SECTION A GENERALLY

1.0

ABBREVIATION The following abbreviations have been used in the Specification: B.S. British Standard Specification issued by the British Standards Institution. British Standard Code of Practice issued by the Council of Codes of Practice The American Society For Testing And Materials Standards And Industrial Research Institute of Malaysia Australian Specification Standards Association of Australia

C.P.

ASTM S.I.R.I.M A.S. SSA 2.0

STANDARD SPECIFICATION The Specification is a standard Specification and items specified which are not shown on the drawings or are not included in the Bills of Quantities or are not required during the execution of the Contract are not applicable. Reference to published standards, manufacturer's catalogues etc. shall imply the latest amendment in each case.

3.0

INSTRUCTIONS ON PRICING Specifications and Trade Preambles are descriptions of materials and workmanship and other matters relating to items of measured work in the Bills of Quantities and shall apply to the whole of the work regardless of the trade headings under which they have been described or measured. They shall be read in conjunction with these Bills of Quantities. The rates inserted in the Bills of Quantities shall be held to include for all costs expense charges and expenditure arising for complying with the Specification and Trade Preambles.

S/A/1

Unless otherwise described, each item of measured work shall include the cost of supplying and delivering materials to site, unloading, storing, distributing about the site, cutting and waste on materials, all labour hoisting, setting, fitting and fixing in position covering up and protecting finished work, clearing away debris and waste, return of packings, carriage paid, use of plant and equipment, supervision, establishment and overhead charges and profit. The term "as described" as used in the Bills of Quantities shall mean "as described in the Specification and Preambles To All Trade" The Contractor is advised to study the Specifications and Trade Preambles before pricing of the Bills of Quantities and before submitting his tender, as no claim for extra payments on the ground of neglect in this respect will be entertained. 4.0 MATERIALS Unless otherwise described, all materials shall be new and in accordance with British Standard Specifications and the Contractor shall produce the necessary certificates to substantiate this fact if required by the Architect 5.0 WORKMANSHIP Workmanship generally is to be of the highest standard. Where a British Standard Code of Practice exists and is applicable to any portion of the Works, the workmanship shall comp]y with the recommended practice unless such procedure would directly conflict with requirements stated elsewhere in these documents. 6.0 PROPRIETARY MATERIALS Materials of proprietary manufacture specified hereafter, may be substituted by materials of a different manufacture provided that such substitutes are in all respects equal to the original specification and that the Architect's prior written approval is obtained.

7.0

ANOMALIES BETWEEN DOCUMENTS In the event of any discrepancy between the specification and the drawings, the notes on the drawings shall take precedence without any additional cost to the Employer.

S/A/2

8.0

IMPERIAL/METRIC Where a particular material/item is not available in the metric size specified the Contractor shall provide it in the equivalent imperial size subject to the approval of the Architect. The soft conversion method shall be used for the conversion ofdimensions and the actual product, material or structure being manufactured shall remain physically unaltered. Minimal rounding off to the nearest integer or sensible number shall be used. The Contractor shall be deemed to have allowed for this and no claim will later be entertained in this respect.

S/A/3

SECTION B EXCAVATION

1.0

GENERALLY The Contractor shall carry out the excavation and filling works including removal from site of surplus excavated material and debris including that from abandoned services and demolished structures in accordance with the requirements of the drawings and as stated herein. Prior to commencing excavations the Contractor shall submit to the Architect details of his proposed methods for excavation and supporting the sides of excavations.

2.0

SITE CONDITIONS Any existing services, pipes and drains encountered during excavation shall be supported or diverted as directed or cut off and sealed at the Contractor's expense-. Any concrete, brickwork or other artificial obstructions met with during excavation are to be broken up and removed from the site.

3.0

TRIAL HOLES The Contractor shall excavate trial holes as directed by the Architect and shall perform soil-bearing test to determine the bearing capacity of the soil. He shall provide the necessary equipment and attendance to carry out these tests.

4.0

FORMATION LEVELS The Contractor shall excavate or as the case may be, fill to required levels, prior to actual construction work.

5.0

EXCAVATIONS GENERALLY Excavations shall be square, level, plumb, to the depths shown on the drawings and to the width necessary to carry out the work safely and properly.

S/B/1

Generally machine excavation is permitted except for the final 75mm of excavations to receive foundations which shall be either a) Handwork, or b) Executed using machines with buckets without teeth. Place concrete or other fill as soon as possible after inspection to prevent deterioration of formation. If after inspection, formation becomes unsuitable for any reason, excavate further and backfill with approved material all at the Contractor's expense. The Contractor shall notify the Architect and-any relevant Authorities when the excavations are ready to receive concrete or filling. Concrete or filling shall not be laid until the excavations have been approved and the depths noted. Give the Architect at least 24 hours notice of when excavations will be ready for inspection. Should any excavation for foundations be made without authority to greater depths than shown on the drawings or as instructed, then the Contractor is to fill to the correct level with concrete Grade 7. In the case of over-excavation under piled foundations the piles are to be driven from the actual excavation level, the foundation depth increased for its full width and length in concrete of the class specified, and additional reinforcement provided as necessary, to the approval of the Architect Any additional work due to over-excavation shall be at the Contractor's expense, unless ordered by the Architect

6.0

EXCAVATION IN ROCK The term "Excavation shall include for excavating in any material (including laterite or shale) with the exception of rock which in the opinion of the Architect requires the use of compressed air drills, explosives or other special methods of removal. The Architect will be the sole judge in deciding what is to be defined as "rock" See also External Works Section.

S/B/2 7.0 TREATMENT OF FORMATIONS

Trim excavations to required profiles and levels and remove all loose materials. Immediately after leveling and trimming formation, compact with at least six passes of an approved vibratory plate tamper. Where excavation is of suitable size, the compactor shall be a vibratory roller imparting a minimum 2; tons dynamic or impact load. 8.0 USE OF EXPLOSIVES Explosives shall only be used with the prior written consent of the Architect. The Contractor shall inform any other interested parties of his intention and shall take precautions to prevent damage to any services of statutory undertakings or local authorities or to adjacent property. The Contractor shall indemnify the Employer against any claim, loss or expense arising from any damage and make good at his own expense any damage arising from the use of explosives or similar means of breaking up rock or other obstructions. The Contractor shall comply with any regulations concerning the use of explosives, obtain permits, and store explosives in a licensed store or magazine provided with a separate compartment for detonators. Explosives shall be handled only by currently licensed shot fires. The Contractor shall ensure that there is no unauthorised issue or improper use of explosives brought onto the site. Explosives shall be used in the quantities and manner recommended by the manufacturer. See also External Works Section . 9.O SURPLUS MATERIALS Excavated material suitable for filling shall be kept in an approved location on the site. Surplus excavated material or unsuitable spoil shall be removed from the site to a tip to be provided by the Contractor. The Contractor shall allow for provision of temporary spoil heaps and any necessary multi-handling.

S/B/3

10.0

PLANKING AND STRUTTING

Provide planking, strutting and shoring necessary to uphold the sides of excavations. Carefully remove and clear away on completion. The Contractor is absolutely responsible for the safety of the excavations. Earthwork support to deep excavation and/or sides of excavations against existing buildings shall be properly designed and the execution supervised by a registered Structural Engineer. The Contractor shall submit calculations and drawings for earthwork support together with his tender submission. 11.0 RECORDING OF EXCAVATION DEPTHS A record of the depths of all excavations shall be kept by the Contractor and certified by the Architect or his authorised representative. The record shall be made available for checking prior to any work being placed in the excavations. Any authorised variation between the recorded depths and the dimensions shown on the cravings be adjusted accordingly. A true copy of these records will be supplied to the Architect. 12.0 FILLING AND BACKFILLING Return, fill and well ram selected excavated material around foundations, etc. in 300mm layers to the required level. Fill in selected excavated material to make up levels under floors, pavings, terraces etc. as indicated or. the drawings. Filling under structures, floors or paving is to be carried out in layers not exceeding 225mm thick before consolidation, each layer well rolled and consolidated and watered if required. Other filling is to be similarly carried out but in layers not exceeding 300mm thick before consolidation. Mud, rubbish, timber and similar materials are to be removed before filling is carried out. Clay or earth containing vegetation matter, will not be permitted as fill.

S/B/4

13.0

IMPORTED FILLING

Where excavated material is insufficient for earth filling, the Contractor is to obtain this from approved borrow pits, for which he is to obtain the necessary license and pay all fees.

14.0

WATER IN EXCAVATIONS No water is to be allowed to accumulate in the excavations, be it storm or percolating. Excavations are to be kept dry by pumping, baling or otherwise and are to be protected against flooding. The Contractor is to provide pumps of sufficient capacity and necessary temporary drainage to keep excavations dry. The water level shall be maintained below the level of concreting work at all times. No claim will be considered for any special pumping or baling or dewatering required in connection with work below the water table level. The Contractor shall submit details of his proposals for dewatering or pumping to the Architect before commencement of work

15.0

HARDCORE Hardcore is to be approved hard, dry stone, concrete, brick or other material broken to pass a lOOmm ring (or smaller as required for thin beds) graded sufficiently for adequate consolidation and free from dust. Bricks will only be approved for use as hardcore if the site is permanently dry or if the bricks are well burnt and not liable to decompose in damp conditions. Hardcore is to be laid and consolidated as described for filling, and the surface is to be leveled or graded as required and blinded with sand or other approved fine material to receive concrete or other finishinqs.

16.0

REMOVE DEBRIS ETC. Remove debris, fallen earth or collected water from surface of concreted pile caps, lift wells etc. and clean steel starter bars including removing all rust.

S/B/5

17.0

CHEMICAL SOIL TREATMENT (ANTI-TERMITE )

The Contractor shall employ a firm operating as a known specialist in this field and the firm shall be approved by the Architect. The soil treatment against subterranean termites (white ants) shall be carried out strictly in accordance to a .recognised international code of practice and approved by the Architect and the Ministry of Health. Treatment should be carried out at that stage of construction when the whole of the sub-floor area is readily accessible and there is little chance of subsequent soil disturbance. The treatment shall cover the entire floor area including the aprons with an approved specially formulated chemical to create an impregnated unbroken barrier. On completion of the treatment the Contractor shall obtain from the Specialist firm in favour of the Employer a certificate of warranty for ten (10) years in which case the Specialist firm will undertake to provide additional treatment free-ofcharge should infestation of termites occur at any time during the warranty period. Furthermore, free annual inspections shall be carried out during the warranty period. The rates for .the treatment shall include for clearing and preparing the area to be treated, of all unwanted debris in which new colonies of termites might be established and for treatment of the soil in stages as recommenced by the specialist firm.

S/B/6

SECTION C CONCRETE WORK

1.0

REINFORCED CONCRETE The reinforced concrete has been designed generally in accordance with the recommendation contained B.S. 8110.

2.0

UNREINFORCED CONCRETE Unreinforced concrete shall comply with all the relevant requirements for reinforced concrete.

3.0

CEMENT Cement, unless otherwise described, shall be Portland cement complying with B.S.12 or Portland blastfurnace cement complying with B.S. 146. Sulphate resisting cement where specified shall comply with B.S. 4027. Cement shall be delivered in the original sealed and branded bags or in manufacturer's containers. The name of the supplier and source shall be submitted to the Architect for approval. Manufacturers certificates shall be submitted to the Architect on request.

