1. Why Starting Current of Induction Motor High ?

At the time of starting the back emf of the motor is zero and resistance of the motor is low. Is (starting current ) = (V- Eb) / Ra where V is the Voltage Eb is the back emf Ra is the armature resistance 2. What are the effects of Harmonics on Induction Motor ? Harmonics in the power system are generated due to the usage of non linear load. Some of the effects of harmonics on the performance of induction machine are: Core losses in the Induction machine increases Torque of the Induction motor reduces Increase in the Skin effect Damage of the induction motor insulation Electromagnetic Interference Deviation in the induction motor Torque-Speed curves 3. Mention certain factors to be considered for selecting motors for VFD applications The motor shall be suitable for operation with a solid state power supply consisting of an adjustable frequency inverter for speed control. The motor shall be suitable for the current wave forms produced by the power supply including the current harmonics generated by the wave form. The temperature rise, taking into consideration the additional harmonic losses shall not exceed the capabilities of the class rating of the insulation system and all the motors shall be provided with class F insulation with temp. rise limited to 'B'. 4. How to limit the short circuit currents in a power distribution system with high short circuit currents?

By increasing the impedence to the system the short circuit currents can be limited. The fault current can be limited by connecting current limiting reactors to the switchgear. 5. Specify certain Indian standards used for design of electrical systems in an oil and Gas industry?
IS 3043- Code for practice of earthing IS 3646- Code of practice for interior illumination. IS-7098- specification for cross linked polyethelene PVC sheathed cables (In short XLPE Cables) IS-6665- Code of practice for industrial illumination IS 2026- specification for transformer OISD -113 classification of area for electrical installation at hydrocarbon handling facilities.

6. Factors to be considered for selection of electrical equipment in hazardous Area Classification?

7. What is the permissible voltage drop permitted at the motor terminals during steady state conditions and during starting conditions?
During steady state conditions the maximum permitted voltage drop at the motor terminals is 5% and during starting the maximum permitted voltage drop is 15 %.

8. Factors to be considered for sizing the battery

1. Aging factor 15 %

2. Temperature correction factor as per manufacturer graph/ catalogue. 3. Capacity for future provision- 20 %

9. Advantage of XLPE over PVC insulation for cables

Both operating + short circuit withstand temperature capability is more in XLPE.

10. What is meant by FRLS cable and applicable test?

Flame retardant low smoke Fire resistant low smoke Test for FRLS : Oxygen index test should not be less than 29 at 27 deg C. Acid gas generation Smoke density tests as per IEC 60332. 11.What is the purpose of conservator and silica gel in a transformer? conservator helps to cool the oil and silica gel is used to obsorb moisture in the air to cool the transformer oil. 12. Why Dyn 11 and Dyn1 vector group are preferred vector group in distribution system? Normally Dyn11 vector group using at distribution system, because Generating Transformer are YNd1 for neutralizing the load angle between 11 and 1. We can use Dyn1 at distribution system, when we are using Generator Transformer are YNd11. In some industries 6 pulse electric drives are used due to this 5thharmonics will generate if we use Dyn1 it will be suppress the 5th harmonics. Star point facilitates mixed loading of three phase and single phase consumer connections. The delta winding carry third harmonics and stabilizes star point potential. 13. Mention the average lux level to be maintained for the following areas in a refinery?

Tank farm area 20 ,Pump house, sheds 100 ,Process area, piperacks, heat exchangers 60,Switch gear room 200, Cable cellar 60, Control room 500

14.What is meant by service factor of a motor? Service factor is a measure of the periodic overload capacity at which a motor can operate without overload or damage. Insulation life and bearing life is reduced by service factor. 15. Mention some methods to prevent harmonics in a distribution system Filters are added in the circuit to reduce the harmonics in a distribution system. They are of two types namely passive filters and active filters Passive filters are of two types, tuned filters and detuned filters Active filters are on line harmonic compensators. 16.When do we consider a oil soak pit for transformers? Oil soak pt is considered for transformers which have oil more than 5000 liters. 17. Mention the different types of grounding ? The different types of grounding are Solidly grounding applicable for Low voltage systems Low resistance grounding for systems up to 11 kV High resistance grounding for systems above 15 kV.

Importance of Load Flow studies: Load flow studies are carried out to study the short circuit conditions for an inter connected network of power system. Load flow studies helps in planning the operation of power system under existing conditions, its improvements and future expansion. Load flow studies helps in determining the best size and favorable locations for placing power capacitors both for improving the power factor and also for raising the network voltage.

Load flow studies helps in determining the best location and optimal capacity of the proposed generating stations, substations and new lines. Thus load flow studies are very important for planning existing systems as well as its future expansion.