Applied Thermal Engineering 22 (2002) 13271338

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The use of solar desiccant cooling in the UK: a feasibility study

S.P. Halliday a, C.B. Beggs
a

b,*

, P.A. Sleigh

GAIA Research, The Monastery, 2 Hart Street Lane, Edinburgh, EH1 3RG, UK b School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK Received 23 October 2001; accepted 23 March 2002

Abstract The desiccant cooling cycle is a novel open heat driven cycle which can be used both to cool and dehumidify air. Being a heat driven cycle, desiccant cooling aords an opportunity to utilise heat which might otherwise be wasted. It can therefore be coupled to solar collectors to produce a cooling system which, in theory, should be environmentally friendly. This paper discusses the feasibility of using solar energy to power the desiccant cooling cycle and also presents a study, in which a solar desiccant cooling model is used to evaluate installations located in the southeast and east midlands of England, and in central Scotland. The paper demonstrates that solar powered desiccant cooling is a feasible solution for cooling and heating buildings in the United Kingdom. 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Desiccant; Cooling; Solar; Heat driven cycle; Heat powered cycle

1. Introduction The desiccant cooling cycle was rst developed in Sweden and has been used successfully for a number of years in Scandinavia. Recently a number of buildings in the United Kingdom (UK) have been successfully tted with desiccant cooling systems [1]. However, the knowledge base on the utilisation of desiccant systems is small and no ocial published guidelines exist for the design and operation of such systems. Over a number of years the authors of this paper have investigated the application and operation of desiccant cooling systems [24] and a number of simple studies have been undertaken, which demonstrate the potential in northern Europe and in the UK for using solar power to drive the desiccant cycle [3,4]. While these studies yielded good results, and demonstrated that for much of the cooling season most of the regeneration heat required could be
*

Corresponding author. Tel.: +44-113-343-2303; fax: +44-113-343-2265. E-mail address: c.b.beggs@leeds.ac.uk (C.B. Beggs).

1359-4311/02/$ - see front matter 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. PII: S 1 3 5 9 - 4 3 1 1 ( 0 2 ) 0 0 0 5 2 - 2

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Nomenclature t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 tw1 lEVAP lTW temperature of the return air from the room space (C) temperature of the air leaving the evaporative cooler (C) temperature of the return air leaving the thermal wheel (C) temperature of the supply air entering the thermal wheel (C) temperature of the supply air leaving the thermal wheel (C) wet bulb temperature of the return air from the room space (C) eciency of evaporative cooler eciency of thermal wheel

provided by solar energy, they were limited and utilised assumed insolation data. Consequently, the solar desiccant model was modied and the original study repeated using historical UK meteorological and insolation data for a 12-month period. This paper describes the study, together with validation of improved solar desiccant model.

2. The desiccant cooling system A typical desiccant cooling air handling unit (AHU) is shown in Fig. 1. It is an open heat driven cycle which comprises a desiccant wheel in tandem with a thermal wheel, with an evaporative cooler in the return air stream before the thermal wheel. A regeneration coil located in the return air stream drives the whole cycle. The regeneration coil is usually a low or medium temperature hot water coil, although steam can be used. The psychrometric chart shown in Fig. 2 illustrates the cooling/dehumidication process. During the summertime warm moist air at for example 26 C and 10.7 g/kg moisture content is

Fig. 1. A typical desiccant cooling AHU.

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Fig. 2. Desiccant system in cooling/dehumidication mode.

