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BULLETIN
OF THE
PAN AMERICAN
UNION
VOL.
XXXIX
1914
JULY- DECEMBER
JOHN BARREITT
FRANCISCO
J.
Director General
. .
YANES
Assistant Director
WASHINGTON,
CABLE ADDRESS
D.
for
C, U. S. A. UNION âni BULLETIN: "PAU," WASHINGTON

: :
:
^'r>
\"K/
INDEX TO the:
BULLETIN
Vol.
or THE
PAN AMERICAN UNION

Nos. 2 50-2 55
p.
XXXIX
[The i ndex to illustrations will be found on
xxxvi]
Ambassadors from Argentina and An Early American Explorer
Chile, Reception of*
880
1
Argentine-Brazil-Chile Mediation, The Argentina: Address Book, English

Agriculture
173
632
150 985 559
Expansion of Samples for Panama- Pacific Exposition
journey through Argentina
Ambassador to the United States Ambassador Naon honored by Pennsylvania Society Pan-American Society to honor Ambassador Na6n Reception of
Anasagasti, Sr. Horacio, commissioner general to the Panama-Pacific Inter-
934
931
880
743
national Exposition
Bagging
985
Aires, dividends of
Banks Banco Popular of Buenos Dutch bank organized

Budget for 1915 Buenos Aires
151 151 150 647
Bridge over Salado River, rebuilding
of
Asylum
for
blind
statistics
648
Census of 1914 Commercial and industrial
475 824
150
New Year Book

CattleEstimated
Census
of
cost to enter cattle-raising business
151
Slaughters, 1913
National Territories
475 319
824 122
Cereals, planting of
of Argentine Republic for 1913 Commerce, foreign, during first quarter of 1914 Commerce, six months, 1914
Commerce
320
647
Commerce and
industry, capital invested in
319
647
articles.
I
Congress of accountants
*
Bold type indicates special

n
Argentina
INDEX.
Continued.
of
Page.
Corn crop, big

Financial conditions at the end
Football convention
Forests, exploitation of
150
October
921 985 824

736
Gomez, Dr. Carlos

of
F.,
envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary

151
Argentina to Chile Holland, increase of trade with
Iguazu, Niagara's Mate Implement, trade of

Irrigation projects
364
255
319, 476
Land
Area under cultivation in 1913 Hectares under cultivation, 1895 Lumber-producing section, Santiago del Estero, great
Mail service, extension
Mediation,
of
319 319
985 319
150, 985
Meats, exports of chilled
The A-B-C
173, 892
Mexican Government, Plaque presented by the Monument to Dr. Carlos Pellegrini, Buenos Aires
Naon,
Sr.
824 824
78
Dr.
Romulo
of
S.,
receives university degree
Nautical matters
151
Naval Review
ticipate in
the United States, Argentina accepts invitation to par985 647

743
Oil
fields,
development
Panama-Pacific International Exposition, commissioner general to Peace, Practical mediation and international Potato production in Mar del Plata
Publications
892
151
La Prensa
Railways
to publish
Official publications
American edition exchanged with Bolivia
985
985 150 150
Central Norte, work
commenced on
Mileage Total length
of
319
150
Rainy months
Real property, sales of Roca, Sr. Julio, late President of Argentina Saenz Pena, Dr. Roque, President of Argentina, death of Sarmiento and His Monument in Boston, United States
Slaughterhouses, 1913,
475
733
449
186
number
of cattle killed in
Steamship service of the Pacific Stock fair, national Stock, value of

Sugar-cane plantations
Buenos Aires Steam Navigation Co
475 319 824 319
475 475 824

151
Tea
plants, sale of
Telegraphy, wireless, in Argentine waters
TradeHolland, increased trade with
Pamphlet on Argentine International Tramways of Buenos Aires subject to tax Treaty of peace with the United States
Uriburu, Sr. Jose Evaristo Wheat exports
294
476
299 733 647
INDEX.
nt
Page.
Argentina Continued. Wine production

Zoological
476 985
849 321
Garden opened to public As Tourist and Trader See Costa Rica
Bolivia:
Aerial Club organized
Agricultural products for exhibition in
New York
477 477
649
Army, musical
instruction in
Automobile service Banks

National
Profits
Bank
of Bolivia,
semiannual report
of
986
648 986 958
649
Bathing places, public, in La Paz

Bolivia
Brewing industry Cabinet change

Calderon's, Minister, address to the
648
American people
294
CoalDiscovery
Scarcity of
of
476
986 888 320 290
Commercial
possibilities
Conference, Foiirth International, adherence to conventions of
Congress of Americanists, Nineteenth
Bolivian session of
Chairman and secretary of Diez de Medina, Dr. Don Eduardo,

Exports
Filtration plant.
321
assistant secretary of foreign relations.
400
321
477
Electric-light plant, Potosi negotiates for purchase of
La Paz
477
477
649
of
Floiu-mill
Football association
Holiday in honor of discovery Jungles, trip through
America
986
152 648
Maps
of
Mines and mining

Coal, discovery of
476
152 268 987
Mining operations Timgsten in Bolivia
Money orders, statistics concerning Panama Canal will open Bolivia, how
Public instruction, data
Publications,
official,
the
259
825 985
986
exchanged with Argentina
Railways
Charcoal to be used on railways
Guaqui Railway to reduce traffic Improved facilities Length of Machacamarca to Uncia, proposed road from
Rentals, decree ordering reduction of
986 321
476 152
986
Rubber
industry, report
by
British minister on
151 648
Sanitarium, Hispanic-Bolivian, opened in

Stage line planned between
Students, Protectress League of
La Paz
La Paz and Achacachi
476
986
320, 986
Telegraphs, wireless

IV
Bolivia
INDEX.
Continued.
of,
Page.
Tin, exports of
320
Tarija
Trade, Board
826
Tramways,
Treaty
of
electric, for
La Paz
,
649 299
321
peace with the United States Water supply for town of Viacha Book Notes. All About Coconuts
959
American Fertilizer Hand Book American Year Book, 1913 Americas, The two Argentina: English address book Banana, The
Bolivia
Brazil
632 633 630

632
634
958 633
The Sea and the Jungle The Stanford Expedition

Chart of the World
Chile: Its
to
960
955 957 952
Land and People Commercial Laws of the World

Guatemala;
British
Commercial monographs: Costa Rica; Panama, Nicaragua Conquest of the Tropics Did the Phoenicians Discover America Die Cordillerenstasten
Diseases of Tropical Plants
Honduras,
958 957 634 634
634
957 959 955 955 957
El Tecolote Filters and Filter Presses for the Separation of Liquids and Solids Health and Sickness in the Tropics: A Guide for Travelers and Residents
in
Remote
Districts
Hints to Homeseekers Indians of the Terraced Houses

Indies
Chronological Digest of the
"Documentos Ineditos del Archivo de
las
Indias"
960
959
West Indies Scenery

International Congress of Americanists
Investors Four Shilling Year
'
955
632
Book
for 1914
Kelly's Directory of the Merchants, Manufacturers, and Shippers of America,
1914
955 957
630, 961
Las Americas Latin America Les Palmiers
959
Mexico
History of Mexico
961 633 958
953
961
Vessels for the
The Mexican Year Book, 1914

Nicaragua, Mining Code of the Republic of
Nuevo York en todo sus fases Panama Canal Panama Canal, Measurement of Panama Gateway
961 961
Patents and Trade-Marks in Central and South America Physiography of the Rio Grande Valley, New Mexico, in Relation to
956 956
Pueblo Culture

INDEX.
V
Page.
Book Notes Continued.

Proceedings of the American Society of International Law Railways of South and Central America Reports to the Board of Trade on the Conditions and Prospects of British Trade in Central America, Colombia, and Venezuela Report on the New York Produce Exchange Republics of Central and South America
957
954
954
959 961 958 959
958 961
Roosevelt
Rubber and Rubber Planting

South America
Scientific
Geography
A Tour Through
South America as an Export Field
Statesman's Year-Book, 1914
956
632
Sugar Factory, Evaporation in the Cane and the Beet Trade Relations Between United States and Brazil United States Cahfornia Coast Trails The Champlain Tercentenary
955 956 960

962
The
Tourist's California
960
958
of
What We May Learn From the Other Americas Young Man's, The, Chances in South and Central America: A Study
Opportunity Brazil-Argentine-Chile Mediation,
Brazil:
Aerial and submarine school to be installed on Rijo Island
631
The
173
988
883
An invitation
to Brazil
Anniversary of the independence Arbitration convention with Paraguay Arbitration convention with Uruguay Art medal awarded to a Brazilian artist by Bavarian Government Aviation Bahia, progress of work on port of
827 826
827
322
322, 650
154
153
BanksBank
of Brazil, report for 1913
State of Parana authorizes establishment of Credit
Bank
322
Rural bank to be organized by United States capitalist

Brazilian Traction, Light
827
153 988
153
& Power
Co., report of
Bust of Joachim Nabuco unveiled CattleIntroduction of prize cattle

Statistics
concerning industry
153
Coal mines
827
1914
CoffeeCrop
for
826
Valorization
Commercial convention with Italy Commercial and industrial improvement noted

Congress of History, National
Cruz, Dr. Oswaldo, director of Oswaldo Institute
478 827 153

827
402
650
visit Brazil
Currency issued Education Delegation
of
North American professors
478
Electoral vote for President, revision of
478
960
Expedition to Brazil, the Stanford
VI
INDEX.
Brazil
Continued.
exchange
of letters
Page.
Fiji Islands,
and parcels with the
827
Governor of the State of Minas Geraes Hotel, new, near Santos Huber, Dr. Jaques, director of botanical section
Iron-ore industry in
827 153
of the
Goeldi
Museum.
398
771
Immigration, increase in
Jerked-beef exports
Jungle, the sea
322 478
633
for
and
the
Loans
$100,000,000 loan
by New York bankers
public improvements
154
11,000,000 loan negotiated through Rothschilds 25,000,000 loan to be placed in Europe
321
478
Maritime registration law

Mediation, the A-B-C
650
173, 892
Medical Congress awards medal Message of President Mines and mining

Coal mines, increased exploitation of
322 321
827
771
Monument commemorating
anniversary of abolition of slavery
322
988 826 552 827 593
Nabuco, Joachim, unveiling of bust of Neutrality, decree in European conflict Nhambiquara land, with a mule train across the Nitrate, consumption of Nuts, Brazil, from tree to market
Oil fields discovered
Pastorial resources
650 153
892 988
Peace, practical mediation and international

Peat, discovery of
Petroleum, discovery of Population, increase from 1822 to 1912 Porto Alegre, work commenced on im provement of
President, revision of electoral vote for
478 322
153
478
154
Railways
Accommodations
for
the interior
Construction, increase of
321
Length, increase in
322
987 987 987
Matto Grosso, opening of first line in Montes Claros branch of the Central Railway inaugurated Rio Grande do Norte, decree approving extension of Serra do Mar Railway inaugurates new line
Rivers
987
274 958
The Unknown River

"Roosevelt"
Up
Rubber
Schools
the river of Tapirs

factory
246 650
988
322, 650
Aerial and submarine school to be installed by Government Aviation, Rio de Janeiro
Veterinary military school opened at Rio de Janeiro Statue of Baron de Rio Branco
649
478
987
Steamship service on the Iguassu River and the Rio Pardo Students' Congress at Sanitago de Chile, delegates to
322
INDEX.
Brazil
VII
Continued.
Page.
Telegraphs Invention of "Wireless director"
322
Length, increase in
Wireless stations
322
478, 649
Telephone system to be established in State of Catarina Trade relations between United States and Brazil Treaty of peace with the United States Uruguay purchases house for legation in Rio de Janeiro Veterinary military school opened at Rio de Janeiro Wilderness of western Brazil, through the highland Cattle Country, Uruguay as a ^ Central America: Central American Court of Justice
International Bui'eau of
987
956
299
478
649
415
49
925 798 911
Mineral resources and mining policies Patents and trade-marks in Central and South America
956
954 961
Railways of South and Central America Republics of Central and South America Shepherd's, Prof., book Trade in Central America, Colombia, and Venezuela, reports to the Board of Trade on the conditions and prospects of British Chile-Brazil-Argentine Mediation, The Chile Agricultm-al machinery, exposition of Ambassador to the United States Pan American Society to honor Reception of Appropriation for sculptural group
:
946 954
173
988
931
880
828
651
Bank
profits, first half of
1914
Cabinet,
new
and people
650 957
989 155
Chile; Its land
Coal for railways, bids for
Commercial representatives from the United States Conference, Fifth Pan American Data regarding Postponement of Cotton factory to be established Customhouses receipts
280
604
324
827 651
Custom revenues, 1914 Customs tariff, revision Domographic statistics
of
479
323
Dynamite, manufacture of Ecuador to celebrate anniversaries of Chilean independence Educational statistics Exploration, scientific, by North American botanist Exposition of agricultural machinery Factory, cotton, to be established
Flax, cultivation of
Forests, exploitation of
479
994
323
988
988
324 480
829 989
Fruit growers' society organized
Harbor of Antofagasta, improvement Island of Juan Fernandez

Lighthouses in Strait of Magellan
828 201
497

VIII
INDEX.
Chile
Continued.
to
Page.
Loan
be contracted by municipality
of
La Serena
at
828
Mail, statistics concerning
323
Maquieira, Sr.
Don
Tulio, secretary of
embassy
Washington
941
Maritime recommendations
Mediation, the A-B-C
828
173, 892
Mines and miningIron smelter at Corral
324
652 988 323 651 828
Maps
Ore samples from mines of Chile Report of Department of Foreign Relations Tin discovered
^
Monument, contribution
Nitrate industry Nitrate lands, auction of
to
Balboa
428
155
108 892
Ore quarrying in distant Chile Peace, practical mediation and international Peru celebrates Chilean independence Port works of Valparaiso, progress on Products for North American markets Public works, budget for 1914 to 1923 Punta Arenas
1001
479 988
324
69
Railways
Antofagasta & Bolivia Railway, report of Appropriations
154 828 479
989 989
651
Araco Railway Bids for coal

Confluencia and Tome, construction completed between Extensions
Longitudinal Railway, resume of work done by Paine and Talagante, road to be constructed between
155 828
Pullman
cars ordered
from the United States
323
651 989
Rates, increase of
Reservoirs at Piquenes and
La Laguna, plans
for construction of
Road
building, contracts for
155 323
155, 323, 828
Slaughterhouse opened in Santiago Street paving
Student Congress postponed Telegraphs

Wireless convention, ratification of Wireless stations completed at Punta Arenas
305
323, 652
154
Telephone system to be exploited between Arica and Puerto Montt Treaty of peace with the United States
Universities of Chile, statistics concerning
988
299
323
Water supply
Negotiations for increasing supply at Valparaiso and Vina del Santiago, disbursement of funds for works at
Mar
323
323
651
Waterworks, construction
of
Wines Colombia:
Aerial cableway
988
829 325
989
Agricultural resources, French scientists investigate Arbitration committee, appointment to
Army and Navy
bill for
purchase
of
ammunition,
etc.,
approved
989
INDEX.
IX
Page.
'.
Colombia
Continued.
deepening of Board of economics Bogota, the Athens of South America Budget, 1914 Cabinet Changes
of Cartagena,
Bay
480 830 407 156

652, 829
New
Cartagena, old
Cattle statistics
Cauca River
to
be dredged
for
480 95 830, 989 157

653
Coffee exports
Commerce of Colombia
Consular fees
1913
805 653
989
Contraband goods, law regarding

Council
of State
829
652 156
of
Courthouse completed at Cartagena

Cucuta, street-car service of
Diplomatic and Consular Annals Dredging of Cauca River
Colombia
989
157
Du
Hon. J. T., an honor to Education: Medal of honor to be awarded by Government Electric light plant at Call, enlargement of Filtration plant at Barranquilla cost of enlargement of
Bois,
,
622
156
325
325
830
653
Government warrants,
Governors
of
issue of
Departments
5,
HoHday,
national, July
1915
Hospital at Santa Marta
990 480 324

156 652
Hygiene, establishment of Board of Public Invention of wheel for propelUng river steamers
Literary contest
Mail service between Barranquilla and Bogota Medellin
324
413
Mineral resources, French scientists investigate National University
325
156 156 325
etc.,
Medal of honor Pharmacy, degrees to be awarded in Navigation of Magdalena River Navy and Army bill for purchase of ammunition,
approved
989 829 653
New city
Petroleum Exploration Co Posts and Telegraphs, Director
of
653
of
PortsBuenaventura, report on improvements Sanitation and improvements for

President, election of
480 157
324
989
Publications of Diplomatic and Consular Annals of Colombia
Railways Buenaventura
to Call, progress on road from to Popayan railway, progress of work on Colombian Railways & Navigation Co Pereira to Cauca River, company organized to build road from Santander to Magdalena River, proposed road from ToHma Railways, section opened to public traflSc
325
157 481
CaU
156
156
324

INDEX.
Continued. Real property, census Realty values
Colombia
Page.
of
324 829
156
Revenues
Intendencia de San Andres y Providencia Municipal
Sanitation
829
157
Improvements Riohacha Santa Marta Shooting match

Statues
for ports
652 569 324
Col. Liborio Mejia, statue to be erected to Mariano Benlliure awarded contract for statue to Ricaurte Statue to Cuervo at Bogota Stock industry in Department of Santander Stock show, value of premiums offered at Students, officers of the Federation of Telegraphs Director of Posts and National system
990
157
652 325
324
830
653 481
Wireless activity
Wireless rates
481
829
Wireless station at San Andres
y Providencia
325
954 652 735 829 122 805
Trade in Central America, Colombia, and Venezuela, reports to the Board of Trade on the conditions and prospects of British Tramway opened in Bogota Uribe Uribe, Gen. Rafael
Utria selected as site for
new
city
Commerce of^
Argentine Republic for 1913 Colombia for 1913 Costa Rica for 1913 Guatemala for 1913 Latin America: Foreign Trade in 1913 General Survey Paraguay for 1913 Peru for 1913 Salvador for 1913
809
465
975 311
963
640
863
Commercial Traveler in South America Consular Reports, Subject Matter of

Costa Rica:
28, 217, 377, 469, 532, 694,
119, 306, 462, 635, 802, 983
Arbitration convention between United States and Costa Rica, extension
of.
991
As Tourist and Trade

Banana Banks
statistics
see
Costa Rica
849 326
Agricultural Mortgage
Bank recommended by
Rica established
President.
990
National
Bank
of Costa
990
326 990 615 725 483
Bank
notes, issuance of
new
Bonds, gold, issuance of Boundary question with Panama, decision of the Brenes Mesen, Sr. Roberto, minister to the United States
Budget
for 1915
Cabinet, personnel of
325 482
Cacao exports
INDEX.
XI
Page.
Costa Rica
Continued.
Don Joaquin Bernardo
Coin, silver, placed in circulation
990
82
297
Calvo, Sr.
Costa Rica and Its Minister

Retiring minister of Costa Rica
Commerce of Costa Rica for 1913 Commercial monographs Commercial rate of interest
Concessions granted
809 958
157
326
158
Consul general in Paris, appointment of Cotton industry Orotina section United States syndicate to develop industry Dairy, the Holland
158
158
654
157
Demographic statistics Export exemptions removed Grape fruit and oranges, exports Highway, new Hotel to be constructed in San Jose Interest on commercial investments, Loan
Hospital
830 326
831
157
rate of
157
831
654, 831
Limon municipal
Naranjo Mesen, Roberto Brenes, minister to the United States Mineral resources and mining policies
Ministers
831
725
911 82
Costa Rica and
its
minister
Reception of new Minister in the United States

Mora, ex-President
725
Commemorative stone
Historic relics of
to
990 990 157
Population, 1913
President takes oath of
office
157 69
Puntarenas Railways
Department
Exploitation
of
Tortuguero
158
Time-table
Revenues
Schools
of
of the Pacific Railway Government, 1913
482 482
326 158 326
Buildings to be erected in San Jose
Normal Central American
Institute to be established
Society organized for protection of animals
327
326 991
Steamers plying between Costa Rica and Eiurope, new line Switzerland to establish diplomatic representation in
Treaties
Peace treaty with the United States

Ratification of international treaties
299 830 832

743
Cuba: Academy, new military

Agramonte, Dr. Aristides, scientist Albornoz, Sr. Don Antonio Carrillo de
398

INDEX.
XII
Cttba
Continued.
Page.
Aqueducts
Habana
Santa Clara
655 832
Army: Post-graduate courses for military Officers Bank of issue and discount to be organized in Habana Barranco, Sr. Don Cesar A. consul to Pforzheim, Germany Budget for 1914-15
,
483
159 402
328 832
98
Building regulations Camaguey A painted city

:
of
the Spanish main
Cespedes y Quesasa,
States
Sr.
Dr. Carlos
Manuel
de, minister to the
United
289,721 991
328
159
Commercial association organized

Congress, labor Crates for fruits
and vegetables ordered from United States

to
Cruising in
574
Dock and warehouse
Electric-lighting plant for
be built at Jucaro, Nueva Gerona
Isle of
Pines
327
483
158 159 832
159 118
Exposition of live stock Factory, match, to be established in Habana
FruitCitrus fruit crop for 1914
Fruit Growers' Exchange orders crates from the United States

Golf in the Tropics, the
game
of
Habana Amusement park planned

Permits
for
for
328
159
building repairs
Highway improvements Hippodrome progressing, work on

Horticulture, appointment of chief of
Hospital, municipal, corner stone laid
832
991
159
327 992 991 328

327 657 832
159
Immigration regulations regarding persons expelled from home countries. Infantile colony 655, Labor congress, appropriation for Laws, codification of Cuban
Lighthouse,
new
Loan authorized Match factory to be established in Habana Military academy, new

Ministers
655
289
721
Changes in governing board of the Pan American Union United States, reception of minister to the Venezuela, death of Mr. Cesar L. Pinto, minister to Monument to Milanes in Matanzas Motor busses to be operated in Habana
992 656
327
159
Navy
Midshipmen
to cruise in foreign waters
to
Naval students
be called
'
'
Guardias Marinas "

,
991 832
328
159
Nurseries, free, established for children
Paper mill established in Province

Pineapples
of
Oriente
Canning industry to be developed Shipment to New England markets

Pinto, Sr. C^sar L.
,
159
minister to Venezuela, death of
992
Cuba Continued.
Railway from Placetas
Rice, cultivation of
to
Page.
Fernandez, appropriation
for construction of
327
Sanitary ordinances
Spain makes Cadiz franchise zone Steamship service
328 656, 832 832

159
Between Santiago and Kingston, Jamaica
New York and Habana New York to Santiago
327
de Cuba
484
655
158
327, 328
Spain and Cuba, monthly service to be inaugurated between Stock exposition

Street cleaning
Sugar Crop
for 1914
831 832
Mill to be erected at Guayos Mill near completion at Dos Caminos
328
832 327 991
Telegraph, wireless, regulations

Theater, Albisu, purchased
Tobacco
Cultivation in Province of Pinar del Rio
Shipment
to
Bremen
planned
for
328 483 832 655

832 991
62 656
Tourists, attractions
Tramway
Water
extensions
statistics
University
tanks, erection of
Waterworks, appropriation for
Demise of Minister Rojas of Venezuela Dominican Republic:

Alcoholic products, duty regulation on
Automobiles imported Bridge at Azuanas opened to traffic Bridge to be constructed in Santo Domingo over Ozama River Bureau of Accounts Cabinet
160
329
329 833 833 484 485
Appointment
New
Celebration of the Fourth of July
Coast lights
484
992
Coastwise service
Columbus
A monument to
Urn
for ashes of
456
834 160 992
833
of
Commercial and industrial progress reported by United States consul

Consulates, office hours of
Customs
Receipts
Report by receiver general Dominican lyceum