4.0

AGGREGATES Aggregates shall comply with the recommendations of B.S. 882 and testing according to B.S. 812. In special circumstances a deviation from B.S. 882 in respect of grading of aggregates may be accepted, subject to the prior approval of the Architect. For exposed, prestressed or sulphate resisting cement concrete the salt content, expressed as the percentage of sodium choride in the dry weight of aggregate, should not exceed 1%. For other concretes, the total salt in a mix (sodium chloride from aggregate + calcium chloride from any additive) shall not exceed 2% of the weight of cement.

S/C/1

For structural concrete grades the maximum size of fine aggregate shall be 4.8mm. The preferred nominal maximum sizes of coarse aggregate are 40mm, 20mm, 14mm and 10mm as specified in tables 2, 3 and 4. Any special requirements in regard to size, type or colour of aggregates are specified in Tables 2, 3 and 4 The source, colour and type of aggregates shall be approved by the Architect 5.0 WATER Water shall be from the mains and kept free of any impurities. Where tests are required they shall be in accordance with the requirements of B.S. 3148. 6.0 REINFORCEMENT Mild steel reinforcement shall comply with B.S. 4449. High yield stress steel reinforcement shall be: a) b) either cold-worked deformed bars complying with B.S. 4461 or hot-rolled deformed bars complying with the following requirements: 460 N/mm2 up to and including 22mm nominal size 12%, over 22mm nominal size 14%

Minimum yield stress: Minimum elongation :

Welded steel fabric shall comply with B.S. 4483. Mesh shall be delivered to site as flat sheets. Provide manufacturer's certificate verifying compliance with this specification, for each consignment from each source. 7.0 STORAGE Cement shall be stored in a weatherproof shed of adequate size having a raised dry floor, or in bulk in silos of approved design. Different types of cement shall be stored separately.

S/C/2

Aggregates shall be stored on hard paved sloping areas with adequate dividing walls, or in approved containers to prevent mixing of different type of aggregates. Cement and aggregates shall be used in the order in which they are received on site, and storage shall be arranged to facilitate this procedure. Reinforcement shall be stored in racks clear of the ground. Bundles of reinforcement shall be clearly tagged with bar schedule and bar mark reference. Where materials are to be stored on suspended floors or roofs the Contractor shall ensure that such storage will not overload or distort the structural frame. 8.0 REJECTED MATERIALS Materials which have been damaged or are contaminated, or have deteriorated or do not comply with this Specification shall be rejected and shall be removed from the site immediately at the Contractor's expense. 9.0 9.01 TESTS General Before commencement of the Works the Contractor shall submit to the Architect for his approval the name of the Testing Authority he proposes to employ. The Contractor shall provide equipment and labour necessary for carrying out the tests on or of site specified or described in this Specification. He shall make the necessary arrangements for the delivery of samples and test pieces to the approved Testing Authority. The Contractor shall maintain any testing equipment on site in proper working order to the satisfaction of the Architect. The Contractor shall provide copies of test results to the Architect as-required.

S/C/3

The manufacturer's certificates of test will in general be accepted as proof of soundness, but the Architect may require additional tests to be carried out on any cement which in his opinion has deteriorated through age, damage to container, improper storage or for any other reason. Should testing prove the material is defective it shall be removed from the site. Should testing of concrete on site be allowed by the Architect the Contractor shall provide a fully equipped laboratory complete with copies of all relevant published standards referred to in this specification together with experienced technicians to supervise testinq. 9.02 Aggregates Sampling and testing of aggregates shall be carried out in accordance with B.S. 812 At the commencement of the Contract, the Contractor shall deliver to the Testing Authority for inspection and analysis, three separate samples of each type of aggregate to be used in the structural concrete grades. For each type of aggregate the samples shall be taken at the proposed source of supply at intervals of not less than one day. For fine aggregate the samples shall be 23 kg. weight each and for coarse aggregate the samples shall be 45 kg. weight each. To ensure that no significant variation in the grading of the aggregates occurs during the Contract, sieve analyses shall be carried out on site at fortnightly intervals. The results of these analyses shall be recorded on a chart and kept on the site and handed to the Architect on completion of the structural concrete work. If the grading or source of any aggregate is changed the Architect shall be notified before any of this aggregate is used in the Works. The quantity of water contained in the aggregates shall be determined by an approved method at least once a day before concrete mixing is commenced.

S/C/4

9.03

Mixing Plant Weightbatching plant shall be checked weekly by an independent authority in the presence of the Contractor and Architect or his representative, the checking shall be carried out with approved weights provided by the Contractor for this purpose. The water gauge of the concrete mixer shall be inspected and tested weekly by the independent authority when concreting is in proqress. If any fault in the mixing plant is detected by these tests or otherwise the fault shall be rectified to the satisfaction of the Architect before any further use is made of the equipment.

9.04

Concrete Tests Concrete test cubes shall be made, cured and tested and the results recorded, in accordance with the recommendations of B.S. 1881, unless specifically modified in subsequent clauses of the specification. The test specimens shall be 152mm cubes, made in steel moulds of approved design. The test cubes shall be taken from typical batches of concrete as directed by and in the presence of the Architect, without prior notice. ' The test cubes shall be properly packed, suitably labeled, and sent, carriage paid, by the Contractor, to the approved Testing Authority. Subject to the Architect's approval, tests of work cubes may we carried out on site with a testing machine of approved design, in the presence of the Architect. The workability of the concrete shall be determined and checked when directed by means of a slump test or a compaction factor test using the appropriate apparatus and methods as described in Parts 1 and 2 of B.S. 1881.

9.05

Exposed Concrete Finishes For exposed concrete finishes the Contractor shall provide in a suitable area on the site sample panels of each type of finish together with any further control samples required by the Specification. These samples shall be approved by the Architect before the finishes are used in the Works.

S/C/5

The sample panels shall be 900mm square and 15Omm thick. After approval they shall be retained on the site for comparison until the concrete work has been completed when they shall be removed from the site. 9.06 Load Tests Load tests of completed parts of the structure may be called for by the Architect at any time. The standards of acceptance for structural load test are stipulated in B.S. 8110. The test procedure will be specified by the Architect Where the results of such tests indicate that any member or part of the structure does not comply with this Specification, that part of the structure shall be classed as defective work. 10.0 CLASSIFICATION OF CONCRETE MIXES The following terms shall be used to describe the classes of concrete required. "Ordinary structural concrete" is concrete of any grade which is used in reinforced, prestressed or plain concrete construction and which does not contain admixtures or materials other than the following : 1) Portland cement to B.S. 12, Portland blastfurnace cement to B.S. 146, or sulphate-resisting Portland cement to B.S. 4027, Aggregate from natural sources or complying with B.S. 1047 Water which is clean and free from harmful matter.

2) 3)

Special structural concrete. The structural concrete shall be considered as Special when it contains admixtures or materials other than those described above. Designed mix. When a designed mix is specified the Contractor or manufacturer will be responsible for selecting the mix proportions in accordance with the requirements for designed mixes (see clause 16.0) to achieve the required strength and workability, but the Architect will be responsible for specifying the minimum cement content and any other properties required to ensure durability.

S/C/6

Prescribed mix. When a "prescribed mix" is specified the Architect will specify the mix proportions and the Contractor shall provide a properly batched concrete containing the constituents in the specified proportions for the prescribed mix (see Clause 17.0). The Architect is responsible for ensuring that the mix proportions prescribed will provide the strength and durability he requires. The class of concrete mix required will therefore be covered by one of the following descriptions: designed mix for ordinary structural concrete, prescribed mix for ordinary structural concrete. 11.0 11.01 ADMIXTURES General Admixtures may be used in concrete mixes for "special structural concrete" only with the prior approval of the Architect. Both the amount added and method of use should be to the approval of the Architect who shall be provided with the following data : 1) 2) Manufacturer's name and brand name. the typical dosage and detrimental effects of underdosage and overdosage, the chemical name(s) of the main active ingredient(s) in the admixture, whether or not the admixture contains chlorides and if so, the chloride content of the admixture expressed as a percentage of equivalent anhydrous calcium chloride by weight of admixture and whether or not the admixture causes the entrainment of air when used at the manufacturer's recommended dosage.

3) 4)

5)

Unless otherwise agreed, admixtures shall comply with B.S 5075 For admixtures for which there is no British Standard the type and/or proprietary brand may be specified.

S/C/7 11.02 Calcium chloride

Calcium chloride as an admixture shall only be used with the prior written consent of the Architect. Where calcium chloride is allowed as admixture for reinforced concrete, its content shall not exceed 1.5% by weight of the cement. The calcium chloride shall be thoroughly dissolved and mixed with the concrete to avoid any concentration of the chloride throughout the concrete. No calcium chloride admixture shall be used in prestressed concrete or with high alumina cement or sulphate-resisting Portland cement or supersulphated cement. 11.03 Pulverised-fuel Ash Where pulverised-fuel ash is used the total sulphate content expressed as sulphuric anhydride (S03) of the concrete mix shall not exceed 4% by weight of the cement. The sulphate content shall be calculated from the sulphate contents of the cement, coarse aggregate (where applicable) and pulverised fuel ash as determined by tests carried out in accordance with B.S. 4550, B.S. 1047 or B.S. 3681 and B.S. 3892 respectively. Pulverised-fuel ash shall not be used in conjunction with a cement complying with the requirements of B.S. 4027 in concrete required to be resistant to sulphates. 11.04 Air-entraining Agents The admixture shall be of a type approved by the Architect. Mixing and dosing of concrete containing this agent shall be carried out in accordance with the appropriate manufacturer's instructions.

S/C/8

12.0

GRADES OF CONCRETE The following grades of concrete shall be used in the works : Table 1. Grades of Concrete Grade Characteristic Strength N/mm2 7.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 40.0 Lowest grace for compliance with appropriate use plain concrete plain concrete reinforced concrete with lightweight aggregate reinforced concrete with dense aggregate reinforced concrete with dense aggregate reinforced concrete with dense aggregate reinforced concrete with dense aggregate (design mix)

7 10 15 20 25 30 40

The characteristic strength is that determined from test cubes at 28 days. 13. O MINIMUM CEMENT CONTENT The quantity of water required for the various grades of concrete shall be as specified in the Tables 2 and 3. Table 2 gives the minimum cement content required, when using a particular size of aggregate in a Portland cement concrete, under the appropriate conditions of exposure. The reduced minimum cement contents given in Table 2 shall only be used when trial mixes have verified that a concrete with a maximum free water/cement ratio not greater than that given for the particular condition, can be consistently produced and that it is suitable for the conditions of placing and compaction. Table 3 gives the minimum cement content required, when using a particular size of aggregate and a particular type of cement under exposure to a particular degree of sulphate attack. It should be noted that the table also gives the absolute minimum requirements for the average case and that additional recommendations for rather more severe conditions are given in the notes to the table.

S/C/9

Table 2.

