Trends in PVC Pipe Use

Keith Christman Director, Industry Affairs The Vinyl Institute

Technology Serving the Water and Sewer Industry

PVC: The Proven Performer

Todays Discussion

Market Data Reasons for Success in Water Market Reasons for Success In Sanitary Sewer Market

Technology Serving the Water and Sewer Industry

PVC Pipe and Fittings Industry Growth

30 25

PVC Pipe and Fittings (lbs) (Billions)

20

Worldwide

15

10

USA & Canada

5

0 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

Year

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US Pipe Market by Application

(millions of feet)
1977 4888 1850 501 537 444 253 853 69 381 ITEM Total Pipe Market Potable Water Pipe Drain & Sewer Pipe Drain, Waste & Vent Pipe Conduit Drainage & Irrigation Pipe Oil & Gas Pipe Process Pipe Structural, Mechanical & Misc.
Source: Leading Edge Reports Technology Serving the Water and Sewer Industry

1988 6575 2781 624 648 780 247 630 69 796

2000 9784 3845 825 850 1335 320 1184 115 1310

US Pipe Market By Material

(millions of feet)
1977 4888 1660 1224 1018 372 348 101 97 68 ITEM Total Pipe Market Plastic Steel Copper Concrete Cast Iron Aluminum Clay Asbestos Cement 1988 6575 3600 1027 1002 476 273 157 30 10 2000 9784 5643 1695 1342 599 245 253 17 --

Source: Leading Edge Reports

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US Plastic Pipe Market By Resin

(millions of pounds)
1980 2667 1969 367 126 150 13 42 ITEM Plastic Pipe Demand Polyvinyl Chloride Polyethylene Reinforced Thermosets ABS Chlorinated PVC Other Resins
Source: Freedonia Group
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1990 4520 3625 519 159 119 23 75

1995 5330 4300 605 185 125 28 87

2000 6160 5000 688 210 130 33 99

Buried Pipe Markets in the US and Canada

1997 Market 1999 Market

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US and Canadian Buried Pipe Markets by Application (1999)

42% 30%

28%
Diameters 4 inches and Larger Total Pipe Length = 1037 million feet

Water Sanitary Storm Sewer/Hwy Drainage

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US and Canadian Buried Pipe Markets by Materials (1999)

7% 12% 6% 42%

33%
Diameters 4 inches and Larger Total Pipe Length = 1037 million feet

PVC PE Ductile Iron Concrete Corrugated Steel

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Buried Sanitary Sewer Market

(4 and larger) US and Canada (1999)
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 PVC PE DI Conc. Clay
Total Length = 290 million feet
Technology Serving the Water and Sewer Industry 11% 11% 3% 2% 73%

PVC PE DI Conc. Clay

(4 and larger) US and Canada (1999)

Buried Water Market

70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%

66%

30% 3% 1%

PVC

DI

PE

Concrete

Total Length = 310 million feet

Technology Serving the Water and Sewer Industry

PVC: The Proven Performer

Introduction to Uni-Bell Market Data

Todays Discussion

Reasons for Success In Water Market - Independent Studies and Case Histories - Performance Advantages
Reasons for Success In Sanitary Sewer Market

Technology Serving the Water and Sewer Industry

Operational Experience Survey

Research conducted by University of California Sponsored and published by AWWARF in 1987 Survey of 404 utilities 228 (56%) use PVC water pipe Confirmed annual increases in installations of PVC and decreases in iron and steel (1961-1985)

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Operational Experience Survey

Level of Satisfaction
Pipe Material PVC Iron Median Rating 100% 95% Mean Rating 90% 88%

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Operational Experience Survey

Relative Repair Rates

(better/same/worse)
Pipe Material PVC Iron Better:Worse Ratio 8.8:1 4.8:1

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Evaluation of PVC Pipe Performance

Research conducted by Utah State University Sponsored and published by AWWARF in 1994 Survey of 162 utilities 125 (77%) use PVC Water Pipe

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Evaluation of PVC Pipe Performance

Materials Included:
PVC (80% AWWA, 20% ASTM) Ductile Iron (DI) Cast Iron (CI) Reinforced Concrete (RC) Steel (ST)
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Evaluation of PVC Pipe Performance

Numerical Ratings Based on Actual Experience
(1= Lowest Rating, 5=Highest Rating) Category Installation: Ease of handling, care required in installing, availability of compatible appurtenances Hydraulics: Interior smoothness, low frictional head loss, and energy savings. Life Expectancy: Longevity, resistance to internal and external attack/corrosion
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Average Rating 4.0

4.5

4.1

Water Main Break Data on Different Pipe Materials for 1992 and 1993
Research conducted by the National Research Council Canada (NRC) Survey of 21 Municipalities Across Canada

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Water Main Break Data on Different Pipe Materials for 1992 and 1993

Water Main Break Data

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Water Main Break Data on Different Pipe Materials for 1992 and 1993

Average Repair Cost

(per 100 km of pipe)

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Calgary Case History

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Calgary Case History

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Calgary Case History

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Calgary Case History

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Calgary Case History

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Calgary Case History

1500 km of PVC in Calgarys 4000 km water system

Technology Serving the Water and Sewer Industry

PVC: The Proven Performer

Introduction to Uni-Bell Market Data Reasons for Success In Sanitary Sewer Market

Todays Discussion

Reasons for Success In Water Market - Independent Studies and Case Histories - Performance Advantages
Industry Trends

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Performance Advantages
Superior Hydraulics Corrosion Resistance Water Quality Longevity and Durability Tight Joints Flexibility

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Hydraulics
Long-Term Hazen-Williams C value:

PVC: 150

Lower lifetime pumping and maintenance costs

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Corrosion Resistance

PVC is a non-conductor of electricity. It is immune to electrochemical reactions caused by acids, bases and salts. It resists both internal and external corrosion.
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Corrosion Resistance
In the United States alone, the total annual direct cost of corrosion for drinking water and sewer systems is $36 billion, which includes the costs of replacing aging infrastructure, lost water from unaccounted for leaks, corrosion inhibitors, internal mortar liners, external coatings, and cathodic protection.
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Water is Very Precious Resource

AWWA Estimates that 15% of treated water is lost 2.5 Trillion Gallons of Water Lost Every Year

Corrosion Resistance
PVC Is Inherently Well Suited For Direct Burial

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Cracks cause contamination

Pressure transients can cause drinking water contamination through cracks
Source: LeChevallier

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PVC Pipe Maintains Water Quality

Effects of Distribution Materials on Bacterial Regrowth, JAWWA, July 2003 PVC Systems Typically have the lowest levels of bacteria, iron had the highest And lower chlorine residual needed to maintain quality

Pressure Pipe Longevity

Uni-Bell 22 Year Old PVC Pressure Pipe Dig-Up

Edmonton 18 Year Old

C900 Dig-Up

AWWA

Netherlands 35 Year Old PVC Pressure Pipe Dig-Up

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Long Term Performance

Germany 70 years of experience with PVC pipes Actual performance of the pipes has comfortably exceeded the performance predicted by the long term pressure tests more than 60 years ago. The actual service life of PVC pipes is likely to be more than double the original 50 year design life.
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California Northridge Earthquake Performance

After 6.7 California earthquake: PVC main lines remain in service while Breaks for asbestos cement, steel number in the hundreds

PVC: The Proven Performer

Todays Discussion

Introduction to Uni-Bell Market Data Reasons for Success in Water Market Reasons for Success In Sanitary Sewer Market

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US EPA: Regulatory Force

Water Pollution Control Act, 1972 Clean Water Act, 1977

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Traditional Pipe Performance

Source: A Clinical Review of Infiltration/ Inflow, April, 2001 of WEFs Magazine Water Environment & Technology

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Benefits of PVC in Sewer Applications

Tight Joints Flexible Strength with Safety Superior Hydraulics Excellent Corrosion Resistance Longevity and Durability Fantastic Abrasion Resistance Easier to Install Longer Lengths

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Tight Joints

Allowable Infiltration (gallons/inch-mile-day)

Greater than 200 13% 0-99 9% 100-199 24%

25 gal/in-dia/mile/day
MAXIMUM INFILTRATION

200 54%

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Flexible Strength with Safety

100 of equivalent height of cover 3/4 crushed rock embedment 2.7% deflection
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Superior Hydraulics

Mannings n: 0.009

More Efficient = Material Savings

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Case History
PLACE: DATE: PVC NEWS: PROBLEM STATEMENT: PROECT SCOPE: Baton Rouge, Louisiana 1998 Spring, 1998

Leaking badly, cracked and broken joints, severe corrosion, danger of collapse, and soil infiltration. 7,900 feet of 24 to 54 closed-profile slipliner pipe

It was only a matter of time before all 28 sections of pipe [concrete and clay] would no longer be able to hold up the ground above them. In sewers with diameters larger than 15 inches that have turbulent flow, gases are released promoting acid production at the crown that eats away at the concrete. As the concrete is devoured, the pipes wire reinforcement begins corroding and the structural integrity of the pipe is threatened. Moreover, surface roughness, due to pitting, slows the rate of flow. When our crews got in there to clean, between the debris and the condition of the walls of the pipe, the line was carrying one-half to two-thirds its [original] capacity. I was amazed at the improved flow after we completed each line. In many lines, flow was enhanced 35-40 percent

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Excellent Corrosion Resistance

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Case History
PLACE: DATE: PVC NEWS: PROBLEM STATEMENT: Hayward, California March 20, 1995 Summer, 1995 Corroded and missing crown from 36 concrete sewer pipe Severe soil migration 400 feet of 30 closed-profile sliplining pipe.

PROECT SCOPE:

Upon review of the sewer line, the city determined that the top of over 350 (100 m) of concrete sewer line downstream of this manhole was either missing or unable to sustain load.

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Longevity and Durability

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Fantastic Abrasion Resistance

1991 study at CSU Aggressive abrasion conditions

PVC showed very little wear and exhibited no measurable sensitivity to increasing pH
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Easier to Install and Longer Lengths

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Case History
PLACE: PVC NEWS: PROBLEM STATEMENT: congestion PROJECT SCOPE: Houston, Texas Spring, 2001 Maintain traffic flow Reduce job site Finish on schedule 1,200 feet of 48 closed-profile pipe.

Because of the lighter weight product, the construction crew was able to use lighter weight equipment for loading, unloading and trenching. This was really important in reducing some of the necessary traffic congestion. Besides the lighter weight, the longer lengths also helped speed up installation. We were able to keep two-lane traffic going while the pipe was being laid. Less space was required for the storage of PVC pipe over RCP at the job site. Technology Serving the Water and Sewer Industry

Benefits of PVC in Sewer Applications

Tight Joints Flexible Strength with Safety Superior Hydraulics Excellent Corrosion Resistance Longevity and Durability Fantastic Abrasion Resistance Easier to Install Longer Lengths

Technology Serving the Water and Sewer Industry