SSM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOMARAPALAYAM: 638183

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

POWER SYSTEM SIMULATION LABORATORY
Name:______________________________________________
Course & Branch:_____________________________________
Reg. No: _______________________Semester______________
Sub Code & Name:____________________________________
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. COMPUTATION OF LINE PARAMETERS
2. MODELLING OF TRANSMISSION LINE
3. FORMATION OF BUS ADMITTANCE MATRIX
4. FORMATION OF BUS IMPEDANCE MATRIX
5. LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS- GAUSS SEIDAL METHOD
6. SHORT CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
7. LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS- NEWTON RAPHSON METHOD
8. LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS FAST DECOUPLED LOAD FLOW METHOD
9. LOAD FREQUENCY DYNAMICS OF SINGLE AND TWO AREA SYSTEM
10. TRANSIENT STABILITY ANALYSIS: SMIB SYSTEM
11. TRANSIENT STABILITY ANALYSIS MULTI MACHINE INFINITE BUS
SYSTEM
12. ECONOMIC LOAD DISPATCH WITHOUT LOSSES USING DIRECT
METHOD
13. ECONOMIC LOAD DISPATCH WITH LOSS
14. ELECTROMAGNETIC TRANSIENTS
INDEX
Ex. No Date Name of the Experiment
Page
No
Marks
Awarded
Signature
INDEX
Ex. No Date Name of the Experiment
Page
No
Marks
Awarded
Signature
Ex. No :
DATE :
FORMATION OF BUS ADMITTANCE MATRIX
AIM:
To write a program in matlab to obtain the bus admittance matrix for the given power
system network by direct inspection method.
ALGORITHM:
STEP 1: Start the Program.
STEP 2: Get the number of buses and number of lines.
STEP 3: For each line get the line impedance & off line charging impedance.
Calculate the line admittance by reciprocating the line impedance.
STEP 4: Initialize the Ybus matrix.
STEP 5: Form the diagonal elements of the Ybus matrix as the sum of then
admittances connected to the bus and off-diagonal elements as the negative of the
admittances.
STEP 6: Print the Ybus matrix.
STEP 7: Stop the program.
FLOW CHART:
FORMATION OF BUS ADMITTANCE MATRIX
PROBLEM:
Determine the Ybus matrix for the given four bus system. The datas are given in the table
below.
Bus Code Line impedance p.u Off-line charging admittance p.u
Start
Read the no of lines
(nl) & no of buses(nb)
Read the bus impedance
& off line charging
admittance
Calculate the Ybus matrix
Initialize the Ybus matrix
Set i = 1
Form the Ybus matrix using the formula
i =i+1
Is
Print the Ybus matrix
Stop
yes
No
1 - 2 0.2+0.8j 0.02j
1 - 3 0.1+0.4j 0.01j
2 - 3 0.3+0.9j 0.03j
2 - 4 0.25+1j 0.04j
3 - 4 0.2+0.8j 0.02j
PROGRAM:
%Y BUS FORMATION BY INSPECTION METHOD
clear all;
clc;
nb=input('enter the no. of buses');
nl=input('enter the no. of lines');
z=zeros(nb,nb);
y=zeros(nb,nb);
yb=zeros(nb,nb);
yo=zeros(nb,nb);
input('frombus tobus impedance line charging admittance');
for i=1:nl
fb(i)=input('');
tb(i)=input('');
z(fb(i),tb(i))=input('');
z(tb(i),fb(i))=z(fb(i),tb(i));
yc=input('');
yo(fb(i))=yo(fb(i))+yc;
yo(tb(i))=yo(tb(i))+yc;
end
%LINE ADMITTANCE MATRIX CALCULATION
for i=1:nb
for j=1:nb
if z(i,j)~=0
y(i,j)=1/z(i,j);
end
end
end
%YBUS FORMATION
for i=1:nb
yb(i,i)=yb(i,i)+yo(i);
for j=1:nb
if i~=j
yb(i,i)=yb(i,i)+y(i,j);
yb(i,j)=-y(i,j);
end
end
end
yb
OUTPUT:
enter the no. of buses4
enter the no. of lines5
from bus to bus impedance line charging admittance
1
2
0.2+0.8i
0.02i
1
3
0.1+0.4i
0.01i
2
3
0.3+0.9i
0.03i
2
4
0.25+1i
0.04i
3
4
0.2+0.8i
0.02i
yb =
0.8824 - 3.4994i -0.2941 + 1.1765i -0.5882 + 2.3529i 0
-0.2941 + 1.1765i 0.8627 - 3.0276i -0.3333 + 1.0000i -0.2353 + 0.9412i
-0.5882 + 2.3529i -0.3333 + 1.0000i 1.2157 - 4.4694i -0.2941 + 1.1765i
0 -0.2353 + 0.9412i -0.2941 + 1.1765i 0.5294 - 2.0576i
MODEL CALCULATION:
RESULT:
Ex. No:
DATE :
FORMATION OF BUS IMPEDANCE MATRIX
AIM:
To write a program in matlab to obtain the bus impedance matrix for the given power
system network by direct method.
ALGORITHM:
STEP 1: Start the Program.
STEP 2: Get the number of buses and number of lines.
STEP 3: Add the first element a to form the zbus1 matrix.
STEP 4: Add the second element b to the second diagonal to form the Zbus2 matrix.
STEP 5: Add the third element c to the third diagonal to form the Zbus3 matrix.
STEP 6: Initialize the zbus matrix.
STEP 7: Form the Zbus using the formula