Minimum cement content required in Portland cement concrete under specified conditions of exposure Reinforced concrete Nominal maximum size of aggregate (mm) 40 kg/m 20 kg/m 14 kg/m 10 kg/m 40 kg/m Prestressed concrete Nominal maximum size of aggregate (mm) 20 kg/m 14 kg/m 10 kg/m 40 kg/m Plain concrete Nominal maximum size of aggregate (mm) 20 kg/m 14 kg/m 10 kg/m

Mild e.g. completely protected against weather, or aggressive conditions, except for a brief period of exposure to normal weather conditions during 220 construction. Moderate: e.g. sheltered from severe rain and against freezing whilst saturated with water. Buried concrete and concrete continuously under 260 water. Severe: e.g. exposed to sea water, driving rain, alternate wetting and drying and to freezing whilst wet. subject to heavy condensation or 320 corrosive fumes.

250

270

290

300

300

300

300

200

220

250

270

290

320

340

300

300

320

340

220

250

280

300

360

390

410

320

360

390

410

270

310

330

360

S/C/10

When the maximum free water/cement ratio can be strictly controlled these value may be reduced to : Reinforced concrete Nominal size of (mm) 40 kg/m Mild
Moderate

Prestressed concrete

Plain concrete

Nominal maximum Maximum Nominal maximum Maximum maximum Maximum aggregate free water/ size of aggregates free water/ size of aggregates free water/ cement (mm) cement (mm) cement ratio. ratio ratio 10 kg/m 260 310 370 0.65 0.55 0.45 40 kg/m 300 300 300 20 kg/m 300 300 330 14 kg/m 300 300 350 10 kg/m 300 310 370 0.65 0.55 0.45 40 kg/m 180 200 240 20 kg/m 200 230 280 14 kg/m 220 250 300 10 kg/m 240 270 320 0.70 0.60 0.50

20 kg/m 230 260 330

14 kg/m 250 290 350

200 240 290

Severe

S/C/11

Table 3.
Cl as s

Requirements for concrete exposed to sulphate attack.

Requirement for dense, fully compacted concrete made expressed as SO2 with aggregates complying with the requirements of BS 882 or B.S. 1047 In ground water Type of cement Minimum cement content Nominal maximum size of aggregate (mm) 40 20 10 kg/m3 kg/m3 kg/m3 240 280 330 Maximum/free/water/ cement ratio

Concentration of sulphates

In soil Total SO2

SO2 in 2:1 water extract g/1

Parts per 100 000 1. Less than 0.2 Less than 30 Ordinary Portland or Portland - blastfurnace

0.55

2.

0.2 to 0.5

30 to 120

Ordinary Portland or Portland - blastfurnace

290

330

380

0.50

Sulphate - resisting Portland

240

280

330

0.55

Supersulphated

270

310

360

0.50

3.

0.5 to 0.1

1.9 to 3.1

120 to 250

Sulphate supersulphated

resisting

Portland

or

290

330

380

0.50

4.

1.0 to 2.0

3.1 to 5.6

250 to 500

Sulphate supersulphated

resisting

Portland

or

330

370

420

0.45

5.

Over 2.0

Over 5.6

Over 500

Sulphate supersulphated coatings.

resisting Portland or plus adequate protective

330

370

420

0.45

S/C/12

NOTE : 1. This table applies only to concrete made with aggregates complying with the requirements of BS 882 or BS 1047 placed in near-neutral groundwaters of pH 6 to pH 9, containing naturally occuring sulphates but not contaminants such as ammonium salts. Concrete prepared from ordinary or sulphateresisting Portland cement would not be recommended in acidic conditions (pH 6 or less). Supersulphated cement has given an acceptable life provided that the concrete is dense and prepared with a free water/cement ratio of 0.40 or less, in mineral acids down to pH 3.5. NOTE : 2. The Cement contents given in Class 2 are the minima recommended by the manufacturers. For SO2 contents near the upper limit of Class 2 cement contents above these minima are divised. NOTE : 3. Where the total SO2 in column 2 exceeds 0.5% then a 2:1 water extract may result in a lower site classification if much of the sulphate is present as low solubility calcium sulphate. Reference should be made to BRS Digest 90:1970. NOTE : 4. For severe conditions, e.g. thin sections, sections under hydrostatic pressure on one side only and sections partly immersed, consideration should be given to a further reduction of water/cement ratio and, if necessary, an increase in cement content to ensure the degree of workability needed for full compaction and thus minimum permeability. NOTE : 5. The prescribed mixes given in Table 4 may be used where appropriate to meet the requirements of this table and for this purpose the maximum free water/cement ratios of grades 20, 25 and 30 shall be taken as 0.55, 0.50 and 0.45 respectively.

S/C/13

14.0

MAXIMUM CEMENT CONTENT No concrete mix is to have cement content in excess of 550 kg/m unless it has been specifically designed for the increased risk of cracking due to drying shrinkage in thin sections or to thermal stresses in thicker sections.

15.0

WORKABILITY Fresh concrete shall be designed to have the required workability. The required workability shall be suitable for the conditions and capable of being placed without excessive segregation. The concrete shall completely surround all reinforcement, tendons and ducts and completely fill the formwork. Workability of the concrete may be assessed by means of the slump test, compacting factor or VB consistometer test as appropriate.

16.0 16.01

REQUIREMENTS FOR DESIGNED MIXES Target Mean Strength The concrete mix shall be designed to have at least the required minimum cement content and to have a mean strength greater than the required characteristic strength by at least the current margin. The current margin for each particular type of concrete mix shall be determined; it may be taken as having the smaller of the values given by (1) or (2) below: 1) 1.64 times the standard deviation of cube tests on least 100 separate batches of concrete of nominally similar proportions of similar materials and produced over a period not exceeding 12 months by the same plant under similar supervision, but not less than 1/6 of the characteristic strength for concrete of grade 7, 10 or 15 or 3.75 N/mm for concrete of grade 20 or above. 1.64 times the standard deviation of cube test on at least 40 separate batches of concrete of nominally similar proportions of similar materials and produced over a period exceeding 5 days but not exceeding 6 months by the same plant under similar supervision, but not less than 1/3 of the characteristic strength for concrete of grade 7, 10 or 15, or 7.5 N/mm for concrete of grade 20 or above.

2)

S/C/14

Where there is insufficient data to satisfy (1) or (2) above, the margin for the initial mix design shall be taken as two-thirds of the characteristic strength for concrete of grade 7, 10 or 15 or 15 N/mm for concrete of grade 20 or above. This margin shall be used as the current margin only until sufficient data is available to satisfy (1) or (2) above. However, when the required characteristic strength approaches the maximum possible strength of concrete made with a particular aggregate, a smaller margin but not less than 7.5 N/mm may be permitted for the initial mix design. 16.02 Evidence of Suitability of Proposed Mix Proportions The Contractor is required to submit to the Architect evidence for each grade of concrete to show that at the intended workability, the proposed mix proportions and manufacturing method will produce concrete of the required quality. If adequate data for "target mean strength" is not available, trial mixes shall be prepared or, for ordinary structural concrete, the mix proportion given in Table 4 adopted for initial production. For lightweight aggregate concrete, mix proportions having the required minimum cement content and recommended by the producer of a particular lightweight aggregate as complying with the strength requirements of grades 15, 20, 25 or 30 may be accepted in lieu of trial mixes, subject to the Architects approval after examining evidence that the results can be achieved. For higher grades of concrete, trial mixes shall be made. The following information shall be provided by the Contractor before any designed mix is supplied. Subsequently, the Contractor shall declare any change in sources of materials and any change in cement content which results in a difference greater than 20 kg/m from the cement content last declared. 1) Nature and source of each material 2) Either a) appropriate existing data as evidence of satisfactory previous performance far target mean strength, and current margin and if required workability and water / cement ratio or b) full details of test on trial mixes or c) for ordinary structural concrete a statement that for initial production the appropriate mix proportions given by Table 4 will be used. 3) Proposed quantities of each ingredient per cubic metre of fully compacted concrete. S/C/15 16.03 Trial Mixes

Where trial mixes are required three separate batches of concrete shall be made using materials likely to be typical of the proposed supply and preferably under full scale production conditions. If circumstances make this inconvenient, the batches may be mixed in a laboratory unless this is specifically precluded by the Architect. Sampling and testing shall be in accordance with B.S. 1881. The workability of each of the trial batches shall be determined and three cubes made from each batch for test at 28 days. A further three cubes from each batch shall be made for test at an earlier age. The trial mix proportions shall be satisfactory if the average strength of the nine cubes tested at 28 days exceeds the specified characteristic strength by the current margin minus 3.5 N/mm or if nine tests at an earlier age indicate that it is likely to be exceeded by this amount. If trial mixes are required to demonstrate that the maximum free water/cement ratio is not exceeded, two batches shall be made in a laboratory with cement and surface dry aggregates known from past records of the suppliers of the materials to be typical. The proposed mix proportions shell not be accepted unless both batches have the correct cement content and a free water/cement ratio below the maximum specified value at the proposed degree of workability. For this purpose existing laboratory test reports may be accepted instead of trial mixes only if the Architect is satisfied that the materials to be used in the structural concrete are likely to be similar to those used in the test.

S/C/16

17.0

REQUIREMENTS FOR PRESCRIBED MIXES

17.01

Prescribed Mixes for Ordinary Structural Concrete Prescribed mixes for ordinary structural concrete shall be produced to comply with the requirements in this specification. Except when specified otherwise, for ordinary structural concrete of grades 7, 10, 15, 20, 25 the mix proportions shall be selected from Table 4 and the constituent materials shall be selected from the following: For grades 7, 10 and 15 Cement complying with the requirements of either B.S. 12 or B.S 146 Coarse aggregate complying with the requirements of B.S. 882 or B.S. 1047 and fine aggregate complying with the requirements of B.S. 882 or all in aggregate complying with the requirements of B.S. 882 but preferably with the higher sand contents given in Table 4. For grades 20, 25 and 30 : Cement complying with the requirements of BS 12, BS 146 or BS 4027, Coarse aggregate complying with the requirements of B.S. 882 or B.S. 1047 and sand complying with grading zones 1, 2 or 3 of B.S. 882 The Architect shall be informed of the nature and source of each material to be used and subsequently whenever a change is made. No admixture shall be used unless with the approval of the Architect The cement content for these prescribed mixes is given in Table 4 together with the total weights of dry aggregate to produce approximately one cubic metre of concrete. Depending upon the specific gravity of the aggregates slight adjustments may be required to the quantity of aggregates to produce this volume of concrete having the required workability, strength and cement content. Table 4 also gives the approximate proportions of fine aggregate to be used although small adjustments may be required on the site depending on the properties of the local materials. For grades 7, 10 and 15 a range of fine aggregate proportions is given , the lower percentage being applicable to finer materials such as zone 3 sand and the higher percentage being applicable to coarser material such as zone 1 sand. Where single-sized coarse aggregates are used, the proportions shall be chosen to produce a combined grading within the limits of B.S. 882 or B.S. 1047 for graded coarse aggregate of the appropriate size. S/C/17

The actual batch weights shall be calculated to suit the size of the mixer from the values given in Table 4 for the appropriate grade of concrete. Allowance has to be made for a moisture content typical of the aggregates being used.

Where necessary the aggregates for grades 7, 10 and 15 may be batched by volume in which case the bulk density of the damp aggregate may be taken as 1500 kg/m3. One whole bag of cement may be taken as weighing 50 kg. 17.02 Nominal Mixes for Ordinary Structural Concrete Nominal mixes shall comply with the requirements of C.P. 114 Part 2. The applicable specification of Clause 17.01 shall apply equally to this clause.

