PERKEMBANGAN FISIK DAN KOGNITIF PADA MASA KANAKKANAK TENGAH
HEPI WAHYUNINGSIH PRODI PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS ISLAM INDONESIA
Aspek-Aspek Perkembangan Fisik
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Pertumbuhan
Berat: bertambah 2x pada usia 6 ? 11
Tinggi: bertambah 2-3 inci setiap tahun
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Anak perempuan memiliki tubuh yang lebih memiliki lapisan lemak dibanding anak laki-laki
2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
Nutrisi ?
Kebutuhan tidur ?
Anak-anak membutuhkan kurang lebih 2400 kalori perhari
Agar tidak terjadi kegemukan dan mengalami masalah jantung seorang anak seharusnya hanya mendapatkan 30 % total kalori lemak dan kurang dari 10% dari lemak jenuh. 2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc 3
Anak-anak usia 9 tahun membutuhkan waktu tidur 10 jam setiap malam.
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Kesehatan dan Keselamatan
Medis Akut Infections Allergies Flu Warts Medis Kronis Masalah penglihatan dan pendengaran
Luka akibat kecelakaan
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Anak lebih banyak melakukan aktivitas fisik dan kurangnya pengawasan 88 % dapat dihindari dengan penggunaan helm Kekerasan pada anak
Asma HIV dan AIDS
2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc 5
2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
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Kemajuan kognitif: Hubungan spasial dan kausalitas
Concrete-operational children have a clearer idea of distance from place to place ? Better use of maps ?
Kemajuan Kognitif: kategorisasi
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Seriation
Menyusun obyek-obyek dalam sebuah rangkaian, didasarkan pada sebuah dimensi Example: Lightest to darkest Mengetahui hubungan antara 2 obyek yang didasarkan pada hubungan dengan obyek ketiga Ability to see relationship between a whole and its parts 2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc 8
Transitive inference
Class inclusion
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Kemajuan kognitif: Penalaran
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Kemajuan kognitif: Conservation
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Inductive
Starting specific and making generalizations My dog barks, her dog barks all dogs bark!
Conservation/konservasi: pengetahuan anak bahwa suatu benda akan tetap sama meskipun berubah bentuk Anak yang berada pada tahap operasional kongkrit dapat menjawab pertanyaan konservasi dalam kepala mereka Memahami identity, reversibility and decentering Horizontal dcalage: Ketidakmampuan anak mentransfer pengetahuan konservasi 2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc 10
Deductive
Starting general and then making specific statements All dogs bark. Spot is a dog. Spot barks!
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Cognitive Advances: Number & Mathematics
Learn to count on More adept at solving simple story problems ? Some intuitively understand fractions ? Able to estimate ? ?
3 Tahap perkembangan Penalaran Moral menurut Piaget
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Obedience to authority
Ages 2-7 Ages 7-11 Around age 11 or 12
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Increasing flexibility and autonomy
How much time do I need to walk to school?
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Notion of equity
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Understanding Memory ? Metamemory
Mnemonics: Strategies for Remembering
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External memory aids
A note pad Repeating a phone number in your head Placing information into categories (animals) Imagining items associated with something else 2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc 14
Knowledge about the processes of memory
Rehearsal
Organization
Elaboration
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Language: Vocabulary, Grammar and Syntax
Children use increasingly precise verbs ? Children start to use the passive voice and conditional sentences ? Syntax structure continues to become more complex ?
Pragmatics The practical use of language to communicate ? Use of conversational skills ?
Asking questions before introducing a topic, to make sure the other person is familiar
Use of narrative skills
Starting to describe motives and causal links when telling stories
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2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc 16
Reading Children identify print in two ways: 1.
Writing Skills Develop along with reading Early compositions are short ? Child must keep in mind many restraints: ? ?
Decoding
Emphasizes phonetic, or code-emphasis, approach
2.
Visually-Based Retrieval
Whole-language approach
Spelling Punctuation and grammar Capitalization
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2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc 18
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Influences on School Achievement
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Children with Learning Problems
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Self-efficacy beliefs Gender Parenting practices SES and social capital Educational system & school environment
Mental retardation Learning disabilities (LD)
Dyslexia
Social Promotion promoting students who do not meet standards
Hyperactivity and Attention Deficits (ADHD)
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Computer and Internet use Culture
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Issues of diagnosis, heritability and drug therapies
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Educating Children with Disabilities
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Identifying Gifted Children
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Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
Criterion is high general intelligence
Ensures free, appropriate public education for all children with disabilities
IQ score of 130 or higher Highly creative children Disadvantaged children Children with specific aptitudes 2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc 22
Tends to exclude:
Inclusion Programs
Integrating disabled and non-disabled children for all or part of day
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Defining and Measuring Creativity
Two kinds of thinking: 1.
Educating Gifted Children
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Enrichment
Convergent
The kind IQ tests measure Seeks a single answer Comes up with a wide array of new possibilities Example: Listing unusual uses for a paper clip 2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc 23
Broadens knowledge through classroom activities, research activities, field trips
Acceleration Speeds up education through grade skipping, fast-paced classes or advanced classes 2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc 24