,
_

+ +
+ +

) 1 , 1 ( 3
) , 1 ( 3 ) 1 , ( 3
) , ( 3 ) , (
n n Zbus
k n Zbus n j Zbus
k j Zbus k j Zbus
STEP 8: Print the Zbus matrix.
STEP 9: Stop the program.
FLOW CHART:
FORMATION OF BUS IMPEDANCE MATRIX
Start
Read the input
data a, b, c, d
Add the first element a to
form the zbus1 matrix
Add the second element b to the second
diagonal to form the Zbus2 matrix
Add the third element c to the third
diagonal to form the Zbus3 matrix
Initialize the zbus matrix
Form the Zbus using the formula
Print the
Zbus matrix
Stop
PROBLEM:
Determine the Zbus matrix for the given four bus system.
PROGRAM:
clear all;
clc;
a=input('enter the value of a;');
b=input('enter the value of b;');
c=input('enter the value of c;');
d=input('enter the value of d;');
zbuso=[a];
zbus1=[a a;
a a+b;];
zbus2=[a a a;
a a+b a+b;
a a+b a+b+c;];
zbus3=[a a a a;
a a+b a+b a+b;
a a+b a+b+c a+b+c;
a a+b a+b+c a+b+c+d;];
n=input('enter the no of nodes');
zbus4=zeros(3,3);
for j=1:3
for k=1:3
zbus4(j,k)= zbus3(j,k)-(zbus3(j,n+1)*zbus3(n+1,k)/zbus3(n+1,n+1));
end
end
zbus4
OUTPUT:
enter the value of a; 0.029+0.117i
enter the value of b; 0.058+0.235i
enter the value of c; 0.067+0.095i
enter the value of d; 0.16+0.12i
enter the no of nodes 3

zbus4 =

0.0294 + 0.0946i 0.0304 + 0.0496i 0.0229 + 0.0293i
0.0304 + 0.0496i 0.0913 + 0.1492i 0.0689 + 0.0881i
0.0229 + 0.0293i 0.0689 + 0.0881i 0.0998 + 0.1064i
MODEL CALCULATION:
RESULT:
Ex. No:
DATE :
COMPUTATION OF LINE PARAMETERS
AIM:
To write a mat lab program to determine the positive sequence line parameters L and C per
phase per km of a 3 single and double circuit for different conductor arrangement.
ALGORITHM:
STEP 1: Start the program.
STEP 2: Read the conductor type, solid or bundled.
STEP 3: Get the input value of D
ab
, D
bc
, D
ca
, and GMR, d.
STEP 4: Check the type of conductor. If it is a solid conductor calculate the value of
L and C and goto step 6.
STEP 5: If it is a bundled conductor calculate the value of L and C and goto next
step.
STEP 6: Print the value of L and C.
STEP 7: Stop the program.
FLOW CHART:
COMPUTATION OF LINE PARAMETERS
Start
Enter the type of
conductor
Enter the value of D
ab
,
D
bc
, D
ca
, and GMR, d
Check the
type of
conductor
Find the value of L & C Find the value of L & C
Print the values of
L & C
Stop
Solid Bundled
1. Single phase two wire system:
a D a

L=210
-7
ln(D/R) H/m
C
an
=2
0
/ln(D/R) F/m
Where,
L= Inductance of conductor
C
an
=Capacitance of conductor a w.r.t neutral
D= Distance between the conductors (m)
R=0.7788R
R=Radius of the conductors

0
= Absolute

permittivity=8.85410
-12
2. Three phase single circuit line-unsymmetrical spacing
L
avg
=210
-7
ln(D
eq
/R) H/m
C
an
= 2
o
/ln(D/R) F/m
Where,
L
avg
=Average inductance of conductor
C
an
=Capacitance of conductor a w.r.t neutral
D= Distance between the conductors (m)
R=0.7788R
R=Radius of the conductors

o
= Absolute

permittivity=8.85410
-12
3. Three phase Double circuit line-symmetrical spacing

L
avg
=210
-7
ln( /2R) H/m
C
an
=2
o
/
7
ln( /2R) F/m
Where,
L
avg
=Average inductance of conductor
C
an
=Capacitance of conductor a w.r.t neutral
D= Distance between the conductors (m)
R=0.7788R
R=Radius of the conductors