S/C/18

Table 4.

Prescribed Mixes for Ordinary Structural Concrete

Weights of cement and total dry aggregates in kg. to produce approximately one cubic metre of fully compacted concrete together with the percentages by weight of fine aggregate in total dry aggregates. The restrictions in the types of cement and aggregate that may be used are specified under "Classification of Mixes" (See Clause 10.0). Admixtures may not be used in ordinary concrete.

Nominal max. size of 40 aggregate (mm) Concrete grade Workability Medium High

20 Medium High

14 Medium High

10 Medium High

Limits to slump that may be expected 50-100 (mm) Cement (kg) Total aggregate (kg) Fine aggregate (%) Cement (kg) Total aggregate (kg) Fine aggregate (%) Cement (kg) Total aggregate (kg) Fine aggregate (%) 180 1950 30-45 210 1900 35-45 250 1850 30-45

100-150

25-75

75-125

10-50

50-100

10-25

25-50

200 1850 30-45 230 1850 30-45 270 1800 30-45

210 1900 35-50 240 1850 35-50 280 1800 35-50

230 1800 35-50 260 1800 35-50 310 1750 35-50

----------

----------

----------

----------

10

15

S/C/l9

20

Cement (kg) Total aggregate (kg) Sand Zone 1 (%) Zone 2 (%) Zone 3 (%) Cement (kg) Total aggregate (kg) Sand * Zone 1 (%) Zone 2 (%) Zone 3 (%) Cement (kg) Total aggregate (kg) Sand * Zone 1 (%) Zone 2 (%) Zone 3 (%)

350 1850 35 30 30 340 1800 35 30 30 370 1750 35 30 30

320 1750 40 35 30 360 1750 40 35 30 390 1700 40 35 30

320 1800 40 35 30 360 1750 40 35 30 400 1700 40 35 30

350 1750 45 40 35 390 1700 45 40 35 430 1650 45 40 35

340 1750 45 40 35 380 1700 45 40 35 430 1700 45 40 35

380 1700 50 45 40 420 1650 50 45 40 470 1600 50 45 40

360 1750 50 45 40 450 1700 50 45 40 460 1650 50 45 40

410 1650 55 50 45

25

1600 55 50 45 510 1550 55 50 45

30

* Sand is fine aggregate resulting from the natural disintegration of rock.

S/C/20

18.0 18.01

PRODUCTION OF CONCRETE General The supervision employed for concrete production shall be suitably experienced to ensure the required standard of control over materials and workmanship. Staff designated to supervise concrete work shall be on site whenever such work is executed. The Architect shall be afforded all reasonable opportunity and facility to inspect the materials and the manufacture of concrete and to take any samples or to make any tests. All such inspection, sampling and testing shall be carried out with the minimum of interference with the process of manufacture and delivery.

18.02

Cement Provision shall be made to protect cement before use and to prevent accidental mixing of different types.

18.03

Aggregate Separate fine and coarse aggregate shall be used except for grades 7, 10 and 15 where all-in aggregate may be used. Aggregate deliveries shall be inspected and a random selection shall undergo regular testing. Aggregates shall be handled and stored so as to minimize segregation and contamination. For the grades of concrete other than 7, 10 and 15, the grading of each size of aggregate from each source of supply shall be determined at least once weekly. The results of such tests shall be submitted to the Architect and shall be used to checks whether the gradings are similar to those of the samples used in the establishment of the batch weights.

18.04

Batching and mixing The quantity of cement, the quantity of fine aggregate and the quantities of the various sizes of coarse aggregates shall be measured by weight except that aggregates may be measured by volume in the following instances:1) concretes of grades 7, 10 and 15 using dense aggregate, 2) concretes of grades 7 and 10 using lightweight aggregate, 3) the lightweight coarse aggregate component only in concrete of grades 15 and higher.

S/C/21

A separate weighing device shall be provided for weighing the cement. Alternatively, the cement may be measured by using a whole number of bags in each batch. The amount of water shall be measured, by volume or by weight. Any solid admixtures to be added shall be measured by weight but liquid or paste admixtures may be measured by volume or weight. The batch weights of aggregate shall be adjusted to allow for a moisture content typical of the aggregates being used. The accuracy of the measuring equipment shall be within 3% of the quantity of cement, water or total aggregates being measured and within 5% of the quantity of any admixture being used. Measuring equipment shall be maintained in a clean, serviceable condition The mixer shall comply with the requirements of B.S. 1305 or B.S. 4251 where applicable. The mixing time shall be not less than that used by the manufacturer in assessing the mixer performance. In the case 0f mixes of low workability or high cement content a satisfactory mixing time shall be determined by comparing the strength of samples mixed for different times 18.05 Control of water Content The water content of each batch of concrete shall be adjusted so as to produce a concrete of the workability required by the trial mixes or by Table 4 as appropriate. 18.06 Control of Strength of Designed Mixes During production adjustments of mix proportions shall be made in order to minimize the variability of strength and to approach more closely the target mean strength. Such adjustments will be accepted as part of the proper control of production but the specified limits of minimum cement content and maximum water/cement ratio shall be maintained. Changes in cement content shall be declared. Such adjustments to mix proportions shall not be taken to imply any change to the current margin.

S/C/22

A change in the current margin used for judging compliance with the specified characteristic strength becomes appropriate when the results of a sufficiently large number of tests show that the previously established margin is insignificantly too large or too small. Recalculation of the margin shall be carried out in accordance with the requirements as specified under "Target Mean Strength" (see Clause 16.01). The adoption of the recalculated value will not be justified if the two values differ by less than 18% when based on tests on 40 separate batches; or less than 11% when based on tests on 100 separate batches; or less than 5% when based on tests on 500 separate batches. On the adoption of a recalculated margin it shall become the current margin for the judgment of compliance with the specified characteristic strength of concrete produced subsequently to the change. 18.07 Ready Mixed Concrete Ready mixed concrete shall comply with B.S. 5328 except where modified by this specification. The concrete shall be obtained from a depot approved by the Architect and details of the type of-plant trucks etc. shall be provided. The supplier shall provide test certificates at weekly intervals giving aggregate test results for workability and strength. The maximum elapsed time from the charging of the mixer with all dry ingredients, water and cement to the discharging of the ready-mixed concrete at the site shall generally be as follow: Concrete temperature at Time of Maximum elapsed time from charging Placing of the mixer to discharge 10 - 24 C 25 - 27 C 28 - 30 C 31 - 32 C Greater than 32 C 2 hours 1 hour 30 mins 1 hour 45 mins Not acceptable unless with suitable precautions and with Architects approval.

S/C/23

The discharge trucks shall not be loaded in excess of the manufacturer's rated capacity, which shall be stated on the vehicle in terms of volume of mixed concrete. The Contractor shall inform the supplier of all the requirements of this Specification, and each delivery of concrete shall be accompanied by a delivery note giving the following information: a) b) c) d) The specific part of the Works for which the concrete is intended. The quantity of concrete contained. The time of dispatch from the depot. Full details of type of concrete supplied, including i) ii) iii) iv) v) Type of cement Slump Maximum aggregate size Strength Admixtures used (if any)

The delivery notes shall be retained on site by the Contractor and shall be available to the Architect on request.

19.0 19.01

COMPLIANCE WITH SPECIFIED REQUIREMENTS General Provided that the Architect is satisfied that the materials used are in accordance with the specification and that correct methods of manufacture and practices of handling raw materials and manufactured concrete have been used, the compliance of : 1) a designed mix for ordinary structural concrete shall be judged by the strength of the hardened concrete, compared with the specified characteristic strength; together with the cement content, compared with the specified minimum cement content.

S/C/24

2)

a prescribed mix for ordinary structural concrete shall, unless otherwise specified, be judged on the basis of the specified mix proportions and required workability. a designed mix for special structural concrete shall be judged in a manner similar (1) above except that in addition compliance with any specified special requirements shall be taken into consideration. a prescribed mix for special structural concrete shall be judged in a manner similar to (2) above.

3)

4)

When requirements not described in detail in the Code are specified (for example, density or modulus of elasticity of concrete), compliance with those requirements shall be determined only in association with a detailed description of the method of test and with tolerances which take appropriate account of, variability due to manufacture, sampling and testing. Sampling and testing of constituent materials shall be carried out in accordance with the provisions of the appropriate British Standard, and all sampling and testing of fresh and of hardened concrete shall be carried out in accordance with the provisions of B.S. 1881 unless such provisions is at variance with this Code. 19.02 Strength The characteristic strength of concrete is that 28 days cube strength below which not more than 5% of the test results may be expected to fall. Compliance with the specified characteristic strength shall be judged by tests made on cubes at an age of 28 days unless there is evidence, satisfactory to the Architect; that a particular testing regime is capable of predicting the strength at 28 days of concrete tested at an earlier age, when compliance may be based on the results of such tests alone.

S/C/25

19.03

Testing Plan

A sample shall be taken from a randomly selected batch of concrete by taking a number of increments in accordance with BS 1881. The samples, whenever practicable, shall be taken at the point of discharge from the mixer or in the case of ready mixed concrete at the point of discharge from the delivery vehicle. Two test specimens shall be prepared from the sample and both the specimens shall be cured for 28 days. On completion of the curing, the specimens shall be tested and the average of the two results shall be taken as the test result Compliance with the characteristic strength shall be assumed if the conditions given in both (a) and (b) are met: a) the average strength determined from any group of four:- consecutive test results exceeds the specified characteristic strength by 3N/mm for concretes of grade G20 and above 2N/mm for concretes of grade C7.5 to C15 b) the strength determined from any test result is not less than the specified characteristic strength minus 3N/mm for concretes of grade C20 and above 2N/mm2 for concretes of grade C7.5 to C15 The quantity of concrete represented by any group of four consecutive test results shall include the batches from which the first and last samples were taken together with all intervening batches. When a result fails to comply with item (b) above, only the particular batch from which the sample was taken shall be at risk. The rates of sampling and testing of concrete shall be in accordance with table 5 as given below:

S/C/26

Table 5 - Rates of Sampling

Type of Structures Critical Structures eg. columns, cantilevels footings, pile caps Intermediate structures eg. beams, slabs

Rate of Sampling 10m3

20m3

At least one sample should be taken on each day that concrete of that grade is used. Testing of pumped concrete shall be carried out in accordance with this clause and the requirements in the specification for pumped concrete elsewhere in this section. 19.04 Action to be Taken in the Event of Non-Compliance With the Testing Plan. When the average strength of four consecutive test cubes fails to meet the first requirements as stipulated under Testing Plan (see clause 19.03), the mix proportions of subsequent batches of concrete shall be modified to increase the strength. If the cube strengths at 28 days are less than those specified, the work from which the concrete for the test cubes was taken will be rejected by the Architect, and will be broken out and rebuilt or otherwise made good as directed by him at the Contractor's own expense. 19.05 Cement Content The cement content of any batch of concrete shall be not less than the specified minimum value minus 5% of that value, nor more than the specified maximum value plus 5% of that value. As an alternative the cement content may be determined from samples representative of any batch of concrete provided that a suitable testing regime (including errors due to sampling) is used to measure the cement content of fresh concrete to an accuracy of 5% of the actual value with a confidence of 95%.

