Moment Area Method

Moment area method is most conveniently used for determining slope Actions for beams in which the direction of the tangent to the elastic curve at one or more points is known, Such as cantilever beams, where the tangent at the end does not change in slope . The method Is applied easily to beams loaded with concentrated loads because the moment diagrams consist of straight lines. These diagrams can be broken down into single triangles and rectangles. Beams Supporting uniform loads or uniformly varying loads may be handled by integration. Properties of M diagramsdesignersusuallycomeacrossaregiveninFigure2.11. someoftheshapesof EI

Itshouldbeunderstoodthattheslopesandde?ectionsthatareobtainedusingthemomentarea theoremsarewithrespecttotangentstotheelasticcurveatthepointsbeingconsidered.Thetheore ms donotdirectlygivetheslopeorde?ectionatapointinthebeamascomparedtothehorizontalaxis (exceptinoneortwospecialcases);theygivethechangeinslopeoftheelasticcurvefromone pointtoanotherorthede?ectionofthetangentatonepointwithrespecttothetangentatanother point.Therearesomespecialcasesinwhichbeamsaresubjectedtoseveralconcentratedloadsor thecombinedactionofconcentratedanduniformlydistributedloads.Insuchcasesitisadvisable toseparatetheconcentratedloadsanduniformlydistributedloadsandthemomentareamethod

canbeappliedseparatelytoeachoftheseloads.The?nalresponsesareobtainedbytheprincipleof superposition. Forexample,considerasimplysupportedbeamsubjectedtouniformlydistributedloadqasshow n inFigure2.12.Thetangenttotheelasticcurveateachendofthebeamisinclined.Thede?ection 1 4 ofthetangentattheleftendfromthetangentattherightendisfoundas ql =24EI.Thedistance fromtheoriginalchordbetweenthesupportsandthetangentatrightend, ,canbecomputedas 2 4 =48EI.Thede?ectionofatangentatthecenterfromatangentatrightend, ,isdeterminedin ql 3 44 ql ql 5 .Thedifferencebetween and givesthecenterlinede?ectionas . thisstepas 23 128EI 384 EI

2.3.4Stability and Determinacy

A stable and statically determinate plane trusss houldhaveatleastthreemembers,threejoints, And three reaction components. To form as table and determinate plane truss of n joints, the three Members of the original triangle plus two additional membersforeachoftheremaining.n3/joints arerequired.Thus,theminimumtotalnumberofmembers,m,requiredtoformaninternallystable planetrussism D 2n3.Ifastable,simple,planetrussofnjointsand.2n3/membersissupported bythreeindependentreactioncomponents,thestructureisstableanddeterminatewhensubjecte d toageneralloading.Ifthestable,simple,planetrusshasmorethanthreereactioncomponents, thestructureisexternallyindeterminate.Thatmeansnotallofthereactioncomponentscanbe determinedfromthethreeavailableequationsofstatics.Ifthestable,simple,planetrusshasmore than.2n3/members,thestructureisinternallyindeterminateandhenceallofthememberforces cannotbedeterminedfromthe2navailableequationsofstaticsintheMethodofJoints.Theanalyst mustexaminethearrangementofthetrussmembersandthereactioncomponentstodetermineif thesimpleplanetrussisstable.Simpleplanetrusseshaving .2n3/ membersarenotnecessarily stable. 2.4Frames

Framesarestaticallyindeterminateingeneral;specialmethodsarerequiredfortheiranalysis.Slo pe de?ectionandmomentdistributionmethodsaretwosuchmethodscommonlyemployed.Slope de?ectionisamethodthattakesintoaccountthe?exuraldisplacementssuchasrotationsand de?ectionsandinvolvessolutionsofsimultaneousequations.Momentdistributionontheother handinvolvessuccessivecyclesofcomputation,eachcycledrawingclosertotheexactanswers . Themethodismorelaborintensivebutyieldsaccuracyequivalenttothatobtainedfromtheexact methods.Thismethod,however,remainsthemostimportanthand-calculationmethodforthe analysisofframes.

SignConvention
Themomentsattheendofamemberareassumedtobepositivewhentheytendtorotatethe memberclockwiseaboutthejoint.Thisimpliesthattheresistingmomentofthejointwouldbe counter-clockwise.Accordingly,undergravityloadingconditionthe?xedendmomentattheleft endisassumedascounter-clockwise.ve/andattherightendasclockwise.Cve/.

Structures with Several Redundant

Themethodofconsistentdeformationscanbeappliedtostructureswithtwoormoreredun dants.Forexample,thebeaminFigure 2.27aisindeterminatetotheseconddegreeandhastw redundantreactions.Ifweletthereactionsat B and C betheredundants,thenthedeterminat structureobtainedbyremovingthesesupportsisthecantileverbeamshowninFigure2.27b.Tothi an determinatestructureweapplyseparatelythegivenload(Figure2.27c)andtheredundantsR B oneatatime(Figures2.27dande). R C Sincethede?ectionsatB andC intheoriginalbeamarezero,thealgebraicsumofthede?ection inFigures2.27c,d,andeatthesesamepointsmustalsovanish. Thus,11 D 0 1 BP BB BC11 D 0 (2.34 1 CP CB CC

Itisusefulinthecaseofcomplexstructurestowritetheequationsofconsistentdeformationsin theform R R D 0 1 BP BB B BC C R R D 0 (2.35) 1 CP CB B CC C inwhich ,forexample,denotesthede?ectionatB duetoaunitloadatC inthedirectionofR BC C andR . SolutionofEquation2.35givestheredundantreactionsR BC EXAMPLE2.5:

DeterminethereactionsforthebeamshowninFigure2.28anddrawitsshearforce momentdiagrams. ;R ,and R Itcanbeseenfromthe?gurethattherearethreereactions,namely, M AA canberemovedtomaket thanthatrequiredforastablestructure.Thereaction R C determinate.Weknowthatthede?ectionatsupportC ofthebeamiszero.Onecande atC duetotheappliedloadonthecantileverinFigure2.28b.Thede?e de?ection CP C duetotheredundantreactiononthecantilever(Figure2.28c)canbedeterminedinth Thecompatibilityequationgives D 0 CP CR Bymomentareamethod, 1 20 2 2021C22 D CP EI 2 EI 3 1 60 2 4023C22C2 C EI 2 EI 3 1520 D 3EI 1 4R 2 64R CC D44 D CR 2 EI 3 3EI and inthecompatibilityequationoneobtains Substitutingfor CP CR 64R 1520 CD0 3EI 3EI fromwhich D 23:75 kN " R C Byusingstaticalequilibriumequationsweget

D 6:25 kN " R A and D 5 kNm. M A TheshearforceandbendingmomentdiagramsareshowninFigure2.28d.