalcontext,mythology,NewYugoslavia,publiccityspace,internationality,originality

127

VLADANAPUTNIK,PhDstudent
DepartmentofHistoryofArt,FacultyofPhilosophy,UniversityofBelgrade,vladanaputnik@gmail.com

INFLUENCEOFIDEOLOGYONTHEARCHITECTUREOFSOKOL HOUSESINTHEKINGDOMOFYUGOSLAVIA

Abstract|
Sokol movement represented a very important and unique way of struggle for unification of Southern Slovenes; therefore its role in the constitution of Yugoslav identity in the Kingdom of Serbs,CroatsandSlovenianswassignificant.Nourishingsportasasymbolofharmonybetween body,soulandspiritdefactopromotedphysicaltrainingastheroadtowardstrueYugoslavism. The main purpose of this paper is to considerate elements of ideology and propaganda which were present in the aesthetics and visual presentation in the Sokol architecture. It can be concluded by analyzing Sokol philosophy of life in which amount it influenced architecture of Sokol houses. The connection between Sokol movement and Yugoslav ideology implies to look at the political events which directly influenced the process of buildingup and stylistic developmentof Sokol houses. The building expansion ofSokol houses throughout the Kingdom of Yugoslavia matches the dictatorship of King Alexander Karadjordjevi 1 , which clearly implies there has been a major connection and support of Sokols by the crown. The political dimension of Sokol movement has undoubtedly communicated with the concept of true Yugoslavism. Changes which have incurred in 1934, the assassination of King Alexander as well as certain problems with the Catholic Church, reflected in a major fall in building program of Sokolsupuntil1941.ThroughouttheanalysisofpoliticalinfluenceinarchitecturesuchasSokol houses are, as well as aesthetics and ideology, there can be drawn a conclusion about social system of the time. Therefore, Sokol architecture can be interpreted as an example of political art.

Keywords|
architecture,ideology,Sokolmovement,Yugoslavia,Yugoslavism

128

GROZDANAIOVI,PhDstudent,TeachingAssistant
UniversityofBelgrade,FacultyofArchitecture,grozdana.sisovic@arh.bg.ac.rs

ARCHITECTURALCOMPETITIONSANDIDEOLOGICAL PATTERNS
DESIGNCOMPETITIONSFORRESIDENTALOBJECTSINTHECONTEXTOFSOCIAL ANDIDEOLOGICALCHANGESINMODERNSERBIA

Abstract|
The main objective of the paper is to offer a contribution tounderstanding of ideological paternsbehindthearchitecturalcompetitionpraxesinthedomainofresidentialarchitecturein Serbia.Theresearchinquiresintothespecificroleofarchitecturalcompetition,byanalyzingthe relations between the social and ideological context, planning regulations and architectural designs in the cases of chosen significant design competitionsfrom different periods ofSerbian modernhistory,betweenthe1950sandthebeginingoftheXXIcentury.

Keywords|
architectural competition, resitdential architecture, ideology, planning, architectural design, designevaluation

129

VESNACAGIMILOEVI,AssistantProfessor
FacultyofArchitecture,UniversityofBelgrade,vogaart@gmail.com

VERICAMEDJO,PhDstudent,TeachingAssistant
FacultyofArchitecture,UniversityofBelgrade,vericamedjo@gmail.com

NEVENAMITROVI,PhDstudent
FacultyofArchitecture,UniversityofBelgrade,nevena.mit@gmail.com

GENERALLEGISLATIVE(REGULATORY)FRAMEWORKFOR RESIDENTIALCONSTRUCTIONINSERBIAFROM1948TO 2011

THEEXAMPLEOFBELGRADE

Abstract|
The paper researches the legislation that directly relates to or has a significant indirect impact on housing construction in the period after the Second World War to the present, the example of the City of Belgrade. The main focus of this study was to examine topics of legislation in termsofthearchitectdesigner.Designprocessinwhichtheroleofthearchitectasadesigner at all stages including the role of the architect as an active mediator in relation to the needs of the investoruser takes place within a legislative framework that largely predetermines individualdecisionsofdesignersandthusbecomesanimportantsegmentofthecontextofthe relevant processes as part of overall process of implementation of housing and settlements. Legislative framework of design process, in terms of the architectdesigner includes legal and urban (spatial) legislation. Historical review of development legislations shall be considered by monitoring the most significant innovations and changes that occurred by the entry into force of a law or bylaws or its abolition. The direct impact of such changes on the process in the construction of housing, and those changes that have affected the relationship between the investor,designeranduserisperceivedinthispaper.Thecontributionofthispaperpresentsan overviewofthecausalconnectionbetweenthevariouslegislativedocumentsandcontextually societalphenomenawhicharerepresentedinthefieldofresidentialarchitecture.

Keywords|
legislativeframework,housing,theCityofBelgrade

130

MARKOMATEJIC,PhDstudent
FacultyofArchitectureofUniversityofBelgrade,marko_matejic@yahoo.com

IDEOLOGIESOFPROGRESSANDKNOWLEDGEINTHE ARCHITECTUREOFEVERYDAYLIFE
INDUSTRIALHOUSINGESTATESANDEDUCATIONALBUILDINGS

Abstract|
Themainintentionofthisresearchistoestablisharelationbetweenideologiesofprogressand of knowledge, elements of the overall political ideology in Yugoslavia after the Second World War, with the architecture of everyday life. Ideology of progress understands a system of thought that involves constant progress as evidence of the success of the socialist revolution. Ideology of knowledge understands a system of thought that involves the use of knowledge in achieving progress and the production of a new socialist man, and thus preserving the ideological structure of the socialist state. Architecture of everyday life includes the industrial housingestatesandeducationalbuildingswithintheseestates. This relation will be examined in the examples of industrial housing estates that belong to the central area of New Belgrade. These are blocks 21, 22, 23, 28, 29, 30, which, according to their urban conception,have educational institutions in their centre. These residential areashave an important role in building a new city and achieving his monumentality, which indicates the importanceofthesehousingestatesforthisresearch. Ifweassumethatthearchitectureisthematerialexistenceofideology,thenresearchofthese estates and all its elements especially gains in importance in cases where the objects are rendered in exposed concrete and combined with brick. In these cases, specific symbolic relations of these two building materials contribute to the complexity of the relation between architectureofeverydaylifeandideologiesofprogressandofknowledge.