o
= Absolute

permittivity=8.85410
-12
PROBLEM:
A 3 transposed line proposed of ACSR 1, 43,000 `mil, 47/7 bobo link conductor/ph
with flat horizontal spacing of 11m between space AB and BC. The conductor have diameter of
3.625cm and GMR=1.439cm. The line is to be replaced by 3 conductor bundle of ACSR= 4,
77,000cmil, 26/7 hawk of conductor having the same cross area of aluminium as the single
conductor.
A conductor having diameter of 2.1793cm and GMR of 0.8839cm. The new line
between also have a flat horizontal configuration but it is to be operated at a high voltage and
therefore the phase spacing is to be increased to 14cm as measured from the center of the
bundled. The spacing between the conductors in the bundle is 45cm.
(i) Determine the inductance and capacitance per/ph/km.
(ii) Verified the result using the available program.
PROGRAM:
clear all;
clc;
disp('enter 1 for solid or 2 for bundled');
method=input('enter your choice:');
dab=input('enter dab:');
dbc=input('enter dbc:');
dca=input('enter dca:');
ds=input('enter gmr value:');
d=input('enter diameter of conductor:');
dm=power((dab*dbc*dca),1/3);
switch(method)
case(1)
l=0.2*log1p(dm/ds);
r=d/2;
c=0.0556/log(dm/r);
case(2)
bs=input('enter the bundle spacing:');
dsb=power((ds*power(bs,2)),1/3);
l=0.2*log1p(dm/dsb);
r=d/2;
rb=power((r*power(bs,2)),1/3);
c=0.0556/log(dm/rb);
otherwise
disp('enter 1 or 2:');
end
disp('the inductance value is');
disp(l);
disp('the capacitance value is');
disp(c);
OUTPUT:
enter 1 for solid or 2 for bundled
enter your choice:1
enter dab:11
enter dbc:11
enter dca:22
enter gmr value:0.01439
enter diameter of conductor:0.03625
the inductance value is
1.3742
the capacitance value is
0.0084
enter 1 for solid or 2 for bundled
enter your choice:2
enter dab:14
enter dbc:14
enter dca:28
enter gmr value:0.008839
enter diameter of conductor:0.021793
enter the bundle spacing:0.4572
the inductance value is
0.9950
the capacitance value is
0.0114
MODEL CALCULATION:
RESULT:
Ex. No:
DATE :
MODELLING OF TRANSMISSION LINE
AIM:
To write a mat lab program to understand the modeling and performance of medium
transmission line.
ALGORITHM:
STEP 1: Start the program.
STEP 2: Get the input data of x1, y1, z1 & d.
STEP 3: Calculate the value of r, x, y, z, a, b, c & d.
STEP 4: Get the input data of vr1, pr, pf.
STEP 5: Calculate the value of vr, irs, s, m, ir, vs, is, vrn1, reg, eff.
STEP 6: Print the output.
STEP 7: Stop the program.
FLOW CHART:
MODELLING OF TRANSMISSION LINE
Start
Read the input
data of r, x, y, d
Calculate the value of r1,
x1, y1, z1, a, b, c, d
Read the input
data of vr1, pr, pf
Calculate the value of vr, irs,
s, m, ir, vrn1, vs, is, reg, eff
Print the output
values
Stop
PROBLEM:
A 230V, 60Hz, 3 transmission line is 160km long per phase resistance is
0.124/km & the reactance is 0.497/km & its shunt admittance is 3.310
-6
sin/km. it delivers
40MW at 220kV with 0.9 lagging pf and medium line mode.
(i) Determine the voltage, current, regulation and efficiency.
(ii)Verify the result using available program.
PROGRAM:
clear all;
clc;
r1=input('enter the resistance value per phase per km:');
x1=input('enter the reactance value per phase per km:');
y1=input('enter the admittance value per phase per km:');
d=input('enter the length of the line:');
r=d*r1;
x=d*x1;
y=d*y1;
z=r+x*j;
a=1+(y*z/2);
b=z;
c=y*(1+(y*z/4));
d=a;
vr1=input('enter the receiving end voltage 1-1 in kv:');
pr=input('enter the receiving end power:');
pf=input('enter the power factor:');
vr=(vr1*1000/1.732);
irs=(pr*10^6/(1.732*vr1*1000*pf));
s=-acos(pf);
m=cos(s)+sin(s)*j;
ir=irs*m;
vs=(a*vr)+(b*ir);
is=(c*vr)+(d*ir);
vrn1=abs(vs)/abs(a);
reg=(vrn1-abs(vr))/abs(vr)*100;
eff=((pr*10^6*100)/(3*abs(vs)*abs(is)));
disp('Z value is');
disp(z);
disp('Y value is');
disp(y);
disp('A value is');
disp(a);
disp('B value is');
disp(b);
disp('C value is');
disp(c);
disp('D value is');
disp(d);
disp('sending end voltage is');
disp(vs);
disp('sending end current is');
disp(is);
disp('voltage regulation is');
disp(reg);
disp('efficiency is');
disp(eff);
OUTPUT:
enter the resistance value per phase per km:0.124
enter the reactance value per phase per km:0.497
enter the admittance value per phase per km:0.0000033i
enter the length of the line:160
enter the receiving end voltage 1-1 in kv:220
enter the receiving end power:40
enter the power factor:0.9
Z value is
19.8400 +79.5200i
Y value is
0 +5.2800e-004i
A value is
0.9790 + 0.0052i
B value is
19.8400 +79.5200i
C value is
-1.3828e-006 +5.2246e-004i
D value is
0.9790 + 0.0052i
sending end voltage is
1.3048e+005 +8.0043e+003i
sending end current is
1.0286e+002 +1.7138e+001i
voltage regulation is
5.1217
efficiency is
97.8083
MODEL CALCULATION:
RESULT:
Ex. No:
DATE :
LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS- GAUSS SEIDAL METHOD
AIM:
To compute the line flows and slack bus power for the given power system using Gauss
Seidal method.
ALGORITHM:
STEP 1: Start the program.
STEP 2: Read power system data and form Ybus.
STEP 3: Assume the initial voltage 0 1
0
j E
P
+ other than slack bus.
STEP 4: Set iteration count 0 k and

max
E
(tolerance).
STEP 5: Set the bus count p.
STEP 6: Check for slack bus.
STEP 7: Calculate the value of
+
+