Duties
160 833 993
Amount
collected
Freight and consular invoices

Elections, committee to prepare legal reforms for
992
Export
statistics in
"El Tiempo "

from Puerto Plata
Exports,
total, 1913,
833 328 160
XIV
Dominican Republic
Governors,
INDEX.
Continued.
Page.
Furniture agency, American
160 833 993 160
new
Historia Eclesiastica Imports, total, 1913, into Puerto Plata
Laborers to be imported Lighthouses planned
992
329 993 657
74
732
Mines and miningMachinery ordered from New York Mines denounced Minister to the United States Announcement of appointment Reception of Nouel, Sr. Dr. Adolfo A., Legion of Honor (conferred upon) Panama-Pacific International Exposition, commission in charge
ucts at
329
of prod-
993
President
Ramon
Baez, biographical sketch of
833
Red
Cross organization
484
of
Roads Completion
of
survey
road from San Pedro de Macoris to Hato Mayor
992 993
74,
Cibao Soler, Sr. Lie Dr. Eduardo, minister to the United States Students to study in Peru Sugar Laborers to be imported
to
Cost of road from Santo
Domingo
732
329
992 658
833 657 299
Production, increase of
Telephone improvements Tobacco company changes hands Treaty of peace with the United States
Ecuador:
Agricultural fair
331 834
Agricultural resources
Artesian wells
485
of
Bank
of
Ecuador, funds
835
993 834
Biblioteca de Escri tores Nacionales to be established
Cacao production Chile independence to be celebrated as a legal hoHday Coins to be minted abroad Commercial conditions reported by United States consul Congress, Ecuadorian Medical, delegates to
Congressional elections
994
994
161
331
658 736 657
Consul general in New York, Sr. Enrique Gallardo Council of foreign bondholders, report of Debts, payment of
Electric-Hght service
994 835 331

658 835 658
,
Chone plant near completion Plant to be installed at Machchi Power plant for Ambato Exports through Bahia de Caraquez
Exports
of provisions
Factory, shoe
Flour mill in Quito, completion of Gallardo, Sr. Enrique, consul general in
161 485
New York
736

INDEX.
Ecuador Continued.
Government income
Hat, The Manavi (Panama) Hat industry, development of Holiday, September 18 decreed a
XV
Page.
993 685-693
658
legal
994 834
161
Hot
springs
of 100,000 sucres for use of of city of
Ivory nuts
Loan
municipality of Quito authorized
331
Map
Riobamba
Medical congress, Ecuadorian, delegates to Ministry of the Treasm-y, advisory committee of the Museums to be established by medical school and institute
Nurses, trained
Police, pensions for
485 331
994 994
485
994 993
Railways
Ambato
to Curaray, examination of survey from Curaray railway, commencement of work on the Guayaquil & Quito Railway, construction of branches to Survey and construction of road from coast of Esmeraldas to Quito
330 161
331
authorized
Scholarship students, rules governing
330
993
161
School teachers, normal comrse inaugurated for
Shoe factory
Subsidies granted medical school for establishment of
museums
994
Tagua crops
Telegraph system Tobacco production
834 486 834

of article 6 of
Trade-mark law, amendment
994 161
797
161
Tramway
construction in Quito
Treaty of peace with United States
Ecuador Warehouse to be constructed at Mantas Water supply for Riobamba Waterworks material received Explorer, An Early American Fernandez, Juan, Island of Games, Indigenous, in Latin America
Vessels, foreign, visiting
994
834
835
1
201
14
Guatemala
Aeronavigaaon
Agriculture of Chiquimula, Board of
487
659 659 331
162
of
Bank
profits
Budget
for 1914-1915
Building regulations in Quezaltenango Central America, International Bureau Commerce for 1913
798
465
958
of
Commercial monographs Concession granted marble and mining company, privileges

Congress of the Blind, International
994 332
Congress of Tropical Agriculture

Congress, Seventh Universal Postal
Congresses, delegates to foreign
:
332 332
659 995
Consul in Mobile, appointment of Consulate established at Dunkirk, France

7844415
2
332

XVI
INDEX.
Gu ATE MALAContinued
Electric light service
Page.
Machinery to be imported free of duty Plant to be established in Chiquimula Plant at Mazatenango granted 10-year contract Retalhuleu Electric Co. of San Francisco, Cal., authorized to operate in Guatemala
Exposition, national
995 836 995

331
659
Gymnasium
instructor contracted in
London
994
Holiday, 12th of October made a national Liquor, license for sale of
331 332
Loan
for city of
Guatemala authorized
836
835 835
163
Lumber
tax, increase of
Maize and com purchases Mendez, Sr. Don Joaquin, delegate to congress on welfare of children Mines and mining Concession granted Guatemala Marble & Mining Co., privileges of Mining exposition Motion pictures Minister of Fomento, report of
Neutrality proclamation
994
486 486
162
836 332
659 162
President during recess of Congress, power granted to Quezaltenango statistics

Railroad, foreign capital invited to construct
new
Rainfall
835
of
Rubber, suspension
Taxes, lumber
export duty on
332 835
Telegraphs and telephones
Decree regarding control

Offices
of
836
487 332
332
162
Supplies for Department of Telegraphs authorized Tariff for messages
Theater imder construction in Quezaltenango Theatrical company, contract with Trade-mark, Cuban, for tobacco officially recognized
Treaties
487 332
162
France and Guatemala
for protection of
patents
between Guatemala and 162 United States, treaty of peace and arbitration between Guatemala and 163, 299, 332 Water supply: Drilling of public wells 835
Italy, general arbitration
Haiti:
Bank Bank
bills,
incineration of
995
notes
Denomination of Proposed law regarding issuance

Regulations for refund
836
of
836 837
Bond
issue
of
Budget
expenses for June, 1914 Catholic Church, rank of the

of
488 163 488

163, 332
Coffee, production, 1914 Cotton industry, development Exports of merchandise
660 333 488
Flour, duties on
INDEX.
Haiti
XVII
Page.
Continued.
of
Health, committees of public
merchandise, Jeremie Map of Haiti authorized for school use Menos, M. Solon, minister to the United States Minister to the United States Changes in the governing board
Imports
995 163
163, 333
289, 719
289 719 488 163
Reception of
Municipal council appointments
National Palace, contract for construction
of
Newspapers founded Ports, improvement of Post-office inspector, appointment
995
660
of
995
163, 333
Railway, Plaine de cul-de-Sac, receipts Revenues from imports Revenues, guaranty Salt, import tax on School of surveyors, national Senate, candidates for the Telegraph office, appointment in Treasmy warrants
333 837 660

661 163
995 837
660 685-693
Water service Hat, The ManaTi (Panama)
Honduras:
Agriculture
Lots for agricultural purposes
996 838 838

661, 489
Suiza Planting Co. organized Aqueduct, Santa Barbara
Automobiles, national school
of
Bananas
Cultivation, cost of
165
662
Exports Lands, price of United Fruit Co Boimdary convention Bridge over Ulua River Business possibilities of Olancho
Cedar, contract for cutting of
165
164
838
164, 334
164 996
Club de Tennis to be organized Customhouse at Ceiba, new Custom revenues
996
662 662 489 334
Economic conditions
Electric light for city of Tela, proposals for
for manufacture of gaseous waters Highway, public, to San Lorenzo
Factory
demand for Land to be sold for agricultural pm"poses Lumber Contract for cutting of cedar and mahogany
Laborers,
Possibilities in
335 662 164 996

996 164 996
Olancho
for cutting of
Mahogany, contract
Mining
Co.,
Minerals for Panama-Pacific Exposition
164 838
New York & Honduras
Rosario

XVni
Honduras Continued
Olancho
INDEX.
Page.
Business possibilities of
164 164
Lumber
Panama-Pacific Exposition, minerals for
164 164
164
Railways
Activity in construction work reported from Tela
Laborers,
demand
for
Plans of main line of Tela Railroad United Fruit Co. plans railway
333 164 334 780 661
Real property, law regulating condemnation of Revista Econdmica School appropriation, distribution of
Society of Socorros Mutuos
996 996 838
Sugar Hondiu-as Sugar Distilling Co., general attorney of Sugar Refining Co. organized under laws of Louisiana
Tela, proposal for furnishing electric light, potable water,
and
ice to the
city of
334 837
Telephone service extensions Tobacco society organized Treaty of peace with the United States
Water, proposal to furnish city of Tela with potable Waters, factory for manufacture of gaseous
838
299
334
335
334
Wharf at Amapala, contract for Iguazu, Niagara's Mate Island of Juan Fernandez Latin America: Addresses on Bank acceptances and dollar credits Banking Cabrera, Sr. Lie. Manuel Estrada, celebration in honor of Commerce A word of caution Latin American Foreign Trade in 1913 General Survey Reviews of foreign commerce, 1913 Gaines, Indigenous, in Latin America Hardware and allied products in Investors' Four Shilling Year Book for 1914
364 201
790
923 624 995
607
975
72 14
949
632
70
Lands, free
Las Americas Latin America Magazine attention to
957
630, 961
622 947
News
service
between United States and
Student conferences, at the

Tariffs of
302
69
Trade
A railroad trade
excursion Conference of the New York, New Conference of Richmond, Va Conference, Washington, D. C Foreign trade opportunities Latin American
618
Haven & Hartford R.
940
618 617
112
794
INDEX.
Latin America
XIX
Continued.
Page.
Trade Continued. The Southern States and Latin American Trade United States must buy Latin American products
Treaties of peace
512
783
299 173
663
Mediation, The Argentine-Brazil- Chile Mexico: Academy of San Carlos

Agriculture
165
Art and archaeology

Chicle lands, exploitation of
85
663
Coconut
fiber, report
on
165
Coffee in Mexico, a near
view
of
903 165 663
Commerce, summary
of
Congress of primary education
Debt, interior, interest-bearing bonds authorized for payment of Debt, international, created Explosives, manufacture of
336
997
490
997
997
Hemp,
exports of
Henequen, exports of Historical documents History of Mexico Map of the Mexican Gulf oil fields Mediation, The Argentine-Brazil-Chile
Military school to be established
840
961 962 173 997 165
Mines and mining Cananea Copper Co., activity of Iron mines discovered in State of CoUma Mining association
Regulations explained
335 840
839
71
"Monterrey," rule
Oil fields, general
for spelling of the
map
Perez Verdia, Sr. Luis,
Mexican Gulf envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary
962
736
to Guatemala Petroleum Exports of crude petroleum Industry, growth of
997 165
Lands, exploration and exploitation of Production Tax on crude petroleum Pottery, Early Maiolica Prohibition for Federal District
490 490
997
906 997
Railways
Belgian interests request extension of time to construct road SaHna Cruz-Acapulco Railway authorized Rainfall in valley of AguascaUentes
840 490 335
165 165 165 997
113
Real estate
American
British interest in
Mexican property, estimated value Mexican property, estimated value of Estimated value of property owned by Mexicans
interest in
of
Registration of property ordered
Ruins: The
Scholastic
home
of a forgotten race
movement,
articles
on
840

XX
Mexico
INDEX.
Continued.
Page.
Schools
Exhibition of handwork
Military school to be established
997
997 997
of
Model schools established

School
of
Medicine, director
of
National
336
663
Sewer contracts Shop hours, regulation
839 663 165

997
Silk-worm cultmê Sugar industry Taxes Crude petroleum State of Puelo Telegraph stations, wireless
839
491, 997
Tramway work
Water-power concession Waterworks at Coyoacan near completion Year Book, Mexican, 1914 Ministers, Reception of New: Coata Rica
662 663
997
633
Cuba Dominican Republic

Haiti
725 721
732
719
728
62
Venezuela Minister Rojas of Venezuela, Demise of Monument in Boston, Sarmiento and His
186 998
Nicaragua: Budget reduced

Buildings of concrete in Bluefields, erection Cannon, ancient, found on Cardon Island
by American
contractors of.
337 998 166 958 998 166 998 664 166
Commerce
of District of Corinto
Commercial monographs
Congress, special session of
of United States at Corinto makes annual report Consulates at Mobile and Liverpool abolished Court cases pending in
Consul
Customs receipt
Financial situation, commission to study the Forest tax
of Mobile, Ala Mahogany, rate for catching, rafting, etc Mahogany, rate for catching, rafting, etc
Land law of Bluefields Lumber J. M. Scott & Bros.,
841 337 998
336 337 337 492 491 492 166 840 337 664 958 664
Managua
Street-car service
University of
Water supply Manufacture of goods Mines and mining Article on gold mines Gold mines denounced Los Angeles Mining Co Mining Code of the Republic Tunky Mining Co
of
Nicaragua
INDEX.
XXI
Page.
Nicaragua Continued. Mixed claims commission Orphan asylum, funds for establishment Parcel-post convention with Panama
611, 664
of
an
337
841 166
998
Population of District of Corinto Postal convention with Panama approved Public instruction Railroad stock, purchase of
492 841
998 998
Rama, commission government

Schools
to
be installed at
for Girls
Excursion by students of Normal School
Opened
Taxes for public instruction Steamers entering port of Corinto Steamship service Stock, decree on importation of fine Sugar Mimicipal tax on Petition to export free of duty Shipments via Isthmus of Panama
336 492
166 664
841
491 337 337

337
Taxes
Forest tax established
Public instruction Telegraphs Lines planned between Bluefields and Prinzapolka Wireless communications established with United States
492
337 337 664
299
665
Tobacco cultiu-e, prohibition of Treaty of peace with the United States Water supply for Managua
Openingôf the Panama:

Agricultm-e,
Panama Canal
Department
of
345 665 666 842
Almirante works, contract for Arbitration convention with Portugal Arjona, Sr. Don Aristides, judge of the Supreme Court of Panama
Bank
dealings
Bean, discovery of
new
species of
of the
400 842 166

615
Boundary question with Costa Rica, decision

Casino proposed for
Panama
City
for
167
Chamber
of commerce planned Commercial institute Commercial monographs
Panama
C^ty
338
665
958
Congresses, international
842
493, 999
.'
Consular appointments Demographic statistics Electrical Engineers, meeting

Exposition, national
999
section of
of
Panama
American
Institute of.
338
Cuban building Indians, San Bias,
Postponement of Progress on buildings Venezuelan building Indians, San Bias, to be represented at national exposition Laimdry, steam, in the city of Panama
be represented at opening
to
494 338 936

167
665 338 842

XXTT
HJTDEX.
Page.
Panama Continued.
Lighthouse at Pata Pallina Bar Mail contract Marriage law Message of President
Motor-boat service between National codes
842
493
665
841
842 842
999
Panama and Aguadulce
Panama in 1915 Panama Canal Zone boundary Panama City public park Panama gateway
Parcel post with Nicaragua
treaty
842
493
961 841 166
Plant
life,
study
of
Printing
office to
be founded by orphan asylum
494
338 842 999 493
Railway, Chiriqui, modification of original course Receipts, expenditures and Scholarship granted Ricardo A. Morales to complete course in University of Columbia,
Schools
New York
created
New schools
Night schools established

Professional school for
493 493
666
'
women
Santa
Ana
School
for
Boys
Statistics
842 748
999 841
South of Panama, first paper: Western Colombia and Ecuador Sugar plantations to be bought by Government in Las Santos Telegraph and telephone Improvements Pocri and La Palma, installation of lines between
338
338, 666
Tramway
Treaties
rates to school children, special
Canal Zone boimdary treaty Peace treaty with the United States Tropical anemia, study of
842 299
665
167
Panama Canal:
Anniversary
of initiation of
United
States' interest in
Boundary of Gatun Locks,
842
first
passage through
167
Opening of the Panama Canal Panama Canal Panama gateway

Tonnage
certificates
345 961
961
76
Vessels for the
Panama
Canal, measurement of
961 773 104

115
Pan America
in the Magazines: art, masterpieces of Andes, from ox cart to motor car in the Animal, the world's largest Argentina A journey through Argentina
Aboriginal American
Financial conditions at the end of October
559 921
Implement trade
origin of the
of
255
433

INDEX.
XXII I
Pan America
in the Magazines Bolivia Commercial possibilities Tungsten in

Brazil
Continued.
Page.
888 268
883 593 771
train across the
An
invitation to
Brazil nuts, from tree to market

Nhambiquara land, with a mule River of Doubt

River, the
552
753
Unknown
of
274
Through the highland wilderness
western Brazil
415
246
Up
the River of Tapirs
Central America
Court of Justice Mineral resources and mining policies
925
911
ChileNitrate industry, the
428
108
Quarrying ore in distant Colombia Bogota, the Athens of South America Cartagena Medellin Santa Marta
407
95 413
569
98
Cuba
A painted
city of the Spanish
Main
of
Cruising in
574
Golf in the Tropics, the
game
118
Expeditions Anthropological explorations in Peru Scientific expedition to Colombia Yale University and National Geographic Society in Peru : Zoological Society's expedition to Costa Rica
270
82
272 265
780 900 886
923
Honduras: Revista Econ6mica
Hunting the spectacled bear International democracy

Latin America:
of the
Andes
dollar credits
Bank acceptances and
Mexico
Art and archaeology CoSee in Mexico, a near view Early Mexican Maiolica
85
of
903 906
113
The home
of a forgotten race
Panama South of Panama, first paper: Western Colombia and_EcuadorPanama Canal will open Bolivia, how the
Paraguay, head waters of the Peace, practical mediation and international
748 258
89 892
Peru
A rich commercial field

Empire of the Children The Pampaconas River
South America
of the
Sun
Pan American
Quarantine, plea for a constructive
890 252 591 429 745

424, 759, 894
A journey in
Railway expansion

XXIV
INDEX.
Pan America
in the Magazines South America Continued. Shipping facilities to
Continued.
Page.
925
777
Sugar, the world's trade in
Through sleepers from Nome Pan American Notes:
to
Cape Horn
768
TradeUnited States must buy Latin American products

Opportunities, foreign
783 112 921
The present best policy toward South American

United States
The
flag to its
makers
278 764 587
Forest of stone
Indian traits The Indian as a hunter
439
The
world's oldest tree
431
598
Vanilla beans, the culture of
Venezuela
Among
the salt harvesters of the Caribbean

hinterland,
241
577
La Guaira and Caracas Rubber collectors of the remote South American

the
among
917
Pan American
Prominent in: Agramonte, Dr. Aristides, Cuban scientist Albornoz, Sr. Don Antonio Carrillo de (Cuba)
Affairs,
743
398
Anasagasti, Sr. Horacio, commissioner general of Argentina to the

Pacific International Exposition
Panama743
Arjona, Sr.
Baehr,
Don Aristides, judge of Supreme Court of Panama Mr. Max J., consul general of the United States to Switzerland
of
400 405
739 402 735 744 402
Baldwin, Mr. A. H., commercial attach^

Barranco, Sr.
the United States in London.

to
Don
Cesar A., consul of
Cuba
Germany
Clayton, Mr. Powell, late ambassador of the United States to Mexico Colton, Hon. George R., representative in South America of the National
City Bank of New York Cruz, Dr. Oswaldo, director of the Oswaldo Cruz Institute of Brazil Diez de Medina, Sr. Don Eduardo, Assistant Secretary of Foreign Relations
of Bolivia
400
Sr.
Escobar Vargas,
Don
Octavio, commissioner to the Panama-Pacific
International Exposition
Gallardo, Sr. Enrique, consul general of Ecuador in
403
New York
of
736 736
Gomez, Dr. Carlos
F.,
Argentina to Chile
Gottschalk, Mr. Alfred L. M., United States consul general at Rio de
Janeiro Hale, Dr. Albert, commercial attach^ of the United States to Argentina...
404
739
Ham, Mr.
Clifford D., collector general of
customs
of
the United States at
Managua, Nicaragua
commercial attach^ of the United States to Peru... Havens, Mr. Verne L. R., commercial attach^ of the United States to Chile. Huber, Dr. Jaques, director of botanical section of the Goeldi Museum of
Harrington, Mr. A.
I.,
401
741
741 398
Brazil
Hutchinson, Prof. Lincoln, commercial attache

Brazil
of
the United States to
741

INDEX.
XXV
Page.
Pan American
of
Continued. Perez Verdia, Sr. Luis, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary
Affairs,
Prominent in
Mexico
to
Guatemala
President of Argentina
73g
Roca,
Sr. Julio, late
733
Scheeler, Mr. Irwin F. (United States)
Smith, Dr. Clinton D. (United States) Uribe Uribe, Gen. Rafael (Columbia)
Uriburu,
Sr. Jose
406 405
735 733
Evaristo (Argentina)
Pan American
Notes: Ambassadors Ambassador Naon honored From Chile and Argentina Pan American Society to honor ambassadors from Chile and Argentina. United States ambassadors to Argentina and Chile American city bureau exhibit in Santiago, Chile
Americas, the
934
931
931 609
460
624
An American
diplomat honored by China Argentine office in New York, special Brainard, Col. David L., to be appointed military attach^ at Buenos Aires. Brown, Frederick, death of Carnegie statue at Dunfermline, Scotland Central and South America, by Prof. Shepherd Central America, International Bureau of Chilean Legation in the United States raised to the rank of embassy Columbus, monument to (Dominican Republic)
290
453
293
944
785 946 798 451
456
Commerce As affected by
the war
for 1913
444
607
72
A word
of
caution
Reviews of foreign commerce of Latin America Commercial cruise to Latin America Commercial traveler in South America
Conference A Latin American trade Commercial, in Memphis, Tenn
Fifth
455 461
617 793
Pan American
280
604
Data regarding Postponement of

Foreign trade, at HarrisbiKg, Pa Latin American trade, of the New York,
Sanitary, postponement of
800
New Haven & Hartford R. R
940
797 618
Trade, of Richmond,
Va
Congress of Americanists, postponement Congress of Americanist, the Bolivian session of the Congress, Hispanic -American History
458
290
75
on
3,
Home
Education, International
460 458
305
936 615
78
International Dry Farming, of Wichita, Kans Sixth Pan American Medical Congress, Southern Commercial, establishes bureau of translation
Costa Rica: Decision of the boundary question with
Panama
Dartmouth College "All round achievement" prize
Commencement
exercises at
303

XXVI
INDEX,
Page.
Pan American Notes Continued.

Descriptive pamphlets of the Republics Diplomatic officers receive university degrees
72 78
Du
Bois,
Hon.
J. T.,
an honor to
622 933 943
Educational relations, Pan American Expeditions Collins-Day expedition to South America Scientific expedition to Colombia directed
Saville
Scientific expedition to
by
Prof.
Marshall H.
82
Southwest
Fletcher,
Museum of
South America directed by Mr. Leo E. Miller. Los Angeles, expedition to South America under
to Chile
941
943
auspices of
Hon. Henry P., ambassador of the United States Hardware and allied products in Latin America Latin America
Addresses on American Express Co. to enter Latin American
field
784
949
790
788 624
947
Banking Better news service with Magazine attention to

Manufacturers' report, the National Association of
622
951
Mexico, Clarke lectures on

Ministers
Bolivia: Minister Calderon's address to the
455
American people
297
82
Costa Rica
And
its
minister
Retiring minister of
297
Cuba: Changes in governing board of the Pan American Union Dominican Republic, new minister from
289
82
83
Mohonk
conference, this year's

Barrios, of
Monthly Bulletin
A tribute from Sr. A correction

Panama
Guatemala
611
462 800
611 615
76
Moran, John J., the Venezuelan Government confers distinction on NicaragUan mixed claims commission
Boundary question with Costa Rica, decision

Canal-tonnage certificate Exposition, postponement of opening of Panama-Pacific International Exposition
of
939
Medical Congress, Six Pan American Spanish pavilion at the Pan American Credit Insurance Co Pan American mass Pan American meeting in Boston Pan American Union governing board A resolution of peace Changes in Important meeting of Peynado, Sr. Don Francisco J., and Las Novedades
Publications,
305
936 801
938
613
609
289
929
620 624
626 949
new
The Americas
Dawe's Federalist
' '
The New RepubUc "
INDEX.
xxvn

Rockhill, Hon. William Woodville
Page.
An American
diplomat honored by China
290
940
of
Death of Rowe, Prof. Leo. S., at La Plata University Saenz Pena, Dr. Roque, President of Argentina, death Shepherd's, Prof., book, The London Times Reviews South America As an export field
Cruise to
934 449
946
462
792 946
South American Society at University of Minnesota Spanish Instruction in commercial schools of the United States On the study of Students of Georgia to be taught Teaching of Spanish in the United States Student conferences, Latin America at Student congress at Chile postponed Reunion International, Students
794
787 798
80 302
305 793 297

941
ToursEducators toTuing South America Cruise around South America Cruise of the Fidelity Trust Co. canceled Gates tours
947 941
933
76 617
Pan American educational
relations
Tourists from Houston in the Caribbean
TradeConference, a Latin American Conference of Richmond, Va Credit Insurance Co., Pan American Foreign trade conference at Harrisburg, Pa Latin American National Foreign Trade Convention of the United States Pamphlet on Argentine international trade Pan American association in Indiana A railroad excursion United States foreign trade enterprise Treaties of peace between the United States and Latin America Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
618
801
800 794 74 294

798
618
789
Chile Costa Rica
Dominican Republic Ecuador Guatemala Honduras

Nicaragua
299 299 299 299 299 299 797 299 299 299
299 797
Panama
Paraguay Peru
Salvador
Uruguay
Venezuela
299 299 299

299

XXVIII
INDEX.