drawn through the desiccant wheel so that it comes o at say, 39 C and 7.3 g/kg moisture content. The psychrometric process line for the air passing through the desiccant wheel on the supply side has a gradient approximately equal to that of a wintertime room ratio (i.e. the sensible to total heat loss ratio) line of 0.6 on the psychrometric chart. The supply air stream then passes through the thermal wheel where it is sensibly cooled to say, 23 C. The air then passes through a small direct expansion (DX) or chilled water cooling coil and is sensibly cooled to the supply condition of say, 17 C and 7.3 g/kg moisture content. It should be noted that if humidity control is not required in the space, then the cooling coil can be replaced by an evaporative cooler with an adiabatic eciency of approximately 85%. In which case, air may be supplied to the room space at say, 16.2 C and 10.2 g/kg moisture content. On the return air side, air from the room space at for example, 22 C and 8.6 g/kg moisture content is rst passed through an evaporative cooler so that it enters the thermal wheel at approximately 16.7 C and 10.8 g/kg moisture content. As the return air stream passes through the thermal wheel, it is sensibly heated to approximately 33 C. The air stream is then heated up to approximately 55 C in order to regenerate the desiccant coil. It should be noted that in order to reduce system operating costs approximately 20% of the return air ow by-passes the regenerating coil and the desiccant wheel [5]. The desiccant wheel used in the system comprises a matrix containing parallel channels, which ensure that laminar ow occurs in the air stream. This enables a large heat and mass transfer area to be maintained, while ensuring minimal pressure drop. The matrix is coated with a desiccant material, usually silica gel, titanium silicate or activated alumina, and rotates slowly at approximately 10 revolutions per hour [6]. 3. The solar desiccant model The desiccant cooling cycle is an open heat driven cycle which can be used both to cool and dehumidify air. Being a heat driven cycle, desiccant cooling aords an opportunity to utilise heat which might otherwise be wasted. It could for example, be coupled to solar collectors to produce an environmentally friendly cooling system. In order to investigate the potential for coupling

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desiccant systems to solar collectors, a solar desiccant computer model was developed by the authors [7]. This model simulated the psychrometric and thermodynamic processes associated with desiccant cooling and was an improved version of models used in earlier studies [24]. The model simulated the summertime and wintertime psychrometric desiccant processes and utilises hourly meteorological data to predict energy consumption. The solar desiccant model used data produced by Munters [5] to determine the required regeneration air temperature. The temperature of the air leaving the evaporative cooler (t2 ) in the return air stream was determined by Eq. (1). t2 t1 gEVAP t1 tw1 1 Where, tw1 is the wet bulb temperature of the air entering the evaporative cooler. It was assumed in the model that evaporative cooling was a constant wet bulb process, rather than a constant enthalpy process, which is the true case. This modication was relatively minor since there is a close correlation between the wet bulb and constant enthalpy lines on the psychometric chart. The temperature of the supply air stream leaving the thermal wheel (t5 ) was determined by using Eq. (2). t5 t4 gTW t4 t2 2 The temperature of the return air stream leaving the thermal wheel (t3 ) was determined by using Eq. (3). t3 t2 gTW t4 t2 3 The leaving air temperatures and duties of the various heat exchangers (i.e. coils) in the system were determined using the number of transfer units method. In the model, solar collectors were indirectly coupled to a desiccant system via a water storage tank as shown in Fig. 3, and solar coils were inserted in the supply and exhaust air streams as shown in Fig. 4. In the solar desiccant model and the following assumptions were made: The desiccant cooling system is employed solely to dehumidify the incoming fresh air supply, and to provide when required supplementary sensible cooling. The bulk of the sensible cooling is performed by a separate water based system, such as a chilled ceiling or fan coils.

Fig. 3. Solar collector arrangement.

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Fig. 4. Solar desiccant cooling system used in model (4).

The desiccant cooling system contains a small DX cooling coil after the thermal wheel in the supply air stream. Solar pre-heating coils are located directly before the regeneration coil in the return air stream and before the heating coil on the supply side. The desiccant cooling system incorporates a 20% by-pass around the return air solar pre-heating and regeneration coils. The solar desiccant cooling model considered only the primary and delivered energy consumption associated with the thermal aspects of the desiccant cooling cycle. Fan energy consumption was ignored. Fan energy consumption associated with desiccant cooling AHUs is similar in magnitude to that for conventional AHUs [8], since the air velocities used in the system are low and the ow through the desiccant wheel is laminar.

4. Validation of the desiccant model The validity of the solar desiccant model was tested against data collected when monitoring the performance of an installed desiccant system in the Main Academic Building at the University of Lincoln in the east midlands of England. The Main Academic Building contains two large desiccant cooling AHUs, one of which was monitored. The monitored AHU provides the fresh air supply to approximately 50% of the building (i.e. approximately 5000 m2 of oor area and 1000 occupants). The AHU contains a desiccant cooling system which has the conguration shown in Fig. 5 and does not contain either a supplementary cooling coil or a supply side evaporative cooler. In order to validate the solar desiccant model, the actual performance of the system at Lincoln was compared with that predicted by the model for a sample summer day. Fig. 5 shows the air conditions achieved by the Lincoln desiccant system on the afternoon of 15th June 1999 and Fig. 6 shows the predictions made by the computer model using the same input data. The computer simulation assumes that the evaporative cooler has an eciency of 68% and that the eciency of the thermal wheel is 74%. Comparison between Figs. 5 and 6 reveals that the two are very similar, with the computed regeneration air temperature being only 1.2 C above the recorded air

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Fig. 5. System operation for 2.00 p.m. on 15th June (University of Lincoln).