Keywords|
Ideology of progress, Ideology of knowledge, Architecture of everyday life, Industrial housing estates,Educationalarchitecture,Exposedconcrete

131

DANICASTOJILJKOVI,PhDstudent
FacultyofArchitecture,UniversityofBelgrade,danicarch@yahoo.com

JELENARISTITRAJKOVI,PhDstudent
FacultyofArchitecture,UniversityofBelgrade,arch.jelena.ristic@gmail.com

TRANSFORMATIONOFNEWBELGRADEMODERNSPACE INDIFFERENTIDEOLOGICALCONTEXTS
CHANGESINTHETHEORYANDPRACTICEOFURBANPLANNING

Abstract|
Built in the strong ideological context of selfmanagement socialism as a big housing area accordingtotheprinciplesofAthensCharterandmodernurbanismNewBelgradecontinuously presented a point of interest in terms of its future development. The changes of ideology conditions that ensued after the 1990s, as a result of both political system (from socialist to democratic society) and economy system transformation (from economic planning to market economy), conditioned specific transformation of the modern space of New Belgrade and its ideologicalrepresentation.Today,whenNewBelgradeisundergoingapostsocialisttransition, the issues related to various city planning problems have arisen as a consequence of urban densification and open market economy processes. This paper advocates the stance that it is necessary to explore the development processes of New Belgrade urban structure from the standpoint of the relationship of existing physical structure and changed ideological principles in certain historical moments. The paper researches urban space of New Belgrade from the period of construction of New Belgrade as the large residential area to its current interpretation as a commercial and business center in terms of interaction between political ideologyandarchitecturalurbanpractice.Theacentisonthetransitionalperiodsthatareset as the turning points of different theoretical and ideological models. The main problem is the change in ideological representation of New Belgrade that appeared on the level of urban structureanditsfuturedirectionofurbandevelopment.

Keywords|
NewBelgrade,urbantransformation,ideology,representation,socialism,transition

132

S4

DESIGNERSANDIDEOLOGY|

Figuresofthepowerandcityplannersandarchitects; Theinfluenceoftheideologyonthedesignprocess; Theideologyobjectificationthroughprojectscasestudies.

JELICAJOVANOVI,architect
NGOGroupofArchitects,Belgrade,jelica@grupaarhitekata.org

DrINESTOLI,AssistantProfessor
UniversityofBologna,ines_tolic@yahoo.it

BORBAFORARCHITECTURE
Abstract|

Borba Federal Award for Architecture was awarded for the first time on February 19th 1966, celebratingthedayofthepublishingthefirstissueofthenewspaperbackin1922inZagrebby, thenillegal,CommunistPartyofYugoslavia.Theunusualalliancebetweenadailymagazineand architecture was considered a chance for promoting the achievements in architectural production on federal level, hence making the profession step out of the anonymity. However, since Borba became the herald of the Socialist Alliance of Working People of Yugoslavia (SSRNJ) in 1954, the controversies regarding the award arose inevitably, following the three decadeslongdiscussionoverthequalitiesandthemereexistenceofYugoslavarchitecture.

Keywords|
massmediaandarchitecture,popularization,"Yugoslavarchitecture"

135

MARCOGINOULHIAC,Professor
FacultyofArchitectureUniversityofOporto,mg@arq.up.pt

TEACHINGIDEOLOGIESTHROUGHDESIGN
THE EXPERIENCE OF COLLECTIVE HOUSING DESIGN STUDIO AT THE FACULTY OF ARCHITECTUREOFOPORTO

Abstract|
The design studio teaching is the pedagogical space where ideological settings become action rules and material procedures. When the students start to design, they unconsciously are puttinginactionatheoreticalframeworktheyacquiredduringtheirstudiesasfuturearchitects and during their existence as human beings and citizens. In the Collective Housing Design Studio this relationship between an ideological framework and a built and inhabited reality represents its pedagogic and didactic basement. Indeed is required to the student to stress some theoretical notions in order to see how the architecture discipline can answer to the complexityofa social request. In other words the Collective Housing Design Studio is the place where,morethanever,teachingarchitecturebecamearchitecturaleducation.AttheFacultyof Architecture of Oporto, the course of Projecto 3 is traditionally a Collective Housing Design Studio and represents, by his own professors and didactical processes, the heritage of a historical and almost unique experience between architects and ideological principles: the SAAL. After the Portuguese revolution of 25th April, 1974, a strong housing need caused the creation of the SAAL (Local Support Service Ambulatory). The SAAL was a kind of architectural taskforces that operated in deteriorated and low income urban areas to design low cost housingforlocalpeople.Manyprofessorsthattaught(andstillteach)attheFAUPwereSAALs members and had the opportunity to participate in the political, social and design processes. The heritage of this experience is still today present in the teaching method and ideology that support the Collective Housing Design Studio course and is visible through a continuous afford for a systematical approach to a large number of questions related to the housing design. The courseprogramisbuilttotakethestudentascloseaspossibletothisexercisethatstartsinthe worldofideasandendsintheconcreteworld.

Keywords|
housing,teaching,ideology,Portugal,SAAL,FAUP

136

PABLOV.FRANKENBERG,M.A.
LudwigUhlandInstituteforEmpiricalCulturalStudies,UniversityofTuebingen,Germany,p.v.frankenberg@gmx.de

ICONICITY: THEIDEOLOGYOFNEWMUSEUMARCHITECTURE
Abstract|

The empirical analysis of contemporary museum architecture carried out in 2011 shows a structural similarity between different museum building projects around the world. The different stakeholders involved in these projects represent a variety of conflicting vested interests that are predominantly outside the museum. In many cases, an iconic architectural design is the only objective every stakeholder can agree upon. In the last two decades, this structure dominates the international museum architecture domain. It implies certain unpredictablesideeffects,though,thatdonotnecessarilycorrespondwiththeinterestsofthe stakeholders. Iconic museum architecture discloses a global cultural disposition that is at least ostensibly compatible with different interests and cultural contexts. Notwithstanding the compatibility with nonmuseological concerns, the empirical data shows that the architecturematchestheinstitutionitcomprises.

Keywords|
Museum,Globalization,IconicArchitecture

137

DrMARISOLVIDAL
InstitutforArchitectureTechnology,TUGraz,marisol.vidal@tugraz.at

CONCRETEANDIDEOLOGY
AHARMLESSMIXTURE,ALOADEDWEAPON

Abstract|
150 years after its rebirth, concrete has become the most widespread building material but it stillraiseseverythingbutindifference.Thisharmlessmixtureofsand,gravel,cementandwater has shown an astonishing ability to convey all kind of often contradictory ideological associations. For early socialists, reinforced concrete embodied collective effort, producing a product that is much stronger than its individual elements. The fascists had contradictory feelings for the material. For German fascists, concrete was not German enough and therefore merely the use of local aggregates was encouraged. Fascist Italy was on the contrary an enthusiastic and creative user of concrete. Paradoxically, although concrete was used broadly in the 2nd World War and was associated to the devastation of the conflict, it became right afterwards a symbol for the hope, progress and modernity of Europes reconstruction. Concrete was cheap, simple and offered a generic surface upon which new values could be heaped. During the Cold War, concrete was both used to represent the oppression by the communist regimes as well as the alienation of the Western world, scapegoating for the failuresofplannersandpoliticians.But,eventhoughithasbecomeasynonymforobliteration, it was the chosen material for the most paradigmatic monuments, memorials and sacral spaces.At the beginning of the 21st Century, in these times of furious capitalism and globalization, the physical omnipresence of concrete has intrinsically tied it to the roots of financial power and political influence. Its ideological construction is not concluded yet, but undergoing amuch subtlerprocess. The discourse is notaboutEthics anymore,butAesthetics. Andyet,politicalstatementsarestillhiddeninthesemanticsofconcreteandsometimeseven initsgrammar.Andthatiswhatmakesconcretesochallengingandfascinatingforarchitects.