United States
Page.
first
An
engineering firm wins
prize
Banks in South America

Boston exposition Bureau of Commercial Economics (Inc.) Dawe's Federalist Scholarships for the study of Spanish Shipping facilities South American edition of the Boot and Shoe Recorder Spanish course of great interest
456 299 458

626 626 629
629 624 461

667
Paraguay:
Agricultural colonies
Anniversary of independence Asuncion port, work to begin on
168
168
Banks Banco Constructor, by-law of Banco de la Republica to be established

Coal vein discovered
1000 1000 843

1000
Codicadora Commission makes report

Colonization
495
for 1913
to
Commerce of Paraguay
311
666
167
Commerce, increase of Commercial travelers, advice

Dairy, National
667 168
Debt, external and internal

Duties, export, regulations regarding
payment
of
1000
667
Engineers, national department of
Exports Export duties, decree on Flour, free importation of Fruit industry Immigration Labor contracts
494
843
843 339
339, 495
843
Laimch
service
495
Laundry, modem, needed in Asuncion

Loans, agricultural bank authorized to
make
339 843
339
Lumber: Shipment of Peteriby logs to Buenos Aires Machinery for printing department of Government
Message
Military
of
339
168
President
ofiicers,
German, employed by Government
339
843
168
to
Mines and mining: Coal vein discovered Port of Asimcion, work to begin on Printing department of Government, modern facilities Railways Central Railway schedule Electric cars for Asuncion, additional supply of Rice culture encouraged
Rivers Canalization of
be purchased
for.
339 844
494
843
843
Headwaters
Schools
of the
Paraguay
89
Agricultural school at Paraguari
843
667
German
school organized
INDEX.
XXIX
Page.
Paragttay
Continued.
Scientific
work by Chodat Society "El Centro Paraguayo" organized in Uruguay
667
1000
495
Steamship service plans Students studying abroad, French Navigation Co. reduces rates to Students in Italy Telegraph, wireless, communications established with Chile on Pacific
coast
.-
1000
339
843
797
Treaty
of
peace with the United States
Peru:
Agriculture
Agricultural society, election of ofiicer of
844
1001
Asociacion de Defensa Agricola Anthropological explorations in
270
668
Bank checks
Bear of the Andes, hunting the spectacled Benzene shipments to Europe Borax region visited by English Co
Cabinet changes Chilean independence celebrated Coal prices Coining of Peruvian silver Commerce of Peru for 1913 Commercial field, Peru: A rich Customs tariff to be reformed
Electric-light service
900 340
340
495, 668
1001
844
1001
963
890
169
Cuzco plant near completion Huancayo, Government approves contract for plant Empire of the Children of the Siin Expedition into the wilds of Ferrenafe, a city, executive decree makes town of
496
for
495
252 340 844

340
169
Guano Highways Lima and
Chorillos, highway to be constructed between Survey for construction of public highways authorized Loan of 11,000,000 to be placed for railway construction Mines and mining Gold coined in Peruvian Mint Silver from Peruvian mines to be refined in the United States
844
169
1001 1001 1001
Mint, National,
of
Lima
Monument
to
San Martin
668
667 78 168
Moratorium declared
Pezet, Sr. Dr. Federico Alfonso, receives university degree
Port of Santa, active work on improvements of Post cards of Peruvian scenery Publications: "El Peru tal cual es"
341
340
Railways Alpas Railroad
496
for
Chancay to Cerro de Paste, preliminary studies Cuzco to Santa Ana, progress of work on Loan of $1,000,000 for road to Urubamba Madre de Dios River region, inspection of
Retail prices, regulation of
road from
1001
169 169
495
668
Rents to workmen reduced
844

XXX
Peeu Continued.
INDEX.
Page.
River, the Pampaconas
591
Rubber industry
Sanitary Convention of Washington Seed imports regulated
Silver coinage
844
amended
1001
844
844
168
299, 496
Steamship service between the United States and Peru Treaty of peace between United States and Wilds, expedition into Queries and Answers: Lands, free
Latin American
tariffs
340
70 69 71
Monterrey, spelling of Punta Arenas and Puntarenas; reason

Quintal, definition of
Siroche, or
for difference in spelling
69
69
mountain
sickness, treatment for
71
Reception of Ambassadors from Chile and Argentina Reception of New Ministers:

Costa Rica
880
725
721
Cuba Dominican Republic

Haiti
^
732
719
Venezuela Rojas, Minister of Venezuela, Demise of. Salvador: Agricultural department distributes seeds to farmers
Agricultural fair
728
62
170 846
of.
Arbitration convention between United States and Salvador, extension
1002
Arms, regulations
for
the manufacture of
of
845
670 1002 845
669
845, 1002
Artesian wells contract
Automobile club, by-laws Banks Mortgage

Occidental Budget, 1914-15
Commerce
Cabinet appointment of Salvador for 1913

Conference, ratification of resolutions, conventions,
national
Correction, house of
etc., of
845 640
Fourth Inter846
497
1002
Customs
Regulations Text-books freed from charges
1002
669
Demographic statistics Economic measures

Education, aid to
Electric light service
1002
497 341
669
Acajutla to have plant Plant to be installed at Metapan
Employment
biu"eau established
1002 1002
Immigration regulations Journalists, meeting of Society of Locust pest, prize for destruction of Market for Santiago de Maria, new modern
341
1002
341
INDEX.
XXXI
Commerce of Salvador
Railways
for 1913
Continued.
Page.
Developments Metapan to Ahuachupan, progress of road from San Salvador to La Libertad, road to be constructed from
Schools
Agricultural school
497
669 342 170
669
Arts and crafts
Arts and trade regulations governing teaching of the

,
341
169
Normal
school, reopening of
for
Santa Rosa, improved buildings Statistics concerning
341
169
Taxes
Inheritance
668
Realty
Stamp
Telephone line, international, established between San Salvador and Honduras Treaty of peace with the United States
Vessels calling at ports of Salvador during 1913
846 497
170
299
1002
186
878
Sarmiento and His Monument in Boston Sculptor Pedro M. Basalo South America:
A journey in
Commercial Traveler in
Cruise to
28, 217, 377, 469, 532, 694,
745 863 792 943

941
Expeditions Collins-Day expedition to South America Scientific expedition to South America directed by Mr. Leo E. Miller. Southwest Museum of Los Angeles sends expedition to South America.
.
943
956 958 342
Export field. South America Geography, a scientific
as
an
Human race
in
Patents and trade-marks in Central and South America
956
424, 759, 894
Railway expansion in Railways of South and Central America RepubUcs of Central and South America Rubber collectors of the remote Hinterland, among the Shepherd's, Prof., book Shipping facilities to Tom-, a, through South America Trade, the present best policy toward South American Trade, the Southern States and Latin-American Trader see Costa Rica, as Tourist and
Turliey,
954 961
917
946 925
961 921
512 849 673-684
The
United States:
Ambassadors to Argentina
Chile
609
609, 784
American City Bureau exhibit in Santiago de Chile American Express Co. to enter Latin-American field American Fertilizer Hand Book A new magazine (The Americas)
7844415
3
460
788
632 624

XXXn
United States
INDEX.
Continued. Animal, the world's largest Arbitration conventions with Costa Rica
Salvador Baehr, Mr. Max J., consul general to Switzerland Baldwin, Mr. A. H., commercial attach^ at London Banks in South America Brainard, Col. David L., to be appointed military attach^ at Buenos Aires. Brown, Frederick, death of
California coast trails
California, the tourist's
Page.
115
991
1002
405
770 299 293 944 960 960
962 735
Champlain tercentenary
Clayton, Mr. Powell, late ambassador to Mexico
Colton,
Hon. George R., representative in South America City Bank of New York Commercial Economics (Inc.), Bureau of
of the
National
744
626 793 618
Conference Commercial, Memphis,
Tenn
Latin- American trade
Foreign trade conference at Harrisburg, Pa Trade, Richmond, Va

Congress of Americanists, postponement of
Congress, International
800
618
458 458 460

78
Dry Farming
Congress on
Home
Education, International
Dartmouth College "All round achievement" prize
Commencement
exercises at
Engineering firm wins first prize Excursion, a railroad trade Expeditions Anthropological explorations in Peru Collins-Day expedition to South America Scientific expedition to Colombia directed by Prof. Marshall H. Saville. Scientific expedition to South America directed by Mr. Leo E. Miller. Southwest Museum of Los Angeles sends expedition to South America. The Stanford expedition to Brazil Yale University and National Geographic Society in Peru Zoological Society's expedition to Costa Rica
Flag, the, to its
303 456
618
270
943
82
941
943
960
270
265 278
makers
P.,
Fletcher,
Hon. Henry
ambassador
to Chile
609, 784
Forest of stone
Gottschalk, Mr. Alfred L. M., United States consul general at Rio de Janeiro
764
404
739 401
741
Hale, Dr. Albert, commercial attach^ to the Argentine Republic Ham, Clifford D., collector general of customs at Managua, Nicaragua
Harrington, Mr. A.
I., commercial attache to Peru Havens, Mr. Verne L. R., commercial attache to Chile Houston tourists in the Caribbean Hutchinson, Prof. Lincoln, commercial attache to Brazil Indian as a hunter Indian traits Indians of the terraced houses
741
76
739
439
587
957
951 173
Manfuacturers' reports, the National Association of
Mediation, The Argentine-Brazil-Chile
INDEX.
United States
xxxin
Page.
Continued.
in Boston,
Mohonk
conference, thia year's
83 186
distinction on
Monument
Moran, John J., New York Produce Exchange, report on
Sarmiento and his Venezuelan Government confers
800
959 953 938 613 626 624 949
Nuevo York en todo sua fases Pan American mass Pan American meeting in Boston
Publications,
new
Dawe's Federalist The Americas The New Republic " Rockhill, Hon. William Woodville An American diplomat honored by China Death of
'
'
290
940
958 934
"Roosevelt "
Rowe,
Prof. Leo. S., at
La Plata University
Scheeler, Irwin F., photographer
406
629
629, 925
Scholarship for study of Spanish
Shipping facilities to South America Smith, Dr. Clinton D South American edition of the Boot and Shoe Recorder Spanish ElTecolote Instruction in commercial schools Students of Georgia to be taught Teaching of Spanish in the United States Stimson, Hon. Frederick J., ambassador to Argentina
Students' reunion, international
405
624
957
794 798
80
609
793
Tours
Cruiae around South America (Gates's tours)
Cruise of the Fidelity Trust Co. canceled
941 947
297
Educators touring South America
Pan American educational
relations
933
76
Tourists from Houston in the Caribbean
TradeConference, a Latin American
618 618 618 801
railroad trade excursion
Conference of Richmond, Va Credit Insurance Co., Pan American

Foreign trade conference at Harrisburg, Pa National foreign trade convention of the United States Pan American Association in Indiana
800
74
798
The Southern States and Latin American Trade Trade relations between United States and Brazil United States must buy Latin American products
Treaties
512
956
783
Canal Zone boundary treaty with Panama Peace treaties with Latin America Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
842 299
299
299 299 299
Chile
Costa Rica

XXXIV
United States
Treaties
INDEX.
Continued. Continued.
treaties
Peace
with Latin America^
Continued.
Page.
Dominican Republic Ecuador Guatemala Honduras

Nicaragua
299
797 299 299
299
Panama
Paraguay Peru
Salvador
299
797
299, 496
299 299 299
Uruguay
Venezuela
Tree, the world's oldest
431
764
Yellowstone Park: Uruguay as a Cattle
forest of stone
Country
49
Uruguay:
Agricultural credit
498
671, 1003
Arbitration convention with Italy
Arbor
Day
Athletics for girls
671 498
Aviation school Avicultural fair
670
1003
Banco de
la
Bank
of the
Republic, gold reserve of Republic, modification of charter of
170
1003
National City
Bank
of
New York
to establish
branch in Montevideo.
847
Law, new Boundary decision

Brazilian training ship visits Montevideo
Brazilians wish to establish colony in
670 671
342
1003
Uruguay
Canal planned to bring water to Tala and other towns Cattle Country, Uruguay as a Cement, statistics concerning Conference, postponement of Sixth Pan American Sanitary Congress, National Stock Consul general in New York reports on progress of Uruguay
.
343 49
171 797
670
170 498
Com,
utilization of
Cost of living, investigation of high
498
1003
170 171 170
Debt, payment on consolidated Uruguayan

Electric light enterprises, profits of
Emigration
of Italians,
removal
of interdiction against
Financial conditions Human race in South America

International Commission, Preparatory
Marti, honor to
342
1003
670
171
1003
Meat
Production, high prices of
Tax on exports
Trade with the United States
Money exchange,
facilities for
670 847
171
Montevideo Times and Herald unite

XXXV
Paga.
INDEX.
Uruguay Continued.
Panama-Pacific International Exposition, tables for
1004
847
671
Pavement
of
Montevideo
Police identification office
Railways Bids for new road, call for Pan-American railway contract approved by House Tariff charges between Brazil and Uruguay Real estate owned by Government, appraisement of River Negro to be made more navigable Rural developments, meeting for bettering Stadium, national, planned Steamship service: A record voyage Taxes Export of meats
Inheritance, legacies, and gifts
Statistical
671
of
Deputies
342 670
171
1003
343
342
342
1003
846, 1003
846
847
Wine
Time, decree concerning marking of Treasury warrants Treaty of peace with the United States
Tuberculosis, crusade against
1003
846
299 343
1004
Venezuela:
Medicine, Caracas, awards prize of History Agricultural board Anemia among the poor Automobile, first, passing from Macuco to Guarenas Aviation
of
Academy
Academy, National,
1004
672
1004 343
344 848
671
Budget
Additional appropriation Decrease
Cabinet, personnel of
848
172
CattleBusiness extensively developed Cattle of superior pedigree to be imported into State of Portuguesa
1004
Church officials, change in Coal mines taken over by Government
499 848
672
Commerce
of
La Guaira
in 1913
Concrete, reinforced, extensively used

Constitution,
343
new
499
171
Consuls to
Belgium, Amberes
France, Havre
171
Customhouses Diplomatic appointment Diplomatic posts, rearrangement
1004
of
499 344
728
Dominici, Dr. Santos Anibal, minister to the United States Educational notes Escobar Vargas, Sr. Octavio, commissioner general to the Panama-Pacific International Exposition La Guaira and Caracas Laws, recapitulation of
,
499 403
577 847

XXXVI

INDEX.
Venezuela Continued.
Mines and mining Coal mines taken over by Government Mining regulations
Silver-lead mine, title to
Statistics
Page.
848
671
848 848
Minister to the United States, reception of

Oil enterprises
728 172
Paper factory
Parcel-post packages, cities receiving
500
172
:
Petroleum, discovery near Lake Maricaibo

Professional practice regulation
172
847
Railway: Traction cable to be constructed from Valencia to Nirgua Rojas, Sr. Dr. Pedro Ezequiel Demise of Minister Rojas, of Venezuela Funeral services in Venezuela
Sanitary
officers treat
1004
62
344
1004
anemia among the poor
Salt-harvesters of the Caribbean,
among the
241 848 848

172
Scholarships
Schools
Arts and crafts
Report of Minister of Public Instruction Sculptor, The, Pedro M. Basalo Silver lead mine, title to Steamship service Sugar factories, new Trade in Central America, Colombia, and Venezuela, reports to the Board of Trade on the conditions and prospects of British
Treaties
878 848
500 672
954
Arbitration treaty with Peru
499
299 848
501
Peace treaty with the United States
Wheat raising Wireless Telegraphy in the Americas
INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS.
Andes:
Roosevelt, Col. Theodore
105 In the ox-drawn cart 107 From ox cart to motor car Tronador, snow-capped, in the distance, with beautiful roses in the fore107 ground 849 Ancizar, Sr. Don Roberto, secretary of legation of Colombia in the United States. A notable Pan American event Signing of peace treaties between United Frontispiece. States, Brazil, Argentina, and Chile
-
Argentina:
Adobe house
in the Province of
Mendoza
563 740
Anasagasti, Sr.
Don
Horacio, commissioner of Argentina to the Panama-
Pacific International Exposition Andes, in the foothills of the Battleship "Rivadavia, " the new
568 454

INDEX.
Argentina
XXXVIT
Continued.
Page.
Buenos Aires Avenida Alvear
560
Bank
of
New York,
National City
of
922
696
Bank, interior of a Brewery in the suburb Grain elevators of Hotel Metropole Market, new model
Guilmos
710 258
695 698
Port, a small portion of tbe
busy
560
565 568 942
"Bush camp"
in western Argentina
Cattle herders in northern Argentina
de la Paza, Dr. Victorino, President of Argentina
Diagram
Exports, 1894 to 1913
Total imports and exports, 1913
140
123
Embassy in Washington
Gauchos Or cowboy
Playing A. La Taba The Chinchando, or Tug
Gil, Sr. Dr.
of
950
19
War
20 21
175
Enrique
G6mez,
Sr. Dr. Carlos F.,

737
to Chile
Iguazu Falls
Map of On the
View
374
Brazilian-Argentina border
374
main falls Irrigation project at Marquesado Jaguar, a South American

of the
377
565
373
567
Jujuy, plaza and church in
Nadn,
ambassador to the United States And the United States ambassador to Argentina 932 At the Argentine-Brazil-Chile Mediation Conference 175-184 Leading commencement procession at Yale University 291 Meeting of governing board of the Pan American Union, December 8,
Sr.
S.,
R6mulo
1914, to consider questions of neutrality
849 608
Photograph
Signing
States
of
of
peace
treaty
between
Argentina
and
the
United
Frontispiece.
Pampas, on the
Patagonia, the high plains of northern
561 563
of
Puerto de Esquina, near the confluence
the Corrientes and Parana Rivers
366
705 368 365
567 942
Railway sleeping car in the

Rivers
trans- Andean service
Meeting of the three Republics Steamer on the upper Parana Road in Catamarca Roca, Sr. Don Julio, late President of Argentina Meeting of three Argentine Presidents Photograph of Scenes at funeral of Rosario, a boulevard in
734
939 561

XXXVm
INDEX.
Argentina Continued. Sdenz Pena, Dr. Roque, late President of Argentina Meeting of three Argentine Presidents Photograph of Scenes at the funeral of Sarmiento, Domingo Faustino
Argentina's memorial to
Page.
942 172
605, 606
187 193
Coach of State used during the presidency of Sarmiento Plaque commemorative of the centenary of Sarmiento
Portrait of
193
Sarmiento School in Buenos Aires

Statue in native city, San Juan
189,198,887 191 191

190 192
195 191
Statue in Buenos Aires Training ship "Presidente Sarmiento " Schools
Normal school
for professors,
Buenos Aires
Sarmiento School in Buenos Aires Steamer on the upper Parana

Telegraph, wireless, station at Buenos Aires
Treaties of peace
365 511
Brazil, Argentina,
between United States and
and
Chile,
signing of
.Frontispiece.
Uriburu, Sr.
Don
Jose Evaristo, ex- President of Argentina
734
Wheat
fields
An Argentine
Battery
of
wheat
field
258
256 368
73
binders in
Yerba mat6 chute Bailly-Blanchard, Hon. Arthur, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of the United States to Haiti
A hand of wild bananas

All bananas were once like this
Cluster of wild, seed-bearing bananas
435 437
434
438 864
623 849
The way bananas grow

Barbados, scenes in Barrett, Hon. John, Director General of the Pan American Union: Informal Latin-American Trade Conference Meeting of governing board, December 8, 1914, to consider questions of
neutrality
On
the bridge of the " Ancon "
358
Frontispiece.
Signing of peace treaties between Brazil, Argentina, and Chile

Bauskett, Frank
Frontispiece.
Beatancourt, Sr. Don Julio, entering church as escort for body of the late minister of Venezuela
64
Hiram, and party on top of Corpuna, Peru Blanco, Dr. Juan Carlos, of Uruguay Bolanos, Sr. Don Pio, secretary, Nicaraguan Mixed Claims Commission
Bingham,
Prof.
273 945
627
Bolivia:
Automobile service between Sucre and Potosi Bridge over the Rio Mauri Calderon, Sr. Ignacio, minister to the United States Entering church as escort for body of late minister of Venezuela Meeting of governing board of the Pan American Union, December
702
427
64
8,
849
INDEX.
>
XXXIX
Page.
Bolivia
Continued. Diez de Medina, Sr Don Eduardo, Assistant Secretary of Foreign Relations Mining Holiday in a mining district Mining tin ore in Boliva Ore carrier Prado at La Paz Railways Arica-La Paz Railway, showing section of Excursion train on new railroad Freight station at Pulacayo Track laying in Oruro Track laying on the Oruro-Viachi line Street: Calle Comercio in La Paz
.
399 262
262
264
269
427 425
770 425
425
889
37
Brazil:
A new city,
Ant
the growth of
nest on a growing tree
558
247 247
A sloth A tapir A tarantula

Bello Horizonte
558
Chamber
of
Deputies
Finance, Liberty Square of the Interior, Liberty Square
of
389
389
393
393, 394
Club Department Department

Hotel,
Electric station at
386
391 394 391
The Gran
office
Law
School
PoHce
President's
Bonifacio,
' '
House on Liberty Square
389 387
884
Pretty park in
Father of Brazilian Independence "
Camp, a naturalist's Canoes
420
275 275
221
difficult portage Poling a canoe on a Brazilian river
CattleCattle cars on the Parana
and Brazil railways
Just unloaded at Morungava

Coffee loading at Santos
Colleges
221
704
Agriculture
Luiz de Queiroz College Mackenzie College

Curityba
Bird's-eye view of
of
225
227 218
Looking from the railway station Cruz, Dr. Oswaldo, director of Oswaldo Institute da Gama, St. Domicio, ambassador to the United States And Madame da Gama At the Argentine-Brazil-Chile mediation conference Meeting of governing board of the Pan American Union
questions of neutrality
39 402
178 175-184
to consider
849
175
177, 178, 181, 184
Signing of peace treaty between Brazil and the United States

XL
Brazil
INDEX.
Continued. Diagram: Route from Quito, Ecuador, down the Napo River
Page.
to
Para
Docks
Floating docks at Val de Caens, Para Manaos Embassy in Washington FallsFalls of Utiarity
535 535
950 422 374 374

377
Iguazu Falls
Map of On the
View
Typical
Forest,
Brazilian-Argentine border
of the
main
falls
Salto Bello Falls

falls
422
554 553 541
555, 557
of
in a Brazilian river
Fish, shooting
Amazon
among the Cuduiary Indians
Forest tree
Game
of ball
15
Hinterland, the
42 391
of the
Hotel in Bello Horizonte, The Gran Huber, Dr. Jaques, director of Botanical section Iguazu Falls
Goeldi
Museum
399 374
Map of On the
View
Indians
Brazilian- Argentina border
374
377
of the
main
falls
Patecis mother
of ball
423
15
Game
among the Cuduiary
Lighthouse at Maceio, Alagoas Map of north eastern expanse Minas Geraes, landscapes of Moreira, Sr. A. J. de Ipanema Motor vans in the Wilderness Mountains Botofogo and Corcovado beyond Rio de Janeiro Scenery in the State of Parana Museum of Ipiranga, Sao Paulo
Naturalists at
Naturalists'
546
378
384 175 419

233
38
229
92 92
work
camp
Nuts, Brazil
Castanha tree
594
596 596 595 595
Opening the pyxidium with a machete

Pyxidia of Brazil nuts Unloading canoe at Obidos
Washing nuts
Oliveira,
Senhor J. Mexico Opera house at Natal, Rio Grande do Norte Ouro Preto, picturesque earlier capital of the State
Palace at Maceio, Alagoas
Palace at Victoria, Espirito Santo Palms at Cabadello, Parahyba
Pine, the interesting Parana
M. Cardosa de, minister of Brazil to the Republic of

625 546
of
Minas
396 543
548
548
38
INDEX.
Brazil
XLI
Continued.
Page.
.
Piracicaba, Sao Paulo
Agricultural school, pupils at work in the experimental fields of the

Agriculture, practical school of
Agriculture, the Luiz de Queiroz College of
225 225
225
Model
stables at
223
Plan Alton, camping on

Porto Alegre General view of
416
29
Water
Railways
front of
31
Construction train at work on the Madeira-Mamore Locomotive used 35 years ago Route between Montevideo and Rio de Janeh-o Scenery in Parana
Station of
899
899
46
39 42
Calmon
Station at Maceio, Alagoas
546
897
Station at Piranhas
Station in Rio Grande do Sul
44
897
Station in State of Rio Grande do Sul
Vanguard
of civilization
44
219 219 219 223
Ranch Morungava
American cowboys on Morungava ranch
thoroughbred stallion from the "States" The original farmhouse The use of the mule on
Rat, the original
Amazon
550
895
235 288 233
235
Rio de Janeiro
At night Avenida Rio Branco

Botanic Gardens, a scene in the Botafoga and Corcovado beyond Carioca square General view of Rio de Janeiro and Harbor Gloria Parkway and Praia de Lapa Part of the harbor of Passeio publico View of Rio from an inlet of the bay Rio do Peixe in Santa Catharina Rio Grande do Sul
231
233
238 238
237
47
35
Quay at View of
Rivers
Crossing a Brazilian stream on a pontoon ferry
33
416
757
757
Madeira River Descending the Ribeirao Falls of the Madeira River Landing place on the Madeira River Overboard to cross a stream Water power of interior Brazil Road through a primitive forest Roosevelt, Col. Theodore Col. Roosevelt and Col. Rondon returning from a hunt In camp
Crossing the
of the
mouth
755
554
383
249
90
417
Ready
for
the day's ride
419

XIII
Brazil
INDEX.
Continued.
Page.
Rubber
Awaiting shipment Branding rubber on sand bar in the Amazon Shipping scene
Sao Paulo: Private residence in Scenes in the interior of south Brazil
Schools
704 916
550 228
42
543 394
225 225
Arts and
crafts,
Maceio, Alagoas
Law
school in Bello Horizonte
Practical School of Agriculture, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo
Pupils at work in experimental fields of agricultural school at Piracicaba, Sao Paulo

Settler's
home
37
Statue of Dom Pedro II at Fortaleza, State of Ceara Steamships. See Vessels.