S/C/27

19.06

Workability The workability of concrete shall be within the following limits:

Slump Compacting factor

+ 25mm or + one third of the required value, whichever is the greater. + 0.03, where the required value or more + 0.04, where the required value is less than 0.90 but more than 0.80; + 0.05, where the required value is 0.80 or less

VB

+ 3 seconds or + one fifth of the required value, whichever is the greater.

19.07

Water/Cement Ratio The water/cement ratio of a batch of concrete shall not exceed the specified maximum value by more than 5% of that value. Air Content of Fresh Concrete The percentage air content determined from individual samples taken at the point of placing the concrete and representative of any given batch of concrete shall be within 1.5 of the required value. The average percentage air content from any four consecutive determinations from separate batches shall be within 1.0 of the required value. Construction Joints and Expansion Joints Construction Joints Generally The number of construction joints shall be kept as few as possible consistent with reasonable precautions against shrinkage. Concreting shall be carried out continuously up to and between construction joints. Where it is necessary to introduce construction joints, careful consideration shall be given to their exact location, which shall be indicated on the drawings. Alternatively, the location of joints shall be subject to agreement between the Architect and the Contractor before any work-commences. Construction joints shall be at right angles to the general direction of the member and shall take due account of shear and other stresses.

19.08

19.09 19.09.01

S/C/28

Concrete shall not be allowed to run to a feather edge. The top surface of a layer of concrete shall be level and reasonably flat unless design consideration make this undesirable. Joint lines should be so arranged that they coincide with features of the' finished work (if any).

If a kicker (i.e. a starter stub) is used it should be at least 70mm high and carefully constructed. The kicker shall preferably be incorporated with the previous concrete. Where possible, the formwork shall be designed to facilitate the preparation of the joint surface, and the optimum time for treatment shall be two to four hours after placing. Immediately prior to recommencement of concreting at a joint, the surface of the placed concrete shall be free from laitance and shall be roughened to the extent that the largest aggregate is exposed but not disturbed. The Contractor is to ensure that joint surface is clean immediately before the fresh concrete is placed against it. Particular care shall be taken in the placing of the new concrete close to the joint. This concrete shall be particularly well compacted and vibrated. Where the Architect considers that special preparation is necessary, e.g. for an insitu structural connection, preparation shall be carried out preferably when the concrete has set but not hardened, by spraying with a fine spray of water or brushing with a stiff brush', which is sufficient to remove the outer mortar skin and expose the large aggregate without it being disturbed. Where this treatment is impracticable, sand blasting or a needle gun shall be used to remove the surface skin and laitance. Hacking of hardened surfaces shall be avoided. 19.09.02 Position of Construction Joints Generally the distance between construction joints in walls and slabs shall not exceed 9 metres. Joints in columns shall be formed at top of footings, top of slabs, at a minimum or 20mm above the soffit of beams connecting into columns, or 15mm above the soffits of suspended floors Joints in ground slabs shall be aligned with column gridlines where practicable. Form diamond shaped or circular separations around columns.

S/C/29

Construction joints between different grades of concrete and between concrete mixes using different cement shall be made and positioned as the Architect directs Construction joints in exposed off-form concrete surfaces must be positioned to give minimum variation from the specified finish.

The Contractor shall submit to the Architect for approval his proposals for ensuring the efficient compaction and soundness of fresh concrete and the continuity of the specified finish at construction joints. 19.09.03 Treatment of Construction Joints Construction joints other than horizontal joints shall be formed with proper stopboards fixed vertically unless otherwise directed. Reinforcement shall continue through construction joints and stop boards shall be properly cut and fitted. Construction joints shall be hacked and laitance and honeycombed concrete removed from the contact face before the adjacent section is concreted. Where an adjacent face is to be exposed in the finished works, hacking of the contact face shall be terminated 12mm away from the face to be exposed. Air and water jetting may be used instead of hacking subject to the prior approval of the Architect. Loose material shall be removed from the contact face immediately after hacking or jetting has been completed. When work is to be resumed at a construction joint, it shall be swept clean and left dry. At vertical joints the fresh concrete shall be placed directly against the dry hacked contact face. 19.09.04 Expansion Joint Fillers And Sealants Expansion joint fillers and waterstops shall be installed in positions indicated on the drawings. The Contractor shall be responsible for the effectiveness of the joints. Any badly installed joints shall be re-instated at the Contractor's expense. The Architect shall be the sole judge of the effectiveness of the expansion joints.

S/C/30

Joint filler shall be either "Flexcell" or other equal and approved compressible bituminous joint filler as shown in the drawings. The filler shall be the same thickness as the joint width and shall extend through the full thickness of the concrete except where shown otherwise. The filler shall be placed on the formwork on the concreting side before concrete is poured. Fixing of the fillers to existing concrete shall be by driving copper nails at suitable intervals.

Ensure that the filler provides adequate support for the sealing compound and that no void exists between the filler and the joint walls. Form joint sealing slot by placing a timber fillet on top of the filler which can be later removed or by filling the joint to its full depth and subsequently cutting a groove with a power driven cutter. The timber fillet or excess filler shall not be removed until the joint is ready to be sealed. Joint sealants shall be either "Thioflex 600", "Pliastic", or other equal and approved as shown on the drawings. The general requirements specified for sealants elsewhere in this section shall apply equally to this Clause. Waterstops shall be as specified in clause 23.02 20.0 20.01 FORMWORK General The Contractor shall be responsible for the design of the formwork, for its sufficiency, and for the time and manner of its removal. Before construction commences the Contractor shall submit details and drawings to the Architect showing the general method and system of formwork he proposes to use, the construction procedure, stripping times and back propping for the main structural members. Formwork shall be watertight and sufficiently rigid to maintain the correct position, shape and profile so that the finished concrete structure is within the dimensional tolerances specified. In the case of formwork for exposed off-form finishes, formwork joints shall be filled with compressible foam strips, taped or otherwise sealed on the outside face.

S/C/31

The formwork shall be designed to be demountable without shock, disturbance or damage to the concrete. Soffit formwork properly supported on props only shall be capable of being retained in position during maturing period. The formwork generally shall be prefabricated wherever possible. Adjustable steel supports and props shall allow the formboards and formwork to be accurately adjusted to line and level. Design shall allow free movement. and accessibility under

the formwork. Props for abnormal ceiling heights shall be specially designed. Supports for formwork shall be carried to construction which in the opinion of the Architect is sufficiently strong to support the work. Care should be taken that when re-using formwork its surface shall be smooth and clean and that it shall be free from warping, twisting or other deformations. Any formwork which has, in the architect opinion, deteriorated sufficiently to render it unsuitable for the work shall be rejected, new formwork being provided at the Contractor's expense. The Architect may reject concrete work where in his option, the finished surface is not of the required standard. 20.02 Form Materials Construct formwork for exposed concrete surfaces which smooth faced plywood or other panels producing a finish acceptable to the Architect and in accordance with clause 22.08. Panels shall provide continuous straight smooth as cast surface and shall be in largest practicable size to minimise joints. Construct formwork for concealed surfaces with sound grade, rough sawn boards, or other panels producing a finish acceptable to the Architect and in accordance with clause 22.08. Form materials shall be adequate to withstand pressure of newly placed concrete without excessive and objectionable bow or deflection.

S/C/32

20.03

Form Ties Form ties shall be factory fabricated, adjustable length, removable or snap off metal form ties designed to prevent form deflection and prevent spalling of the concrete surface on removal. Where part of a tie remains embedded in the concrete, it shall have not less cover than the adjacent reinforcement.

Ties shall be such that the portion remaining after removal of external parts is at least 40mm from the outer concrete face, and will not leave a hole larger than 25mm diameter. Submit samples of ties proposed for use for approval of the Architect. 20.04 Propping The Contractor is responsible for the design of the propping system, but the following may be used as a guide for the minimum requirements. Structural props for beams and slabs shall be positioned to divide the clear scan of each member into equal lengths. The number of props provided in each span shall be at least one for clear spans of 6m or under and at least two for clear spans over 6m and under 12m. For two-way spanning slabs structural props as specified above shall be provided for each direction of span. For slabs spanning in one direction only, the spacing of props in the direction perpendicular to the span shall not exceed half the span. All members with span exceeding 12m shall be propped to the Architect's satisfaction. Props shall be in the form of space frames, composite or single members with sufficient stiffness or bracing so that the props will neither sway nor buckle under loads they were designed to carry. 20.05 Beam and Slab Formwork formwork to soffits shall be constructed so that it can be removed without disturbing the structural props. Unless otherwise shown on the drawings the formwork of all beams and slabs with spans up to 12m shall be constructed with the following upward camber:

S/C/33

i)

Spanning between supports: Roof beams and slabs 6mm at midspan for each 3m span Floor beams and slabs 3mm at midspan for each 3m span

ii) Cantilevers; Beams and slabs 13mm at free end of each 3m span

The depth of beams at all points in the span shall be as indicated on the drawings. The Contractor shall check and record the top surface levels of the members and slabs before commencing stripping of the formwork. 20.06 Final Preparation The internal faces of the formwork shall be coated with an approved release agent to prevent adhesion of the concrete to the forms, provided that the use of this agent will not stain or adversely affect the surface of the finished concrete particularly in the case of exposed off form finishes. This agent shall not be allowed to touch the reinforcement, nor shall any excess be left in the bottom of forms. Prior to initial use each form shall be painted with cement slurry, allowed to dry and cleaned off by brushing, to ensure even absorbency of the form face. This process shall be repeated at least twice. Immediately before the concrete is placed in any section of the formwork, the interior of that section shall be completely cleared of all extraneous materials. If necessary sections of the forms shall be readily removable to facilitate cleaning out. Each section of the formwork to structural members shall be inspected and passed by the Architect immediately before concrete is placed in that section.

S/C/34

20.07 20.07.01

Striking of Formwork General The time at which formwork is struck will be influenced by the following factors: 1) Concrete strength,

2)

stresses in the concrete at any stage in the construction period which, in the case of precast units, includes the stresses induced by disturbance at the casting position and subsequent handling, curing, subsequent surface treatment requirements. presence of re-entrant angles requiring formwork to be removed as soon as possible after concrete has set to avoid shrinkage cracks.

3) 4) 5)

The formwork shall be removed slowly to avoid sudden shocks from removal of wedges, or vibration which might damage the partly hardened concrete. Materials and plant shall not be stacked on any newly constructed floor without the permission of the 20.07.02 Striking Periods Provided the concrete strength is confirmed tests on cubes stored as far as possible under same conditions, formwork supporting, cast concrete in flexure may be struck when the strength is 10N/mm2 or twice the stress to will then be subjected whichever is the greater, provided that such earlier striking will not result in unacceptable deflections due to shrinkage creep etc.

S/C/35

In the absence of cube test results the periods before striking given in Table 6 may be used as 2 guide for ordinary Portland cement concrete. When admixtures or other types of cement are used, longer or shorter periods may be required. The periods given in Table 6 are not intended to apply where accelerated curing or slip forms are used. Where it is not practicable to ascertain the surface temperature of concrete air temperatures may be used though these are less precise. In cold weather, the period shall be increased accordion to reduce maturity. For example, for soffit formwork it would be appropriate to increase the value for 7 C by half a day

for each day on which the concrete temperature was generally between 2C and 7C and a whole day for each day on which the Concrete temperature was below 2 C.