Keywords|
concrete,communism,fascism,nationalism,modernity,memorial

138

M.Sc.MARINAUREVI
MuseumofScienceandTechnology,DepartmentofArchitecture,marinadjurdjevic@yahoo.com

THEINFLUENCEOFTHEIDEOLOGYANDSPIRITOFTHETIMES ONTHEDEVELOPMENTOFARCHITECTURALPROJECTSOF BROTHERSPETARANDBRANKOKRSTIC

Abstract|
The aim of this paper is to show to what extent and in what way the ideology and spirit of the timesinfluencedthedevelopmentofarchitecturalprojectsoftheKrsticbrothers,especiallyon their buildings for public use, where this influence is the most evident. The paper will discuss how the sociopolitical conditions prevailing in Serbia in the period between the world wars, had determined the architectural path of Petar and Branko Krstic. It will also be discussed how theideologicaldiversityofthetimewhentheKrsticswereactivehadreflectedontheirdesigns. OneoftheissuesthepaperdealswithisthecomplexrelationshipbetweentheKrsticbrothers and their investors and the way it defined the character of their architectural oeuvre. Namely, the Krstics had to pay the realization of their monumental public buildings with concessions to investors, so these works reflect the spirit of the times rather than personal opinionof their authors. These problems will be discussed on the examples of their projects for St. Savas Temple, St. Markos Church, the Agrarian Bank Palace and the Igumans palace. The paper will also present some less known modernist projects of Petar and Branko Krstic that remained unrealized due to the customers lack of understanding for the contemporary architectural form, although at the time this style was no longer a rarity in Serbian architecture. It is particularly important to emphasize that a number of the unrealized Krstics designs that investors considered too daring, were created before some other anthology examples of Serbian modern architecture between the two world wars. Revelation of such rarely known facts contributes to the more accurate evaluation of the architectural oeuvre of Petar and Branko Krstic and their general contribution to the development of modern architecture in Serbia,whichwasoneofthebasicideasofthispaper.

Keywords|
architects Petar and Branko Krstic, ideology, spirit of the times, sociopolitical conditions, investors,Serbianinterwararchitecture

139

FRANCESCOMENEGATTI,Professor
FacultyofArchitecture,PolitecnicoofMilan,francescomenegattipublic@gmail.com

THEMILANGREENANDHORIZONTALCITY
GIUSEPPEPAGANO.IDEOLOGYBETWEENDIAGRAMANDPROGRAM

Abstract|
ThispaperisintendedasacontributiontothereadingoftheurbanplanfortheareaSempione Fiera called The Milan green and the studies on cities that influenced its reasons and that in turnwereinfluencedbyit.GiuseppePagano(19861945)isadesignerandtheoristparticularly useful in understanding the complex and contradictory role of ideology in the construction of urbanform.HistheoriesarepresentedinnumerouseditorialsofCasabellahewasfiercecritic of the society. His most important works are the The Milan green and the horizontal city. In 1936 Pagano with Franco Albini, Ignazio Gardella and others, designed the new plan of a MilandistrictandtheycalleditTheMilangreen.Itwasanewdistrictincludedinthecity.The principles that guided the urban design were those of the rational city, expressed especially in theworkofLudwigHilberseimer,andaboutthehousing,thereferencewerethemanyprojects in Milan the same authors were making. The project of Horizontal city (1938) designed for the Brera district is drawn with Diotallevi and Marescotti, and with The Milan green was another step in understanding the experimentation that he was taking on the design of the city.

Keywords|
Milan,rationalism,city,Pagano,diagram,program

140

IGOREKTAJN,PhDStudent
FacultyofArchitecture,UniversityofZagreb,HarvardUniversityGSASPhDStudent,iekstajn@post.harvard.edu

DrKARINERMAN
FacultyofArchitecture,UniversityofZagreb,karin.serman@arhitekt.hr

IDEOLOGICALPARALLAX
THEYUGOSLAVPAVILIONATTHE13THMILANTRIENNIALEXHIBITION

Abstract|
Besides its primary role of facilitating life, architecture is always implicitly engaged in representation. Quite particular cases are pavilions designed for international exhibitions; instead of housing actuality, they exclusively serve the representation of ideology. They are architecture without a program but with a purpose: acronyms constructed to represent the constructed reality of a certain political and social context. Through a particular case study the Yugoslav Pavilion at the 13th Milan Triennial Exhibition from 1964, this paper seeks to revealmultiplelayersinherentlypresentinthiskindofideologicallychargedarchitecture. Yugoslaviasawthe1964TriennialanditsthemeLeisureandFreeTimeasavenuetopresent the countrys ambiguous political identity and its specific ideology of selfmanagement as an applicable model for leisure pursuits. Design of the pavilion was commissioned to Vjenceslav Richter, a prominent Zagreb modern architect with previous experience in exhibition architecture. Using one single element, a 4 by 8 centimeter wooden plank, Richter designed the pavilion structure which served as background for the application of exhibits chosen and curated in advance photographic posters of people engaged in leisure activities within selfmanaged institutions. Both the abstract and transparent structure of the pavilion, and the use of an objective medium photography, seem to have denoted only neutrality, objectivity and unmediated legibility. However, the specific overlap of the pavilions porous structure and the posters exhibited on it, exploded and fragmented the depictions of institutionalized leisure in almost an iconoclastic manner; it brought forward other connotative layers of their clash. Starting from this theoretical stance, this paper explores the ramifications, motivations, and consequences of instrumentalizing a generally accepted analogy of transparent and abstract two inherent tropes of modern architectureas evident, objective and neutral; it the capacity of architecture to represent, but also to simultaneously compromise and subvert, a nominally embracedideology.