n
p q
k
q pq
k
q
p
q
pq
p
p p k
p
E Y E Y
V
jQ P
V
1
1
1
1
*
1
STEP 8: Calculate the change in voltage using the formula
k
i
k
i
k
p
V V V
+1
STEP 9: Increment the bus count p=p+1.
STEP10: Check whether all the buses are included.
STEP11: Evaluate the maximum value of change in voltage.
STEP12: Check for convergence. If it does not exceed increment the iteration.
STEP13: Print the value of line flows and slack bus power.
STEP14: Stop the program.
FLOW CHART:
LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS- GAUSS SEIDAL METHOD
Start
Read system data
& form Ybus
Assume other than slack bus
Set convergence value
Set iteration count k=0
Check
for
slack
bus
Calculate
Set bus count p = 1
Calculate change in voltage
Advance bus count p=p+1
A
B
C
Yes
No
Is
A
Evaluate max value
B
Is <
k=k+1
C
Evaluate line flows & slack bus
power
Stop
Yes
No
No
Yes
PROBLEM:
Obtain the load flow solution for the given power system using Gauss- Seidal method.
Bus code V Real Power Reactive
Power
Bus Type
1 1.06+j0 - - Slack
2 - 0.2 -0.2 Load
3 - -0.45 0.15 Load
4 - -0.4 0.05 Load
5 - -0.6 0.1 Load
The line impedance and line charging admittance are given below. Acceleration factor is 1.6.
Bus Code Impedance per unit Line Charging
Admittance
per unit
1-2 0.02+0.06i 0.03i
1-3 0.08+0.24i 0.025i
2-3 0.06+0.18i 0.02i
2-4 0.06+0.18i 0.02i
2-5 0.04+0.12i 0.015i
3-4 0.01+0.03i 0.01i
4-5 0.08+0.24i 0.025i
PROGRAM:
clear all;
clc;
n=input('no of buses:');
k=input('no of lines:');
for i=1:k
sb(i)=input('sending bus no:');
eb(i)=input('ending bus no:');
z(i)=input('line impedance:');
ys(i)=input('line charging admittance:');
end
ybus=zeros(n,n);
for j=1:k
l=sb(j);
m=eb(j);
ybus(l,l)=ybus(l,l)+1/z(j)+ys(j);
ybus(m,m)=ybus(m,m)+1/z(j)+ys(j);
ybus(l,m)=ybus(l,m)-1/z(j);
ybus(m,l)=ybus(m,l)-1/z(j);
end
ybus
sl=[0 0.2-0.2i -0.45+0.15i -0.4+0.05i -0.6+0.1i];
vold=[1.06+0i 1+0i 1+0i 1+0i 1+0i];
v=vold;
vacc=vold;
delvmax=10;
itrcount=1;
while(delvmax>.001)
for i=2:5
sum=0;
for k=1:5
if(i~=k)
sum=sum+(ybus(i,k)*vacc(k));
end
end
v(i)=(sl(i)/conj(vacc(i))-sum)/ybus(i,i);
vacc(i)=vold(i)+(1.4*(v(i)-vold(i)));
end
delvmax=max(abs(vacc-vold));
vold=vacc;
itrcount=itrcount+1;
end
ybus
v
OUTPUT:
no of buses:5
no of lines:7
sending bus no:1
ending bus no:2
line impedance:.02+.06i
line charging admittance:.03i
sending bus no:1
ending bus no:3
line impedance:.08+.24i
line charging admittance:.025i
sending bus no:2
ending bus no:3
line impedance:.06+.18i
line charging admittance:.02i
sending bus no:2
ending bus no:4
line impedance:.06+.18i
line charging admittance:.02i
sending bus no:2
ending bus no:5
line impedance:.04+.12i
line charging admittance:.015i
sending bus no:3
ending bus no:4
line impedance:.01+.03i
line charging admittance:.01i
sending bus no:4
ending bus no:5
line impedance:.08+.24i
line charging admittance:0.025i
ybus =
Columns 1 through 4
6.2500 -18.6950i -5.0000 +15.0000i -1.2500 + 3.7500i 0
-5.0000 +15.0000i 10.8333 -32.4150i -1.6667 + 5.0000i -1.6667 + 5.0000i
-1.2500 + 3.7500i -1.6667 + 5.0000i 12.9167 -38.6950i -10.0000 +30.0000i
0 -1.6667 + 5.0000i -10.0000 +30.0000i 12.9167 -38.6950i
0 -2.5000 + 7.5000i 0 -1.2500 + 3.7500i
Column 5
0
-2.5000 + 7.5000i
0
-1.2500 + 3.7500i
3.7500 -11.2100i
ybus =
Columns 1 through 4
6.2500 -18.6950i -5.0000 +15.0000i -1.2500 + 3.7500i 0
-5.0000 +15.0000i 10.8333 -32.4150i -1.6667 + 5.0000i -1.6667 + 5.0000i
-1.2500 + 3.7500i -1.6667 + 5.0000i 12.9167 -38.6950i -10.0000 +30.0000i
0 -1.6667 + 5.0000i -10.0000 +30.0000i 12.9167 -38.6950i
0 -2.5000 + 7.5000i 0 -1.2500 + 3.7500i
Column 5
0
-2.5000 + 7.5000i
0
-1.2500 + 3.7500i
3.7500 -11.2100i
v =
Columns 1 through 4
1.0600 1.0469 - 0.0511i 1.0213 - 0.0889i 1.0200 - 0.0949i
Column 5
1.0128 - 0.1090i
MODEL CALCULATION:
RESULT:
Ex. No:
DATE :
SHORT CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
AIM:

To analysis and perform the short circuit of given network by using MATLAB
program.

ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Get the impedance value, number of buses and transient reactance of bus.
Step 2: Get the impedance of respedtive buses and calculate the Ybus matrix.
Step 3: Compute the diagonal and off-diagonal
Adm(i)=1/(imp(i))
Ybus(k1,k1)=Ybus(k1,k1)+adm(i)
Ybus(k2,k2)=Ybus(k2,k2)+adm(i)
Ybus(k1,k2)=-adm(i)
Ybus(k2,k1)=Ybus(k1,k2)
Step 4: Form Zbus matrix by using Ybus matrix since Zbus=1/Ybus .

Step 5: Calculate the post fault bus voltage by using formula.
Vf(i)=Vo(i)-(Z(1,r)+Vo(r))/[Z(r,r)+Zf]
Step 6: Calculate the fault current.
Step 7: Short circuit current by using formula
Iss(m,m)=(Vf(m)-Vf(n))/(imp(i))
Iss(n,n)=Iss(m,n)
Step 8: Finally short circuit current matrix can be obtained.
FLOWCHART:
Determine the pre fault voltage of
All busses and current in all lines
Through a load flow study
Vbus=V1,V2,.Vn
Assume rth bus is failed through
fault impedance Zf
Draw network of the system with enerators
replaced by transient(or)subtransient
reactance with the emf shorted
Print all the
results
Excite the passive network
Under fault bcondition voltages at rth bus
Vrf=Vr0+Vr0=Vr0-Zrr.If
Stop
Start
Read All the bus
voltage,Transformer and
generators data.
PROGRAM:
%SHORT CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
%formation of Y bus
s=input('enter the no of impedance values:');
b=input('enter the no of buses:');
for i=1:b
trans(i)=input('transient reactance of bus:');
if trans(i)==0;
tr(i)=0;
else
tr(i)=1/trans(i);
end
end
for i=1:s
sb(i)=input('starting the number:');
rb(i)=input('receiving bus number:');
imp(i)=input('impedance of bus:');
end
Ybus=diag(0,(b-1));
for i=1:s
k1=sb(i);
k2=rb(i);
adm(i)=1/imp(i);
Ybus(k1,k1)=Ybus(k1,k1)+adm(i);
Ybus(k2,k2)=Ybus(k2,k2)+adm(i);
Ybus(k1,k2)=adm(i);
Ybus(k2,k1)=Ybus(k1,k2);
end
for i=1:b
Ybus(i,i)=Ybus(i,i)+tr(i);
end
Ybus
%computation of Z bus
Zbus=inv(Ybus);
Zbus
%computation of post fault bus voltage
Z=Zbus;
Zf=input('enter fault impedance of bus:');
for i=1:b
vo(i)=1;
end
r=input('enter bus fault number:');
disp('post bus fault voltage');
for i=1:b
vf(i)=vo(i)-(Z(i,r)*vo(r))/(Z(r,r)+Zf);
end
vf
%calculation of fault current
disp('fault current:');
If=vo(r)/(Z(r,r)+Zf);
If
%calculation of short circuit current
for i=1:s
m=sb(i);
n=rb(i);
Iss(m,n)=((vf(m)-(vf(n))))/(imp(i));
Iss(n,m)=Iss(m,n);
end
disp('short circuit line current');
Iss
MODEL CALCULATION:
RESULT:
Ex. No:
DATE :
LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS- NEWTON RAPHSON
METHOD
AIM:
To write a mat lab program to obtain the load flow solution for the Newton Raphson
method for the given power system network.
ALGORITHM:
STEP 1: Start the program.
STEP 2: Read the input data and form Ybus.
STEP 3: Set iteration count.
STEP 4: Calculate the real and reactive power except slack bus.
STEP 5: Calculate
cal act
cal act
Q Q Q
P P P


