POWER SUPPLY LM7805 Positive Voltage Regulator The LM78XX series of three terminal positive regulators are available

in the TO-220 package and with several fixed output voltages, making them useful in a wide range of applications. Each type employs internal current limiting, thermal shut down and safe operating area protection, making it essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver over 1A output current. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators, these devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable voltages and currents.

Features Output current in excess of 0.5A No external components Internal thermal overload protection

 Internal short circuit current-limiting Output transistor safe-area compensation Available in TO-220, TO-39, and TO-252 D-PAK packages Output voltages of 5V, 12V, and 15V Power supply circuit : From a 12V Adaptor, input is taken into the power supply unit via a DC Socket. A 5V regulator circuit is designed using LM7805 as shown below which is needed for microcontroller as supply voltage. A 12V Bridge rectifier in between the DC Socket and LM7805 is used. This Bridge continues to provide supply even in case of Power- pin polarity inversion at the DC Socket.

+12V 1 R 1 1K LED 2 1 LED 1 2

1 U 1 4 B R ID G E 3 + 2 C 4 0 .1 u F 1 2

C O N 1 1 2 3 3 P IN D C S O C K E T

+12V U 2 G N D 1 V IN LM 7805 VO U T 3 1

+5V

The capacitor C3 is used to filter the Bridge Rectifier o/p C4 is to filter the ripples at the input of LM7805. C2 at the LM7805 o/p is again to get a smooth DC o/p.

C 3 + 4 7 0 u F /3 5 V

+ C 2 1 0 u F /6 3 V

A general ckt and output waveform of a Bridge rectifier is as shown below: The Positive Half-cycle

During the negative half cycle of the supply, diodes D3 and D4 conduct in series, but diodes D1 and D2 switch "OFF" as they are now reverse biased. The current flowing through the load is the same direction as before.

The Negative Half-cycle

As the current flowing through the load is unidirectional, so the voltage developed across the load is also unidirectional the same as for the previous two diode full-wave rectifier, therefore the average DC voltage across the load is 0.637Vmax. However in reality, during each half cycle the current flows through two diodes instead of just one so the amplitude of the output voltage is two voltage drops ( 2 x 0.7 = 1.4V ) less than the input VMAX amplitude. The ripple frequency is now twice the supply frequency (e.g. 100Hz for a 50Hz supply)