Street scenes
885
379, 381
Tilbury, the
Treaties of peace between United States and Brazil, Argentina, and Chile,
227
Frontispiece.
signing of
Tree, buttressed
755
381
Lloyd Brazileiro steamer

of the upriver fleet at
Some
Para
Steamboats on the Amazon, the bows of Sternwheel fleet on the Amazon Wilderness, through a highland Zahm, Father, starting on a day's journey Brenes M6sen, Sr. Dr. Roberto, minister of Costa Rica, to the United States: Meeting of governing board of the Pan American Union to consider questions of neutrality
533 537 557 416 420
Photograph of Bryan, William Jennings:
849 619
And American
ference
delegates to the Argentine-Brazil-Chile Mediation Con-
176
Meeting
of
governing board of Pan American Union, December
8,
1914, to
849^
consider questions of neutrality

Official escort of the late minister of
Signing peace treaties Frontispiece. Calderon, Sr. Don Ignacio, minister of Bolivia: Entering church as escort of body of the late minister of Venezuela 64 Meeting of governing board of the Pan American Union to consider questions of neutrality
Venezuela entering chm-ch between Brazil, Argentina, and Chile
64
849
64
Calvo, Sr.
Bernardo, minister of Costa Rica, entering church as escort for body of the late minister of Venezuela Carnegie statue at Dunfermlin, Scotland Chamorro, Senor General Emiliano, minister of Nicaragua to the United States; meeting of governing board of Pan American Union to consider questions of
neutrality
Chile:
Don Joaquin
786
840
Bridge, ore, Cruz Grande
Bay
109 950
23, 25
Embassy
in Washington
Game
of
topô
Indians, Araucanian, playing chueca
18
INDEX.
Chi le
XLIII
Continue d
Fernandez
-
Island of Juan
Page.
Caves on
Crusoe's lookout
207 208
210, 211
Flora of
Landing place, Cumberland Bay Remains of old Spanish fort The Selkirk tablet on
204
204
213
View
of
202
702 109
Ill 712
175
Locomotive constructed and equipped in the machine shops of Chile Mines and mining Ore bridge, Cruz Grande Bay Tofo Hills, showing extent of deposits, figs. 2 and 3 Nitrate "Oficina," crushing machinery at a Salinas, Sr. Don Manuel, secretary of embassy in Washington A-B-C Mediation Conference The ambassador of Chile and staff
Santiago
930 749
A view of
San Carlos Arcade
Suarez-Mujica, Sr.
698
to the
Don Eduardo, ambassador
United States
931 175-184
to consider ques-
And
staff
At the Argentine-Brazil-Chile Mediation Conference Meeting of governing board of Pan American Union
tions of neutrality
849
610 Photograph of Frontispiece. Signing of peace treaty between Chile and United States Treaties of peace between United States and Brazil, Argentina, and Chile,
signing of
Frontispiece.
Colombia:
Ancizar, Sr.
States
Don
Roberto, secretary of legation of Colombia in the United

849
Julio, entering
Betancourt, Sr.
Don
church as escort
of
body
of
the late
64
869
minister of Venezuela
Bogota: Avenida de Colon

Carrier, a
common
573
96
Cartagena, views of old
Cathedral and park at Bogota Diagrams of commerce, 1913
869
807 874
Tequendama Ferry at Honda

Falls of
408 411 414

874
Medellin Statue and Park Berrio University of Mountain scenery Plaza of the Martyrs, Bogota Rivers Cauca River at La Balsa Ferry at Honda
411
573 408
Magdakena River, port
of
Ambalema on
the
414
571 411
871
Santa Marta, old city of Statue and Park Berrio, Medellin

Store in Barranquilla, interior of retail

XLTV
Colombia
INDEX.
Continued.
Page.
Street scene in Barranquilla
871
University of Medellin Uribe Uribe, Gen. Rafael Conference for college and university men, delegates to Latin American section, Lake Geneva, Wis., June 12-21, 1914 Congress of Students to be held at Montevideo, Uruguay, 1915, organized committee of Ninth International Cdrdova, Sr. Dr. Gonzalo, minister of Ecuador to the United States: Meeting of governing board of the Pan American Union to consider questions of neutrality
414
734 298
81
849
Costa Rica:
Brenes M^sen, Sr. Don Roberto, minister to the United States Meeting of governing board of Pan American Union to consider questions of neutrality
849 619
of
Photograph of Calvo, Sr. Don Joaquin Bernardo, entering church as escort late minister of Venezuela Coffee warehouse, scene in a Diagrams of commerce, 1913 La Soledad, a typical suburb Liceo of Costa Rica Limon, port of Mining In Costa Rica Railway through mining section
body
of
the 64 861
817 849 857
850
914
912 858
Railways
Observation end of car on Northern Railway of Costa Rica Scene near terminal of Costa Rican Railway Through mining section of Residence of a family of wealth, typical private Street scene in San Jose Telegraph, wireless station at Port Limon, United Fruit Co Theater at San Jose, interior of National
Waterfalls in
858 912
853
852 504 853

267, 860
Wireless station at Port
Limon
504
627
Cuadra Pasos, Sr. Don Carlos, Nicaraguan Mixed Claims Commission Cuba: Agramonte, Dr. Aristides, scientist Albomoz, Sr. Don Antonio Carrillo de
Barranco, Sr.
740 398
Don
C^sar A., consul to Pforzheim,
Germany
401
103
98
Camaguey
A volante in
Funeral in Camaguey with cathedral in background Gua-gua, or public stage
103 103 101 101

101
Oxcart
Painted city
Patio in
of the
Spanish Main
Camaguey
Patio of hotel
de C^spedes, Senor Don Carlos Manuel, minister to the United States Meeting of governing board of the Pan American Union to consider
849 292 575
Photograph
of
Palms and
tropical vegetation
INDEX.
da'Gama,
Sr.
XLV
the United States
Page.
Domicio, ambassador
of Brazil to
And Madame da Gama

At the Argentine-Brazil-Chile Mediation Conference Meeting of governing board of the Pan American Union
tions of neutrality
178 175-184
to consider ques-
849
Frontispiece. Signing of peace treaty between Brazil and the United States Frontispiece. Daniels, Josephus, Secretary of the United States Navy Frontispiece. Davis, Ben G., Chief Clerk of the Department of State de C6spedes, Senor Don Carlos Manuel, minister of Cuba to the United States Meeting of governing board of the Pan American Union to consider ques849 tions of neutrality
Photograph of de Pena, Dr. Carlos Maria, minister of Uruguay to the United States: Meeting of governing board of Pan American Union to consider questions of neutrality
Diagrams: Argentina
Total imports and exports, 1913 Exports, 1894 to 1913
292 849
123
140
807 817
8
Colombia, commerce, 1913 Costa Rica, commerce, 1913
Ecuador, route from Quito down the Napo River to Para Guatemala, commerce, 1913 Latin America, commerce, 1913
466
636, 977
Paraguay
and 1913 Commerce, 1913 Exports and imports, 1904-1913, inclusive Peru, commerce, 1913 Salvador, commerce, 1913 Dominici, Sr. Dr. Santos Anlbal, minister of Venezeula to the United States: Meeting of governing board of the Pan American Union to consider quesArticles of export, 1912
tions of neutrality
316 312
314
965 642
849
Photograph of Dominican Republic: Columbus, Christopher, in cathedral at Santo Domingo, tomb of Santo Domingo, new Plaza of Independence in Soler, Sr. Dr. Eduardo, minister to the United States Meeting of the governing board of the Pan American Union to consider
621 457 452
849
77
Photograph Ecuador:
C6rdova,
trality
Sr.
of
erning board of the
Dr. Gonzalo, minister to the United States: Meeting of govPan American Union to consider questions of neu-
849
752
8
"Devil's Nose," Guayaquil & Quito Railroad Diagrams: Route from Quito down the Napo River to Para Gallardo, Sr. Don Enrique, consul general in New York
737
Hat, the Nanavi (Panama) Indian carrier in the Napo region
685-693
9
Mount Chimborazo
Quito, bird's-eye view of Railroad, Guayaquil & Quito, the "Devil's Nose "
11
6
752
9
Scenes: Misty dawn in a valley camp en route to the Napo Embassies in Washington of Brazil, Mexico, Chile, and Argentina
950
Fletcher, Hon.
Henry P., ambassador of the United States to the Republic of Chile: At the Government Palace, Santiago. Leaving Palace after official reception by President Barros Luco at Santiago.
Page.
935
936 612 625
737
Photograph of Fuller, Mr. Paul, special representative of the President of the United States to Mexico Gallardo, Sr. Don Enrique, consul general of Ecuador in New York Games indigenous to South America:
champion
bull-tail twister
24 18 15
18
Araucanian Indians playing chueca Ball among the Cuduiary Indians of Brazil Ball Court at Chichen Itza, Yucatan, Mexico, stone ring from The Chinchando, or tug of war
Guacho, or cowboy Guachos playing d la taba Sortiga, a popular sport in Paraguay
Top6o, game of Topô, gathering
Goethals, Col
Gottschalk, Mr. Alfred L. M., consul general at Rio de Janeiro
-
21
19
20
16 25
for a
game
of
24
348, 362
404
466
Guatemala:
Diagram Mendez,
traUty
Haiti:
of
commerce, 1913
Joaquin, minister to the United States: Meeting of governing board of the Pan American Union to consider questions of neuSr.
Don
849
Menos, Mons. Solon, minister to the United States Meeting of governing board of the Pan American Union
to consider
849
79
Photograph
of
Ham,
customs at Managua, Nicaragua Harts, Col. William W., chief aid of President Wilson Hale, Dr. Albert, commercial attache of the United States to the Argentine
401
64
Republic
742
742 Harrington, Mr. A., commercial attach^ of the United States to Peru 742 Havens, Mr. Verne L. R., commercial attach^ of the United States to Chile. . 742 Hutchinson, Prof. Lincoln, commercial attache of the United States to Brazil. 685-693 Hat, the Manavi (Panama)
Heath, Edwin Ruthven Heimke, Hon. William, Chief
12
of the Division of Latin- American Affairs of the
United States Department Honduras: Gold ore, sorting Gold mine in.
of State
791
781
781
Membreno, Dr. Alberto, minister to the United States: Meeting of the governing board of the Pan American Union to consider questions of
neutrality
849
of
Hughes, Hon. Raymond M., president Federico A. Pezet, minister of Peru

Indians:
Miami University, and
Sr.
Don
616
18
9
Araucanian Indians playing Chueca Carrier in the region of Napo, Ecuador Game of ball among the Cuduiary Indians
of Brazil
15
INDEX.
XLVn
Page.
Frontispiece. Johnson, Cone, Solicitor of Department of State Jusserand, M. J. J., ambassador of France, entering church as escort for body of 64 the late minister of Venezuela
Kelley, William F., confidential clerk to Secretary of United States
Frontispiece.
Wis.,
Conference for College and University Men, delegates June 12-21, 1914 Latin America: Diagram, commerce, 1913
'
to,
Lake Geneva,
298
636, 977
Long, Hon. Boaz
W.
Frontispiece. Chief of Latin- American Division of the Department of State Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of the United States
to
Salvador
295
301
Loudon, Paul Witmer, winner of the Barrett all-round achievement prize, Dartmouth, 1914 Maps: Montevideo and Rio de Janeiro, all-rail route between South American exports Mediation conference, Argentine-Brazil-Chile: At the garden party of the Duke of Connaught at Toronto in compliment
to the mediators
46
699
183
of
Banquet tendered on behalf

da Gama,
Sr.
the Canadian Government
by Hon. Martin
178
Bturell, minister of agricultiu-e
Domicio, ambassador of Brazil Diversion of the mediators diu-ing the conference Dodge, Hon. H. Percival, secretary to United States delegation Elguero, Sr. Don Luis, delegate from Mexico Elguero, Sr. Rafael, secretary to Mexican commission
Enrique, secretary to Argentine mediator Hotel Clifton, Niagara Falls, where proceedings took place Lamar, Hon. Joseph Rucker, commissioner from United States
Gil, Sr. Dr.
175
181
175, 176
175 175 175 174

175, 176
.
Lehmann, Hon. Frederick W., commissioner from the United

Mediators in
full session
States.
175, 176
175
181
Mediators and their secretaries

Mediators, American delegates. Masters
Na6n and
Sudrez,
officials,
and
177 184
newspaper men in front of the Prospect Hotel, Niagara Falls Mediators and Masters Naon and Sudrez arriving at the garden party of the
Duke
of
Connaught, Toronto
to Brazilian
Mexican delegation, including ladies Moreira, Sr. A. J. de Ipanema, secretary

Na6n,
Sr.
180
mediator
pro-
175 175 184

175
Romulo
S.,
minister of Argentine Republic
Newspaper correspondents and others connected with the mediation

ceedings
Don Emilio, delegate from Mexico Rodriguez, Sr. Don Augustin, delegate from Mexico Salinas, Sr. Don Manuel, secretary to Chilean mediator Secretary of State WilHam J. Bryan and American delegates Sudrez-Mujica, Sr. Don Eduardo, minister of Chile Tennis engaged the newspaper men and young people
Rabasa,
Sr.
175
175
to the
176
174, 181
180
Membreno, Dr. Albert, minister of Hondiu-as to the United States: Meeting of governing board of the Pan American Union to consider questions of
neutrality
498
Mendez,
ing of
of
Joaquin, minister of Guatemala to the United States: Meetthe governing board of the Pan American Union to consider questions
Sr.
Don
neutrality
7844415
4
849

XLVIII
INDEX.
Page.
Menos, Mons. Solon, minister of Haiti to the United States: Meeting of the governing board of the Pan American Union to consider
849
79
Photograph of Mesen, Sr. Dr. Roberto. See Brenes, Sr. Dr. Roberto. Mexico: Art: Mosaic masks of the Aztecs. Beans, vanilla Drying beans by means of sun heat
Plantation at Teziutldn
774, 776
599 599
601
Plants
Coffee tree with ripened berries, branch of
904
175
Elguero, Sr.
Don
Luis, delegate to Argentine-Brazil-Chile mediation con-
ference Elguero, Sr. Rafael, secretary to the Mexican commission at the ArgentineBrazil-Chile mediation conference
175
Embassy
Washington Mosaic masks of the Aztecs Parez Verdia, Dr. Luis Potteryin
950
774, 776
737
Jar
907
908
175
Vase
Rabasa, Sr. Don Emilio, delegate to the Argentine-Brazil-Chile mediation conference Rodriguez, Sr. Don Augustin, delegate to the Argentina-Brazil-Chile mediation conference
175
18 88 86
Ruins Chichen
Izamal:
Tiles,
Itza,
Yucatan, stone ring from the ball court at
colossal
head
of
Palenque: Alter piece. Temple
the Beau Relief
Mexican
Dr. Carlos A., secretary of the Legation of Salvador in the United
910
849
Meza,
Sr.
States
Morales, Sr. Dr.
Don Eusebio
A., minister of
Panama
to the
United
States:
of
Meeting
Na6n,
Sr.
of
governing board of Pan American Union to consider questions

S.,
neutrality
848
ambassador of Argentina to the United States: 932 And the United States ambassador to Argentina 175-184 At the Argentine-Brazil-Chile mediation conference 291 Leading commencement procession at Yale University Meeting of governing board of the Pan American Union to consider
Rdmulo
849
608 Photograph of Signing of peace treaty between Argentina and the United States.. Frontispiece.
Nicaragua:
Balanos, Sr.
Don Pfo, secretary, Nicaraguan Mixed Claims Commission. Chamorro, Sr. Gen. Don Emiliano, minister to the United States: Meeting of governing board of Pan American Union to consider questions of
.
627
neutrality
849
Sr.
Cuadra Pasos,
Don
Carlos,
Nicaraguan Mixed Claims Commission

of
627 627 625

2
5
Mixed Claims Commission Oliveira, Senhor J. M. Cardosa de, minister of Brazil to the Republic Orton, James Grave at Lake Titicaca, South America
Photograph
of
Mexico. .
INDEX.
XlilX
Packing, some more poor
237
Panama:
Arjona, Sr.
Don
Aristides, judge of the
Supreme Court
of
Panama
of
399
Morales, Sr. Dr.

of
Don Eusebio
A., minister to the
United States: Meeting

849
governing board of the Pan American Union to consider questions

Canal:
neutrality
Panama
'
'
American submarLnes passing through the canal locks behind the transport
Severn " "Ancon, " the Approaching Gatun locks and attaching hawsers
locomotives
Barrett,
261
to electric towing
348
of the
Hon. John, Director General

of
Pan American Union, on

358
.
the bridge
the
' '
Ancon "
.
Completing history-making passage and steaming into broad Pacific In the second lift at Gatun Locks In Miraflores upper lock Leaving Culebra Cut and approaching Pedro Miguel Locks Leaving Miraflores Locks
356
349 354
351 353
On
the bridge
of of
358
Steaming through Culebra Cut on occasion

to
the opening
of
the canal
344
commerce
Steaming through Miraflores Lake 353 Steaming toward Gatun Lock with Atlantic entrance in the background 346 Special guests of Gov. Goethals on the "Ancon" 358, 361 Control boards, one of the 260 Culebra Cut "Ancon" leaving Culebra Cut and approaching Pedro Miguel Locks. 351 The "Ancon" steaming through 344 Gatun Locks, the "Ancon" in the second lift at 349
.
Goethals, Col
348, 362
standard of the docks, a massive concrete Miraflores Lake, the "Ancon" steaming through
Miraflores
Lamp
362 353 354 353

261
Locks
"Ancon " in upper lock about to descend to Pacific level " Ancon " leaving locks and entering waters of the Pacific Transport "Severn" being towed by the mechanical haulers through the Gatun Locks Pan American conferences:
Delegates to the First Conference Delegates to the Second Conference, Mexico City, October 22, 1901January 31, 1902 Delegates to Third Conference, Rio de Janeiro, July 21-August 26, 1906. - . Delegates to the Fourth Conference, Buenos Aires, July 12-August 30, 1910.
282
284
286 288
283 283
Mom-oe Palace, Rio de Janeiro, where Third Conference was held, July 21August 26, 1906 Old National Palace, Mexico City, where Second Conference was held,
Octooer 22, 1901-January 31, 1902 Palace of Justice, Buenos Aires, where Fourth Conference was held, July 10-August 25, 1910 Wallach Mansion, Washington, D. C, where the First Conference was held, October 2, 1889-April 19, 1890
287
281
INDEX.
L
Pan American Union: The Annex and Aztec Garden
Artigas, Gen. Jos6
Page.
at night
731
Bust
of
Uruguayan hero
".
for Patriots
Gallery
446 448
799
Profile of bust.
Cartoon, Clifford K. Berryman's
Fountain, in the patio Front fafade Gallery of the patriots Governing board meeting, December
neutrality
724 720
726
8,
1914, to consider questions of
849 729
727
Governing board room Hall of the Americas
The patio The way bananas grow

Paraguay Diagrams
722
438
and 1913 Commerce, 1913 Exports and imports, 1904 to 1913, inclusive River, steamer on the upper Parana Ruins of San Ignacio
Articles of export 1912
Sortiga, a popular sport
316 312
314
365
371
16
Steamer on the upper Parana

Tapir,
365 373
713
Peru:
Alpacas on " The Puna, " a flock of Andes, towns in the
592
Arequipa
And Mount
Misti
253
253
Cathedral in
Bear, the spectacled
901
501
717
Benavides, Col. Oscar R., President of the Republic of Peru Cotton mill near Lima Cuzco, section of outer wall of fortress at Diagram: Commerce, 1913 Lima, street scene in
251
965
891 450
Monument
to
Manuel Candamo in Lima
Mining district, in the Mining property near Lake Titicaca

Pezet, Sr.
715
715 616
849 763
And
Federico A., minister to the United States President Raymond M. Hughes of Miami University
of
Don
Meeting
Railways
governing board of the Pan American Union to consider
Ruins
The View
" Infiernillo " bridge,

of the
on the Oroya Railway Oroya Railway
760
251
Cuzco, section of outer wall of fortress at Nusta Espana or Yurak Rumi discovered Sugar Planting sugar cane, Santo Claro Refinery in northern Peru
by
Prof.
Hiram Bingham
273 778 717
INDEX.
Pezet, Sr.
LI
Federico A., minister of Peru to the United States Page. Raymond M. Hughes of Miami University 616 Meeting of governing board of Pan American Union to consider questions of neutrality 849 Phillips, William, Third Secretary of United States Frontispiece. Prehistoric skeleton of world's largest animal:
Don
And
President
Bones
of
hind leg
of
Brontosaurus Louisae
116 117 117
swathed in plaster before removal from quarry. Dinosaur peak, where the remains are being dug up Price, Hon. W. J., United States minister to Panama, on the bridge of the
of a dinosaur, partly
Bone
"Ancon"
.'
Robinson Crusoe statue at Largo, Scotland Rockhill, Hon. William Woodville, American diplomat who has become foreign adviser of the Republic of China Rojas, Sr. Dr. Don Pedro Ezequiel, etc.: Arrival of funeral cortege at the Washington Navy Yard Carriage of state with body of Carrying the remains of the late minister aboard the "Dolphin " Diplomatic corps at the funeral services of Engineer Corps carrying casket from the church, members of Official escort entering church Officials paying their final respects as the body of the minister is taken
aboard the "Dolphin" Photograph of President Wilson attending the funeral services in honor of Remains of the late minister on board the Dolphin " Roosevelt, Col. Theodore: From oxcart to motor car in the Andes And Col. Rondon returning from a hunt in Brazil In the ox-drawn cart in the Andes Rose, Robert F Salinas, Sr. Don Manuel, secretary Embassy of Chile at Washington: A-B-C mediation conference The ambassador of Chile and staff
'
'
359 215
296 68a
67
68b 65
66 64
68a
63 64
68b
107
90
105
Frontispiece,
175 930
642
Salvador:
Diagram Commerce,
Meza,
Sr.
1913
Dr. Carlos A., secretary of the Legation of Salvador in the United
States
Schoenfeld, H. F. secretary of United States Legation at Montevideo, Uruguay.