Fig. 6. Computer generated data for 15th June 1999 at 2.00 p.m. (University of Lincoln).

temperature. This indicates that the computer model is simulating closely the peak summertime performance of the plant. 5. Solar cooling study Once it had been established that the desiccant model gave results similar to those achieved by the Lincoln desiccant system, a computer-based study was designed that could establish potential energy savings through utilising solar energy. The study used historical meteorological and insolation data for a site in the east midlands of England (i.e. Finningley). The aim of the study was to determine and quantify the energy savings that could be achieved by coupling solar water

S.P. Halliday et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 22 (2002) 13271338 Table 1 Study parameters Summer mode Room dry bulb temperature C Room wet bulb temperature C Room moisture content g/kg Room latent heat gain W/m2 Supply air volume ow rate m3 /s/m2 Supply air temperature C Plant start time h Plant stop time h 23.0 14.9 7.2 7 0.00217 23.0 07.00 18.00 Winter mode 21.0 14.9 8.0 n.a. 0.00217 21.0 07.00 18.00

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heaters to a desiccant cooling system. Similar studies were also undertaken using meteorological data for Heathrow in the south-east of England and Turnhouse near Edinburgh in Scotland. For the purpose of the study the standard desiccant cooling system shown in Fig. 4 was created and then modelled at each location. The heating coil in the supply air stream shown in Fig. 4 is for winter heating purposes only. The parameters used in the study are presented in Table 1. The meteorological data used in the study, was for the year 1991 and consisted of hourly temperature, humidity and insolation data. Two data les were created; one for a hot day (i.e. 29th July 1991 for Heathrow and Finningley, and 28th July 1991 for Turnhouse) and another for a cold day (i.e. 15th January 1991) (see Tables 24). For each of the study days the operation of the desiccant system was modelled in two modes; the rst assuming that no solar power was utilised and the second assuming that solar power was utilised. The solar heated water temperatures used in the analysis, were generated for the study days by feeding hourly insolation data into a separate solar collector program [9]. The energy cost and eciency data used in the study is presented in Table 5. The solar desiccant system used in the study utilised two solar pre-heating coils; one located before the regeneration coil on the return air stream and the other before the main heating coil on the supply air stream. The technical specication of these solar coils is shown in Table 6. 5.1. The results The results of the solar cooling study for Heathrow, Finningley and Turnhouse on the 15th January and 28/29th July 1991 are presented in Tables 79. From these results a number of observations can be made: The results are consistent for all three locations; It can be seen that considerably more energy is consumed by the desiccant system when operating in cooling mode compared with the heating mode; The summertime supply air temperature of 23 C is achieved mostly by consuming heat energy and there is very little need to use the supplementary cooling coil; The contribution made by the solar heating coils in summertime is substantial in England, with an approximate 45% gas energy saving being achieved at Finningley and 39% saving achieved at Heathrow;