Keywords|
modernarchitecture,ideology,transparency,abstraction,iconoclasm

141

SEYEDMAHDIKHATAMI,PhDstudent
TheUniversityofSydney,seyed.mahdi.khatami@gmail.com

MICHAELTAWA,Professor
TheUniversityofSydney,michael.tawa@sydney.edu.au

THEINFLUENCEOFQURANICCONCEPTSONISLAMIC URBANDESIGN
NECESSITYOFSTUDY

Abstract|
Traditional Islamic urbanism is appreciated and promoted in academiccircles and architectural schools, while in many cases its lessons are ignored in practice. A mitigating factor is that traditional urbanism is considered merely on the basis of the physical aspects of the city, whereasacityinfactcontainsandmakespossiblehumanlife.Thesetwodimensionsofthecity reciprocally affect and inform each other. A better understanding of human, cultural and ideological aspects of the city is necessary to obtain deeper, more useful knowledge about Islamicurbanism. Urban paradigms can be studied and understood according to their principles and physical structures under two categories. One relates to specific times in history, with their cultural norms and associated technical conditions. The other is timefree and constant across various eras. Some such concepts are rooted in Islamic philosophy and value systems that have not altered across time. These constant notions can be found in primary Islamic texts such as the Quran. In this paper, the necessity of studying Quranic concepts which may have a bearing on how the city is thought and designed will be investigated. While the function of the Quran, as themostimportantandcomprehensiveoriginalresourceforIslamicbelief,,isnottoserveasa manual for urban design, many of its philosophical and ethical pronouncements do have significant bearing on the nature and function of the city. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the important role of authentic Islamic beliefs in designing contemporary Islamic citiesthathonortraditionalphilosophical,religiousandethicalprecepts.

Keywords|
Islamiccity,Islamicurbandesign,Quraniccity,Traditionalurbanism

142

DrMLADENBURAZOR,TeachingAssistant
FacultyofArchitectureSarajevo,mladenb@af.unsa.ba

COMMERCIALISMASANEWIDEOLOGYINCONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE
REVIEWOFAPOSTWARBUILDINGTENDENCYINTHECAPITALOFBOSNIAAND HERZEGOVINA

Abstract|
Globalisationandcommercialismareoftenviewedasadrivingforcebehindprogressbutatthe same time its influence on architecture is heavily criticised by many. Interests of a private and public sector often disagree in terms of land use proposals and in many cases interests of corporations are favoured in the eyes of politicians. In the recent decades, reinvention of hybrid buildings in contemporary architecture becomes a new tool to reconcile these different agendas. The effect of the fall of Socialists regime in former Yugoslavia and transition to a new political and economy system had strong impact on architecture in Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Post war construction activities were mainly directed towards rebuilding of housing capacities and public buildings. New constructions were seldom and financed mainly from private funds. Devastation of industrial buildings followed by privatisation had taken its toll on industrial production and very soon new buildings emerged on the foundations of formerly successful industries situated within the city. Land use proposals for prime locations were altered to accommodate commercially acceptable buildings. As never before, the need for existing public spaces was questioned in terms of potential for new developments and the needs of community became needs of private sector. Changes in the global economy are felt in almost every aspect of human activities. Capital investments traditionally associated with public funds are postponed sometimes indefinitely. At the same time, there are many models that are recognized in the developed countries and could be adopted as a part of a building strategy in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The purpose of this paper is to recognize the advantages that can be seen in the combination of architectural programs and private and public investments within single buildings. Hybrid buildings which are in turn multifunctional, optimized and more economically efficient whilst public oriented, are seen as a good solution for tackling issues in regard to economy and public vs. private interests.

Keywords|
commercialism,hybridbuildings,buildingtendency

143

NERMINAZAGORA,PhDstudent
FacultyofArchitectureSarajevo/Firmad.o.o.Sarajevo,nerminaz@firmaarh.com

DINAAMI,PhDstudent
SapienzaUniversityofRome/Firmad.o.o.Sarajevo,dinas@firmaarh.com

THEROLEOFCONTEMPORARYARCHITECTUREINGLOBAL STRATEGIESOFCITYBRANDING

Abstract|
This paper intends to explore the characteriscs of a new ideology that stands behind contemporaryarchitecture,havinginmindthat21stcenturyismarkedbytheriseofprocesses of internationalization and globalization, parallel to the decline of nationalist ideologies. We willfocusonthephenomenonofcitybrandingandanalyzetheidealsofglobaleconomyasthe main driving forces in contemporary architecture, which have replaced the former concepts of nationalist ideologies. City branding is characterized by accelerating dynamics in architectural development,aswellascompetitiveness,sensationalismandspectacle,andisoftencreatedby globalarchitecturalstars.ReferringtoBilbaoismorDubaismandsimilarphenomenawhich are multiplied throughout the world, we intend to examine if the named trends reflect the emancipation and the rise of the role of architect over an ideological system, or whether they merely represent Faustian bargains. The case study of Omotesando avenue in Tokyo will be included in order to analyze the links between global economy, architectural and fashion design and illustrate the transformation of architectural spaces and cities into products and brands, as an expression of a system of consumerist values and ideologies of contemporary age.

Keywords|
citybranding,globaleconomy,stararchitecture,identity

144

BRANISLAVAKOVAEVI,PhDstudent
FacultyofPhilosophy,UniversityofBelgrade,anamikic@gmail.com

ANASPASOJEVI,PhDstudent
FacultyofArchitecture,UniversityofBelgrade,ResearchAssistantattheInstituteofArchitectureandUrban&Spatial PlanningofSerbia,kovacevicbrankica@yahoo.com

BLOCKSALONGYURIGAGARINST.LAYERBYLAYER
Abstract|

ThepartsofNewBelgradebythebankoftheSavariver(colloquiallytheBlocks)todayhavea populationofabout90000inhabitants. Yuri Gagarin Street, which has been transformed over time from a road to a linear city center, makestheoutlineofthespace. By "unwrapping" layer by layer in the formation of the Blocks , the authors have found some interesting connections between the current ideology and its reification through plans and theirrealization.Thefollowingphaseswerenoticed: Conceptandfirstplans(60sofXXcentury) Yuri Gagarin Street is being traced, a large architectural and urbanistic competitions are being announced(firstinblocks45and70,andtheninBeanijablocks),landisbeingnationalized. Realizations(70sofXXcentury) Blocks 45 and 70 were built and blocks 6164 are being constructed. Although newspapers of the time write with pride about major architectural undertakings and thousands of built apartments, experts are increasingly discussing the profitability and human orientation of the newsettlements. Contestingthepreviousmodels(80sofXXcentury) Postmodernism and its challenge to the town model of the Athens Charter, leading to the constructionofblocks44and70a. Newmodels(90sofXXcentury) Change of policy, the introduction of market economy and changes in land ownership status leading to, as was thought, a more rational urban planning, but also to "depersonalization" of thecityandgraduallyto"fillingholes". Epilogue(FirstdecadeofXXcentury) The construction of shopping malls and residential buildings along Yuri Gagarin Street, the formationofstreetcorridors,fragmentationofland.