,
849 84
627
Schoenrich, Hon. Otto, president Nicaraguan Mixed Claims Commission

Silliman, Mr. John R., special representative of the President of the United
States to
Mexico
of
625
Soler, Sr. Dr. Ediardo, minister of
Meeting
Dominican Republic to the United States: governing board of the Pan American Union to consider ques849
77
tions of neutrality
Photograph of Statue of Mr. Carnegie at Dunfermline, Scotland Steamer in regular service between the United States and South America Stlmson, Hon. Frederic J., ambassador of the United States to Argentina: And the ambassador of Argentina to the United States Photograph of
Strait of Magellan, scene in the
786 701 932 614

506

LH
Suarez-Mujica, Sr.
INDEX.
Don Eduardo, ambassador
to the
United
States:
Page.
And
staff
At the Argentine-Brazil-Chile mediation conference Meeting of governing board of the Pan American Union
tions of neutrality
931 175-184
to consider ques-
849
610
Frontispiece.
Photograph of Signing of peace treaty between United States and Chile South America:
Agricultural implement at work
707 709 373 699 707
Corn, field of
Jaguar, a.
Maps, exports
Potato, cultivation of the
The
rhea, or South
American
ostrich
705
River scene
Vehicles
539
Coach
of state
used during the presidency

of
of
Sarmiento
193
The Tilbury
Warehouse, interior Telegraphy:
a
227
701
Wireless telegraphy in the Americas Wireless on the Eiffel tower at Paris
501-511
502
795
Tennant, Mr. Henry F., secretary of United States Legation and consul general, San Salvador, Salvador Thompson, Hon. Arthur R., Nicaraguan Mixed Claims Commission
Trinidad, loading asphalt into cars
627
TurMes
United States: Baehr, Mr.
866 673-684
Max J., former consul general to Cuba Bailly-Blan chard, Hon. Arthur, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Haiti
404
73
Baldwin, Mr. A. H., commercial attach^ to London Bank of New York, National City, Buenos Aires, Argentina Barrett, Hon. John, Director General of the Pan American Union Informal Latin American trade conference Meeting of governing board, December 8, 1914, to consider questions
of neutrality
737 922
623 849
On
the bridge of the
"Ancon"
. .
358
Frontispiece.
Signing of peace treaties between Brazil, Argentina, and Chile

Bauskett, Frank
Belt, Mr. J.
N
of
Frontispiece.
W
Hiram, and party on top
Coropuna, Peru
years of
625
Bingham,
Prof.
273 309
Bridge, proposed, at Niagara Falls to
commemorate the hundred
peace between Great Britain and the United States Bryan, William Jennings
AndÂmerican delegates
ference
to the Argentine-Brazil-Chile
mediation con176
8,
Meeting
of
governing board
of
the
Pan American Union, December

Official escort of the late minister of
849
64 Venezuela entering church Signing of peace treaties between Brazil, Argentina, and Chile. Frontispiece. 799 Cartoon, Clifford K. Berryman's Church, St. Patrick's, Washington, D. C, where Pan American mass was 948 celebrated. Thanksgiving Day, 1914
INDEX.
United States
Colton,
LHI
Page.
Continued.
trade, group of delegates to the informal
Clayton, Hon. Powell
734
Hon. George R Conference, Latin American

Cotton
740 623
519
A Georgia cotton mill A mechanical cotton picker A North Carolina cotton field A South Carolina cotton town
Cotton bolls Plowing cotton
Sea-island cotton in the South
Daniels, Josephus, Secretary of the
520
523
522
515, 517
519 513
Navy
of State
Frontispiece.
Davis,
Ben
G., Chief Clerk of the
Department
Frontispiece.
Docks
Galveston,
Tex
525
Mobile, Ala
525
Dodge, Hon. H. Percival, secretary to the United States delegation at the Argentine-Brazil-Chile mediation conference 175, 176 628 Excursion of the Lehigh Valley Railroad Co 276 Flag, the, and its makers Fletcher, Hon. Henry P., ambassador to Republic of Chile
At the Government Palace, Santiago

Leaving palace
Santiago
after ofiicial reception
935
by
President Barros Luco at

936
Photograph
Forest, fossil
of
612
767
Another specimen showing bark
Twin trunks
States to
Fuller, Mr.
of
764
Fuller, Mr. Paul, special representative of the President of the
United
625
625
Mexico Simeon
Gottschalk, Mr. Alfred L. M., consul general at Rio de Janeiro
Hale, Dr. Albert, commercial attache to the Argentine Republic
404 742
. .
Ham,
customs at Managua, Nicaragua.
401
742
Harrington, Mr.
LA., commercial
attache to Peru
Harts, Col. William W., chief aid of President Wilson
64
742
12
Havens, Mr. Verne L. R., commercial attach^ to Chile Heath, Edwin Ruthven Heimke, Hon. William., Chief of Division of Latin American Affairs, Department of State Hotel Clifton, Niagara Falls, where the mediation proceedings took place. Hughes, Hon. Raymond M., president of Miami University, and Sr. Don Federico A. Pezet, minister of Peru to the United States Hutchinson, Prof. Lincoln, commercial attache to Brazil
Indians
Chief Two-Guns Fish Wolf Robe
791
174 616
742
440 440
442 442 442
Long Otter Takes-Among-The-Enemy
Young Curlew
Iron industry in the South
530
Frontispiece. Frontispiece.
Johnson, Cone, Solicitor of Department of State Kelley, William F., confidential clerk to Secretary of State

LIV
INDEX.
United States Continued. Page. Lamar, Hon. Joseph Rucker, commissioner at the Argentine-Brazil-Chile mediation conference 175, 176 Lehmann, Hon. Frederick W., commissioner to the Argentine-Brazil-Chile mediation conference 175, 176 Long, Boaz W. Chief of Latin American Division of the Department of State Frontispiece. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Salvador 295 Loudon, Paul Witmer, winner of the Barrett all-round prize, Dartmouth,
1914
301
197 459
Mann, Horace
Mechanics Hall in Boston Orton, James Grave at Lake Titicaca, South America Photograph of Phillips, William, Third Secretary of State
Price, Mr. Price,
5 5
Frontispiece.
Kyle B Hon. W. J., minister to Panama, on bridge of the " Ancon " Rockhill, Hon. William Woodville, American diplomat who has become foreign adviser of the Republic of China Roosevelt, Col. Theodore And Col. Rondon returning from a hunt in Brazil From ox cart to motor car in the Andes In the ox-drawn cart in the Andes
In camp in Brazil
625
359 296
90
107 105 417
Ready
for
the day's ride (in Brazil)
419
Frontispiece.
Rose, Robert
Sarmiento, Argentina's memorial to

Scheeler, Irwin F., photographer
187
404
Schoenfeld,
H.
F., secretary of
United States legation at Montevideo,

84 627 625
Uruguay
Schoenrich, Hon. Otto, president Nicaraguan Mixed Claims Commission Silliman, Mr. John R., special representative of the President of the United
States to
Mexico
Smith, Dr. Clinton D Stimson, Hon. Frederic J., ambassador to Argentiaa And the ambassador of Argentina to the United States Photograph of Telegraphy A simple wireless in the Army Interior of the United Wireless Telegraph Co. station, Washington, D. C. Modern type of field wireless outfit
Wireless station at Arlington, near Washington, D. C Tennant, Henry F., secretary of legation and consul general, San Salvador, Salvador Thompson, Hon. Arthur R., Nicaraguan Mixed Claims Commission Tobacco plants 527, Treaties of peace between United States and Brazil, Argentina, and Chile,
signing of
Fossil
404
932
614
509
510 509
506
795 627
528
Frontispiece.
764
oldest tree
The world's
432
304
to
Washington, George A unique picture of Proposed memorial at Washington, D. C,
307

INDEX.
United States Continued.
LV
Page.
Wilson, President, attending funeral services in honor of the late minister

of
Venezuela
64
506
Wireless station at Arlington
Frontispiece. Wyvell, Manton M., private secretary of the Secretary of State 291 Yale University, commencement procession at 764 Yellowstone Park fossil forest 420 Zahn, Father, starting on a day's journey (in Brazil) 734 Uriburu, Sr. Don Jos6 Evaristo, ex-President of the Argentine Republic Uruguay: 446 Artigus, Gen. Jose, bust of the Uruguayan hero
Blanco, Dr. Juan Carlos
945
International
Brum, Dr.
Baltasar,
member of organized committee of Ninth
Congress of Students Buero, Sr. Enrique, secretary general of organized committee of Ninth
International Congress of Students Capurro, Sr. Rafael, president organized committee of Ninth International
81
81
Congress of Students
81
of the
CattleBeef
of
Uruguay, what becomes
57
51
High-class stock in
Uruguay
pastorial industry
Home
of the
Rural Association
50 55
58 53
81
Modern machinery in the Sheep and wool in
Various steps in handling cattle Congress of Students, to be held at Montevideo, 1915, organized committee of Ninth International
de Pena, Dr. Carlos Maria, minister to the United States; meeting governing board of the Pan American Union to consider questions
neutrality
of of
Home
of
the Rural Association
849 50
746
Montevideo, Plaza Independencia in Railway route between Montevideo and Rio de Janeiro Wool in
46
59
Venezuela: Cathedral at Caracas

Caracas
586
visitor
Crowd awaiting a distinguished View from "El Calvario" HUl
585 582
Dominici, Sr. Dr. Santos Anlbal, minister to the United States Meeting of governing board of the Pan American Union to consider
Photograph Escobar Vargas,

Ouanta, port La Guaira
of
of
849 621 403 867

579 578 581 876 673 876 872
Sr. Octavio, commissioner general to the Panama-Pacific International Exposition
street in
Harbor
Maiquetia, with La Guaira in the distance Maracaibo, street scene in Marquez Bustillos, Dr. Victorino, Provisional President of Venezuela Painting by famous Venezuelan artist, Don Tito Salas, reproduction from Puerto Cabello

LVI
INDEX.
Venezuela Continued. Railway from la Guaira to Caracas Eojas, Sr. Dr. Don Pedro Ezequiel, etc. Arrival of funeral cortege at Washington Navy Yard Carriage of State with body of Carrying the remains of the late minister aboard the "Dolphin" Diplomatic corps at the funeral services of Engineer corps carrying casket from the church, members of Official escort entering church Officials paying their final respects as the body of the minister is taken aboard the Dolphin " Photograph of President Wilson attending the funeral services in honor of Remains of the late minister on board the "Dolphin" Rubber rafts floating down the Rio Machado Ruins of the royal fortress of Araya
'
'
Page.
578
68a
67
68b
65 66
64
68a
63
64
68b
918
242
Salt
of pure salt on the island of Coche Cochean Indian salineras with salt bags weighing 100 pounds each The "Manzanares" loading salt at Araya Statues of Christopher Columbus in Caracas Studio and models of Venezuelan sculptor, Sr. Don Pedro M. Basalo Ydnes, Sr. Don Francisco J., Assistant Director of the Pan American Union:
A hill
242 244 244 583

879
Meeting
of
governing board to consider questionsôf neutrality
849
^RGEN TIN A - BO L IVI9\ - B R?s^X L - CHILE - COLOMBIA

I
JULY
Â-^V^^^
j,,^^^s
'
1914 8
A
T
Rtl^lSCTIN
OF THE
"PAN
John Barrett
Director General. Francisco J.Yane5. Assistant Director,
AMERICAN UNION
'^^^>^^^^
^4
ASUNCION, PARAGUAY
A?^JA?A^-?sJICAR.^GUA- A\&XICO
MOAIDURAS
ra3333333:âjnnasn^^^
G O VE:R-NI1MG B O AR.D-OF-THE
UNION OF AMERICAN REPUBLICS
BULLETIN
OF THE
PAN AMERICAN
UNION
JULY
1914
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WASHINGTON
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1914
Page.
An
early
American explorer
Indigenous games in Latin America
14
commercial traveler in South America

cattle country
of
VII
28 49
Uruguay as a
Demise
of
Minister Rojas
Venezuela
62
69 72
Queries and answers
Pan American notes

Reviews
Latin America for 1913 Descriptive pamphlets of the Republics New minister from the Dominican Reputlic National foreign trade convention of the United States Hispanic-American History Congress Panama Canal tonnage certificates Houston tourists in the Caribbean Dartmouth "All round achievement" prize Diplomatic officers receive university degrees Teaching of Spanish in the United States Minister Calvo Scientific expedition to Colombia This year's Mohonlc conferenceSixth Pan American Medical Congress.
of the foreign of
commerce
Pan America
in the magazines
85
Art and archeology The headwaters of the Paraguay Old Cartagena A painted city of the Spanish Main From oxcart to motor car in the Andes Quarrying ore in distant ChileForeign trade opportunities The home of a forgotten race The world's largest animal
119
The game
of golf in the Tropics.
Subject matter of consular reports
Commerce
of the
Argentine Republic for 1913
122 150
Argentine Republic
Banner corn crop Agricultural report Argentine yearbooli Nautical expedition Bank dividendsCattle-raising industry Dutch bank established.
of Patria
Bolivia
Bolivian rubber Mining operations Scientific expedition Railway extension Exports to
Bolivia.
151
Brazil
Improved commercial conditions Pastoral development Bank of Brazil Report of Brazilian Traction Co. Hotel developments Railways in BrazU Bahia port works Brazilian
loan.
153
Chile
Reorganize state railways Wireless at Punta Arenas Salesmen in South America North American visitors Longitudinal Railway Sale of nitrate lands.
154
Colombia
Honor medal
of
156
for university
graduates Push railroad construction^Budget for 1914 Degree pharmacy Invent propelling wheelRailroad developments Benlliure to mold statue.
Costa Rica
Hotel construction Population of Costa Rica President's policy Consular appointment Construct new schools Tortuguero railroad To develop cotton industry.
157
Ill
IV
TABLE OF COKTEKTS,
Page.
Cuba
Live stock exposition Building activity Steamship service Chief foreign cruise Isle of Pine industries Bank of issue proposed.
of
158
horticulture Patria
Dominican Republic
Report on Puerto Plata Auto imports Receiver general's report.
160
Ecuador
Foreign vessels at Guayaquil Tagua exports Shoe industry Bahia de Caraquez- Railroad extensions Tramway construction.
161
Guatemala New theater

Haiti
162
at
Quezaltenango Railroad building opportunity Building regulations Agricultural development Foreign treaties approved Minister named delegate.
163
National palace construction Official tion Jeremie imports.
map
of
country Railroad
statistics Coffee produc-
Honduras
Specimens
mineral resources Mining opportunities Ulua River bridge Possibilities at Olancho Railway building at Tela Banana cultivation.
of
164
Mexico
Foreign property at Tampico Miaing at Hermosillo Petroleum industry Utilize coconut liber Agricultural possibilities.
165
Nicaragua
Aimual report on Corinto- Manufacturing developments Foreign imports.
166
Panama
Scientific explorations Panama national
166
exposition Passage through
Gatun Casino
pro-
posedAnniversary
of canal
company
transfer.
Paraguay
Commercial travelers in Paraguay President's message Cattle figures External debtCommence port works constructionIndependence armiversary.
167
Peru
Change steamship route- Port Reform customs tariff.
of
168
Santa RaUway from CuzcoConstruct new highway169
Salvador
To reopen normal school for men Educational notesInternational telephone service Parcelpost convention
Agricultural school.
170
Uruguay
Commercial status of Republic Government-owned utilities Adjustment of Italian immigrationMeat production profits- Cement manufacturersNewspapers merged.
Venezuela
Consular appointments Report on public instruction Parcel posts Oil at Maracaibo Develop cattle industry Prospects of oil development.
171
VOL. XXXIX.
JULY,
1914.
No.
11 LY A
La ij
the DURINGand
rare
last
IJCAN
WW
i^,
A.\.
bizarre has
few years the world's hunger for all that is grown apace, so that even in the geo-
graphical field exploration of the order of the day.
unknown lands has become Untraveled regions are becoming
in these days of railroad building, forest exploitaand gasoline launches; but in South America may still be found vast areas far from the beaten path, where original exploration is still possible and primitive jungle, virgin forest, and unknown streams offer alluring opportunities to our modern travelers, geographers, and scientists. In fact, scarcely a Sunday edition of our cosmopoUtan daiUes comes from the press without a tale of some daring explorer who has performed arduous feats and made remarkable discoveries in hitherto unexplored sections of the great southern continent, where still the untamed savage wanders in unclothed freedom and the mosquito merrily sings his tuneful lay.
tion,
somewhat scarce
As a general thing, too, the modern explorer is not averse to letting the pubUc know something of his deeds, and his name is soon known throughout the length and breadth of the land. In the glare of th'^se modern achievements we are prone to forget even the names of some of those modest men of science who searched into the nooks and crannies of places far beyond the ken of common men, and the fruits of whose labors often went to enrich but the shelves of the
student and the specialist. Agassiz, Gibbon, Herndon, Church, Heath, Orton, and many others risked their lives in the interest of science in those earlier days of American exploration and were the pioneers who blazed the way for the better equipped investigators of to-day. While many of these may be but httle known to the busy world, to scientists their names are household words. Among them all perhaps not one deserves a higher place than does the modest, unassuming martyr to the cause of scientific research, whose last
1
By Edward
Albes, of
Pan American Union
stafl.
AN EAELY AMEEICAN EXPLOEEE.

resting place
is
known
died.
fessor of natural history at Vassar College.
and friends he
tainly "unsung," in
James Orton, erstwhile proFar from kindred, home, He rests in peace, almost unknown and cera foreign land. His noble work and generous
to but few, Prof.
Hfe deserve a better recognition, and, as a very small but sincere tribute to his memory, this sketch has been prepared. James Orton was born at Seneca Falls, New York, April 21, 1830. His father was the eminent theologian, Dr. Azariah Giles Orton, and the future naturahst was also educated for the ministry. He graduated at Williams College in 1855 and at Andover Theological Seminary in 1858. Before his ordainment as pastor of the Congregational Church in Greene, New York, he traveled for some time in Europe and the East and contributed a series of interesting letters to the New York Tribune. His career as a scientist dates from 1866, when
he was appointed instructor in natural sciences in Rochester UniIn 1867 a scientific expedition to the equatorial Andes and versity. the River Amazon was organized under the auspices of the Smithsonian Institution, and Prof. Orton was selected as its leader. As a result of this expedition many hitherto unknown specimens of natural history were collected and to-day form portions of the collections in the museums of such well-known depositories as the Smithsonian Institution at Washington, the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Science, the Boston Society of Natural History, the Peabody Academy of Science, and Vassar College, while the bulk of the collection was purchased by Ingham University, Leroy, New York. This notable expedition sailed from New York July 1, 1867, and after crossing the Isthmus of Panama and touching at Paita, Peru, the route was from Guayaquil to Quito, over the Eastern Cordillera; thence over the Western Cordillera and through the forest on foot to Napo; down the Rio Napo by canoe to Pebas, on the Maranon; and thence by steamer to Para, Brazil. Of the country through which the journey lay Prof. Orton writes:
Nearly the entire region tra^êrsed by the expedition
is
strangely misrepresented
by the most
besides the travels of
recent geographical works. Humboldt, on the
On
Napo
the Andes of Ecuador we have little nothing, while the Maranon is less
known
to
North Americans than the Nile.

his return to the
Upon
United States Prof. Orton was offered the
chair of natural history at Vassar College in 1869, with which instiIn 1873 he made a tution he remained until his tragic death in 1877.
second journey across South America from Para up the Amazon to Lima and to Lake Titicaca, making valuable ethnological collections of Incarial rehcs. In 1876 he organized a third expedition, with the object of exploring the Great Beni River, a branch of the Madeira. This expedition reached the mouth of the river and was then deserted by the escort, which had been furnished by the Bolivian Government, and much of the equipment and many suppUes were lost. Orton and a few companions made the terrible 600-mile journey back to La Paz through the forest and jungle amid incredible hardships, but on
4
crossing
died,
THE PAN
AMEEICAlSr UNION.
Lake Titicaca on the way to Puno the intrepid scientist September 25, 1877, and subsequently his remains were removed to Esteves Island by sympathetic friends, who erected a rough monu-
ment of sandstone to mark the place. The book which made him widely known, ''The Andes and the Amazon," appeared in 1870, being published by Harper & Bros., New
York, and contains the record of his observations on his first journey The book, notwithstanding its scientific value, is in South America.
as entertaining
and
as absorbingly interesting as a
work
of fiction.
The
ordinarily dry facts of science are presented in a style which holds
scholar.
the attention of the general reader as well as that of the most learned As an example may be cited the chapter on the geological
history of South America, particularly the following paragraphs deal-
ing with the formation of the Andes and the creation of the
Amazon
Three cycles ago an island rose from the sea where now expands the vast continent For It was the culminating point of the highlands of Guiana. of South America. ages this granite peak was the sole representative of dry land in our hemisphere south In process of time a cluster of islands rose above the thermal of the Canada hills. waters. They were the small beginnings of the future mountains of Brazil, holding Longin their laps the diamonds which later sparkled in the crown of Dom Pedro II. protracted eons elapsed without adding a page to the geology of South America. The Creator seems to have been busy elsewhere. Decorating the north with the gorgeous
flora of the carboniferous period till, in the language of Hugh Miller, " to distant planets our earth must have shone with a green and delicate ray," he rubbed the picture out and ushered in the hideous reptilian age, when monstrous saurians, footed, paddled, and winged, were the lords of this lower world. All the great mountain chains were at
time slumbering beneath the ocean. The city of New York was sure of its site, but huge dinotheria wallowed in the mire where now stand the palaces of Paris, London, and Vienna. At length the morning breaks upon the last day of creation and the fiat goes forth that the proud waves of the Pacific, which have so long washed the table-lands of Guiana and Brazil, shall be stayed. Far away toward the setting sun the white surf beats in long lines of foam against a low, winding archipelago the western outline of the coming continent. Fierce is the fight for the mastery between sea and land; between the denuding power of the waves and the volcanic forces underneath. But slowly very slowly, yet surely rises the long chain of islands by a double process. The submarine crust of the earth is cooling and the rocks are folded up as it shrivels, while the molten material within, pressed out throiigh the crevices, overflows and helps to build up the sea-defiant wall. A man's life would be too short to count even the centuries consumed in this operation. The coast of Peru has risen 80 feet since it Supposing the Andes to have risen at this rate uniformly felt the tread of Pizarro. and without interruption, 70,000 years must have elapsed before they reached their present altitude. But when we consider that, in fact, it was an intermittent movement alternate upheaval and subsidence we must add an unknown number of
this
millennia.
Three times the Andes sank hundreds of feet beneath the ocean level, and again were slowly brought up to their present height. The suns of uncounted ages have risen and set upon these sculptured forms, though geologically recent, casting the same line of shadows century after century. A long succession of brute races roamed over the mountains and plains of South America and died out ages ere man was creIn those pre-Adamite times, long before the Incas ruled, the mastodon and ated. megatherium, the horse and the tapir, dwelt in the high valley of Quito; yet all these
PROF. JAMES ORTON.
martvr to the cause of scieuce, he died while crossing Late Titicaca from hardship and exposure incurred during a (lOO-mile journey through the wilds of interior BoUvia, this being his third scientific expedition into South America. He held the chair of Natural History in Vassar College from 18iW to the day of his deach, September 25, 1S77. Am.ong his many contributions to science perhaps his published by Harper & Bros, in 1870. A best-knowD work was "The Andes and the Amazon,"
BIRD'S-EYE
VIEW OF QUITO, ECUADOR.
'At the foot of volcanic Pichinctia, only five hours' travel from its smoking crater, lies 'the city above the clouds.' On the north is the plain of Rumibamba, the battle field where Oonzalo Pizarro routed the first viceroy of Peru, and the scene, two centuries later, of the nobler achievements of La Condamine, which made it the classic ground of astronomy. On the southern edge of the city rises Panecillo, overlooking the beautiful and well- watered plain of Turubamba. On the east flows the Rio Machangara, and just beyond it stand the Puengasi Hills, hiding the Chillo Vallev, while the weary sun goes early to rest behind the towering peaks of Pichineha." (From "Tlie Andes and the Amazon," by .Tames Orton.)
AN EARLY AMERICAN EXPLORER.
away before the arrival of the aborigines. The wild horses now feeding on the pampas of Argentina were imported from Europe 333 years ago. And now the Andes stand complete in their present gigantic proportions, one of the grandest and most symmetrical mountain chains in the world. Starting from the Land of Fire, it stretches northward and mounts upward until it enters the Isthmus of Panama, where it bows gracefully to either ocean, but soon resumes, under another name, its former majesty, and loses its magnificence only where the trappers chase the fur-bearing animals over the Arctic plains. Nowhere else does nature present such a
continuous and lofty chain of mountains, unbroken for 8,000 miles, save where it is rent asunder by the Magellanic Straits, and proudly tossing up a thousand pinnacles into the region of eternal snow. The moment the Andes arose the great continental valley of the Amazon was sketched out and molded in its lap. The tidal waves of the Atlantic were dashing
up the sides into deep ravines. The sediment produced by this incessant wear and tear was carried eastward and spread out stratum by stratum till the shallow sea between the Andes and the islands of Guiana and Brazil Avas filled up with sand and clay. Huge glaciers (thinks Agassiz), afterwards descending, moved over the inclined plane and ground the loose rock to powder, Eddies and currents, throwing up sand banks as they do now, gradually defined the limits of the tributary streams and directed them into one main trunk, which worked for itself a wide, deep bed, capable of containing its accumulated flood. Then and thus was created the Amazon.
against the Cordilleras and a legion of rivulets were busily plowing
Thus the
scientist places before us in eloquent terms the graphic
No less interesting are paragraphs in which he deals with the problem of how and when these vast regions were first peopled by races so long dead that even legend and tradition are silent concerning them. He writes
picture of the formation of a continent.
When and by whom the Andes were first peopled is a period of darkness that lies beyond the domain of history. But geology and archaeology are combining to prove that Sorato and Chimborazo have looked down upon a civilization far more ancient than that of the Incas, and perhaps coeval with the flint flakes of Cornwall and the shell mounds of Denmark. On the shores of Lake Titicaca are extensive ruins which antedate the advent of Manco Capac and may be as venerable as the lake dwellings Wilson has traced six terraces in going up from the sea through the Provof Geneva. ince of Esmeraldas toward Quito, and underneath the living forest, which is older than the Spanish invasion, many gold, copper, and stone vestiges of a lost population were found. In all cases these relics are situated below high-tide mark in a bed of marine sediment, from which he infers that this part of the country formerly stood higher above the sea. If this be true, vast must be the antiquity of these remains,
for
the upheaval atid subsidence of the coast is exceedingly slow. Philology can aid us little in determining the relations of the primeval Quitonians, for their language is nearly obscured by changes introduced by the Caras and aftervsards
by the
Incas,
who decreed
that Quichua, the language of elegance
and fashion
300 years ago, should be the universal tongue throughout the empire. Quichua is to-day spoken from the equator to 28 S. (except by the Aymara people), or by nearly
of the
We find it used, corrupted, however, by Spanish, at the mouth Napo. There are five dialects, of which the piuest is spoken in Cuzco and the most impure in Quito. The Indians of the northern valley are descendants of the ancient Quitus, modified by Cara and Peruvian blood. They have changed
a million and a half.
little
since the invasion of Pizarro.
Seldom do we find the careful, analytical thought of the scientist combined with the fervid fancy of a poet in the same brain; but
MISTY
DAWN
IN A
VALLEY CAMP EN ROUTE TO THE NAPO.
'A perpetual mist seems to hang on the branches, and the dense foliage forms dark, lofty vaults, which the sunlight never enters." (From "The Andes and the by James Orton.
Photo by Alex. R. Duff.
INDIAN CARRIERS IN THE NAPO REGION.