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Table 2 Heathrow meteorological data Time (h) 15th January 1991 Dry bulb temperature (C) 01.00 02.00 03.00 04.00 05.00 06.00 07.00 08.00 09.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00 16.00 17.00 18.00 19.00 20.00 21.00 22.00 23.00 24.00 2.6 2.1 1.6 1.0 0.9 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 1.7 2.5 3.5 4.0 4.5 4.4 3.0 1.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.6 0.4 0.3 Dew point Wet bulb temperatemperature (C) ture (C) 0.4 0.7 1.2 1.0 1.4 1.6 2.0 2.3 2.2 2.4 3.4 3.1 3.6 3.6 4.5 3.4 4.4 4.4 4.7 4.0 4.3 3.0 3.8 3.9 1.5 1.1 0.6 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.5 1.2 1.4 1.7 1.4 0.8 0.7 1.2 1.6 1.4 1.3 0.6 1.5 1.1 Solar water temperature (C) 51.0 50.9 50.8 50.7 50.6 50.6 50.5 50.4 50.3 50.3 46.2 45.3 45.8 46.8 48.2 48.1 48.1 48.0 47.9 47.8 47.7 47.7 47.6 47.5 29th July 1991 Dry bulb temperature (C) 17.5 17.7 17.6 17.2 16.9 17.8 19.4 20.9 23.5 25.2 26.2 28.5 28.1 27.6 27.3 25.5 26.6 26.0 24.8 23.9 23.1 22.4 22.1 21.8 Dew point Wet bulb temperatemperature (C) ture (C) 14.5 14.8 14.8 14.7 14.7 15.0 15.6 15.8 15.0 15.0 15.0 13.9 13.6 12.5 13.7 12.8 15.7 14.4 15.0 15.2 15.2 15.7 15.8 16.0 15.6 15.9 15.8 15.6 15.5 16.0 16.9 17.5 18.0 18.6 18.9 19.1 18.8 18.1 18.6 18.5 19.4 18.5 18.5 18.2 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 Solar water temperature (C) 47.4 47.4 47.3 47.3 47.2 47.2 47.1 44.0 44.8 48.2 52.9 57.9 62.3 64.7 60.3 55.2 55.1 55.1 55.0 55.0 54.9 54.8 54.8 54.7

The contribution made by the solar heating coils in summertime is less in Scotland than in England, with only approximate 23% gas energy saving being achieved at Turnhouse; The contribution made by the solar heating coils during winter, on all three sites, is so great that no additional gas energy is required.

6. Year-long study In order to conrm the results of the sample day study presented in Tables 79, a further yearlong analysis was undertaken for Finningley using hourly meteorological data for 1994. In this study it was assumed that the desiccant system switched from cooling mode to heating mode when the outside air dry bulb temperature fell below 17 C. In all other respects the parameters used were the same as those used in the sample day studies. The results of the year-long study are presented in Table 10 and these clearly conrm the ndings of sample day studies. The study demonstrates the large contribution made by solar energy over the 12 month period, with a 70% annual reduction in gas consumption being achieved through utilising solar energy.

S.P. Halliday et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 22 (2002) 13271338 Table 3 Finningley meteorological data Time (h) 15th January 1991 Dry bulb temperature (C) 01.00 02.00 03.00 04.00 05.00 06.00 07.00 08.00 09.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00 16.00 17.00 18.00 19.00 20.00 21.00 22.00 23.00 24.00 1.9 1.4 1.7 1.6 1.9 3.2 3.0 2.2 3.6 3.1 0.9 1.3 2.7 3.9 4.0 3.3 1.3 0.2 1.0 1.4 1.2 2.3 2.6 2.5 Dew point Wet bulb temperatemperature (C) ture (C) 2.9 2.3 3.5 3.0 2.9 4.5 5.0 3.7 5.4 4.8 3.1 1.3 0.3 0.2 1.5 0.5 1.3 2.5 2.6 3.4 3.8 4.2 4.6 4.1 2.0 1.6 2.2 2.0 2.1 3.5 3.5 2.6 4.0 3.5 1.6 0.4 1.6 2.5 2.0 1.9 0.4 0.7 1.5 2.0 2.0 2.8 3.1 2.9 Solar water temperature (C) 39.1 39.0 39.0 38.9 38.8 38.8 38.7 38.7 38.6 38.5 36.3 36.9 38.6 40.2 40.8 40.6 40.6 40.5 40.4 40.4 40.3 40.2 40.2 40.1 29th July 1991 Dry bulb temperature (C) 14.3 13.5 13.3 12.9 13.4 14.2 15.1 17.1 20.3 23.3 26.2 27.0 27.7 28.0 27.5 26.6 25.7 24.2 22.1 19.7 17.8 16.6 16.4 16.3 Dew point Wet bulb temperatemperature (C) ture (C) 11.8 12.3 12.3 12.0 12.6 13.7 14.0 15.4 15.8 16.1 14.5 13.2 12.5 12.3 12.0 12.0 13.0 13.6 15.4 14.7 14.3 14.2 14.4 14.5 13.7 12.7 12.6 12.3 12.9 13.8 14.4 16.0 17.4 18.5 18.6 18.2 18.1 18.1 17.8 17.6 17.7 17.5 17.7 16.5 15.5 15.1 15.1 15.1

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Solar water temperature (C) 46.8 46.7 46.7 46.6 46.6 46.5 46.5 46.4 43.5 44.4 48.0 52.5 56.2 59.7 62.5 62.9 61.0 56.9 50.8 50.8 50.7 50.7 50.6 50.5