STEP 6: Check P, Q < (tolerance). If yes than calculate line flow and slack bus
power, then go to step 10, otherwise assemeble jacobian matrix.
STEP 7: Find the inverse of jacobian and
K
i
V
and
K
i
Q
STEP 8: Find
K
i
K
i
K
i
V V V +
+1
STEP 9: Increment the iteration count.
STEP10:Stop the program.
FLOW CHART:
LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS- NEWTON RAPHSON METHOD
Start
Read input data
& form Ybus
Set iteration count k=0
Set bus count p=1
Is
p<
n
Calculate P & Q
Is P &
Q <
Assemble Jacobian elements
Find J
-1
, V
i
&
i
Calculate
p=p+1
Calculate slack
power & line flows
Stop
Increment iteration k=k+1
A
B
Yes
No
Yes
No
Calculate real & reactive
power
PROBLEM:
Obtain the load flow solution by Newton Raphson method for the given 3 bus system.
Branch Data:
Bus Code Line impedance Line charging admittance
1-2 0.08+0.24i 0i
1-3 0.02+0.06i 0i
2-3 0.06+0.18i 0i
Bus Data:
Bus Code Voltage Generation Load
P (MW) Q(MVAR) P(MW) Q(MVAR)
1 1.04 0 0 2 1
2 - 0.5 1 0 0
3 - 0 0 1.5 0.6
PROGRAM:
clear all;
clc;
n=input('enter the no of buses:');
l=input('enter the no of lines:');
sb=[1 1 2];
eb=[2 3 3];
y=[inv(0.08+0.24i) inv(0.02+0.06i) inv(0.06+0.18i)];
lca=[0i 0i 0i];
ybus=zeros(n,n);
for j=1:l
l1=sb(j);
l2=eb(j);
ybus(l1,l1)=ybus(l1,l1)+y(j)+lca(j);
ybus(l2,l2)=ybus(l2,l2)+y(j)+lca(j);
ybus(l1,l2)=-y(j);
ybus(l2,l1)=ybus(l1,l2);
end
ybus
sl=[0+0i 0.2+0i -0.6-0.25i];
v=[1.06+0i 1+0i 1+0i];
e=real(v);
f=imag(v);
g=real(ybus);
b=imag(ybus);
ps=real(sl);
qs=imag(sl);
con=10;
if (con>0.001)
for j=2:3
p(j)=0;
q(j)=0;
for k=1:3
p(j)=p(j)+(e(j)*(e(k)*g(j,k)+f(k)*b(j,k))+f(j)*(f(k)*g(j,k)-e(k)*b(j,k)));
q(j)=q(j)-(f(j)*(e(k)*g(j,k)+f(k)*b(j,k))-e(j)*(f(k)*g(j,k)-e(k)*b(j,k)));
end
end
delp=ps-p;
delq=qs-q;
for j=2:3
sumpe=0;
sumpf=0;
sumqe=0;
sumqf=0;
for k=1:3
if (k~=j)
sumpe=sumpe+(e(k)*g(j,k)+f(k)*b(j,k));
sumpf=sumpf+(f(k)*g(j,k)-e(k)*b(j,k));
sumqe=sumqe+(f(k)*g(j,k)-e(k)*b(j,k));
sumqf=sumqf+(e(k)*g(j,k)+f(k)*b(j,k));
end
if (k~=1) & (k~=j)
delpe(j,k)=e(j)*g(j,k)-f(j)*b(j,k);
delpf(j,k)=e(j)*b(j,k)+f(j)*g(j,k);
delqe(j,k)=e(j)*b(j,k)-f(j)*g(j,k);
delqf(j,k)=-e(j)*g(j,k)+(f(j)*b(j,k));
end
end
delpe(j,j)=(2*e(j)*g(j,j))+sumpe;
delpf(j,j)=(2*f(j)*g(j,j))+sumpf;
delqe(j,j)=(2*e(j)*b(j,j))+sumqe;
delqf(j,j)=(2*f(j)*b(j,j))+sumqf;
end
for j=1:2
for k=1:2
delpem(j,k)=delpe(j+1,k+1);
delpfm(j,k)=delpf(j+1,k+1);
delqem(j,k)=delqe(j+1,k+1);
delqfm(j,k)=delqf(j+1,k+1);
end
delpm(j)=delp(j+1);
delqm(j)=delq(j+1);
end
jacob=[delpem delpfm;delqem delqfm];
dels=[delpm delqm];
con=max(dels);
c=inv(jacob)*dels';
for j=2:3
e(j)=e(j)+c(j-1);
f(j)=f(j)+c(j-1);
end
end
p
q
delpm
delqm
MODEL CALCULATION:
RESULT:
Ex. No:
DATE :
LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS FAST DECOUPLED LOAD
FLOW METHOD
AIM:
To obtain the load flow solution using Fast Decoupled Load flow method for the given
power system.
ALGORITHM:
STEP 1: Start the program.
STEP 2: Read the system data and form the Ybus.
STEP 3: Assume voltage profile as 1+j0.
STEP 4: Set convergence value, iteration count and bus count.
STEP 5: Calculate P
P
& Q
P
.
STEP 6: Calculate K p p K p
p spec p