"An
Indian will carry three arobas (75 poimds) besides his own provisions, his provisions for the journey consisting of about 25 pounds of roasted corn and barley meal. The trunk or bundle is of bound to his back by withes, which pass across the forehead and chest; a poncho or a handful " leaves protects the bare back from chafing." (From "The Andes and the Amazon," by
Orton.)
10
THE PAN AMEEICAN UNION.
with James Orton this seems to have been the case. From a scientific viewpoint his work in regard to the collection of the manifold forms of the flora of the Tropics, his observations relative to the ethnology of the races he met with, his studies of the natural history, mineralogy, and geology of the sections of South America he traversed, all betoken the careful and painstaking student of nature. On the other hand, his graphic descriptions of the wonderful natural scenery he encountered often border on pure poetry, as witness the following beautiful description of Chimborazo:
Coming up from Peru through the cinchona forests of Loja and over the barren hills Assuay the traveler reaches Riobamba, seated on the threshold of magnificence like Damascus, an oasis in a sandy plain, but, unlike the Queen of the East, surrounded with a splendid retinue of snowy peaks that look like icebergs floating in a
of
sea of clouds.
of
our left is the most sublime spectacle in the New World. It is a majestic pile snow, its clear outline on the deep-blue sky describing the profile of a lion in repose. At noon the vertical sun and the profusion of light reflected from the glittering sur-
On
face will not allow a

figure
is
shadow
to
be cast on any
part, so that
cut out of a mountain of spotless marble.
This
is
you can easily fancy the Chimborazo yet not the
whole of it you see but a third of the great giant. His feet are eternally green, as his head is everlastingly white, but they are far away beneath the bananas and cocoa palms of the Pacific coast. Rousseau was disappointed when he first saw the sea, and the first glimpse of Niagara often fails to meet one's expectations. But Chimborazo is sure of a worshiper the moment its overwhelming grandeur breaks upon the traveler. You feel that you are in the presence chamber of the monarch of the Andes. There is sublimity in his kingly look, of which the ocean might be proud.
All that expands the spirit, yet appeals,
How
*
*
Gathers around this summit, as if to showearth may pierce to heaven, yet leave vain
man
below.
*
lift
But the
of
traveler needs no successive steps to
the divine Architect as he beholds the great
him up to the grand conception white dome of Chimborazo. It looks

of thin, skylight
lofty
from the very
first.
Now and
then an expanse
vapor would
cut the mountain in twain, and the dome, islanded in the deep blue of the upper
regions, seemed to belong more to heaven than to earth. We knew that Chimborazo was more than twice the altitude of Etna. We could almost see the great Humboldt struggling up the mountain's side till he looked like a black speck moving over the mighty white, but giving up in despair 4,000 feet below the summit. We see the intrepid Bolivar mounting still higher; but the hero of Spanish- American independence returns a defeated man. Last of all comes the philosophical Boussingault, and attains the prodigious elevation of 19,600 feet the highest point reached by man without the aid of a balloon; but the dome remains unsullied by his foot.^ Yet none of these facts increase our admiration. The mountain has a tongue which speaks louder than all mathematical calculations. The valleys which furrow the flank of Chimborazo are in keeping with its colossal size. Narrower, but deeper than those of the Alps, the mind swoons and sinks in the effort to comprehend their grim majesty. The mountain appears to have been broken to pieces like so much thin crust, and the strata thrown on their vertical edges, reveal-
Ten years
is
alter the
above was published, on Jan.

level of the sea.
4, 1880,
taineer and explorer, succeeded in attaining the

tions,
summit
of
Edward Whymper, the great English mounChimborazo, which, according to his calcula-
20,608 feet
above the
12
THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

The
ing deep, daik chasms, that seem to lead to the confinss of the lowei^'world.
deepest valley in Europe, that of the Ordesa in the Pyrenees, is 3,200 feet deep; but here are rents in the side of Chimborazo in which Vesuvius could be put away out of sight. As you look down into the fathomless fissure, you see a white fleck rising out of the gulf, and expanding as it mounts, till the wings of the condor, 15 feet in spread
glitter in
the sun as the proud bird fearlessly wheels over the djzzy chasm, and then, ascending above your head, sails over the dome of Chimboiazo. Could the condor speak, what a glowing description could he give of the landscape beneath him when If "Twelve fair counties saw the blaze his horizon is a thousand miles in diameter. of Malvern's lonely height," what
must be the panorama from a

height 15 times higher!
The monarch
unbroken
is
of
the Andes
sits
motionless in calm serenity and

silence.
The
silence
absolute and actually oppres-
The road from Guayaquil Quito crosses Chimborazo at the elevation of 14,000 feet. Save the rush of the trade wind in the afternoon as it sweeps over the Andes, not a sound is axidible not the hum of an insect, nor the chirp of a bird, nor the roar of the puma, nor the music of running
sive.
to
waters.
silent.
Mid-ocean
is
never
so
You
can almost hear the
globe turning on
its axis. There was a time when the monarch deigned to speak and spoke with
a voice of thunder, for the lava
on
its
sides is
an evidence
of
volcanic
activity.
But
ever
since the morning stars sang to-
EDWIN KUTHVEN HEATH.

Dr. Heath, in whose honor the River Heath in South America is named, is alluded to as the companion of Prof. Orton in the editorial of the Bolivian newspaper, dated April 13, 1877, dealing with the expedition down the Beni River, which resulted in Orton's death.
over man's creation, Chimborazo has sat in sullen silence, satisfied to look "from
gether
his _ throne of
. ' '
clouds
o'er half
There is something the world very suggestive in this silence

;
of
It was once Chimborazo and thunders no more.
full of noise
and fmy
it is
now
a completed mountain
Many
descriptive paragraphs like those quoted are to be found in
to the narrative not Records of altitudes, barometric readings, and other scientific data gathered on the journey are found collected in tabular form in the appendices, as is also quite an extensive vocabulary from the Qiichua, Zapara, Yagua, and Cam-
"The Andes and
the
Amazon," lending a charm
often found in works of this character.
pas languages. In connection with his third and last expedition into South America, the Bulletin is indebted to Miss Anna B. Orton, daughter of James Orton, and who is now connected with the Orton School in Pasadena,
AX EAELY AMERICAN EXPLOREE.

Cal., for the following interesting translation of
13
torial
which appeared
in a leading
a portion of an edinewspaper in Cochabamba, Bolivia,
bearing date of April 13, 1877:

Prof. Orton, of Vassar College,
New
Yoik, and his companion, Dr. Heath, have
arrived in this city with the purpose of going to the Department of the Beni to explore the river of that name, which up t j this day remains unknown in the part comprehended between the Rio Madidi and the confluence with the Mamore. Since Gibbon and D'Orbigny, no scientific traveler has penetrated to the beautiful valley of the Mamore and Beni. Senor Orton will make careful studies of the exact position of localities, the geological formation, mineial, zoological and botanical riches in that fine and privileged region the most interesting in all Bolivia, yet up to this time the least known. Before a mission so noble and profitable to science, it is proper that enthusiasm should stir in all patriotic hearts, and that Cochabamba should hasten to welcome
heie the illustrious guests, wishing them a prosperous result.
The enterprise is perilous and difficult perilous because of the danger which the Rio Beni presents, whose banks are populated by numerous savage hordes, and difficult because of the rapids whose number and extent ara wholly unknown. But Prof. Orton
will
overcome
all
these obstacles, led
by
his love for science
and by that firm and
tenacious resolution which characteiizes the true Yanke?.
Besides, Senor Orton has
given eminent services to the sciences in his examination of the Rio Napo in Ecuador, which he descended to the Amazons. We hope his voyage will be no less useful and interesting to Bolivia, and especially his survey of the Beni, a river so inviting for its
navigable qualities as well as
for
the riches along
its
banks, even to the city of La Paz,
its waters from the Provinces of Yungas, Inquisivi, Ayopaya, Larecaja, and CaupoHcan, five Provinces which constitute an emporium of wealth whose commerc3 will be immense the day when they can send their products to the great markets by this natural aitery.
which
lies
neai
its origin.
The Rio Beni
receives
That the dangers and hardships of the journey were not exaggerated in this welcoming editorial is evidenced by the subsequent death of Orton. On his first expedition one of his friends and coworkers. Col. Phineas Staunton, the artist of the expedition, met his death at Quito. In describing the last rites incidental to the interment of the remains of his companion in the Protestant Cemetery at Quito, Prof. Orton wrote the following beautiful tribute:
We boie him through the streets of Quito to this quiet resting place,
and in solemn silence
without parade
desired,
just as we believe his unobtrusive
spirit
would have
and just
was carried from the cross to the sepulchre. No splendid hearse or nodding plumes; no long procession, save the unheard tread of the angels; no requiem, save the unheard harps of the seraphs. We gave him a Protestant Christian burial. In this comer of nature's vast cathedral, the secluded shrine of grandeur and beauty not found in Westminster Abbey, we left him. We parted with him on the mount which is to be the scene of his transfiguration.
as his Sa\'iour
Even
lake of
so
was Orton buried on the

of
little
island in the loftiest great
myths dim pre-Incaic times; in whose waters the sunken treasures of many monarchs lie; and around whose shores cluster the romantic and poetic tales of ancient Indian lore. Here, to the
all
the world; the lake whose history reverts beyond the
and legends
everlasting requiem of Titicaca's ceaseless waves, almost in the very
shadow
of the
snowcapped peaks he loved so

2
well,
James Orton
sleeps.
4SSSS Rnll. 114
game is indigenous to the Americas. Perhaps the simian inhabitants found true sport in catching the coconuts tossed from the tall palms certain it is that several thousand years ago the ball game had reached a high state On of development in the 70 cities scattered throughout Yucatan. clearmg away the matted forests enveloping these marvelous ruins, ball courts were disclosed near the most sacred temples, and, from the
ball
first
THE
elaborate
hieroglyphics
and pictographs ornamenting the
walls,
learned of the complicated character of the sport. Centuries after the passing of these ancient Mayans, came the first Spanish explorers who found that a younger race in contiguous territory,
the Aztecs,
much was
had revived the
with a stone
play,
"God
of
old pastime into a "national game," Sport" beaming on every court.
The peculiarity of these early games was that the ball, when in was not thrown with the hand but struck by the hip, around which the player wore a protecting pad of leather. At each end of the court was a great stone disk with a hole in the center, and through Very natuthis orifice the ball was driven before a point was scored. rally a "lively ball" was used, since rubber trees dominated the
forests.
for a
Old chroniclers marvel at the skill and endurance of the players, game was seldom won under four hours of constant play. Such exhausting contests, with a dozen participants in almost constant Thus, from the action, were not for amateurs but professionals. Aztec word olli, signifying "ball," came the word mollonqui, "one
who
plays ball for a living."
ages over a wide range Oviedo witnessed and described the sport as played by Indians in the West Indies over four centuries ago, and Dr. Koch-Griinberg, who recently returned from a two-years' sojourn among the tribes of the Cuduiary River in the wilds of Brazil, found
of territory.
A similar game has been played through the
the natives in every village playing ball.
Dr. Griinberg writes that a carefully leveled field lies in front of the malokas, or large communal houses, and daily, at 5 o'clock, the men
By
14
Franklin Adams, Editor
of
the Bulletin.
Photographs by Dr. Theodor Koch
(^riinVierg.
A GAME OP BALL AMONG THE CUDCriARY INDIAXi OF

At
BR.VZIL.
o o elock the men, retumLng from the day's fishing or hunting, indulge in the sport not a complicated game hke that of the early Mexicans, but one caUing for a high degree of skiU, as two baUs are used by the players, who drive them with the hands toward their opponenis. i:euow tau leathers of the Yapoo bird are aillxed to the rubber balls for accuraev " ("From Indigenous Games in South America.'')
r
'
IN
PARAGUAY.
popu-
In Paraguay
tilting at a small ring suspended from poles and a crossbar in the village street is a lar sport, known as sortija, a national game for centuries."
Photo by Maudslay.
STONE RING FROM THE WALL OF THE BA.LL COURT AT CHICIIEN
ITZ.\,
YUCATAN.
'The peculiarity of these early games was that the ball, when in play, was not thrown with the hand, but stnick by the hip, around which the player wore a protecting" pad of leather. At each end of the court was a great stone disk with a hole in "the center, and through this orifice the ball was driven before a point was scored. Very naturally a lively ball was used, since rubber trees dominated the forests " -Franklin Adams in "Indigenous Games in South America."

INDIGENOUS GAMES.
17
returning from the day's fishing or hunting, indulge in the sport not a compUcated game Hke that of the early Mexicans, but one calling for a high degree of skill, as two balls are used by the Cuduiary players, who drive them with the hands toward their opponents.
Yapoo bird are affixed to the rubber balls The players have remarkable muscular development and never forsake the game unless it is called off on account of the As their sunset hour is the same throughout the year, the conrain. cluding moment of the play is fixed by the last peep of the sun. At the other end of the South American continent, fully 5,000 miles from where Oviedo saw his first ball game, we find the indigenous sport still popular. Beyond the zone of the rubber trees, the wooden ball makes its appearance, and a wooden club is provided for driving The Indians who play ball at 42 S. are the Araucanians of it.
Yellow
tail
feathers of the
for accuracy.
Southern Chile, those unconquerable people who forced the SpanIn a clearing, 300 by 75 yards, inclosed by iards to sue for peace. cut branches of trees, these sturdy Indians still play the game of their
forefathers
hockey.
chueca, which greatly resembles la crosse or field The opposing teams of 15 probably give the record exhibition of ball driving, unless we concede the palm to their ancestors, who had more leisure to devote to the game. The Araucanians of
to-day are as proud of their prowess with chueca as their forebears were of resisting the Spaniards with primitive weapons. Chueca is played from childhood, and the matches draw large audiences. The game calls for great endurance and while generally played in two and three hour periods, morning and afternoon, several days have been known to pass before a decision has been reached. During a match it is not unusual to hear a player cry, "Am I not a real oak tree?" or "Am I not a lion's leg?" after a brilliant stroke. In the old days the game was played not only for amusement, but also as a training for war. In battle a much heavier club was used, the deadly maza araucania, which when wielded by powerful warriors gave just
reason for fear.
virile Chilean tribe has another popular game called pilma descended from prehistoric times. Pilma prepared the ancient Two oppowarriors to avoid the arrows and spears of the enemies. nents stand 12 feet apart. One has a light fiber ball which is struck with the hand as it drops from the hips in an attempt to hit the naked body of the opponent who endeavors to avoid the ball by dodging, leaping into the air, or falling to the ground. After five balls, positions are reversed. The one securing the first 20 hits is the winner. Spectators, surrounding the contestants, return the
This
also
ball to the server, sho^\dng great appreciation of skillful play.
On the high Andean
plateau, stretching almost the entire length of
the continent, the only
game which seems
to
have survived through
A GAUCHO, OR ARGENTINE COWBOY.

"The gaucho learns
to ride almost as soon as he can walk, and as a mere lad races over the country, falling off his horse, tumbling purposeh- into rabbit burrows, and practicing the most difficult feats of horse-
22
the centuries
is
THE PAN
AMERICAISr UNION.
" endurance dancing."
In the Httle Indian villages on
the roof of the western world these dancing exercises, during the festival period, have been known to last the greater portion of three
days and nights. The fortitude of these highlanders is marvelous. In the old days Incan tribes, and those whom they subjugated, developed long-distance running to a point far beyond that reached by modern achievement. I beheve that when the athletic clubs of the Peruvian coast recruit their runners from youthful capiris of the Andes they will win the long-distance running prizes of the world. I have had Indian guides, 3 miles above sea level, in Peru, who have trotted ahead of my horses from dawn till midnight, with only an occasional In Andean games rest, seeming as fresh at the finish as at the start. and sports, however, running does not play an important part. It is too often the work of each day. In many parts of the Americas there remains to-day some thriving indigenous sport in which horses play a prominent part. Although remains of the prehistoric horse have been found in South as well as in North America, we know that it had disappeared from the Western
Hemisphere before the Andes rose from the sea, and that the singletoed horse was introduced by the Spaniards. Before the Europeans came, the sons of the Ai^gentine pampas lived a much more athletic Their raids on the early settlers released horses to roam existence. This wild stock became the plains where they multiplied rapidly. common property of the Indian or the white man, whoever had the abili- y to catch and tame them, and this was the germ of an indigenous sport soon to be developed, one that is now popular with the
gaucho, cowboy of the pampas. Probably the Indians first lassoed wild young colts with bolas, which consist of two or three rawhide-covered balls with connecting ropes of hide. These are swung around the head and then whirled, entangling the quarry's legs and tripping the animal to the ground. The primitive Indians also used the two-balled bola dexterously in pursuit of the rhea, the South American ostrich, but the coming of the horse gave them an added advantage in the race which then became not only one for sustenance but a sport as well. The European soon learned to handle the bolas almost as well as the Indian, and when a new horse was needed it was only necessary to pursue a wild band and trip one over. The gaucho learns to ride almost as soon as he can walk, and as a mere lad races over the country, falling off his horse, tumbling purposely into rabbit burrows, and practicing the most difficult feats of horsemanship. He soon takes to breaking wild colts, where death is the penalty of failing strength or courage. Nowadays the gauchos
are ranch employees, following the dictates of their employers rather than their own sweet will. They love to sit around the camp fire at night, telling stories of the good old days when a gaucho festival
A CHAMPION BULL-TAIL TWISTER.

'Some performers become so expert as to be sure of their twist at a specified point, tiie great achievement being to bring the animal to the dust just in front of the balcony of one's lady love."
good topeo match among the Cilian cowboys is an exciting event and spectators and particii from the neighborii.g ranches for many miles.
,3
"3
tfo
g c g
III
il;
=J
2 Q*^
INDIGENOUS GAMES.
27
had the Indian game
of bolas for its principal sport,
man
dashed in front
of his
by dexterous ensnaring
hard on horseflesh.
of
when a horsemounted opponent, bringing him to earth the horse's legs. There was enough danger
to-day,
in this sport to thrill even a gaucho's adventurous heart, but it
Even
is
when
the
was mayordomo, or superit
intendent of the estancia,
not looking, the gauchos are at
again,
bolas whirling, horses and horsemen rolhng in the dust.
In the
mounted tug
r6le,
of war, the
chinchando, the horse also plays the star
a rope fastened securely to the cinch.
Across the snowy Andes, in the smiling valleys of Chile, they play game of topeo. In front of the farmhouses, under the shade of the mighty trees, are large solidly built uprights with crossbars which serve as hitching posts, but which play a much more
the unique
important r6le in topeo.
Here the horsemen pair by
lot
and
line
up
in front of the bar.
One
of the riders presses his horse's
head
forward against the bar, crossing and imprisoning the head of his opponent's horse. At the referee's call the game is on, and the rider of the caught horse endeavors to free him. The horses are as highly trained as our polo ponies, and when matched with skillful riders a single struggle may last an hour. In the preliminaries a dozen such contests are simultaneous, with short rests between contests, and a day is often consumed in determining the final victor. A good topeo
match is equally exciting for riders, horses, and spectators. In Paraguay tilting at a small ring suspended from poles and a
bar in the village street
is
cross-
a popular sport,
known
as sortija, a national
game
is
for centuries.
is
In the interior of Venezuela and Colombia toro
coleado
a feature of fiesta days.
principal street of the
roped
off
and a wild
bull
is
liberated.
From
8 to 10
town mounted
horsemen enter the improvised arena, their only defense against attacks of the bull being their superb horsemanship and a knowledge
such a manner as to cause him to While the attention of the bull is attracted by some of the party, a horseman dashes from the rear at full speed, gives a dexterous twist, and over rolls the bull. This sport is not without its danger, and almost every coleado festival adds to the hospital list. The honor of being champion bull-tail twister develops keen competition, for the winner is crowned with flowers by the prettiest
of
how
to twist the bull's tail in
tumble over.
girl in
the village.
Some performers become
so expert as to be sure
of their twist at a specified point, the great
achievement being to
bring the animal to the dust just in front of the balcony of one's
ladylove.
have survived in a few isolated territory. The modern youth of Latin America shows a decided fondness and aptitude for transplanted sports but that is another story.
see that indigenous sports
Thus we
spots throughout a wide
New World
A CCJMMEICIAL T1AELE1
II
SOUTH AMEIICA^
CuRiTYBA (Capital
and
I can
I
;.
;.
Dear Mr. Editor:

in Brazil,
am
of the State of Parana), Brazil. This is a new world for me, away down here going to try to pass on my impressions to you;
it
that
is, if
make
clear to myself, after I
paper, just
what the
differences are,
have put the words on and what I, an exploring com-
mercial traveler, with no slight preliminary experiences in Latin America, find to justify me in such a statement. Before I carry you across the border into south Brazil, however, I think it wise to give a
few more paragraphs to Uruguay, which

