Size Distribution of Typical Naturally Occurring and Processed Filter Sand 10

Particle Diameter, mm

Naturally Occurring Sand 1

Processed Filter Sand

0.1

.01

.1

10 20 30

50

70 80 90 95

99

99.9 99.99

Percent of Media with Smaller Diameter

Figure by MIT OCW. Adapted from: MWH, J. C. Crittenden, R. R. Trussell, D. W. Hand, K. J. Howe, and G. Tchobanoglous. Water Treatment: Principles and Design. 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2005, p. 881.

Typical properties of filter media used in rapid filters*

PROPERTY Effective Size, ES Uniformity Coefficient, UC UNIT mm GARNET 0.2 - 0.4 LLMENITE 0.2 - 0.4 SAND 0.4 - 0.8 ANTHRACITE 0.8 - 2.0 GAC 0.8 - 2.0

UC

1.3 - 1.7

1.3 - 1.7

1.3 - 1.7

1.3 - 1.7

1.3 - 2.4

Density, Porosity,

g/mL

3.6 - 4.2

4.5 - 5.0

2.65

1.4 - 1.8

1.3 - 1.7 Not available

45 - 58

Not available

40 - 43

47 - 52

Hardness

Moh

6.5 -7.5

5.6

2-3

Low

* = Not Available
Figure by MIT OCW. Adapted from: MWH, J. C. Crittenden, R. R. Trussell, D. W. Hand, K. J. Howe, and G. Tchobanoglous. Water Treatment: Principles and Design. 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2005, p. 882.

DEVELOPMENT OF NEGATIVE PRESSURE IN THE RAPID GRAVITY FILTER

0 Depth of Water (m) Head Curve - No Flow WATER

MEDIA Curve Representing Increase in Depth to Clean Sand with Time Head Curves - as Filter Becomes Dirty Head Curve Clean Filter D

Depth Over which Negative Pressure Occurs

5 D 0

Pressure at Bottom of Media (m of water)

Section through filter

Lines 1 to 5 represent the changes in pressure through the filter as the media becomes blinded. Line 5 results in the development of negative pressures within the media.

Figure by MIT OCW. Adapted from: Binnie, C., M. Kimber, and G. Smethurst. Basic Water Treatment. 3rd ed. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2002.

100

10-1
Sum 1

10-2

Transport Efficiency

Sum 2

10-3
Interception

10-4

Sedimentation = 2650 kg/m3

Diffusion

10-5
Sedimentation = 1050 kg/m3

10-6 10-8

10-7

10-6

10-5

10-4

Particle Diameter, m Influence of Particle Size and Density on Filtration Transport Efficiency (dc = 0.5 mm, v = 5 m/h, and T = 25oC)
Figure by MIT OCW. Adapted from: MWH, J. C. Crittenden, R. R. Trussell, D. W. Hand, K. J. Howe, and G. Tchobanoglous. Water Treatment: Principles and Design. 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2005, p. 912.

Comparison of Theoretical Model and Experimental Data

Single - Collector Efficiency

10-1

10-2

Experimental Data

10-3

Theoretical Model

10-4 10-2

10-1

10

102

100

Removal Efficiency of Filter (%)

80 Experimental Data 60

T = 23oC L = 5.5 in. f = 0.36 d = 0.397 mm v0 = 2 gpm / sq.ft. a = l (assumed)

40

20 0 10-2

Theoretical Model

10-1

10

102

Size of Suspended Particles (microns)

Figure by MIT OCW. Adapted from: Yao, K.-M., M. T. Habibian, and C. R. O'Melia. "Water and Waste Water Filtration: Concepts and Applications." Environmental Science & Technology 5, no. 11 (November 1971): 1105-1112.

0.5

10

10

20

20

Anthracite

Depth (cm)

30

30 = 1.0

40

40

= 0.1

50

50

60

Sand
60

70 0 0.5 1

70

Filter Quality C/C in

Figure by MIT OCW. Adapted from: O'Melia, C. R., and J. Y. Shin. Removal of particles using dual media filtration: modeling and experimental studies." Water Science and Technology: Water Supply 1, no. 4, (2001): 73-79.

Cross Section of a Granular- Media Gravity Filter

Wash Trough

30 in. max

Graded Gravel Filter Media

24 to 30 in.

8 to 16 in.

Underdrain

Figure by MIT OCW. Adapted from: Binnie, C., M. Kimber, and G. Smethurst. Basic Water Treatment. 3rd ed. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2002.

Source: JSIM, 2001. Database on Japanese Advanced Environmental Equipment, The Underdrain System for Rapid Filter and GAC Adsorption Filter. Japan Society of Industrial Machinery Manufacturers. http://nett21.gec.jp/JSIM_DATA/WATER/WATER_6/html/Doc_307.html. Accessed February 21, 2005.
Typical Pipe Lateral Underdrain Installation
Wash Trough

Filter Media

Waste Gullet

Porous concrete layer Gravel layer Beams

Pipe Laterals

Slit plates

Manifold

Source: F.B. Leopold Company, 2003. Filtration, The Process, Underdrain Types. http://www.fbleopold.com/water/filtration/underdrain.htm. Accessed February 21, 2005.

Figures by MIT OCW.

Source: F.B. Leopold Company, 2003. Filtration, The Process, Underdrain Types. http://www.fbleopold.com/water/filtration/underdrain.htm. Accessed February 21, 2005.