STEP 7: Test for Convergence K
P
<
P
.
STEP 8: Normalize the mismatch by dividing with bus voltage
K V
k p
K p
i
i
p


STEP 9: Solve K using
[ ][ ]
1
1
]
1

'
B
V
p
STEP10: Calculate
k
p
k
p
k
p
+
+1
STEP11: Calculate
k
p spec p
k
p
Q Q Q
,
STEP12: Test for Convergence
k
p
Q
<
STEP13: Normalize the mismatches by dividing by bus voltage
K V
k p
K p
i
p
p

STEP14: Solve
K V
p

using
[ ][ ]
k
p
p
V B
V
Q

1
1
]
1

'
STEP15: Calculate
K Q K V V
p p
k
p
+
+1
STEP16: Check If
n p
. If no increment the bus count and go to step 5, otherwise go to
next step.
STEP17: Calculate the slack power and line flows and print the values.
STEP18: Stop the program.
FLOW CHART:
Fast decoupled load flow method
Start
Read system data and form
Ybus matrix
Assume voltage profile as 1+j0
Set convergence value
Set iteration count k = 0
Set bus count p = 0
Calculate P
P
& Q
P
Calculate
Test for
Convergen
ce
<
Normalize the mismatch by dividing with bus
voltage
Solve K using
1
T
2
Yes
No
Calculate
Calculate
Test for
Convergen
ce
<
Normalize the mismatches by dividing by
bus voltage
Solve using
Calculate
If
Calculate slack power & line flows
Stop
k=k+1
2
1
Yes
No
Yes
No
T
PROBLEM:
Obtain the load flow solution by fast decoupled method for the given 3 bus system.
Line
No.
Starting
Bus
Ending
Bus
Series Line
Impedance
Line
Changing
Admittance
Voltage
Real
Power
Reactive
Power
1 1 2 0.02+0.04j 0.05j 1.05 0 0
2 2 3 0.01+0.03j 0.025j 1.0 0.2 0
3 1 3 0.0125+0.025j 0.025j 1.00 0.3 0.002
PROGRAM
clear all;
clc;
k=2;
%line data
nb=input('Enter The Number of Buses ');
nl=input('\nEnter The Number of Lines');
sb=input('\nEnter The Number of Starting Bus');
eb=input('\nEnter The Number of Ending Bus');
sli=input('\nEnter The Details of Series Line Impedance\n');
lca=input('Enter The Details of Line Charing Admittance\n');
volt=input('Enter The Voltage Magnitude of Buses');
%formation of y bus
for m=1:nb
for n=1:nb
if m==n||m~=n
if lca(m,n)==0
n=n+1;
else
y(m,n)=+sli(m,n)^-1+lca(m,n);
y(n,n)=+sli(m,n)^-1+lca(m,n);
y(n,m)=-sli(m,n)^-1;
y(n,m)=y(m,n);
end
end
end
end
fprintf('The Y-Bus Matrix is\n')
ybus=y
bbus=-imag(ybus)
fprintf('The b1-Bus Matrix is\n')
bbus1=bbus(2:nb,2:nb)
fprintf('The b2-Bus Matrix is\n')
bbus2=bbus1(2:nb-1,2:nb-1)
invbbus1=bbus1^-1
invbbus2=bbus2^-1
for k=2:nb
for l=1:nb
power(k,1)=(+(volt(k)*y(k,1)*volt(1)));
end
end
po=power(1:nb,1:1)
realpower=real(po)
reactivepower=-imag(po)
for l=1:nb-1
delpo(nb)=reactivepower(nb)-realpower(nb);
delq(nb)=reactivepower(nb)-realpower(nb);
delnew(nb)=invbbus1(nb-1)*delpo(nb-1);
delv(nb)=invbbus2(nb-2)*delq(nb-2);
end
de=delpo
dq=delq
dn=delnew
dv=delv
MODEL CALCULATION:
RESULT:
Ex. No:
DATE :
ECONOMIC LOAD DISPATCH
WITHOUT LOSSES USING DIRECT METHOD
AIM:
To understand the development of coordinate equations (mathematical model for
ED), without losses and operating constraints and solution of these equations using direct
methods.
ECONOMIC DISPATCH WITHOUT LOSS:
ALGORITHM:
STEP 1: Start the program.
STEP 2: Read the values of a, b, c co-efficient and load power.
STEP 3: Initialize the lambda value.
STEP 4: Set i = 1.
STEP 5: Find the real power for each unit using
i
i
i
a
b
P

STEP 6: Check whether the real power lies within the limits. If yes, increment the bus
count and go to step 5, otherwise fix that value and increment the bus count and
go to step 5.
STEP 7: Check if i = N. If yes, Calculate

D i
P P P
, otherwise go to step 5.
STEP 8: Check for convergence P < . If yes go to step 10, otherwise go to next step.
STEP 9: Check if P
i
<P
D
. If yes decrement the lambda value and go to step 4,
otherwise increment the lambda value and go to step 4.
STEP10: Print the generation values and cost of generation.
STEP11: Stop the program.
FLOW CHART:
Economic dispatch of power system without loss
Start
Read P
D
, , a
i
, b
i
, c
i
,
N
Assume suitable value of
Set i = 1
Solve the equation
If
P
i

>P
i,max
Set P
i
= P
i,max
If
P
i
<
P
i,min
Set P
i
= P
i,min
i = i+1
If
i =
N
A
B
No
Yes
PROBLEM:
Is
P <

Is
P
i

<P
D
= +
= -
Print generation
& cost of
generation
Stop
A
B
Calculate
Yes
No
No
Yes
Determine the economic generation schedule of three operating units in a power
system to meet the system load at 850MW. The operating limit cost function is given below
78 97 . 7 00964 . 0
310 85 . 7 00388 . 0
459 48 . 6 00256 . 0
3
2
3 3
2
2
2 2
1
2
1 1
+ +
+ +
+ +
P P F
P P F
P P F
The operating limits are
200 50
400 100
600 15
3
2
1