7. Discussion The results of the studies described above conrm the ndings of earlier studies [3,4]. Of particular importance is the nding of the year-long study that a 70% reduction in annual desiccant gas consumption can be achieved by incorporating solar coils into the desiccant system. The magnitude of this reduction is not unexpected since most desiccant systems in the UK will operate in heating mode for much of the year. When operating in the heating mode the combination of recovered heat from the exhaust air stream and solar energy appears to be capable of supplying most of the heat energy required during the winter months. The studies also show that solar energy is capable of making a large contribution to heat required to drive the desiccant cooling cycle during the summer months. This nding corroborates an earlier Swedish study [10], which found that by using solar collectors at a ratio of about 710 m2 of collector area per 100 m2 building area and a water store of 75 l/m2 of collector area, it is possible to meet total cooling load with excess capacity to spare. The results of the year-long study at Finningley corroborate, to some extent, the ndings of an earlier theoretical study undertaken for sites in the southwest, southeast and northwest of the

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Table 4 Turnhouse meteorological data Time (h) 15th January 1991 Dry bulb temperature (C) 01.00 02.00 03.00 04.00 05.00 06.00 07.00 08.00 09.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00 16.00 17.00 18.00 19.00 20.00 21.00 22.00 23.00 24.00 0.8 0.5 0.2 3.3 4 4.7 3 1.1 0.6 1.2 2.2 3.4 3.9 4.2 3.6 3.2 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.2 1.7 1 0.7 0.5 Dew point Wet bulb temperatemperature (C) ture (C) 0.4 0.3 0.8 4.1 4.7 5.2 4 1.8 0.3 0 4.6 4.5 3 4.2 5 4.6 4.7 4.6 4.8 5.5 4.2 3.3 1.5 1.4 0.4 0.2 0.4 3.4 4.1 4.7 3.2 1.3 0.3 0.8 0.1 0.8 1.5 1.4 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.1 0.2 Solar water temperature (C) 44.6 44.6 44.5 44.4 44.3 44.3 44.2 44.1 44.0 44.0 42.0 42.2 43.9 41.0 40.9 40.8 40.7 40.7 40.6 40.5 40.4 40.4 40.3 40.2 28th July 1991 Dry bulb temperature (C) 16.8 16.1 16.1 16.3 15.8 16.7 17.8 19.0 20.1 19.8 21.2 22.5 22.8 22.1 21.7 20.8 21.0 20.6 20.1 19.2 19.1 17.5 16.3 15.5 Dew point Wet bulb temperatemperature (C) ture (C) 14.9 14.5 14.5 14.3 14.4 14.8 15.4 16.0 16.5 16.5 16.7 17.0 17.3 16.6 16.3 16.2 16.1 15.6 15.2 15.5 15.5 14.9 14.9 14.6 15.7 15.2 15.2 15.1 15.0 15.6 16.4 17.2 17.9 17.8 18.4 19.1 19.4 18.7 18.4 18.0 18.0 17.6 17.2 17.0 16.9 16.0 15.5 15.0 Solar water temperature (C) 46.7 46.6 46.6 46.5 46.5 46.4 46.4 46.3 43.8 45.1 50.1 54.9 53.2 48.0 44.3 44.2 44.2 44.1 44.1 44.0 44.0 44.0 43.9 43.9

Table 5 Energy cost and eciency data Unit cost of gas (p/kW h) Unit cost of electricity (p/kW h) Eciency of heating system (%) COP of supplementary cooling coil Electricity generation eciency (%) CO2 coecient for gas (kg/kW h) CO2 coecient for electricity (kg/kW h) 1.50 5.00 70.0 2.50 35.0 0.21 0.68

USA [11]. This study found that for a site at Albuquerque, New Mexico, solar energy was able to provide 72% of the thermal energy required to power the desiccant system. However, for sites in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and Macon, Georgia, the performance of the solar desiccant system was much less impressive, with only 18% of the energy required to run the system, at Macon, coming from solar power.

S.P. Halliday et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 22 (2002) 13271338 Table 6 Solar heating coil specication Solar pre-heating coil Solar heated water mass ow rate (kg/s/m ) Specic heat capacity of glycol/water mixture (kJ/kg K) U value of coils (W/m2 K) Surface area of coils (m2 /m2 ) Table 7 Results for Heathrow daily energy analysis 15th January 1991 Delivered gas (kW h/m ) Delivered electric (kW h/m2 ) Energy cost per day (p/m2 ) Primary energy (kW h/m2 ) CO2 produced (kg/m2 )
2 2

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Solar regeneration coil 0.0005 3.7 35.0 0.060

0.0005 3.7 35.0 0.060

29th July 1991 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.7916 0.0038 1.2065 0.8025 0.1688 0.4830 0.0038 0.7436 0.0494 0.1040

Standard system System with solar coils Standard system System with solar coils 0.1431 0.0000 0.2147 0.1431 0.0301

Table 8 Results for Finningley daily energy analysis 15th January 1991 Delivered gas (kW h/m ) Delivered electric (kW h/m2 ) Energy cost per day (p/m2 ) Primary energy (kW h/m2 ) CO2 produced (kg/m2 )
2

29th July 1991 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.7334 0.0007 1.1038 0.7355 0.1545 0.4056 0.0007 0.6121 0.4077 0.0857

Standard system System with solar coils Standard system System with solar coils 0.1618 0.0000 0.2426 0.1618 0.0340

Table 9 Results for Turnhouse daily energy analysis 15th January 1991 Delivered gas (kW h/m2 ) Delivered electric (kW h/m2 ) Energy cost per day (p/m2 ) Primary energy (kW h/m2 ) CO2 produced (kg/m2 ) 0.1458 0.0000 0.2186 0.1458 0.0306 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 28th July 1991 0.8859 0.0037 1.3475 0.8966 0.1886 0.6822 0.0037 1.0420 0.6929 0.1458 Standard system System with solar coils Standard system System with solar coils

Table 10 Results for Finningley yearly energy analysis Standard system Delivered gas (kW h/m ) Delivered electric (kW h/m2 ) Energy cost per year (p/m2 ) Primary energy (kW h/m2 ) CO2 produced (kg/m2 )
2

System with solar coils 43.379 0.120 65.666 43.721 9.191

144.948 0.120 218.020 145.290 30.520

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8. Conclusions The results of the studies described above demonstrate the potential for using solar energy to drive desiccant cooling systems throughout the UK. The results conrm the ndings of earlier theoretical studies [3,4]. Together, these studies conclusively demonstrate that solar powered desiccant cooling is a feasible technology in a UK context, provided that it is utilised in an appropriate manner.

Acknowledgements The research has been part funded by the Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions through its Construction Directorates Partners in Innovation Scheme. References
[1] S.P. Halliday, C.B. Beggs, Desiccant cooling at the University of Lincoln: a case study, Applied Thermal Engineering, submitted for publication. [2] C.B. Beggs, B. Warwicker, Desiccant cooling: parametric energy study, Building Services Engineering Research and Technology 19 (2) (1998) 8791. [3] S.P. Halliday, C.B. Beggs, The potential for solar powered desiccant cooling, CIB World Building Congress, Gavle, Sweden, June 1998, 713722. [4] C.B. Beggs, S.P. Halliday, A theoretical evaluation of solar powered desiccant cooling in the United Kingdom, Building Services Engineering Research and Technology 20 (3) (1999) 113117. [5] Munters Ltd. MCC-Series Cooling Cassette (Company brochure). [6] W.A. Belding, M.P.F. Delmas, W.D. Holeman, Desiccant aging and its eects on desiccant cooling system performance, Applied Thermal Engineering 16 (5) (1996) 447459. [7] C.B. Beggs, P.A. Sleigh, S.P. Halliday. Solar desiccant cooling model. DETR Seminar (Desiccant and Solar Desiccant Systems), CIBSE, London, 6th April 2000. [8] B. Warwicker, Low humidity air and air conditioning, Building Services Journal (1995) 4749. [9] M.S. Gul, T. Muneer, H.D. Kambezidis, Models for obtaining solar radiation from other meteorological data, Solar Energy 64, Part 1 (13) (1998) 99108. [10] J. Dittmar, Solar desiccant cooling: A pre-study of possibilities and limitations in Northern Europe, Master thesis teborg, Sweden August 1997. E136, Chalmers University of Technology, Go [11] R.R. Smith, C.C. Hwang, R.S. Dougall, Modelling of a solar-assisted desiccant air conditioner for a residential building, Energy 19 (6) (1994) 679691.