last,
was leaving when
wrote
so as to
make
the contrasts
still
plainer.
Several fellows I have met in South America, who were either away from home for the first time or whose information was usually second hand or based on superficial observation, told me that Montevideo was about the same as Buenos Aires, or, in still more general terms, that Uruguay was Argentina over again. That's a huge mistake. The man who proposes to enter the little oriental Republic with the idea that he need only repeat in that country the steps he took toward success in the big Argentine would better shut his eyes, turn around three times, and guess again. They both speak Spanish, that's true, and both are pastoral and agricultural countries. It's dangerous to carry the analogy further, so I found out. Boston is not New York; Massachusetts is not Pennsylvania. Let that little hint be a guidepost to those who follow me, and I'll hope to collect a fee some time for the advice. That's negative advice, however. Let's see whether I can add some further suggestions to it. In the first place, avoid the mistake of supposing that an agency in Buenos Aires can handle goods
with complete satisfaction for Uruguay orders. Some big Argentine houses have branches in Montevideo, but that's a different proposition, and dealings with the latter should be to a large extent independent of the former. In the second place, the habits, tastes, and point of view of the Uruguayan must be consulted as their own, not necessarily associated with or related to their neighbors across the Rio de la Plata. They like things of their own and they like them different. It was my experience, at least, that when I began as I foolishly did the first time I opened up on a prospect to talk about what they took in Buenos Aires I made little impression, but when I began by asking what they liked in Montevideo I immediately got a reply that helped me in continuing the negotiations. In the third
The seventh
28
of a series of 12 articles
commencing
in the
January number
of the
Bulletin.
48888 Bull. 114-
30
place, the interior of
THE
PAl^
AMEEICAN UNION.
Uruguay needs to be worked in person. I won't say that I myself was thorough about it, for I felt that I had too little time, but that was no good reason. I know from what I saw in Montevideo and the few places I visited outside of the capital that the sure
way
face,
to build
up a market
in
Uruguay
is
to
meet the consumer face to
can be done only by going to his own establishment. He may not buy at once of the traveling salesman, but he never will forget the courtesy implied by a personal call; and if the goods offered by the ''Yankee" are what he feels will meet the wants of his customers, he will never be satisfied till he has them in stock. Uruguay is a self-reliant country and its people, whether in the capital or in the interior, are independent in judgment. Immigration is coming slowly and is therefore absorbed with surprising completeness. These points must be remembered in framing up an itinerary, because if South America is lumped as one big place, instead of being conscientiously recognized as a number of separate and varying entities, the traveler will have his "bumps" perhaps too often, but he who takes these conditions into consideration will find his path getting smoother and smoother as his experience accumulates. Perhaps you think, Mr. Editor, that I have gone a long ways round to get anywhere, but this httle digression was intentional. I wanted to say a few words more about Uruguay, and I wanted to emphasize the care needed in passing from one country to another, because I am now in south Brazil, and if what I said about Argentina and Uruguay carries the grain of truth (and I know it does), the same statement of differences can be accentuated in entering Brazil from a Spanishspeaking country of South America. In Brazil the people speak Portuguese. ''Oh, pshaw" I hear you say. "We all knew that long ago, and if that traveling man can't But give us any better news, I'll have to refuse to take his stuff." I am not giving a lesson in geography. I am telling you my experiences, and trying, thereby, to get others to avoid those mistakes which are so disastrous to our commerce. We must learn to conduct ourselves so as to make a good impression on those we hope to make our customers, and one of the simplest ways is to be pohte. One of the most certain ways to be impolite is to say, on entering Brazil: "Oh, well; I know you people speak Portuguese, but I speak a little Spanish, and I suppose you understand it enough for business purposes." Wouldn't that make you mad? But the temptation to adopt this conduct is not easy to overcome. Many a time I almost yielded to the point of saying, "I don't remember the Portuguese ;" and then I kept my word for so-and-so; but in Spanish it is mouth shut till I could haul out my dictionary and look it up in the language of the country. I learned my lesson from an Itahan viajante (commercial traveler) whom I was very lucky to meet in Porto
and
it
32
Alegre.
I spoke to

him
in Spanish, but he answered in Portuguese
''I
and added, in a kindly way,

only
never speak Spanish here in Brazil,
my own language or Portuguese, and I'm going to help you to foUow my example; you won't find it so hard, if you stick to it."
And that's what I'm doing now speaking Portuguese. I can't say that I find it easy. In fact, a knowledge of Spanish is often a real impediment, for the Spanish word does come when it isn't wanted, and the grammar and vocabulary are so provokingly similar without being the same that I must make numerous mistakes But what's the odds ? My in every conversation I try to carry on. freguezes (customers I haven't many yet, but I have hopes) note my eagerness to learn the language, and they can more readily explain their wants and methods if they think the stranger is to some extent famihar with it. Perhaps I understand about half they say; but it's never any trouble to repeat, and such progress as I make gets my eyes open to many Kttle things I would otherwise miss. So I say constantly to myseK, "Keep it up, my boy, don't let the foreign competitor get ahead of you on that score; stick to it." And every evening when I go to bed I feel that I have made some progress, and that a few more words and phrases are planted in my linguistic
garden.
Now,
it
seems to me,
it's
about time to do some traveling, instead
of gossiping here in this pretty
town
of Curityba, the capital of the
wrote from Rivera just not by me, for I packed it in a part of my baggage that has gone on to Sao Paulo, but I feel sure that I told you of coming to the Brazilian frontier across Uruguay, and of waiting there for the connection across Rio Grande do Sul, the southernmost State in Brazil. The gossip while I was there was that plans were on foot to arrange through connection between Montevideo and Porto Alegre, so that passengers could leave Montevideo in the evening, arrive in Rivera the next morning, catch a train for Cacequy, where, if so desired, they could go to the city of Rio Grande do Sul, or continue to Santa Maria and thence to Porto Alegre, on the same evening. This is a practical scheme on the railway's part and will undoubtedly be soon carried into effect. The result will be to bring those two geographically allied areas close together, and to stimulate their commercial intercourse, just as there is a natural trade continuously maintained between the United States and Canada. The point is worth remembering by those who may obtain a foothold in
State of Parana.
My
copy
is
of the letter I
before I entered Brazil,
this growing country, for in my judgment, much of the commerce of south Brazil can be expedited through the River Plate region, either Buenos Aires and Montevideo, especially if free zones are permitted within those ports, from which goods can be transshipped in bond, on final purchase. Let my Yankee friends store up this hint for the
future.
34
When I came over the road I had to leave Santa Anna (opposite Rivera) in the morning to get as far as Santa Maria, 174 miles (280 kilometers) that evening. I was tempted to go to Rio Grande and thence to Porto Alegre, but had to sacrifice this side trip, as had been the case on many other occasions, in order to save time. Then I had to spend the night in Santa Maria, leaving the next morning for Porto Alegre, a day's trip of 242 miles (389 kilometers). You see that
not at express speed in this part of the world, for nobody it, and being narrow gauge, the railway can not make it without danger. It was delightful to get a bath and talk shop again, after these two days of weary traveling, but I had put in my time studying the Portuguese, so it was not wasted by any means. Right here I registered another experience, to be added to what I I said above in regard to speaking the language of the country. found that it was unwise to use in a Portuguese-speaking country catalogues printed in Spanish, so I shipped to Montevideo the few I had left, kept for demonstration purposes those printed in English,
travel
is
demands
and
shall get along with
facturers, take notice.
stick to
good old
English, at least,
I
them the best I can. Travelers and manuIf you don't have Portuguese catalogues, American ones. They are sure to be in decent and that's a heap better than many catalogues
have seen in poor Spanish, which convey precious little information and what is in them sometimes on that account misleading, with weights and measures too frequently lacking the metric system equivalents, and with prices in dollars and cents, lacking a key to Unless a buyer's catalogue their calculation in any foreign currency. is edited for foreign trade by an expert, the commercial traveler should stick to the book with whose every page he is thoroughly
familiar.
Speaking of money and currency, this seems a proper place to make about the money of the country, although I have not yet been at its capital, and can therefore report only what I found out in Porto Alegre. The unit of value is the miheis. There is theoretically a gold milreis, but it is not seen on the street, nor does the paper money exchange for it. As I crossed the frontier, I sold British sovereigns at the rate of 15 milreis for every gold pound
my usual statement
(1
= 151000).
is
Please note that the graphic
way
to designate Brazil
by placing the multiples of the milreis first, then the sign followed by three numerals. All tabulations and all statements of money values are in this form. Perhaps, by bargaining, I could have obtained a slight premium on my gold, but I had no time for negotiation, and considering the circumstances I was quite satisfied to take this amount, which was advertised as normal in guidebooks. It proved to me at least that I had been wise in carrying a stock of Had I not had it with me, I should British gold in my inside pocket.
values
have been short
of cash
and perhaps been compelled
to wait over a
36
THE PAN AMEEICAN
UNIOl^.
day or more to present my letter of credit at some interior bank. Traveling in Brazil, so I have already discovered, is rather expensive, My cash was almost especially if considerable baggage is carried. exhausted therefore when I reached Porto Alegre, and I at once
bought some money.
milreis gold in Brazil has a legal value of $0.5463.
All finan-
cial transactions,
and the Government reports
of foreign
commerce
customs dues, are given in terms of this gold milreis, usually by the word oro appended. The ordmary milreis has a market value in the street of about 16 pence (16d.), say 32 cents, and the Government tries to maintain it at that value, although fluctuations of sixteenths are daily noted at the banks and houses havmg large international dealings. My recent purchase read 10 at 16i = 1471700, less stamps, 300, 147$400, which was what I got for my money. You see that a draft through a bank was worth less than gold coin, but as I could not be loaded with gold, I had to submit to the loss with the convenience of a letter of credit as comFiguring 1 ($4.86) as equal to 14$77 milreis, 1$000 equals pensation. very close to 30^ cents. In a financial paper I have just consulted, I find that a paper milreis is quoted at 32 cents ($0,324), so you see I got a bit stung, but that can't be helped, as I was glad enough to have the security of the letter of credit. For ready calculation, however, Curit is very near the mark to estimate 3 milreis paper to $1 gold. rency in any sum above a milreis is usually in paper notes, much of
as well as
so indicated
it
dirty
and unattractive;
I
in fact, one's inclination is to get rid of
it
however, that the closer one gets to Rio the cleaner does the paper money become, which is a satisfaction, at any rate. There are good, clean silver coins of 1 and 2 milreis (paper value), and newly minted fractional pieces, with a few copper coins of under 100 reis. Of course, there is no such
as quickly as possible.
told,
am
ridicidously small a denommation as 1 real, which I have learned from my Portuguese grammar is the unit of which reis is the plural. If I mention Brazilian money at all in my future correspondence, it may be taken for granted that I refer in every case to the paper
milreis of the value of almost exactly 3 for $1.
Porto Alegre I found a good-sized hustling place of around 125,000 It is a pretty city, on the northern end of the lake that extends south to Rio Grande where there is communication with the Atlantic, so that ocean-going steamers can come clear through to Porto Alegre and do so, especially from Germany, much to the advantage of German commerce. I wish I had time to give my impressions of this interesting experiment in settling a new country, but I have so many facts still to set down that I must skip such observations as those. Perhaps it is as well, for I might lead you into expressions unsuitable for the Bulletin, and I wouldn't do that for the
inhabitants.
world.
A SETTLER'S HOME IN SOUTH

Immigrants
to
BRA.Z1L.
South America, when they propose to remain on the land, bring with them an intense desire lor a home. They usually surround it too with some of their European sense of the artistic, and the gov ernment encourages them in this regard. Settlers' houses of this type are not unfrequent along north through the States of Santa Catharina and Parana, and give promise of what the the railway country wi'U become a generation from now.
THE GROWTH OF A NEW

It is
CITY,
not necessarv to state exactly where this town is situated, because the illustration should be considered as typical of the rapid growth of the interior of this part of south Brazil, now that the railway There are manv Uke this between Santa Maria and Sao Paulo, and there will be more of them. is open. This particular place has electric Ughts, a good water supply, a theater, two cinema shows, and several paved streets. The picture presents the kind of temporary structure which is more common in the United States than in South America clapboard sides, shingle roof,' and factory-made windows. The aUeyway has recently been cut through, and the fence is unfinished. Undoubtedly in a few years these roughnesses will be softened or removed. The idea is to indicate that not all of interior Brazil by any means has that appearance one is tempted to call characteristic of Latin America.
CURITYBA LOOKING FROM THE RAILWAY STATION.

Curityba, the capital of the State of Parana, is fast becoming a modern city. The horse-drawn street cars are being displaced by electric trams, and good street pavement is projected. The public buildings in difierent parts of the city are of a substantial character, and the business houses and private residences show a progressive spirit. This picture is not well illustrative of what Curityba looks like, but as so many changes are taking place, no photographs of to-day will indicate what the conditions will be when the city has completed the improvements underway.
40
Porto Alegre, and
THE PAN
all
AMEEICAlSr UNION.
Sul, for that matter, is very now, since the port works at
Rio Grande do
is
much
alive.
Especially
this the case
Rio Grande are promised completion within a reasonable period. Then a better and safer entrance to the lake will be afforded, Rio Grande and its neighbor, Pelotas, the headquarters of the cattle and
jerked beef industry hereabouts, will grow, the industries of the
State will expand, and Porto Alegre, its capital, will be benefited. I mentioned the industries of the State, and so far as I can find out,
they are essentially pastoral and agricultural,
like
some mining
in the interior, so I
am
told.
The population
Uruguay, with is Luso-
Brazilian, a phrase I learned here while talking to old inhabitants,
Teuto-Brazilian, and Italo-Brazilian, meaning those from Portugal,
Germany, and
Italy, respectively.
Now
that the railway
is
at last
carried clear through to Montevideo, with projects for connection at
two other points, and now that the railway is actually open all the way to Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul will have a chance to escape the isolation from which it has suffered. This various European mixture promises to make a good race. The climate and soil are favorable for all temperate and subtropical crops, even wheat and apples, so enthusiasts tell me; and plenty of pasture land exists for many more cattle than there are at present. Then there is abundant garden truck grown colonial Waaren, as the Germans say which finds markets in Europe by the direct steamer transportation from Porto Alegre and Rio Grande. Everything modern is wanted in this State, and in the capital almost everything modern is on sale. There is a substantial foreign commerce maintained, and I saw abundant evidence that people were making money. One interesting feature I noted in studying directories and address books, namely, that while most of the public activities were carried on by those with Brazilian names, the business activities were on the other hand largely in the control of those with German names. I have heard that more than 50 per cent of the business of the city and surrounding country was controlled by Geror mans, either those of long residence here a generation or more
those recently immigrated,
who
are closely associated with houses
back in Europe. I can well believe it, and this condition must be taken into consideration in studying these markets. I saw some goods made in the United States, and they were sellmg nicely, but the great preponderance of ordinary supplies in the shops came from Europe. This matter I shall reserve for the finish of this letter. It would be pleasant for me to say a great deal more about Porto Alegre and Rio Grande do Sul. There has been lots of history here, and its relation to central and northern Brazil makes it worth careful study in more ways than that of commerce. I think it best, however, to carry my experiences along over the trip I have just finished, via
A COMMERCIAL TEAVELEE IN SOUTH AMEEICA.
41
Santa Maria again, north through the State of Rio Grande do Sul, and across the intervening States of Santa Catharina and Parana, and then to make a general summary of the whole thing, spreading my conclusions over the entire region of south Brazil. For the Yankee commercial traveler this is really a new field. I have heard I laiew practically of no one making the trip as I have made it. nothing about the country when I left home, and it is only within the past few months that any such trip was possible, because the railway has been operating scarcely more than a year. Before that, to get from Porto Alegre to Curityba it was the wilderness or the
Atlantic, with nothing in favor of the wilderness.
In Santa Maria I had to spend the night (having left Porto Alegre in the morning), takmg the train at 6.40 the next morning northward for the town of Passo Fundo, about 222 miles (356 kilometers), to arrive shortly after 7 that evening. The country north of
Santa Maria is beautiful as the train ascends through gorges and valleys onto the plateau, and when once at an elevation of about 2,000
feet the
meadows seem
rich,
and the numbers
of cattle indicate a
pastoral industry quite as good as that of the
more thickly
settled
Cruz Alta, they say, is a flourishing town, probably the largest north of Santa Maria, but I could not lay over, as there were only three trains a week and I dared not then sacrifice the time. Another reason will be given later. Passo Fundo was my destination that evening, and in this pretty place I spent the night. German inhabitants were still noticeable, but Brazilians seemed to me in the majority. From Passo Fundo, which I left at 7 a. m., it is 111 miles (179 kilometers) to the banks of the Uruguay River which forms the boundary between the States of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catharina. Here, in the village of Marcilino Ramos, I passed another night. The country becomes wilder and sparsely inhabited as one goes northward, and in many places is almost virgin, but I noticed here and there a saw mill, and could see through the trees that considerable timber had been cut. In fact, this is a timber country and will develop first by the logging camp until it is ready for the cattle man, the agriculturist or the fruit and vegetable farmer, who will follow as soon as the railway assures steady means of access for the Probably colonists and of egress for all these products of the earth. the wooded mountains of east Tennessee offer as correct a comparison, both as to climate and settlement, as I can imagine, at this moment. I had to cross the Uruguay River in a little gasoline launch, as the bridge in process of construction was not yet ready for the train. Just below the bridge the Rio de Peixe (Fish River) enters the Uruguay, and the banks of both streams are so thickly forested that no view of the surrounding country can be obtained. My day's journey was to Uniao da Victoria, a distance of 227 miles (366 kiloregion in the center of the State.
A COMMERCIAL TEAVELER IN SOUTH AMERICA.

meters).
43
train for
This was
all in
the State of Santa Catharina.
The
much
of the distance followed the Fish River, clinging to its
banks
the curious Parana pine shows itseh in great abundance, and timber possibilities are the first thing
as the ivy clings to the oak.
Now
few that entered my head. It is, indeed, an unsettled country. years ago nobody dreamed of moving into it, and only the adventurous pioneer thought of making it a camp for his explorations. Undoubtedly the climate is healthy and the ground fertile, but no further information could I get from the few passengers on the train, who, like myself, were taking this trip in order to avoid the sea voyage that had hitherto been necessary to reach Sao Paulo. Monotonous the trip certainly is, but fascinating, as I could let my imagination soar on unrestricted wings, and people the whole region, within even one generation, with a population eager to snatch from mother nature the food and riches she will give as reward to any one This is not at all the willing to work in such an incipient paradise. luxurious tropics, with its palms, bananas, romantic natives, and apparent dolce far niente. No, indeed. It is the temperate zone still; stern, and compelling, but full of promise for those seeking homes and able to work for them. I could not escape making comparisons, Mr. Editor, between this region in Brazil, and that on the west coast along which I passed only a few weeks ago. In northern Chile opposite, in Peru, and on the plateau of Bolivia, the surface of the rocky Andes, in many places, precludes the possibility of agriculture in any form whatever. Mines there are, and wealth wrung from these rocks will benefit mankind, but homes, as we think of them, spring into the imagination only with surroundings like those which are characteristic of what I saw for hours together, from
the car window in this part of Brazil. It means work, of course; work such as built Kentucky, Michigan, and California, but just as sure as there will be a coming glomerate race in Brazil alike in some ways to what we have seen develop in our north, equally as certain
is it
the Republic shall
that throughout the almost trackless wilderness of this part of we find homes and a settled population, when this
railway becomes known, and the money seeker as well as the home seeker turns his attention this way. Uniao da Victoria (the place has other names on the maps, but all begin with Uniao) is on the border between the States of Santa CathThe next day's journey, as far as Punta Grossa, arina and Parana. was (263 kilometers) 163 miles. This part of the State of Parana is to a large extent wilderness, yet some habitation is seen, and here and there are sawmills, but as we approached Punta Grossa evidences of This latter town has something agriculture presented themselves. over 10,000 inhabitants but is frontier like. Its importance is due to the fact that it is a railway division point, and the junction of the line over which I just came and which continues on the Sao Paulo, with
(.Courtesy of Viagao Ferrea do Rio
Grande do
Sul.)
RAILWAY STATION
IN RIO
GRANDE DO
SUL.
Along the railway, between the frontier of Brazil and Sao Paulo, are constructed substantial and permanent buildings. This policj' is a wise one, for as the country becomes settled travel and the resulting use of stations will be encouraged thereby.
THE VANGUARD OF CIVILIZATION.

The State of Santa Catharina, between Rio Grande do Sul and Parana, is one of the most attractive and fertile in Brazil. Along the coas't. many settlements have been made and profitable industries established, but the interior has had to wait for the railway, Now that communication north and
south
is
assured, rapid changes are to be expected.
A COMMERCIAL TRAVELER IN SOUTH AMERICA.

an eastern branch that passes
46
this place (Curityba) where I am now and continues to the Atlantic Ocean, at the port of Paranagua. It is rumored that the western extension, which aims to reach the Falls of the Iguazu and ultimately Asuncion in Paraguay, may also make Punta Grossa its junction point. Anyhow, it is the center of the local trade, and I made proper use of my half day there. Punta Grossa is 114 miles (184 kilometers) from Curityba through a relatively flat country, few trees, and abundant pasture, which the
^vritmg,
train schedules in six hours.

of Parana, in a
So here I
am
at the capital of the State
German
hotel, opposite a Brazilian
lumber yard, and
with an Italian spaghetti factory up the road. Cosmopolitan, isn't it ? My genial German landlady tells me that when I like Curityba. she moved here, half a dozen years ago, to open this hotel it was a doleful town, with no street lights of electricity, no paving to speak of, and small business. Now the place seems on the boom, and a new hotel is promised, with electric street cars, and plans for further and extensive municipal improvements. There are many Germans here, some Italians, and a very few other foreigners. One great business is the preparation of herva matte (yerbamate of Spanish), Paraguay tea, which is gathered in the forests near by and shipped in immense The agriculquantities to the south and even to parts of Europe. tural zone around the city is large and fertile, but the State has not as yet been, able to stimulate an increasing immigration, although land is cheap and the State regulations quite liberal. Now that the new railway is opened to the interior, with probabilities of continued building, expectation runs high that settlers will be attracted hither
and enlarge the State's production.
The climate
is
certainly
is fine.
Anyone who
fancies that this part of Brazil
hot,
humid, and un-
wholesome is away off the truth. It is south of the Tropic of Capricorn and at an elevation of about 2,000 feet, so I may compare it to some parts of California and not be far from the exact truth. I said at the beginning of this letter that I was in a new country.
with emphasis. It's new in many of the conditions that characterize a comparatively untilled country, with a small populaIts history tion and a vast extent of land never touched by the plow.
I repeat it
interior to
a hundred years or more, but that has not affected the any noticeable extent. When the railway connections to the south (over which I have just come) are in better shape, an opening will be given for better travel to Kio Grande do Sul, to Uruguay, and even to Buenos Aires, and commercial travelers can then take
of
it.^
may run back
advantage
1
Since this was written, the information has been received by the Pan American Union that a through train is scheduled from Santa Maria to Sao Paulo, with no night pauses; that sleeping cars are in service and that dining cars have been added both to save time and to add to the convenience of the traveling public. It is a happy instance of the rapid advances made in South America in such matters. A more detailed analysis of this trip through the interior of South Brazil can be studied in the Monthly Bulletia of the Pan American Union for December, 1911, page 1095.
48888Bull. 114
**^J:-*'--^v
'Janeiro
Santos
^^>'
u^6UH^
^\^^
FUNDO
.ot-
C^'
.-v^ ^v:
^X^^"^
.Itaquy
,^HW ^00|
N^^^ ÛV
1^ôt.
'%/.<"<;
{io
Grande
fSolto
'
o
>-,
L<f
Montevideo
F.
A-U.
ALL RAIL ROUTE BETWEEN MONTEVIDEO AND RIO DE JANEIRO.