P
P
P
PROGRAM:
clear all;
clc
a1=input ('enter a1=')
a2=input ('enter a2=')
a3=input ('enter a3=')
b1=input ('enter b1=')
b2=input ('enter b2=')
b3=input ('enter b3=')
c1=input ('enter c1=')
c2=input ('enter c2=')
c3=input ('enter c3=')
pd=input ('enter the total demand=')
pmax=input ('enter the maximum limit=')
pmin=input ('enter the minimum limit=')
lambda=(((pd)+(((b1)/(2*a1))+((b2)/(2*a2))+((b3)/(2*a3))))/(((1)/(2*a1))+((1)/(2*a2))+((1)/
(2*a3))))
disp('lambda')
pg1=(lambda-b1)/(2*a1);
pg2=(lambda-b2)/(2*a2);
pg3=(lambda-b3)/(2*a3);
pg1
pg2
pg3
OUTPUT:
enter a1=0.00256
a1 =
0.0026
enter a2=0.00388
a2 =
0.0039
enter a3=0.00964
a3 =
0.0096
enter b1=6.48
b1 =
6.4800
enter b2=7.85
b2 =
7.8500
enter b3=7.97
b3 =
7.9700
enter c1=459
c1 =
459
enter c2=310
c2 =
310
enter c3=78
c3 =
78
enter the total demand=850
pd =
850
enter the maximum limit=1200
pmax =
1200
enter the minimum limit=165
pmin =
165
lambda =
9.4154
lambda
pg1 =
573.3120
pg2 =
201.7213
pg3 =
74.9667
MODEL CALCULATION:
RESULT:
ECONOMIC DISPATCH WITH LOSS:
ALGORITHM:
STEP 1: Start the program.
STEP 2: Read the values of a, b, c and Pd , N.
STEP 3: Assume suitable value of
STEP 4: Determine P
i
corresponding to IPC
STEP 5: Set k=0, i=0.
STEP 6: Solve for P
i
ij
i
m
j
j ij
i
i
i
B
a
P B
a
b
P
2
2
2 1
1
+

STEP 7: Check for convergence Is

1

k
i
k
i
P P
< . If yes go to next step, otherwise
increment the iteration.
STEP 9: Check if P < . If yes go to step , otherwise go to next step.
STEP10: Calculate
D L i D
P P P P
.
STEP11: Check if P
D
< 0. if yes decrement the lambda and go to step 5, otherwise
increment the lambda and go to step 5.
STEP12: Print generation & cost of generation
STEP13: Stop the program.
FLOW CHART:
Economic dispatch of power system with loss
Start
Read P
D
, P
i,min
, P
i, max
,
a
i
, b
i
, c
i
Assume suitable value for &
Determine P
i
corresponding to IPC
Set k=0
Set i = 1
Solve for P
i
If
P
i
> P
i,
max
P
i
= P
i, max
If
P
i
> P
i,
max
P
i
= P
i, max
A
Yes
No
Yes
No
B
C
D
i = i+ 1
If
i =
N
Is
<
Calculate
and
Is
P <
D L i D
P P P P
Is
P
D
< 0
= +
= -
Print generation &
cost of generation
Stop
A
B
No
Yes
k = k+1
C
D
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
PROBLEM:
For a 3 bus system the loss co-efficients are
1
1
1
]
1

000090121 . 0 0 0
000194971 . 0 005963568 . 0 0
000375082 . 0 000049448 . 0 008383183 . 0
The incremental costs of the 3 units are
97 . 7 00964 . 0
85 . 7 00388 . 0
48 . 6 00256 . 0
3
3
3
2
2
2
1
1
1
+
+
+
P
dP
dF
P
dP
dF
P
dP
dF
Find the optimal generation for =Rs.20/MWhr. Also compute the minimum loss and received
power.
PROGRAM:
clear all;
clc;
B=[0.008383183 -0.000049448 0.000375082;0 0.005963568 0.000194971;0 0 0.000090121];
b=[6.48 7.85 7.97];
c=[0.00256 0.00388 0.00964];
Pd=input('enter the demand value:');
Pl=0;
Pg=0;
L=20;
P(2)=0;
P(3)=0;
while(round(Pd+Pl)~=round(Pg))
for n=1:3
y=0;
for m=1:3
if (m~=n)
y=y+(2*P(m)*B(m,n));
end
end
x=b(n)/L;
z=(c(n)/L)+(2*B(n,n));
P(n)=(1-x-y)/z;
end
Pg=P(1)+P(2)+P(3);
Pl=0;
for i=1:3
for j=1:3
Pl=Pl+(P(i)*B(i,j)*P(j));
end
end
if(round(Pd+Pl)>round(Pg))
L=L+0.001;
elseif (round(Pd+Pl)<round(Pg))
L=L-0.001;
else
end
end
P
Pl
L
Pd=round((P(1)+P(2)+P(3))-Pl)
OUTPUT:
enter the demand value:850
P =
40.7574 51.7197 879.0636
Pl =
121.7179
L =
20.7940
Pd =
850
MODEL CALCULATION:
RESULT:
Ex. No:
DATE :
LOAD FREQUENCY DYNAMICS OF SINGLE AND TWO
AREA SYSTEM
AIM:
To obtain the load frequency dynamics of single area and two area system.
SINGLE AREA SYSTEM:
PROBLEM:
Turbine time constant for a given system is T
t
=0.5sec governor time constant T
S
=0.2sec,
generator inertia constant h=5sec, governor speed regulation R=0.05p.u, damping co-efficient
B=0.8, sudden load change of P
L
=0.2p, integrator controller gain K
S
=7. Construct the simulink
block diagram and obtain the frequency deviation response for given system AGC in single area
system.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
FREQUENCY RESPONSE:
TIME
POWER RESPONSE:
F
R
E
Q
U
E
N
C
Y
P
O
W
E
R
TWO AREA SYSTEMS:
PROBLEM:
A two area system connected by the line has parameters on 100MVA common base
Area 1 2
Speed regulation, R
1
0.05 0.0625
Frequency sensitive
Load co-efficient, D
1
0.6 0.9
Integrator constant, H
1
5 4
Governor time
constant , T
G1
0.2sec 0.3sec
Turbine time constant,
T
t1
0.5sec 0.6sec
The units are operated in parallel at nominal frequency of 60Hz, the synchronous coefficient is
computed from initial operation is given to be D
S
=2sec. a load change of 187.5Mw occurs in
area 1.
Construct the simulink block diagram and obtain the frequency deviation response.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
FREQUENCY RESPONSE:
TIME
POWER RESPONSE:
TIME
F
R
E
Q
U
E
N
C
Y
P
O
W
E
R
MODEL CALCULATION:
RESULT:
Ex. No:
DATE :
TRANSIENT STABILITY ANALYSIS: SMIB SYSTEM
AIM:
To obtain the transient stability response in SMIB system and to make analysis of the
system.
ALGORITHM:
STEP1: Start the program.
STEP2: Get the input data such as terminal voltage, supply voltage, inertia constant,
transient reactance, frequency.
STEP3: Find the frequency response and load angle response of SMIB system using