Table 6.

Minimum period before striking formwork. Minimum period before striking 14 days 21 days 4 days 21 days 7 days 14 days

Part of Structure Slabs up to 3m span Slabs over 3m span Sides of beams Soffit of beams Walls and columns, unloaded Walls and columns, loaded Other members formwork and

special As approved by the Architect.

S/C/36

20.08

Formwork For Exposed Off-Form Concrete Finishes The Contractor shall give special care to the design, fabrication and erection of formwork to ensure that the required finished surfaces are obtained and are of the highest possible quality. The Contractor shall submit to the Architect for approval samples of the formwork materials proposed to be used for the off-form finishes.

The Contractor shall construct control samples for the Architect's approval, in advance of the general construction, to show the concrete finish using concrete, reinforcement, release agent and formwork proposed to be used in the Works and cast in the same manner as on the job. The approved control samples shall set a standard for the subsequent work and all work shall be at least to this standard. Formwork for off-form finishes shall be adequately protected from dirt or damage by covering with building paper, polythene film or by other approved means until immediately prior to concreting. 21.0 21.01 REINFORCEMENT Generally Reinforcement shall not be cut or bent on site unless approved by the Architect. 21.02 Bending Reinforcement bars shall be accurately shaped in a manner that will not injure the material, to the details shown on the drawings. Bars shall not be bent hot. The test piece shall withstand being bent without fracture through 180 round a former whose diameter is three times the nominal diameter of the test piece. Do not rebend bars without the approval of the Architect. If approved bend bars at the ambient temperature; inspect each rebent bar for signs of fracture. The minimum radius for bends of rebent bars shall be approved by the Architect.

S/C/37

21.03

Cleaning Reinforcement shall be clean and free of loose mill scale, loose rust, oil, grease or other harmful matters which may adversely affect reinforcement, concrete, or the bond between the two, immediately prior to being placed in position.

21.04

Placing

Reinforcement shall be accurately placed before concreting, securely fixed and adequately maintained in the positions shown on the drawings. Starter bars to columns and walls etc. must be securely fixed to the reinforcement in the parent concrete and not pushed into wet concrete after casting. The concrete cover to the reinforcement detailed on the drawings shall be maintained by use of mortar blocks, reinforcement chairs, plastic spacers or other approved methods. Mortar blocks used for this purpose shall be made with 1.2 cement mortar or concrete of grade specified for the particular member. The use of mortar blocks will not be allowed on exposed concrete faces. In concrete with exposed finishes only rings, composed of the same concrete as the parent concrete, will be allowed and spaced as far apart as is consistent with maintaining the reinforcement in its correct position. The Contractor shall supply and fix necessary chairs required to maintain the reinforcement in the correct position. The spacing of chairs and the diameter of bars used in their manufacture shall be agreed with the Architect. Laps of fabric, and laps and intersections of bars shall be securely connected with malleable black or galvanised iron wire of 16 S.W.G. or by other approved method. The Contractor shall ensure that forms and linings are not damaged when fixing reinforcement. No metal part of any device used for connecting bars or for maintaining reinforcement in the correct position shall remain permanently within the specified minimum concrete cover to the reinforcement.

S/C/38

The minimum concrete cover to reinforcement shall be as shown on the Drawings, to a tolerance of 5mm, and the Contractor shall check the position of reinforcement immediately prior to placing concrete. 21.05 Welding Welding of steel reinforcement is not generally allowed without the prior written permission of the.

If allowed metal arc welding shall comply with B.S. 5135 and the recommendations of the reinforcement manufacturer. Welding of cold-worked high tensile steel reinforcement will not be permitted. Welding shall only be executed by suitably qualified operatives holding the relevant certificates of competence in each type of welding. When required by the Architect the Contractor shall submit evidence of such proficiency. 21.06 Projecting Reinforcement Projecting reinforcement or dowel bars for future connection of the structural works shall be protected by cement grout, if left exposed for a long time. Projecting reinforcement shall not be bent or reshaped without the approval of the Architect. 22.0 22.01 CONCRETING Generally Concrete shall not be placed in any section of the work until all preparations for that section have been inspected and approved by the Architect. Two working days notice of intention to place concrete must be given to the Architect. Concrete which is placed without prior inspection of preparation will be removed at the Contractor's expense if so directed by the Architect. 22.02 Mixing Concrete shall be mixed in an approved mechanical batch mixer. Mixing shall be continued until there is uniform distribution of the materials in the mixer and the mass is uniform in colour. The mixing time for each batch shall not be less than the minimum period recommended by the mixer manufacturer.

S/C/39

The volume of mixed materials in each batch shall not exceed the rated capacity of the mixer. Each batch of concrete shall be discharged completely before the mixer drum is re-charged. The mixer drum shall be thoroughly washed out whenever mixing ceases for more than 20 minutes, or when there is a change in type of cement. 22.03 Transporting

Concrete shall be transported as quickly as possible from the mixer to its final position without segregation or loss of any of the ingredients. Plant and equipment used for transporting concrete shall be kept clean; containers used for transporting concrete shall be thoroughly washed out whenever mixing ceases, or when there is a change in type cement. Runs or gangways for concrete transporters and main runs for foot traffic shall not be supported or allowed to bear on the fixed reinforcement, unless with the Architect's permission. 22.04 Placing The method of placing shall be such that it does not cause segregation of the aggregates, and avoids any double handling. Free dropping or concrete from a height greater than 1200mm will not be permitted. Concrete shall be placed while still sufficiently plastic for adequate compaction. Under no circumstances shall further water be added to assist placing and the retempering of partly set concrete will not be permitted. During concreting a competent steel fixer shall be in continuous attendance in order to adjust and correct the position of any reinforcement., which may be displaced. Concreting shall not be carried out during heavy rain, unless temporary coverings or sheds are provided. Should concreting be halted by rain, temporary stops ends shall be made and the laid concrete suitably protected.

S/C/40

Concrete shall not be deposited in wet trenches or in running water. The order of placing shall be so arranged that new concrete is continually being placed against unset concrete so that a monolithic structure shall result. The Contractor shall keep on site a detailed record of the work showing the time and date when concrete is placed in each part of the r Works. This record shall be available at all times for inspection by the Architect or his representative. 22.05 Pumped Concrete

22.05.01

Generally The use of pumped concrete in any part of the Works shall be subject to the approval of the Architect. The concrete shall be manufactured in accordance with the specification given and the quality of the materials used and the requirements of the resulting concrete shall be as specified for site mixed concrete. The Contractor shall submit to the Architect for approval at least one week in advance the name of the supplier with whom he proposes to place the orders for both concrete and pumping operation, together with full details of the proposed concrete mix and equipment. The Contractor shall ensure that his transporting and placing equipment is of sufficient capacity to handle without undue delay the volume of concrete at the rate at which it is manufactured.

22.05.02

Concrete Concrete for pumping shall be a well-mixed homogeneous mass, free of over sized stone, capable of taking high pressure without segregation. Pumped concrete must be fluid enough to travel through the confined spaces in the pump and delivery lines. The slump shall be kept at 100mm + 25mm or above to facilitate pumping. The water cement ratio shall be between 0.4 and 0.6 and should remain constant during each pumping operation. The concrete shall be of suitable grading with sufficient fines the 'finer-fines' (passing a 0.30mm sieve) shall be increased by addition of cement or other fine materials.

S/C/41

22.05.03

Cement The cement used shall not be a quick setting variety or water repellant.

22.05.04

Aggregate The size of coarse aggregate should not be greater than 20mm for vertical pumping.

22.05.05

Additives Where necessary suitable additives may be used subject to the prior approval of the Architect

22.05.06

Slump Test For each load of concrete a sample shall be taken by passing a receptacle at a uniform speed through the discharge stream, when one-quarter of the load has been discharged. From this sample, a slump test shall be made. In a like manner another sample shall be taken when three-quarter has been discharged and another slump test shall be made. If the difference between either test result and the average of the two is greater than one sixth of the average, or if the average is less than the minimum or greater than the maximum as determined from trial mixes, the concrete from that load shall be removed from the Works.

22.05.07

Cube Test. The specification for cube tests shall be as previously described.

22.06

Compacting The Contractor shall demonstrate the efficiency of his proposed methods of compaction on a trial section before proceeding with the permanent work. Concrete shall be thoroughly compacted during placing and shall be carefully worked around all reinforcement and embedded fixtures and into the sides and corners of the formwork.

S/C/42

Unless otherwise specified all reinforced concrete in the grades listed in Table 1 shall be compacted by the use of suitable mechanical vibrators. Wherever possible internal vibrators shall be used. Thin slabs shall be vibrated by pan type vibrators, vibrating screed boards or other approved method. The number, type and size of vibrators shall be such as to ensure vibration throughout the volume of concrete. Vibrators shall be applied systematically at such intervals that zone of influence overlap. Vibrators shall not be used to move concrete, only to compact. Generally immersion type vibrators shall have a frequency of 100 Hz minimum when operating in concrete, exterior type of a frequency of 50 Hz minimum.

The Contractor shall provide the Architect with details of the type and size of the mechanical vibrators to be used in the work. 22.07 22.07.01 Curing and Protection Generally The Contractor shall provide details of his proposed methods for curing before work is commenced. Protect freshly placed concrete from premature drying and excessive cold or heat, and maintain concrete without drying, at a relatively constant temperature, for the time necessary for hydration of the cement and proper hardening. Protect concrete from rapid air temperature changes and take precautions to prevent temperatures changes in concrete exceeding: @ 3 C in any one hour, and b. 28 C in any 24 hour period Do not allow foot traffic on freshly placed concrete for a period of at least 24 hours after placing. 22.07.02 Initial Curing Curing shall commence as soon as free moisture disappears from concrete surface after placing and finishing. Keep concrete continuously moist for at least 72 hours.

S/C/43

22.07.03

Final Curing Commence final curing immediately following initial curing and before concrete has dried, and continue for at least 7 days (except for concrete made with rapid hardening cement which shall be 3 days) in accordance with procedures approved by the Architect Prevent rapid drying at the end of the final curing period.

22.07.04

Curing Methods Cure concrete by the following methods: a. b. Moist curing Moisture retaining cover curing;

c. d. e.

Membrane curing (where approved): Steam curing; A combination of the above methods;

Obtain specific approval of curing methods: a. Where structural members: 1. 2. b. c. 22.07.05 Are of considerate depth or bulk; Have an unusually high proportion of cement;

If concrete incorporates admixtures; If special or accelerated curing methods are proposed

Formed Surfaces Cure formed surfaces, including the undersides of girders, beams, supported slabs and the like, by moist curing with the forms in place for the full curing period or until forms are removed When forms are removed, continue curing by any applicable specified method.

22.07.06

Unformed Surfaces Cure unformed surfaces initially by moist curing and finally by any applicable specified method, unless otherwise indicated.