Keywords|
NewBelgradeblocks,YuriGagarinStreet,urbantransformation,ideology

145

DANIJELAMILOVANOVIRODI,AssistantProfessor
FacultyofArchitecture,UniversityofBelgrade,danstev@afrodita.rcub.bg.ac.rs

KSENIJALALOVI,AssistantProfessor
FacultyofArchitecture,UniversityofBelgrade,ksenija.lalovic@gmail.com

JELENAIVKOVI,AssistantProfessor
FacultyofArchitecture,UniversityofBelgrade,j_zivkovic@ptt.rs

ARCHITECTUREFORTHEOTHER90%
SOCIALACTIVISM,ECONOMICRECESIONORCLIMATECRISISRESPOND

Abstract|
The term "Design for (with) the Other 90%" means the search for design solutions that addressed the most basic needs of the 90% of the world's population not traditionally served by professional designers. In this paper we examine the motives and discuss the value systems standinginthebackgroundofsuchactions. The first group of motives fall within the spirit of social activism. In recent years, there can be recognized raising number of designers of different backgrounds who reactualize the early modernist period understanding of the role and range of the design, in which the design is interpreted as a discipline which can address the world's most critical issues such as poverty, social injustice, pollution or climate change. They do engage their specific knowledge concerning the space design searching for new solutions and mechanisms for improvement of qualityorevensavinglives. The second group includes motives generated by the recent economic recession, which has contributed to reducing the investments and consequently the need and opportunity for standard professional engagement of architects. In this context, an increasing number of architects who are looking for new types of engagement and sources of funding work for and with public and private funds intended to care for vulnerable and disadvantaged, actually the majoritywithinthose90%. The third group of motives arrived from environmental issues we face today. Calls on energy and environmentally sensible design have reached critical level both in the wider public and professional circles. The architects' knowledge, skills and competences are used in the search for solutions that are cheap, energy efficient, environmentally sensitive and such that "other 90%"canparticipateintheirrealization. The main objective of this paper is to discuss such architecture and its the potential to achieve sustainable solutions of different but highly related developmental issues that Other 90%", thearchitectsandtheplanetitselfarefacingwith.

Keywords|
Architecture,Other90%,socialactivism,economicrecesion,climatechange

146

RENATAJADREINMILI,TeachingAssistant
FacultyofArchitecture,BelgradeUniversity,renata@arh.bg.ac.rs

THEIDEOLOGYOFTHEVISUALINCONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE

Abstract|
The revival of formalism in aesthetics and contemporary architecture coincides with an increasedinterestinvisualandformalpropertiesofarchitecture.Itisespeciallymanifestinthe introductionofcomputersintotheprofession,whichalsoopenednewpossibilitiesofthevisual andtheformalindesign.Drawings,modelsandanimationsarenowthemeansfortransferring specificcompositionalandspatialcharacteristicsoftheprojecttoarangeofinterestedparties, suchascustomers,workersatthesite,orthegeneralpublic. However, this is not only characteristic of the modern era. It is well known that since Vitruvius and the theory of optical corrections, building has been recognized as a means to convey the ideaofaspatialcomposition.Theimportanceofthevisualexperienceofarchitecturehasbeen tremendous. There is very similar understanding by which the building itself is not so much an aestheticobjectastheideaofarchitecturethatisvisuallyperceived,whichpermeatesmuchof the Renaissance architectural theory. Theoretical discussions of the 15th and 16th centuries, arisen from a new awareness of the geometric nature of visual experience and the ability to mechanically reproduce the image, which were in turn prompted by the discovery of perspective and versatile visual research in this field, today are quite actual, relevant and close tomodernthinking. Theoretical views of many contemporary architects show that the interest has returned to the visual in architecture. As a result of the digital revolution, the conquest of new tools to deal with the spatial properties of architecture becomes a major preoccupation of the profession. Such theoretical views constitute a coherent conceptual whole, and they also show the ideas and values of how one perceives and experiences ones society at a given moment. All individuals share certain universal values, anduniversal, timeless principles are reflected in the visualformswhichdonotrequirewords,translationorexplanation.

Keywords|
visualproperties,formalproperties,spatialproperties,image,idea,contemporaryarchitecture

147

TAMARABILJMAN
ArtHistorian,tamara.biljman@gmail.com

THESCENEOFTHETHEATREPOLITICS
ARCHITECTUREINFUNCTIONOFNAZIANDSOVIETPROPAGANDAON1937 WORLDFAIR

Abstract|
This research will analyse the symbolic positioning of Albert Speers and Boris Iofan's pavilions on the grounds of the World Expo, held in Paris in 1937. The paper refers to the Exposition as the nationalsocialist and soviet political theatre. Pavilions, as architectural amphitheatre, clearlyshowedthatthepresentationofpoliticshadbecomemoreimportantthanpoliticsitself. Whatsinglesoutthe1937ParisExpofrompreviousones,aswellasfromthosetocome,isthe fact that it did not only point to the problems of the present and the past. In a certain way it indicated what would happen in the near future, although rare were those who were ready to rationally accept dark clouds that were hanging over them. French officials believed that in proportion to the increase of the cultural exchange between those countries, the possibility of a new war would reduce. Nazis effort to present the FrancoGermanic relationship as a friendly one, as well as French optimism that followed, achieved its zenith at that Expo. German and Soviet pavilion were centrally positioned. The Eiffel tower, surrounded by them, portrayed the position of France, which was even more threatened by Nazism than by Communism. Both German and Soviet pavilion represented, in a symbolic way, Rebirth of the two countries, their capacity to overcome the biggest crisis, national pride of the leading parties, as well as their preparedness to fight each another. The objective of this research is actually an attempt to present architecture as a form of art that has a direct impact on consciousness, as supreme expression of ideology and politics. The two pavilions, along with their accompanying programs, clearly expressed the power and the role of propaganda architectureinthecreationofillusionofpeaceintheInterwarperiod.