( )
t sim e
r
tr e
r
t r O n
O
t r O
O
n
n
2
2
2
2
11
sin
1

+
+

+
STEP4: Plot the frequency response and load angle curve.
STEP5: Stop the program.
FLOW CHART:
TRANSIENT STABILITY ANALYSIS
Start
Read the input data such as
terminal voltage, supply
voltage, inertia constant,
transient reactance, frequency
Find the frequency response and load angle using
Plot the frequency response and load
angle curve
Print the result
Stop
PROBLEM:
A 60Hz synchronous generator having inertia constant H=9.94ms/MVA and a transient
reactance of X
d

=0.3 p.u is to an through a purely reactive circuit as in fig. Reactance are

marked on the diagram an a common system base. The generator is delivering real power 0.6
p.u, 0.8 pf lagging to the infinite bus at a voltage V=1 p.u.
Assume the pu damping power coefficients as D=0.138. consider a small disturbance
of =1 with 0.1745 radian. For example the breaker open and then quickly closed. Obtain the
rotor angle and frequency.
PROGRAM:
TRANSIENT STABILITY
clear all;
clc;
e=1.35;
v=1;
h=9.94;
x=0.65;
pm=0.6;
d=0.138;
fr=60;
pmax=e*v/x;
do=asin(pm/pmax)
ps=pmax*cos(do)
wn=sqrt((pi*60)/(h*ps))
z=d/2*sqrt((pi*60)/(h*ps))
wd=wn*sqrt(1-z^2)
fd=wd/(2*pi)
tau=1/(z*wn)
th=acos(z)
Ddo=10*pi/180
t=0:0.01:3;
Dd=(Ddo/sqrt(1-(z^2)))*exp(-z*wn*t).*sin(wd*t+th);
d=(do+Dd)*180/pi;
Dw=-wn*Ddo/sqrt(1-z^2)*exp(-z*wn*t).*sin(wd*t);
f=fr+Dw/(2*pi);
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(t,d,'m'),grid;
xlabel('t,sec');
ylabel('del,pu');
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(t,f),grid;
xlabel('t,sec');
ylabel('freq,pu');
OUTPUT
do =
0.2931
ps =
1.9884
wn =
3.0882
z =
0.2131
wd =
3.0173

fd =
0.4802
tau =
1.5196
th =
1.3561
Ddo =
0.1745je
MODEL CALCULATION:
RESULT:
Ex. No:
DATE :
ELECTROMAGNETIC TRANSIENTS
AIM:
To study the effect in electromagnetic transients in power supply
THEORY:
Transient phenomena is a periodic function of time and does not-last longer than the operator
for which they lost in very insurant compared with operator time of system.
They are very important. The power system can be considerably made up of lines. Reduces
elements of RF and the circuits is normally organized and carrier load until OC fault occurs, the
fault corresponds to closing the switch. The redistribution is accomplished in general by ac
transient period during which the resultant to relic that these redistribution of I and V cannot
take place instantly for the following reason.
Transient in single circuits with DC source
. R-only
As soon as the switch is closed the current is determined by using ohms law.
I=V/R
No transients will be there
. L-only
When switch is closed the current is given by
I(s)=V(S)/z(s)={VI/s2L}=(V/l)*t
It is shown that when a pure inductance is switched on to a DC source the current at t=0 and
increases linearly for infinity.
.C-only
When switch is closed current is circuit is given by
I(s)=V(s)/Z(s)={V/S}C s=VC
Therefore to have transients in an electrical system the following requirements should be used.
Either inductance or capacitance of both should be present.
1. Fundamental frequency
2. Natural frequency
3. There is also another component called thermionic due to unbalanced current. Natural
frequency occurs after the occurrence of certain fault which is added to fundamental
frequency which consist transient voltage.
4. Transient which are in form of energy storage magnetic or electric is consider is called
single energy transient. If those are both in magnetic and electric energies it is called
double energy transients. The electromagnetic energy standby an inductance L is (1/2)
LI^2 where I is instantaneous value of current assuming L to be constantly changing in
current which an inductance is allowed.
5. There are only to two components of which store energy and redistribution of energy
following in a circuit change takes a finite time.
1. I cant change instantaneously through induction
2. V across the capacitor cant change instantaneous
3. How of conservation of energy must hold.
Which an impulse of strength where s is closed
|Vm*cos/ L S^2+^2 + Vm*s.sin/ L S^2+^2|
V= Vm sin(t + )
I(S)= Vm * cos / (s+)(s
2
+
2
)
Now
L
-I
I(s) = (Vm/(L
2
+
2
))( cos ){e
-at
+(a/)sint-cost}+sin {a cost +sint- e
-t
}
It can be simplified to
{Vm/(R
2
+
2
L
2
)V}{sin (+0-0)-( sin(0-0) e
-at
)}
The first term in above can is steady state sinusoidal vibration and second term in the transient
part after infinite line.
RESULT: