Systems Engineering

Systems Engineering and Analysis Benjamin S Blanchard & Wolter J Fabrycky

Design from a systems perspective

A system is an assembly or combination of elements or parts forming a complex or unitary whole. (Power system, transportation system ..)

Elements of a system
Consist Building: Car Identification, Numbering & Orientation EP Braking Auxiliary Power Engine Controls, Traction Dispatch & Emergency Communications with Control Center Wayside Systems Maintenance Automation Monitoring & Diagnostics

Black Box Recorders/Dataloggers

Seat Reservation Displays Destination Displays Lighting HVAC Refrigeration Public Address

Signaling

Doors GPS Location

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Elements of System
Components (operating parts of system) Attributes (properties of the components inductance, capacitance, impedance)
Relationships (link between components redundancy)

Product Life Cycle

ConceptualPreliminary Design

Detailed Design & Development

Production and/or Construction

Product use, Phase-out and Disposal

ACQUISITION PHASE

UTILISATION PHASE

Design Consideration Hierarchy

System Value

Economic Factors
(Life cycle cost) Technical Factors (System effectiveness)

Third Order Economic Considerations

Life Cycle Cost

Research & Development Cost

Production Cost Operation/utilisation cost Maintenance & support cost Retirement & disposal cost

Third Order Technical Considerations

Performance

System Effectiveness

Operational availability

Reliability/Dependability

Producibility

Supportability

Disposability

Fourth Order Economic Considerations

Research cost Design cost Data cost Contractor cost Manufacturing cost Test & evaluation cost Operating cost Maintenance cost

Fourth Order Technical Considerations

Size, weight, and shape Speed of performance Reliability Maintainability Ergonomics Safety Flexibility (adaptability) Pollutability

Fifth Order Considerations Technical Factors

Accessibility Aesthetics Controls and displays Energy consumption Interchangeability Inventory levels Shelf life/ storage Transportability

Ergonomics

Ergonomics

Ergonomics

Ergonomics

Aesthetics

Aesthetics

Aesthetics

Conceptual Design Phase

Identification of Need Advance System Planning

System Feasibility Analysis

Research Technology Development & Application

System Requirements Analysis

System Specification

Preliminary System Design

Systems Requirements Analysis

Operational requirements Maintenance and support requirements Technical performance measures (TPMs) Functional analysis and allocation (system level) Analysis, synthesis and evaluation

Operational Requirements
Operational distribution or deployment # of sites and geographic distribution! Mission profile or scenario What functions must it perform? Performance & related parameters throughput, power output, size, weight Utilisation requirements duty cycle, up time, down time Effectiveness requirements availability, reliability, failure rate Operational life cycle (horizon) Spares inventory control Environment temperature, shock and vibration, noise, humidity, terrain

Maintenance and support requirements

Levels of maintenance type of maintenance and facility location Repair policies design may be non-repairable, partially repairable or fully repairable Organisational responsibilities customer, supplier, a third party or a combination Logistic support elements spares, test & support equipment, training etc Effectiveness requirements availability of spares, test equipment reliability, level of training Environment temperature, shock and vibration, noise, humidity, terrain

Technical Performance Measures (TPM)

These lead to the desired characteristics that should be incorporated into the design design criteria
TPM Velocity (km/h) Availability (operational) Size (m) Metric 1000 (min) 95% 30 m long 18 m wide 12 m high 500 kg Benchmark 850 90% 20 m long 25 m wide 12 m high 580 kg Weighting 32 45 13

Weight (kg)

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Functional Analysis and Allocation System Requirements

Detailed Design Criteria Resource Requirements

Functional Allocation
High Level Functions
Lower Level Function Subsystem 1
Lower level function Subsystem 2 Lower level Function Subsystem 3

Functional Allocation

Traction System

Power System
Control system

Cooling System
Fault Indication System

Synthesis, Analysis and Evaluation

Define problem Identify measures (TPMs & DDPs) Select appropriate evaluation techniques Develop model to facilitate evaluation process Acquire input data Evaluate each of the candidates Perform a sensitivity analysis Identify potential areas of risk Make a recommendation Trade off analysis leads into synthesis Synthesis is design

System Specification
This is the single most important engineering design document. Defines system functional baseline Feasibility analysis Operational requirements Top level functional analysis Identifies critical TPMs and DDPs

System Specification
System specification leads into one or more subordinate specifications: Development specification pertains to research, design & development Product specification pertains to inventory that can be procured off the shelf Process specification pertains to services that are performed on any component of the system Material specification pertains to raw material, mixtures or semi-fabricated materials that are used in the fabrication of a product