Keywords|
Ideology;Propaganda;Exhibition;Pavilions;Nazism;Communism

148

PARASKEVIPANTELIADOU,PhDstudent
AristotleUniversityofThessaloniki,parpant@arch.auth.gr

CONCEPTUALISSUESOFIDEOLOGYONCONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURALDESIGNPROCESS
DECODINGEISENMANSBLURRINGCONCEPT

Abstract|
In the late 1980s, Peter Eisenman shifted from an investigation of artificial excavations as an architectural tool to a conscious pursuit of a concept he called blurring. In his case, ideology seems to revolve largely around an ambition to uncover a hitherto concealed essence of architecture. As he describes in his book Blurred Zones: investigations of the interstitial, blurring is not a visual effect, but rather deals with affect, that is, a strategy for exploring mind/bodyrelationshipinarchitecture,thatdisplacestheconventionalorexpectedexperience ofspace.Blurringinthiscontextisneverliteral;oneneverseesblurring. Thispaperattemptstorevealthedifferentdefinitionsofblurring(thebetween,theinterstitial) and the many forms that it takes in Eisenmans projects. Specifically, analyzing the book and drawing upon its context with a postructuralistic approach, the study explores the ways that Eisenman introduces the idea of blurring as a third phase into the process of design. After the texts of function, site and program and the texts of the interiority and anteriority of architecture, which together define a traditional practice, the phase of blurring attemtps to dislocatethestabilityofaplaceinaconceptualway. For the purpose of showing the way Eisenman adresses this concept on architectural design process, the study focuses on selected projects, such as the Aronoff Center for Design and Art, theGreaterColumbusConventionCenter,bothinOhioandtheMaxReinhardtHausinBerlin.

Keywords|
Ideology,Architecture,Design,Process,Blurring,Eisenman

149

DrSOUADSASSIBOUDEMAGH
UniversityMentouriofConstantine,Algeria,25000,souad44@hotmail.com

POLITICALIDEOLOGIESANDPROFESSIONNALIDEALOF ARCHITECT

Abstract|
Architectural production is related to economic output as much as the intellectual production or the dominant ideologies. From immemorial time, autocrats have always privileged places, monuments, mosques, mausoleums and other prestigious projects. These have included, in modern times, highways, stadiums and other feats of architectural and constructive technologies. Governors supporting socialism promoted the large social housing projects, and capitalism has led to huge business centers and administrative skyscrapers in the urban cores. For this fact, the urban fabric of any country can be considered as a constructed and symbolic expressionoffundamentaloutlookofthepoliticalregimeinthatcountry. However, many think and say in their speeches that the political ideology of the architect, masteroftheworkitself,influencestheorientationoftheimageproducedbythearchitectural work more directly than the outcome of power. And then they even attribute the buildings to the authors: the one is from a fascist; the other is a communist and one by a Democratic Socialist.Wewillfocusinthispaperonmanyconceptualdimensionsofthearchitectswork,in the objective to explore the reasons of involvement or nonpolitical and social involvement of the architect, with conceptual lighting of the relationship between the design process and power.

Keywords|
Designdimensions/architectandpower/architectinvolvement/designprocessandideology

150

DEJANZEC,PhDstudent,JuniorResearcher
InstituteforRecentHistoryofSerbia,dejanzec@gmail.com

PROPOSEDOLYMPICCOMPLEXINBELGRADEPROJECT BYHITLERSARCHITECTWERNERMARCH

Abstract|
The author tends to analyse correlation between the ascent to power of Milan Stojadinovi, a proGerman Yugoslav politician and the increase of influence of National Socialist cultural patterns in Yugoslav society of the late 1930s. The case study is a proposed project of Olympic complex that was supposed to be built for the 1948 Olympics in Belgrade, which was designed by Werner March, prominent German architect, famous for building Olympic stadium in Berlin for 1936 Olympics. The paper focuses on several main objectives: the fascination of Yugoslav sportsmen and politicians with Berlin Olympics of 1936 and Belgrades application for hosting the Olympics in 1948; Marchs proposal and its aesthetic, symbolic and ideological connotations; the reaction of the Yugoslav public. The paper is based on relevant literature, relevanthistoricalsources,archivedocumentsandpressarticles.

Keywords|
WernerMarch,Olympiccomplex,Belgrade,Naziarchitecture,MilanStojadinovi

151

ANAMEHNERTPASCOAL,MA
MuseumsoftheUniversityofLisbon,ampascoal@museus.ul.pt

IDEOLOGYSHAPINGKNOWLEDGESITES
THECASEOFTHECIDADEUNIVERSITRIACAMPUSINLISBON

Abstract|
The Cidade Universitria campus in Lisbon was established throughout the 20th century and shaped according to distinct political ideologies. Despite being one of the main areas of the city, it constitutes nowadays an example of poor arrangement planning, even though urbanization has been a preocupation of many planners. Nonetheless, this accumulated campus bears more than 30 remarkable higher education facilities and research buildings, many by renowned portuguese architects, which echo Portuguese architecture during the past century.

Keywords|
UniversityofLisbon,campus,ideology,architecture,urbanplanning,20thcentury

152

DANIELAV.DEFREITASSIMES,PhDstudent
InstituteofArtHistoryFCSH/UNL,dvfsimoes@gmail.com

DESIGNINGANIDEOLOGY
TWOCASESTUDIESINTHEPORTUGUESECONTEXT

Abstract|
This paper has the purpose of delimiting the Political, Economic and Educational Policies associated with the Estado Novo as well as providing a vertical interpretational between these themes and the Architecture of two case studies Instituto Superior Tcnico (IST) and Cidade UniversitriadeLisboa(UCL). Architectonic and Urban options are explored while establishing relationships between these andthemodernityorderedbyEstadoNovowhilepatronsearchingforrecognitionthroughthe constructions of equipments reflecting both its Monumental character as well as an Interventive and Modern one; later on, this position is inflected aiming then to achieve an imageassociatedwithTradition,NationalityandanExtratemporanyone.

Keywords|
EducationalPolicies,EstadoNovo,EducationalArchitecture,Campus,UrbanPlanninginLisbon, PublicWorksPolicies

153

PREDRAGMARKOVI,PhDstudent
FacultyofArchitecture,UniversityofBelgrade,Serbia,markovic_predrag@hotmail.com

INFLUENCESOFPOLITICALIDEOLOGYANDPOWERON PUBLICBUILDINGSINNEWBELGRADECASESTUDY: SAVACENTER

Abstract|
Since it's inception,the architecture has operated under the strong influence of different forms of power.As it's physical representative,it was often manipulated by dominant ideology,in praiseofselfaffirmationandvalidityofit'sownideals.AlthoughestablishmentofNewBelgrade as the Federal capital of new,communist Yugoslavia was not completely realized,during his decadelong development,government sought opportunity to express through public and administrative buildings it's power and integrity of ideology,along with monumentality and contemporaneity of local architectural and building practice.Often,these objects were over burdened due to the lack of required balance between governmentdemanded representative and functional qualities of the facility and professional attitudes and tendencies of the architects,whichledtoquestionablearchitecturalresults.Inthissense,theSavaCentercomplex represents a significant local example,positioned at the intersection of planes of political ideology,architecturalpractice,functionalandformalrequirements. This casestudy of Sava Center complex investigates relations and influences of political ideology and it's interference in the design of a highly important project, both for government and public.It uses urban displacement and form of the building,historical facts and testimonies of principal architect Stojan Maksimovi and his associates on this project as starting points of analysis,inordertorevealtracesofideologicalreflectionsinthebuildingitself. With the construction of Sava Center,the administrative role of New Belgrade gains a new dimension. Sava Center provides the city a role of significant European convention center,and thestate'sabilitytohosteventsofglobalimportance,furtherreinforcingthespecificpositionof Yugoslavia in international geopolitical relations.With all its amenities,Sava Center becomes a generatorofeconomicandculturallifeinNewBelgrade,bringingthenecessarydynamicsofthe city to unfinished capital of the Federation,lost in the changing political,social and economic paradigms.Metaphorically following the direction of a neutral foreign policy of the state in the coldwar,bipolar world,architectural and urban aspects of Sava Centre wisely balance between obsoleteandconflictingconceptsthatmarkedtheformationofNewBelgrade.

Keywords|
politicalideology,congresscenter,politicalinfluence,SavaCenter,governmentpower,public buildings

154

LJILJANAMILETIABRAMOVI,MA
MuseumofAppliedArtBelgrade,ljma@mpu.rs

THEPARADIGMOFBOGDANBOGDANOVI:THENEW SCHOOLOFARCHITECTUREANDIDEOLOGYOF POSTMODERNISM

Abstract|
This paper aims to present the influence of Bogdan Bogdanovic on ideological change of architectural spirit of Belgrade in period between 1960s and 1980s. His activities as an architect, urban developer, university professor, reformer of the school of architecture and theoretician, and to a lesser degree also a politician (mayor of Belgrade) will be discussed. He was the chief advocate and protagonist of the concept of radically changing the content and system of teaching on Belgrades Faculty of Architecture, as a Dean and professor. He was the main inspirer and protagonist of the idea of The New School of Architecture. He influenced with his charisma as a professor, architectural and theoretical work, as well as the mayor of Belgrade the generations of architects, who took the architectural stage in 1980s. These generations adopted and defined the new PostModern discourse, and they substantially laid outthedevelopmentofcontemporarySerbianarchitecture.

Keywords|
BogdanBogdanovi,NewSchoolofArchitecture,Citybuilder,Mayor,PostModern,Ideology

155

156

LISTOFPARTICIPANTS|

158

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

AbramoviVladimir,PhDstudent AmhoffTilo,Professor ArsiPetar,Professor BabiTatjana,TeachingAssistant BalzamRenata,PhDstudent BaiDuko,Phdstudent BiljmanTamara BjaiKlarinTamara,SeniorAssistant BlagojeviLjiljana,AssociateProfessor

10. Borovnjakura 11. BoudemaghSouadSassi 12. BozovicStamenovicRuzica,AssociateProfessor 13. BrkiAleksandar,PhDstudent 14. BurazorMladen,TeachingAssistant 15. abukSuat,AssociateProfessor 16. CagiMiloeviVesna,Assistantprofessor 17. CelsiClaudia,PhDstudent 18. ChizzonitiDomenico,AssistantProfessor 19. ChmelnizkiDmitrij 20. iroviAnelka,PhDstudent,TeachingAssistant 21. CorneilleMeuwissenJeanMarie 22. ukiIva,PhDstudent 23. DajHaris,PhDstudent,TeachingAssistant 24. DaniloviHristiNataa 25. deFreitasSimesDanielaV.,PhDstudent 26. DinuloviRadivoje,Professor 27. DjurdjevicMarina 28. DomaradzkiKrzysztof 29. ukanoviZoran,AssistantProfessor 30. EktajnIgor,PhDStudent 31. GinoulhiacMarco,Professor 32. GondimMnica,Professor 33. GordeevaYulia,PhDstudent 34. GrdalliHuriye,Professor 35. HadzimuhamedoviFehim,Professor 36. HristovaAneta 37. IbelingsHans,Architecturalhistorian,TheArchitectureObserver 38. J.AlBasriGhassan,MSc,SeniorLecturer 39. JadreinMiliRenata,TeachingAssistant 40. JovanoviJelica,architect 41. JovanoviMonika,PhDstudent 42. KadijeviAleksandar,Professor 43. KekoviAleksandar,AssistantProfesor 44. KleinRudolf,Professor 45. KleinLidia,PhDstudent

46. KneeviLukiNevenka,CIspec. 47. KociMarija,PhDstudent 48. KoldasUmut,AssistantProfessor 49. KonstantinoviDragana,MSc 50. KontrecZvonimir,PhDstudent 51. KorobinaIrina 52. KoutoupisGeorge,Professor 53. KovaeviBranislava,Ph.D.student 54. KrkljeMilena,AssistantProfessor 55. KriniLozicaAna,JuniorResearcher 56. KujundzicKosara,PhDstudent,TeachingAssistant 57. KurtoviFoliNaa,Professor 58. KuiAleksandarPhDstudent 59. LaloviKsenija,AssistantProfessor 60. LambertucciFilippo,AssociateProfessor 61. LaziMarko,TeachingAssistant 62. LojanicaVladimir,AssociateProfessor 63. LpezCanoJuan,PhDstudent 64. LjutinaAleksandra 65. MadadiKandjaniElham,MSc 66. MahdiKhatamiSeyed,PhDstudent 67. MakoVladimir,Professor 68. MariIgor,SeniorScientificAssociate 69. MarkoviIva,PhDstudent 70. MarkoviPredrag,PhDstudent 71. MartinovicMarija,PhDstudent 72. MatejicMarko,PhDstudent 73. MaurerJacqueline,BA 74. MedjoVerica,PHDstudent,TeachingAssistant 75. MenegattiFrancesco,Professor 76. MikeiKarl,M.Arch,TeachingAssistant 77. MihajlovVladimir,TeachingAssistant 78. MihajloviMilo,PhDstudent 79. MikhnovaPolina 80. MilakoviMira,TeachingAssistant 81. MilainoviDijanaMari 82. MiletiAbramoviLjiljana,MA 83. MilijiSaa,SeniorScientificAssociate 84. MilivojeviDejan,MSc 85. MilovanoviRodicDanijela,AssistantProfessor 86. MilovanoviRodicDanijela,AssistantProfessor 87. MitroviNevena,PHDstudent 88. MikeiKarl,M.Arch,Teachingassistant 89. MladenoviDimitrije,Professor 90. MuminoviMilica,PhDstudent