S/C/44

22.07.07

Concrete Temperature When the air temperature is 5 C or less, maintain concrete temperature at 10 C to 20 C during the curing period. Heat, cover, insulate or house concrete work as necessary to maintain the required temperature and moisture conditions. When the air temperature is 27 C or more, or during other climatic conditions which may cause too rapid drying of concrete: a. b. c. Install wind breaks or shading; Fog spray or wet sprinkle concrete, or Cover with a moisture retaining cover.

Protect concrete continuously during the curing period in hot weather conditions.

22.07.08

Moist Curing Execute by either; a. b. c. Covering surface with water and keeping continuously wet; Continuously spraying with water; Covering surface with a saturated absorptive cover and keeping continuously wet.

Place absorbtive covers, with 100mm laps, to cover the entire surface and edges. 22.07.09 Moisture Retaining Cover Curing Cover concrete surface with a suitable cover, laid in the widest practicable widths and with 200mm side and end laps. Seal laps with waterproofing tape or adhesive, and immediately repair any holes or tears in the cover with cover material and waterproof tape. Fluid Membrane Curing The chemical curing compound shall form a membrane on the concrete surface which will disintegrate and flake from that surface over a period of days commencing at least 7 days after application.

22.07.10

S/C/45

Apply the membrane forming curing compound in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendation immediately after any water sheen which may develop after finishing has disappeared from the surface and within 2 hours of striking formwork on formed surfaces. Do not use on surfaces against which additional concrete or other material is to be bonded unless: a. b. It is proven that the curing compound will not prevent bond, or Positive measures are taken to remove it completely from those areas which are to receive bonded applications.

22.07.11

Steam Curing

Form an enclosure around the concrete using or other suitable means. Do not commence application of steam until at least 2 hours after final placement of concrete. Apply steam at a temperature be 65 C and 80 C. Do not allow the maximum steam temperature to rise above 82C. Prevent excessive rates of heating and cooling during steam curing and do not allow temperatures in the enclosure to increase or decrease by more than 22C per hour. Maintain the maximum steam temperature in the enclosure until concrete has reached its desired strength. 22.07.12 Curing Hardening Compound Apply to slabs where subsequent bond of applied materials is in doubt with membrane curing compound. 22.07.13 Protection Protect: a. b. Surfaces generally from rain, indentation and physical damage. Surfaces to be exposed in the finished work from rust marks and other disfigurements; Immature concrete from physical shock and movement; Immature concrete from thermal shock, particularly from cold water.

c. d.

S/C/46

22.08

Finishes Surfaces of concrete shall be inspected by the Contractor and the Architect-after stripling of formwork. If defects have occurred the Architect will issue written instructions to the Contractor on the treatment of such defects, which shall be carried out at the Contractor's expense. The Contractor shall not treat any defects without the Architect's written instructions. Notwithstanding the above, the Architect may reject entirely any concrete with defects which in his opinion will not be remedied by treatment, or which after treatment is not up to acceptable standards. (i) Unformed surfaces such as tops of slabs beds etc. shall have the following finishes where described :

Tamped Finish

The concrete surface shall be leveled and finished with the edge of a board to give an even texture of parallel ribs Keyed Finish The surface shall be brought to a tamped finish and a rake lightly drawn over the surface. Floated Finish The surface shall be brought to a tamped finish then floated to give an even surface without ridges or steps, using either a wood, skip float or power float. Trowelled Finish This process shall be delayed until the moisture film has disappeared and the concrete has hardened sufficiently to prevent excess laitance from being brought to the surface. Produce a floated finish as described, then produce a uniform smooth surface free from trowel marks by successive trowelling using either a hand steel float or power steel float. For power floating, the Contractor will be responsible for selecting the correct timing of the operation in relation to the prevailing conditions. The concrete must have stiffened sufficiently to take the weight of the machine and operator, yet have a sufficient workability for trowelling.

S/C/47

The finished surface shall be free from ridges or steps, to a tolerance of 3mm under a 3m straight edge. (ii) Formed surfaces such as columns, beams slab soffits etc shall have the following finishes where described;

Concealed Finish Chip off all fins, joint marks, projections and rough edges. Patch voids and honeycombs, tie rod holes and depressions with mortar to approved sample. Exposed Finish (Wrot Formwork) Chip off fins etc. as described above patch all voids and honeycombs, larger than can be brought flush by grout rubbing, with mortar to approved sample. Finish any tie rod holes in accordance with an approved sample. Finish to a smooth, uniform, carborandum rubbed or grout rubbed surface. Clean exposed surfaces with clean water and bristle brushes after finishing to remove any efflorescence or mortar.

22.09

Hot Weather Concreting Generally The Contractor shall take precautions during hot weather to prevent the temperature of concrete rising above 32 C and shall maintain the temperature at or below 35C until it has hardened. The Contractor shall take the following precautions in hot weather: i) Cool water to between OC and 15C. If ice is used a) b) ii) Take account in computing water/cement ratios Ensure that ice is melted before the concrete leaves the mixer.

Cool aggregates with draught and protect from sunlight with heat reflecting covers. Cool reinforcement and formwork by sprinkling with water and protect from direct sunlight.

iii)

S/C/48

iv)

Use mixed concrete without delay. Do not expose wet concrete, or concrete carrying vehicles to the hot sun for more than the minimum practicable time. Insulate the rotating mixer drum externally to prevent overheating and excessive heat transfer.

v)

23.0

CONCRETE IN WATERTIGHT CONSTRUCTION AND WATER RETAINING STRUCTURES General Works so indicated on the drawings shall be watertight. The Contractor shall provide such water stops and waterproof additives as the Architect deems to be necessary, and the use of such additives shall be subject to the prior approval of the Architect.

23.01

23.02

Waterstops

Details of the proposed layout of joint and waterstops shall be submitted for the Architect's approval. Rubber waterstops shall be incorporated in construction and expansion joints in waterproof concrete and shall be plain web and centre bulb type respectively, "Expandite" or other equal and approved. Waterstops shall be jointed in a manner recommended by the manufacturer. Intersections shall be formed with fittings. Waterstops shall be supported and maintained in their correct locations in a manner which will not damage the water stops or cause them to be pierced. Any damaged waterstop shall be removed and replaced at the expense of the Contractor. Provide samples of proposed water stops for approval of the Architect Minimum tensile strength of water stops shall be 20.7 N/mm2 and elongation at break minimum 500%.

S/C/49

23.03

Slabs Construction joints shall be kept to a minimum and only formed where indicated on the drawings. Drains, gullies etc. shall be formed integral with the slab. Walls Wall kickers shall be poured integrally with the slab. Walls shall be formed with formwork which is reasonably watertight on both faces unless otherwise specified. The formwork shall be held in position by strutting and bracing or by specially designed metal bolts which will not create holes through the wall. Walls shall be cast in lifts, with each lift not exceeding 1200mm unless otherwise agreed by the Architect. Concrete shall be placed with care so that it can be compacted around the water stops and that the free fall of concrete will not cause the water stop to fold. On reaching the horizontal construction joint, the top of the concrete shall be rammed by a specially designed rammer. The joint shall be properly prepared before the next lift of concrete is poured. Bolt holes, honeycombs, etc. shall be inspected before patching. Holes shall be properly reamed and filled with dry mortar by means of ramming.

23.04

23.05

Testing The Contractor shall carry out the necessary tests for watertightness whenever the Architect directs. Defective Work When in the opinion of the Architect damp patches or leakage of water in the finished works are due to failure of the Contractor to comply with this specification, the Contractor shall bear the cost of making good all affected work together with any retesting which the Architect may deem necessary. Waterproofing System Integral Waterproofing System Integral waterproofing shall be "Caltite" specification grade (Cement Aids Sdn. Bhd.) integral waterproofing system or other equal and approved applied integral with the concrete structure in strict accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.

23.06

23.07 23.07.01

S/C/50

23.07.02

Waterproofing Membrane Except where otherwise indicated on the drawings, the waterproofing membrane shall be HEY'DI SK 2000S waterproofing membrane or other equal and approved, applied strictly in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. STANDARD OF WORKMANSHIP Working Tolerances Unless otherwise indicated on the drawings, the maximum tolerances within which concrete work shall be constructed are as follows: Description All setting out dimensions Sections of concrete members Surface level of floor slabs Plumb of columns and walls in storey height Max. Tolerance 6mm + 3mm + 13mm - 0mm 6mm

24.0 24.01

Plumb of columns and walls in full building Inside faces of lift in storey height Inside faces of lift shafts in full building height

19mm 6mm 13mm

Plan position of perimeter beams, columns 13mm and floor slabs 24.02 Defective Work Where in the opinion of the Architect any of the materials or workmanship in the Works does not comply with the relevant requirements of this Specification that part of the Works shall be classed as defective work Work classed as defective work shall be cut out and removed from the Works and replaced to the satisfaction of the Architect.

S/C/51

The extent of the work to be removed and the methods to be used in the removal and replacement of this work shall be in accordance with the Architect's directions. In all cases cutting out of defective concrete work shall; be carried back to a satisfactory construction joint before the replacement work and any other work thereby affected is commenced. Removal and replacement of defective work and costs or charges arising from such removal or replacement shall be at the Contractor's expense. 25.0 25.01 SUNDRIES Pipes Special Fittings Etc. Cast Into Concrete The Contractor shall build pipes, fittings, plates anchor hooks, brackets, bolts etc. into the concrete as the work progresses. The coating of the pipes and specials shall be removed if necessary to ensure a proper bond with the concrete. The items shall be accurately set and rigidly supported to correct lines and levels before concreting is commenced. No reinforcement shall be cut to allow such items to cast into the work without the approval of the Architect concrete shall be thoroughly

worked around the items to ensure a complete bond so that no leakage will result from their presence. Should the items be concreted in as a separate operation, details of openings and casting in of the items shall be submitted for the Architect's approval. The openings left shall be of ample size to allow thorough compaction of concrete and shall be provided with waterstops if the Architect directs. Before concrete is placed in such openings, loose or imperfect materials, cement scum or laitance shall be removed and the joint surfaces thoroughly hacked until a complete roughened fresh surface is obtained. The joint surface shall then be brushed clean and immediately before concrete is placed, shall be thoroughly wetted and covered with a layer of 1:1 cement: sand mortar of a creamy consistency.

S/C/52

25.02

Lintols Concrete for lintols shall be Grade 20 as specified, the full thickness of their supporting walls and with 225mm bearing at each end. Unless shown otherwise reinforcement shall be as follows : Clear Span of Opening Up to 0.58m 0.61m to 0.89m 0.91m to 1.19m 1.22m to 2.10m 2.13m to 2.41m 2.44m to 2.74m Depth of Lintol 150mm 150mm 225mm 225mm 300mm 375mm Reinforcement for every 112.5mm thickness of Wall One 6mm M.S Bar One 10mm M.S. Bar One 10mm M.S Bar Two 10mm M.S Bar Two 10mm M.S Bar Two 10mm M.S Bar

Where indicated on the drawings or when stipulated by the Architect lintols are to be precast. Concreting of each component shall be carried out in one continuous operation and vibration, either by methods previously specified or by means of vibrators attached to the formwork, is to be used to ensure adequate compaction of the concrete. Components shall be clearly marked with their date of casting.

S/C/53

25.03

Floor Hardener Floor hardener shall be an approved non-metallic floor hardener used at the rate of 4 KG/M (unless otherwise recommended) laid monolithically to the freshly floated levelled concrete mechanically trowelled to the desired finish and cured with one coat of curing compound all in accordance with the approved manufacturer's specifications. The whole of the floor hardener shall be executed by a specialist subcontractor to be approved by the Architect.

26.0

PRECAST CONCRETE UNITS The foregoing clauses where applicable shall apple also to this clause except as varied hereunder.

26.01

Manufacture The manufacturer of the precast units shall be approved by the Architect. Precast concrete units shall be manufactured at a plant primarily engaged in manufacturing similar units, unless either plant fabrication or delivery to site is impractical.

Where units are produced elsewhere than at permanent precast concrete manufacturing plants, procedures and conditions for quality control shall be maintained which are similar to such plant production. Units shall be fabricated in compliance with the manufacturing procedures, and dimensional tolerances specified for in-situ concrete and specified herein. 26.02 Quality Control Quality control standards shall be at least equal to the standards specified for cast in-situ concrete in this section. 26.03 Samples The Contractor shall submit samples size 300mm x 300mm x 50mm to illustrate the quality, colour and texture of surface finish, together with one full size sample of each unit as required by the Architect, Approved samples may be incorporated in the works.

S/C/54

26.04

Shop Drawings and Product Data Provide shop drawings giving complete information for the fabrication and installation of units, indicating member dimensions and cross-sections, locations, size and type of reinforcement, (including any special reinforcement and lifting devices necessary for handling and erection) inserts etc.

26.05

Fire Resistance Classification Where units are indicated as requiring a fire resistance classification, provide a certified confirmation from an approved independent authority stating that the units concerned meet the necessary requirements.

26.06

Curing The methods of curing and their duration shall be such that the precast unit will remain undistorted, be free of cracks, and will not cause by its shrinkage undue cracking in the structure into which it is to be built and be such that the concrete will have satisfactory durability and strength.

26.07

Maturing

No unit shall normally be supplied until it has been cured under suitable conditions for a period of not less than 14 days. Shorter periods may be allowed where special methods of curing or special types of cement are used. No unit shall be built into the work until it has matured for 28 days, unless otherwise agreed by the Architect. 26.08 Finishes Finishes shall be as indicated on the drawings. Applied finishes, shall be in accordance with the relevant section of the Specification.

S/C/55

26.09

Marking of Units Each unit shall be clearly marked by indentations cast in during manufacture with: 1. 2. 3. 4. The type of location letters and numerals as shown on the drawings. The date of casting. Pick up points. Where necessary, the way up for building in.

26.10

Storage and Handling Units shall be so handled, stacked, stored, transported and fixed so that no undue stress is applied and so that they are not damaged in any way. Dimensional Tolerances The units are to be of the dimension shown on the drawings but shall be manufactured within tine tolerances set out below. Greater dimensional variations will only be tolerated if they do not: a) Affect the correct assembly, performance and appearance of the building; or b) Cause unacceptable variations to finishes or other work. i) Length up to 3m 3mm 3m to 4.5m 5mm

26.11

Additional for every subsequent 6m 3mm Up to 250mm 3mm 250mm to 500mm 6mm 500mm to 750mm 9mm Additional for every subsequent 250mm 3mm

ii) Cross Section -

S/C/56

iii) Straightness or bow

Up to 3m 3mm 3m to 6m 5mm 6m to 12m 6mm Additional for every subsequent 6m 3mm

iv) Squareness When considering the squareness of a corner, the longer of the adjacent sides being checked shall be taken as the base line. The shorter side shall not vary in its distance from a perpendicular so that the difference between the greatest and shortest dimensions exceeds it. Length of shorter sides Up to and including 60Omm 3mm Over 600mm up to 1.2m 6mm Over 1.2m but less than 1.8m , 9mm 1.8m and over 12mm

For the purpose of this requirement any error due to lack of straightness shall be ignored; squareness shall be measured with respect to the straight lines which

are most nearly parallel with the features being checked. When the nominal angles is other than 90 , the included angle between check lines should be varied accordingly. v) Twist

Any corner shall not be more than the tolerance stated from the plane containing the other three. Up to 600mm wide and up to 3m in length 3mm Up to 1.2m wide and up to 6m in length 6mm Over 1.2m wide and for any length 12mm

S/C/57

vi) Flatness The maximum deviation under a 1.5m straight edge placed in any position on a nominally plane surface shall not exceed 6mm vii) a. b. Position of reinforcement Cover - The actual concrete cover to all steel at any point shall not be less than the required nominal cover by more than 3mm The effective depth of fully or nearly fully stressed tensile reinforcement shall not be less than that given on the drawings by an amount exceeding 5% of the effective depth of the section being considered or 6mm whichever is greater.

vii) Position of connection bolts and other devices The position of individual connecting bolt holes, projecting steel or other devices in any associated group (e.g. The joint of two precast units) shall be within 3mm of their true position in the group in which they are cast. The longitudinal location of any such group shall be within 6mm of its true position in the unit in which it is cast, provided that such tolerances do not adversely affect the proper assembly of the whole structure. Twice the above tolerances will be allowed in the position of bolt holes and other insertion for the attachment of timber, cladding and other non-structural items. 26.12 Installation Tolerances

Precast units shall be installed within the following limits: i) Variation from plumb 5mm in any 6m run or storey height 10mm total in any 19m or longer run ii) Variation from level or elevation 5mm in any 6m run 10mm in any 12m run total 5mm at any location Variation from theoretical position in plan - 5mm (maximum) at any location

iii)

S/C/58

iv)

Off sets in alignment of adjacent members at any point - 2mm in any 3m run - 5mm maximum

26.13

Rejection Units will be rejected by the Architect when having any of the following defects: i) ii) iii) iv) v) vi) vii) Broken edge, whether the reinforcement is exposed or not Cracks other than hair cracks Repairs Misplaced reinforcement or reinforcement showing through the surface Honey combing ,or air holes in the surface Winding or bowing Failing in any other way to comply with the clauses contained herein.

Rejected units shall be replaced by the Contractor at his own expense and any delay caused by the rejection shall not in any way relieve the Contractor from his responsibility completion within the period stated. 26.14 Inspection

Facilities shall be provided by the Contractor to , enable the Architect to inspect materials, manufacture and stacked units at the factory at all reasonable times. 26.15 Cutting No unit shall be cut, drilled, chased, etc. without the permission of the Architect.

S/C/59

26.16

Erection Every precaution shall be taken during erection to maintain the units in their final position by adequate strutting, staying, bracing, etc and to ensure that they are plumb, true to line and correctly positioned. Strutting, staying, bracing, etc. shall not be removed until any grouting or in-situ concrete to be used in bedding and connections, has fully matured. Erect units with straight joints to the widths indicated on the drawings, bed units and fill joints with grout or sealant as indicated and clean down on completion as required. Protect units after erection from subsequent operations and make good or replace any damaged units as directed by the Architect

26.17

Embedded Fixings The Contractor shall provide and cast into the precast concrete units, and into the structure, all fixing plates, ferrules, reglets, clips, brackets etc., complete with anchor bars as indicated on the drawings. Fixings generally shall be hot dip galvanised mild steel, except where otherwise indicated.

27.0

JOINT SEALANT ETC. Joint sealant generally for the Works shall be as specified hereunder. Joints sealant shall be silicone rubber based, one part elastomeric sealant to B.S. 5889 as recommended by the manufacturer for external or internal joints as

applicable, or other equal and approved. The curing agent shall be as recommended by the manufacturer for the particular location. Colour shall match the adjacent finish, to the approval of the Architect. Joint fillers shall be either bituminous type, non- extruding and resilient bituminous type, or sponge rubber or cork type. Compressible jointing strips shall be "Compriband" or equal and approved, used in accordance with manufacturer's instructions. Initial thickness shall be four times that of the joint in which it is used. Joint primer/sealer shall be recommended for the purpose by the sealant manufacturer. Backing rods shall be non-absorbent non-staining type; Dow Chemicals "Ethafoam" or similar approved.

S/C/60

The Contractor shall prepare a site mock-up installation of a joint for approval and testing. The sealant shall be installed between materials matching those to be used in the Works and in similar conditions to those anticipated in the Works. Remove mock-up when directed. During the Works install control panel for application of sealant, in a designated section of the Works, for the purpose of determining any fault should subsequent failures occur. Control panel shall be executed under the supervision of the representative of the manufacturer and shall comprise at least 6m of sealant. The following tests shall be carried out on materials by the sealant manufacturer's or en independent laboratory: a) b) Tests to prove conformance with minimum specified requirements Tests to show cure time at temperatures and humidities to be expected in the Works

Testing methods shall be in accordance with the relevant B.S., DIN, ASTM, specification to which the type of sealant is to conform. Submit samples of each type of sealant, backing material, primer and bond breaker for the Architects approval. Submit two copies of manufacturer's data. Materials shall be delivered in original unopened containers with labels intact. Store materials in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions and remove from site any material which has exceeded its recommended shelf life.

The Contractor shall examine joint surfaces, backing and anchorage of units forming sealant joints and conditions under which work is to be performed end shall not proceed until any detrimental conditions have been corrected. Weather and temperature conditions manufacturer's recommended limitations. during installation shall conform to

Joint interfaces shall be clean, dry, sound and free from grease and other deleterious substances. Surfaces shall be roughened where recommended by the sealant manufacturer or where necessary for good adhesion. Joints shall be masked where appearance of sealant on surface would be objectionable.

S/C/61

Installation shall comply with manufacturer's recommendations except where more stringent requirements are specified. Joints shall be primed or sealed where shown or recommended by the sealant manufacturer. Fix sealant backer rod in all locations unless otherwise shown or recommended by the sealant manufacturer. Fix bond breaker tape where recommended. Apply sealant in uniform, continuos ribbons, without gaps or air pockets with complete contact of joint bond to surfaces on both sides. Finish joint to a slightly concave surface, slightly below adjacent surfaces, except where otherwise indicated. Apply sealant to depths shown; or to the following recommendations, measured at the centre (thin) section of the bead a) b) c) Joints in pavings and areas subject to traffic, abrasion and indentation: depth to equal 75% of joint width but in any case to exceed 10mm but not exceed 16mm Normal movement joints not subject to traffic: depth to equal 50% of joint width, but in any case to exceed 10mm but not exceed 12mm Joints wider than 25mm : conform,, to sealant manufacturer's recommendations.

Do not allow sealant to overflow, spill or migrate onto adjacent surfaces. Remove excess or spilled material as the work proceeds and clean adjoining surfaces. Cure sealants in accordance with manufacturers instructions. Test approximately 5% of total joints system, in locations to be selected by the Architect andexposed to weather, which can be easily examined for leakage on

opposite face. Test shall be conducted in the presence of the Architect and in accordance with his instructions. Flood joint using a 20mm diameter hose connected to a water pressure of 30 p.s.i., held perpendicular to the wall and approximately 600mm from the joint. Move the stream of water along the joint at a rate of approximately 6m per minute. Check for leakage. Additional tests may be required when joints are fully cured and within 12 months of completion, where there is any evidence that there is a possibility of inadequate bond strength. The sealant and installation shall be guaranteed by the selected manufacturer for colour retention, water leakage and adhesion characteristics for a period of ten years. The guarantee shall be in joint names.

S/C/62