91. MuthesiusStefan,Professor 92. NenciniDina,Professor 93. NikoliMila,AssistantProfessor 94. zkanAltnzMeltem,PhDstudent 95. PajkiMilica,PhDstudent 96. PalliniCristina,Seniorresearcher 97. PanteliadouParaskevi,PhDStudent 98. PareaninVladimir,PhDstudent,TeachingAssistant 99. PascoalAnaMehnert,MA 100. PavloviMarijaMaa,PhDstudent 101. PeriiAna,TeachingAssistant 102. PeiMladen,PhDstudent 103. PeteracAleksandra,PhDstudent 104. PetroviMarjan,Assistant 105. PilipoviDragana,PhDstudent 106. PlianiMaja,PhDstudent 107. PosoccoPisana,AssociateProfessor 108. PucarMila,ScientificAdviser 109. PurwaniOfita,PhDstudent 110. PutnikVladana,Ph.Dstudent 111. RadiNenad,AssistantProfessor 112. RadomiroviAnja,PhDstudent 113. RistiTrajkoviJelena,PhDstudent,TeachingAssistant 114. SalatinFrancesca,PhDstudent 115. SamardiNikola,Professor 116. SimonMariann,AssociateProfessor 117. SimoneSante,PhDstudent 118. SpasojeviAna,Ph.D.student 119. StamatoviVukoviSlavica,M.Sc 120. StanojevIvan,PhDstudent 121. StevanoviVladimir,PhDstudent 122. StojanoviAleksandar,PhDstudent 123. StojanoviMarko,Student 124. StojiljkoviDanica,PhDstudent 125. StuparAleksandra,AssociateProfessor 126. amiDina,PhDstudent 127. ariJagoda,PhDstudent 128. SassiBoudemaghSouad 129. ermanKarin 130. ianinPredrag,Professor 131. ioviGrozdana,Phd.student 132. midAndrej,PhDstudent 133. uvakoviMiodragMiko,Professor 134. TamasAndrea,PhDstudent 135. TawaMichael,Professor

136. TentokaliVana,Professor 137. ToliInes,AssistantProfessor 138. TomazellaPaolo,PhDstudent 139. TufegdiAnica,PhDstudent,TeachingAssistant 140. V.FrankenbergPablo,M.A. 141. VanitaLazareviEva,Professor 142. VidalMarisol 143. vonMllendorffNathalieJosephine,Phdstudent 144. VujoeviMilica,MA 145. VukmiroviMilena,TeachingAssistant 146. VukotiLazarMarta 147. ZagoraNermina,PhDstudent 148. ZatriMejrema 149. ZecDejan,PhDstudent,JuniorResearcher 150. ivkovicJelena,AssistantProfessor

RankoRADOVI

Raised and educated in Belgrade.Graduated from the Faculty of Architecture in Belgrade. Earned the MSc degree in 1971. mentored by prof. arch.Oliver Mini (Urban morphology). Obtained PhD degree in University of Paris Sorbonne in 1980. mentored by Prof. Bernard Dorival (Continuity of ideas and shapes in modern architecture). In Belgrade Faculty of Architecture he was elected in all teaching titles in subject Modern Architecture and Urban Planning from 1972 till 1992. He was also the Professor in Novi Sad (founder and head of the Architectural department), of the University of Arts in Belgrade, Technical faculty in Helsinki and UniversityinTsukuba,Japan.Hewasteachingon post graduate studies in universities of Rome, Palermo, Stockholm, Paris, Lyon, Melbourne, KyotoRitsumeikan, IwateMorioka, Lisbon, Zurich,Skopje,Zagreb,Ljubljana. He held numerous public lectures in all the main cities of exYugoslavia. In Belgrade, only in Kolarac Foundation he held 150 lectures for a numerousaudience. PersonalphotoofRankoRadovi He was talking about architecture and city on radio and television, and for Belgrade TV he prepared andrealized29episodesserialprogramcycle:RenikarhitektureandAntologijakua. He was the member of numerous professional organizations in the country and abroad. The President of IFHP (International Federation for Housing and Planning) from 1984 to 1992. The member of UIA Council(InternationalUnionofArchitects)from1984to1990. He published more than 300 scientific and professional studies and essays, 17 books, 4 of them abroad. The most significant are: Antologija kua (Gradjevinska knjiga 1988., 8 editions), Nova antologija kua (Gradjevinska knjiga 2001., 6 editions), Savremena arhitektura izmedju stalnosti i promena, ideja i oblika (Stylos Novi Sad 1998., 2 editions), Forma grada (Stylos & OrionArt 2003., the same year the book was awarded inUrban Salon), Novi vrt i stari kavez (posthumous edition, Stylos 2005.). On cities, planning&urban design FinnishExperience, 19911995.(Helsinki University,1996.) and Urban Guide Helsinki (Helsinki City Planning Department, 1996) were published in English.The GuidehadseveraleditionsanditwastranslatedtoFinnish,French,GermanandRussianlanguage. He participated in 34 architectural competitions, realized 16 urban projects among these parts of Helsinki,newdistrictVuosaariandmarinaHertoniemiin1996 As the graphicartist and painter, he had26individual exhibitions (2posthumous in Belgrade), manyof themabroad(inFinland,Lisbon,Palermo,Budapest,HagueandParisinLatinQuarter2001)aswellas 11collectiveexhibitions.

 SpomenkuabitkenaSutjesci(BattleonSutjeskaMemorialHouse),RankoRadovi,19641972. Twenty nine of his projects are realized (in Vrnjaka Banja, Aranelovac, Apatin, Sombor, Baka Palanka,NoviSad,Dimitrovgrad,inMontenegro,onTjentite,andinBelgrade,theathreAtelje212and craftsmencentreGradiPejtonPeytonPlace. Spomen kua bitke na Sutjesci (Battle on Sutjeska Memorial House) brought him the place in three books of the famous American theorist of architecture Charles Jencks, who ranked Radovi among the mostprominentarchitectstoday. Winner of the award in October Art Salon in 1967. Winner of the award of the 12th Urban Salon in 2003, award for Life Achievement of The Serbian Association of Applied Arts Artist and designers, ULUPUDSin2000,Vuksawardin1997,awardforarchitectureoreTabakovi2001. Posthumously The Association of Applied Arts Artist and Designers of Serbia (ULUPUDS) established in 2006 theAward for architecture Ranko Radovi (consisting of three parts: award for realized work in architecture, award for a book about architecture and city, and award for TV and multimedia expositionaboutarchitectureandcity). IFHP launched in 2006 The International student competition with the award for their architectural projects,bearingthenameofRankoRadovi.

TheexhibitionofentriessubmittedforRRAwards,designoftheexhibitionAleksaBijelovi,ULUPUDS