The route recently opened is indicated by the heavy black lines. Much of the beautiful and fertile country along the way is but sparsely inhabited, but when the land is settled it will be one of the most productive areas in South America. The entire distance from one capital to the other is 1,966 miles (3,165 kilometers), and from Sao Paulo to the frontier of Uruguay at Santa Anna do Livramento (Rivera), the line is now
in regular operation.
It
must be noted that the plan of railway expansion
rails westward by the Falls of Iguassu to to Sfto Francisco on the Atlantic Ocean.
in South Brazil is to extend the Asuncion in Paraguay, the eastern terminus to be beyond Uniao

A COMMEECIAL TEAVELER IN SOUTH AMEEICA.
47
Now, Mr.
Editor, in concluding this hurried letter, I
confession, without
which
my
friends,
must make a known and unknown, might
think I was misleading them. Have I been successful in my venture off the beaten path of the commercial traveler from Yankeeland? Yes; only in the sense that I have investigated this new country, and shall have a lengthy report to make to my house when I get back
Ignoring a bit of frontier roughness here and there, forgetting own West of years ago, but utilizing them as a gauge for the future of this very country, I can advise others to follow me if the goods they carry will sell in a region such as I have attempted to describe. If it is thought worth while to come
home.
the repetition of experiences in our
overland from Montevideo to Sao Paulo, just to change a sea voyage
(Courtesy of La Razon, Montevideo.)
THE RIO DO PEIXE,

The railway
tude
is
IN
SANTA OATHARINA.
follows the Fish River. The roadbed is good, the country picturesque, and the altihigh enough to insure an agreeable climate. This region is heavily wooded, and there is
practically
no population.
one on land, it will be a novel experience. But if the sole purpose would be to sell goods of a kind not ready for a pioneer country, I must advise against it. Porto Alegre and Rio Grande deserve a visit. Between Porto Alegree and Curityba there is not a single town that has
for
50,000 inhabitants. Porto Alegre has probably a foreign trade of its own or may find it economical to draw upon Montevideo. Curityba has its independent exit through the port of Paranagua and may draw
of manufactured articles. Otherwise the country of south Brazil is of the future. I have not been successful in the sense that I paid my way or laid the foundation for a permanent trade on my next trip, should I make one. I could not do it, Mr. Editor, and the reason is to me very plain
from Sao Paulo as an immense depository
48
THE PAN AMERICAN
UNION".
Figure at the proposition as I could, I was not meet the figures of the European steamers which touch regularly and often along this coast. The customs tariff is of course as favorable to me (from the United States) as to any European manufacturer, and the goods I represent found a sympathetic reception at the hands of the merchants here. My terms were reasonable. But when it came to c. i. f. (cost, insurance, freight) at Porto Alegre, Paranagua, or any port south of Sao Paulo, I was not in the running. As one gentleman said to me on that very matter: ''We would like to trade with you. We like Yankee-made goods, but how can it be kept up when there is not one regular steamer between the United States and our shores, while we have direct steamer transportation, relatively cheap at that, at least every two weeks and perhaps oftener. When we buy in Europe we know that our purchases will arrive within reasonable time after the order is given, and with no transshipment beyond that from steamer to railway car. When we buy in the United States we can not tell within six months when anything will arrive; if we pay the freight we lose a valuable profit, because it costs more than from Europe, and there is danger of injury through the. unavoidable transfers." That's my experience, Mr. Editor. The next man may be luckier than I, and may be clever enough to deliver his goods cheaply and expeditiously over this local territory, in competition with our friends across the sea. But I can't yet. And so I shall report to my house when I am back, and perhaps suffer a
transportation rates.
able to
licking in consequence.
of the
To-morrow I am off to Sao Paulo. Although you and the readers Bulletin know much about that wonderful city and Rio,
I
going to try to find something to say of my experiences a personal turn which can't be found in the ordinary books or article of tourist travel. I haven't figured up my expenses yet, and I shall have a paragraph about them in my next letter, for as south Brazil differs from the center of the Republic, where I shall be when next I write, I am sure the expenses will be clear if I keep the various areas sepeager to see, I
practical value to
which
am
am
my
guild and to give
In Rio I hope to get an immense amount of accumulated have been moving forward steadily and have crossed from west to east. I haven't heard from the States, aside from cable messages, for over two months. And Heaven knows I am dying for news of any sort or character. Good-by, then, Mr. Editor. I shall try to call on you if I can get to Washington. I am on my way north, and it really begins to feel as if that were on my way home.
arate.
mail.
VlAJERO.
THE
rests
history of stock raising in the
RepubUc of Uruguay takes us
back to the times long before the country declared its independence. All the region of the Rio de la Plata, of which Uruguay forms a part, was so naturally adapted to cattle
that, in spite of the disturbed condition of the colonies in the second
half of the eighteenth century, the industry
the sources of wealth and the basis
grew and formed one of upon which Uruguay of to-day

pastoral country, and
much of its prosperity and activity. Uruguay is essentially an agricultural and
mining must take a second place, especially at the present, when the whole world is demanding increased supplies of meat to feed the fastincreasing populations of Europe and America. It is interesting, therefore, to note that as early as 1793 the hacendados (ranch owners) of Uruguay reported that there were in the country upward of 450,000 head of cattle killed annually for their hides, and that efforts should be made, therefore, to utiUze the meat from these cattle to put their cultivation on a sounder economical footing. Artigas, the national hero of Uruguay, was one of the first to recognize the value of such a suggestion, and as early as 1813 he was instrumental in forming the Junta de Agricultura (Agricultural Council), which had the power to encourage agricultural development and to pass regulations for the subdivision of the land. Even then an experiment was made in spreading a practical knowledge of the best-known ways to farm, and the germ was started of what are now called experimental farms, which Uruguay has so wisely developed. In one of his proclamations issued later, Artigas said to those in the administration: ''Let your excellencies dedicate to the progress of the camp (the term used to express the agricultural area of the country), that zeal of which you have already given examples," and afterwards he himself drafted regulations which laid the foundation Along with his appeal for arms and ammunition of rural legislation. for his soldiers he asked for plows, picks, and seeds; and again for primary reading books and other articles for the schools needed in the camp. Such things show the tendency of the population of Uruguay, which has always been quite as much rural as urban. Through the struggles that disturbed the Republic during the years of its formation, these experiences were not lost, and agricultural resources conBy Albert
Hale, of
Pan American Union
staff.
49
HOME, OF THEjRURAL ASSOCIATION OF URUGUAY.

The Asociacion Rural was
foiinded October 3, 1871 its object being to form a union of all those interested in the progress of the country in so far as it depended upon matters of stock-breeding and agriculture. It has been of inestimable value, and is in many ways a right arm to the Government of Uruguay in the work of fostermg and promoting the natui-al wealth of the Republic. Its fine buUduig, in Montevideo, on the Calle Uruguay, is the center of business reunions that have their influence throughout the coimtry. "" outside the capital have been established.
,
'
52
tinued to increase through the character and energy of the people. In 1860 the landowners succeeded in obtaining the passage of favorable rural legislation, and in 1871 the Rural Association of Uruguay was formed. This was an organization of all the elements of the rural population, and its efforts were directed toward popularizing the advantages of farming life. It pubhshed a Review in which it kept up its propaganda, and influenced thereby the passage of laws and of a rural code. Through the association new cultivations and new allied industries were introduced, and in the cattle industry the quality and the character of the breeds were materially improved. Rural societies afhhated with the association were founded, and an annual rural congress was successfully launched with their support. Out of this movement have grown experimental stations, a poHcy of animal sanitation, a diffusion of agricultural education, and finally a lasting support on the part of the Government to the extension of the farm life of the Republic. The land in Uruguay is gently rolhng, and it is difficult to find any large part of it unprovided with a bountiful water supply. The soil is deep and arable, and where not cultivated it supplies of itself a good pasture for the herds of cattle and sheep grazing upon it. The climate is mild, with no extremes of heat or cold, although the winters may have frosts and the summers the steady sun that remind one of mid-England in August. One feature of the use of the land in Uruguay which deserves attention is the fact that the rural holdings of the country are divided among about 43,000 properties. That is to say, there are over 36,000 properties of less than 500 hectares (1,236 acres) each, which is looked upon as a minimum area for cattle raising, and anything smaller than this is better devoted to crop farming and the cultivation of vegetables or the vine. This does not take into account the department in which Montevideo is situated, where individual holdings are naturally much smaller. Even 10 years ago the average of each farm was of greater dimensions, from which it is seen that the nationalinclinationis toward small properties. While the tendency in Uruguay is steadily in the direction of improvement in all the branches of cattle raising, there is also noticeable a desire to increase the agricultural, as compared with pastoral activities of the country. Thus one will supplement the other, and the rather unnecessary predominance of cattle and sheep raising, which was the condition at the end of the last century, is yielding to a healthier relationship between the two. Immigration plays its part in this development. Later settlers in the country give more attention to small farming, so that as the cattle industry increases the supply of grains and fodder crops keeps more evenly adjusted to it. The live-stock industry will continue to be, however, the chief
source of the country's commerce for years to come.
A statement of
54
the utilized land will be of interest here. Of the total area of the Republic, around 46,000,000 acres, 37,500,000 acres are given over to pasturage, and something over 2,000,000 to crop cultivation. This shows that four-fifths of the whole is devoted to grazing stock, and
recent estimate of the animals
nineteen times the area devoted to crop farming. A now on this immense pasture area of the country places the number of cattle at 8,200,000; sheep at about 27,000,000; hogs at perhaps something above 500,000, and horses, mules, and asses at nearly 600,000. Tlie live-stock products consumed and exported come from this multitude. The wool, meat, hides, sldns, tallow, and prepared-meat extracts form the larger part of the export commerce of Uruguay, and as these items are increasing
that this area
is
in
same time the quality of the becoming superior, it is plain that the live stock industry of Uruguay is important in the economic influence of South America upon the world's markets. The predominance of the exportation from Uruguay of live-stock products is very evident. As some of the finest sheep of the world come from Spain, and as the earliest immigrants to Uruguay brought sheep with them, this original breed having been further improved by later breeding from the best of European stocks, it is no wonder therefore that the wool from Uruguay has a most excellent reputation in foreign markets. The mutton also from these sheep, is to day a valuable product, although at first it was actually thrown away as waste; but the freezing methods have revolutionized the business, and thus increased the profits to the grower and added to the value of
the world over, while at the
is
demand
various breeds
the industry as a whole.
leading industry in Uruguay.
For a long time the preparation of jerked beef Although there
(tasajo) has
is
been a
some consumed
within the country, the greater portion is exported to Brazil, Cuba, Porto Rico, and elsewhere, where it is much liked by the people, in
many
cases being preferred to fresh meats.
During one year over
700,000 cattle were slaughtered in Uruguay for jerked beef alone; there resulted over 113,000,000 pounds of meat with a value of about
$6,500,000.
meat is now over and while far under the quantity prepared into jerked beef it seems most probable that the latter disposition of cattle products will overtake the former, and that as the market is so much more extensive, refrigerated meat going to the unhmited markets of Europe, the more modern method will
The number
of
cattle killed for refrigerated
31,000, with a value of almost $3,000,000,
prevail.
Uruguay, however, can not as yet compare with Argentina in its output of refrigerated meat, although it is rapidly becoming recognized as profitable. At least one of the long existing saladeros (salt-
MODERN MACHINERY
for her pastoral products.
IN
THE PASTORAL INDUSTRY OF URUGUAY.
In addition to the preparation of meat and wool for export, Uruguay has developed a local consumption The dairy industry has become quite important, and (a) modern dairy machinery is used extensively wherever butter and cheese are prepared. (6) The outside of the dairv building also is built for convenience and rapid handling of the milk delivered, (c) How extensive this industry is, may be seen from the engiae room of a modern creamery.
56

into a
meat packing houses) has been changed

plant, and other quite
modern
refrigerating
new estabUshments
are being worked.
Mutton
be frozen, but beef is best prepared when chilled down to a preserving point but not frozen hard. All such refinements of the process are well observed in these plants, so that everything turned out from them meets the requirements of foreign markets. The Government itself has felt it wise to undertake the working of a factory for the preparation of meat, not so much for the sake of pecuniary profit, but for the purpose of having under control a training school, as it were, in which instruction could be given and from which skilled workmen could be taken over into establishments conducted by
private capital.
may
There
is
one other process by which cattle meat
is utilized.
Few
people are aware that much of the beef extract on the markets comes from the special establishments in Uruguay for that purpose, able to
supply such a fine

available.
article
because of the high grade of the cattle
The name, or rather the word Liebig, is now actually synonymous with beef extract, but it could not have become so if Uruguay cattle had not been so suitable for the preparation of it, and if the Liebig company had not worked so scientifically toward furnishing its particular product. The Liebig factory is in Uruguay, at Fray Bentos, on the Uruguay River about 100 miles above Buenos
Aires,
but where there
is
depth
of
water sufficient to allow the en-
trance of vessels of a draft of 20 feet.
Fray Bentos has been called the greatest kitchen in the world. On some days 2,500 head of cattle are slaughtered, then treated so as to get the finest meat from them, the bones and ribs, the intestines, tails, sinews, hoofs, and other parts being reserved for their various uses. But this special meat is subjected to scientific preparation; it is cooked, to be sure, in a real kitchen, and with the best possible care and attention to detail. There are chemists, laboratories, engineers,
and authorities on technical matters, all engaged in cooking it out in the most acceptable form as the wellknown and popular extract. The company is organized with a system of help to the employees, for improving their physical, material and moral welfare. It maintains an almost model city around its factories, and has a reputation for enterprise and fair dealing which gives it an enviable place in the business world. Dairying in Uruguay has not made the advances to which the industry is entitled. Probably this is due to the fact that the animals are valuable for their meat and their hides, and that an equal profit has not been developed from the milk. This is changing, however, since much encouragement has lately been given to the dairy industry, and various societies, together with the Government, are offering prizes for excellence in dairy. There is no good reason why Uruguay should not rival England and Denmark in the quality of its milk, butter, and cheese.
the beef so as to turn
WHAT BECOMES OF THE BEEF OF URUGUAY?

The
slaughter of cattle for food was one of the first means adopted by the settlers in this fertile country, The original process was the preparation of jerked heettasajohy salting, in great stacks of the fresh meat, as seen here. (6) Later on, when export trade increased the demand from oversea, a more modern method of preserving meat was adopted, (c) The process which appears now to be most scientific and valuable, is that of chilling meat, and in Uruguay the factories are equipped with modern appliances, and the storerooms are kept in a thoroughly hygienic manner.
(a)
I
SHEEP AND WOOL IN URUGUAY,
lS for
cattle, so for sheep. The effort to produce good hides and beef is equaled by the desire to add to the quality and quantity of wool and mutton, (a) The twenty-nine millions of sheep in the country finally find their way to the abattoir to furnish food for many parts of the world. (6) Blooded rams are frequently imported for breeding purposes, and they are always objects of interest at the stock fairs, (c) Those who escape the slaughterhouse are shorn of their wool which is stored for export, although the manufacture of woolen cloth and garments is begirming to be an industry in Montevideo.
UEUGUAY.
The
foreign
59
of
commerce
of
Uruguay shows the high importance
the cattle industry in the RepubHc, considering sheep of course as included in the term cattle. For example, the total exports during
the year 1912 amounted to $53,000,000. Of this sum, the cattle and meat export was $44,000,000, while agriculture accounted for only
and mining products for another $2,000,000. Of the shipments under the first head, wool is far in the lead, the exports being almost $26,000,000, but meat and meat extracts gave $5,700,000, hides and skins almost $10,000,000, and live animals Of live animals exported there were 77,444 beeves, $1,000,000. 320,389 sheep, and about 2,000 horses and mules. Meat extracts included jerked beef, canned beef, beef extract, frozen beef, frozen mutton, canned tongue, and beef broth. Such is a resume of one of the industries of the progressive Republic of Uruguay. There is room for greater development, because, with all that has been accomplished, the limit of economic productivity is With the steadily increasing dea long way from being reached. mand for meat and meat products in all the consuming markets of the world, with the well-known adaptability of the people of Uruguay for agricultural and pastoral life, with the encouraging tendency to aid immigration to the country and the facility with which new settlers are absorbed into the population, Uruguay takes a favored place among the cattle countries of America. (The following notes were received from Dr. Carlos Maria de Pena, the Uruguayan Minister in Washington, too late to be incorporated in this article. They are so pertinent to it, however, that they are appended as a proof of Uruguay's activity in the matters to which
$2,000,000,
details of
the article refers.)
Uruguay has a cattle market situated only 8 miles from the city of Uruguay, on municipal property called ''Tablada del Norte," and the
movements of cattle there are reported in the Review of Rural del Uruguay (Rural Association of Uruguay).
from
this
the Asociacion
Recent data
pubhcation are
as follows:^
Sales of
cattle.
OXEN.
1913
60
THE
PAN"
AMERICAN UNION.
Sales of cattle
Continued.
STEERS.
Montli.
URUGUAY.
61
York 804,110 kilos (1,772,758 pounds), valued at $160,333; in February, 1,227,870 kilos (2,706,989 pounds), at $214,388; in March, 2,432,350 kilos (4,622;384 pounds), at $413,697; in April, 2,432,350
kilos
(5,362,413 pounds), valued at $442,334.

therefore,
During these four
months,
the importation from Uruguay amounted to 6,561,010 kilos (14,464,000 pounds) with a value of $1,230,752. If this movement may be taken as a basis of computation, the
United States will soon become a market for Uruguay meat, and import annually something Hke $3,500,000. If the months of March and April will serve as a criterion, and during these months the commerce can be considered normal, the importation will amount to about $5,000,000. The population of the United States may be taken as about 100,000.000: and as meat from the Rio de la Plata has been favorably received, it can be assumed that, within human probability, this American market will increase steadily, and that more depends upon the capacity of Uruguay to produce meat than
upon the capacity of the United States to absorb it. It is evident that the United States will from now on consume its own production, however much it may increase, and wiU therefore need more and more an importation from abroad, especially from the region of the Rio de
la Plata.
As Uruguay has upwards of 8,000,000 cattle and 29,000,000 sheep, its fertile plains, it must be taken into serious consideration as a source of supply of meat for the United States, and even then During it wiU not come into competition with the native supply. the last week in May, as Consul General Richhng says, the average New York wholesale prices of American meats were favorable even to meats from the Rio de la Plata, because they were 10 per cent higher than those of England for the same class of meats from that
on
source.
48888Bull. 114-
OF MINISTE
iJ
%l
/l %J
li 1
f ^ 11 ^ # ij
:^
Bulletin regrets, most deeply, to announce the death H. E. Sen or Dr. Pedro Ezequiel Rojas, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of Venezuela to the United States, which came suddenly, though perhaps not unexpectedly, during his stay in Atlantic City early in the morning of June 26, 1914. Dr. Rojas was one of the active members of the governing board of the Pan American Union, and as such came into intimate contact with his confreres on that body and with members of the staff. Many others also there were whose activities brought them at times to know him, and aU recognized the dignity of his character, the attractiveness of his personality. His absence will be long felt by all who are interested in Latin American affairs, and especially those who appreciated the depth of his love for his own country, Venezuela., Dr. Rojas was born at Cumana, Venezuela, in 1837. Coming from a family distinguished from the beginning for their patriotism, it was natural that he should take his part in political life, even in early youth. While in the national congress and in the senate, he found time to write for the press, and always was proud to say that he had been listed as a newspaper man and journalist. He has been presiding officer of the National Congress, minister of Venezuela to Chile and the Argentine Republic, in the national cabinet as minister of foreign affairs, and envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to the United States since 1909. He had received many decorations from his own and other countries, the one in which he took most pride being probably that of the Busto de Bolivar, the highly prized order of merit bestowed by Venezuela. He was also an active member of the National Academy of History, famous literary society of
of
THE
Venezuela.
Immediately on receipt of the news of the death of Dr. Rojas, the Department of State appointed Mr. Stedman Hanks, and the Pan American Union Mr. Francisco J. Yanes, to accompany the body from Atlantic City to Washington, where it was met by an escort of mounted police, by representatives from the White House, the Department of State, and the Pan American Union, and taken to the Venezuelan Legation. The obituary services were held Tuesday, June 30, following which the body was taken to the navy jârd, placed on board the DolpJiin, and carried to Hampton Roads, where it was transferred to the U. S. S. Kansas. This battleship takes the
62
Photograph bj Harris-Ewing.
SENOR DOCTOR DON PEDRO EZEQUIEL ROJAS,

Late Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary Venezuela to the United States.
of
Photograpli by
PRESIDENT WILSON ATTENDING THE FUNERAL SERVICES IN HONOR OF THE LATE MINISTER OF VENEZUELA, AT ST. MATTHEW'S CHURCH.
Accompanying the President
is
his chief aid, Col.
William
W.
Harts.
Photograph by Harris-Ewing.
THE OFFICIAL ESCORT ENTERING THE CHURCH.

The body
of Seiior Dr. Rojas was sent by the United States Government to La Guaira, there to be received in form by the Venezuelan Government, Ijut funeral services were held in Washington, at St. Mathew's church. The body was escorted into the church by Secretary of State Bryan (at the left),
68 body
THE PAN AMEEICAN

of the deceased
UNIOl^r.
diplomat to La Guaira, Venezuela, where the

it
officials of
that Republic receive
formally.
On
learning of the death of Dr. Rojas, the Secretary of State sent
a personal telegram of condolence to Atlantic City, as did also the Pan American Union, who ordered the flag of Venezuela lowered to half-mast, to remain thus until the body had left the United States. The Bulletin takes this means of conveying to the Venezuelan Government and to the relatives and friends of Dr.
director general of the
Rojas the sincere condolences of the entire membership of the staff Pan American Union. The governing board of the Pan American Union held a meeting on the afternoon of Monday, June 29, 1914, attended by the Secretary of State of the United States, all the Latin American diplomatic representatives in Washington, and the director general and assistant director of the Pan American Union, to take action on the death ot the minister of Venezuela, Sr. Dr. Pedro Ezequiel Rojas. At the opening of the meeting the Secretary of vState in his capacity as chairman of the board made the following remarks:
of the
Death having entered our circle and taken away one of our most respected members, meeting has been called that proper action may be taken by the Union. A resolution will be introduced in a moment, but I take this opportunity to express the deep regret which I feel that he should be called from among us. Since my connection with the Union, I have become acquainted with him and have learned to appreciate his uniform courtesy, the intelligence which he brought into our councils, and the sympathetic interest which he felt in all that concerned Latin America and the Western Hemisphere. We shall miss him, and I am sure I speak the feelings of all of my countrymen who have learned to know him personally, when I express sincere sorrow at his death and sympathy with those who survive him.
this
The minister of Costa Rica, Sr. Joaquin Bernardo Calvo, then presented a set of resolutions expressing the profound regret of the governing board at the death of one of their most loved and respected
members and directing that copies of the resolution be sent to the Government of Venezuela and to the members of his family. These
resolutions are as follows:
The governing board

of the
death
of
of the Pan American Union, having learned with deep sorrow the distinguished statesman, His Excellency Dr. Pedro Ezequiel of
Rojas,
the United States of
Venezuela, resolves:
To record on the minutes of this special meeting the keen sentiment of sorrow each and every one of the members of the board on this lamentable event. Second. That this expression of sorrow be transmitted by cable to the Government of Venezuela and to the family of the late Dr. Rojas. Third. That the chairman of the governing board be authorized to appoint a committee of three ^ to accompany the remains of the late minister Rojas at the time of their departure for Venezuela (on the Dolphin from Washington to Hampton Roads) Fourth. That a durable wreath be sent to the funeral and to accompany the remains to their last resting place, on behalf of the governing board of the Pan American Union.
First.
of
This committee as appointed was composed o( the minister of Costa Rica, Sr. Joaquin Bernardo Calvo; the minister of Peru, Sr. Federioo Alfonso Pezet, and the minister of Ecuador, Sr. Gonzalo S. de
Cordova.
ARRIVAL OF FUNERAL CORTEGE OF THE LATE MINISTER ROJAS AT THE WASHINGTON NAVY YARD.
Courtesy of Chief
Yeoman
B. A.
Backers,
OFFICIALS PAYING THEIR FINAL RESPECTS AS THE BODY OF TAKEN ABOARD THE "DOLPHIN."
THE MINISTER
IS
Courtesy oC Chief
Yeoman
B. A.
Backers. U.
S.
N.
CARRYING THE REMAINS OF THE LATE MINISTER ABOARD THE "DOLPHIN.
Courtesj of Chiel
Yeoman
B. A. Backers, U.
fi.
N.
THE REMAINS OF THE LATE MINISTER ROJAS ON BOARD THE "DOLPHIN."

Draped
in the national colors of Venezuela and surrounded by a number of floral tributes, the remains of the minister were conveyed to Hampton Roads, Va., where the body was transferred to the U. S. S. "Kansas" and taken to La Guaira, Venezuela.
QUEUES AND ANSWEIS

/ Tiave heen told that in most of the Latin American Refublics there are very high protective tariff rates. Is this true?
No. Latin American tariffs are to be classed as revenue. statement there are but few exceptions and these mainly in Brazil, where, in order to protect the cotton and some other manufacturing industries, protective duties are imposed. It must be remembered that the Latin American countries are not yet to any large extent manufacturing centers, or at least not manufacturers of the kind of goods produced in Europe and America, from which their imports come. The protection idea, therefore, has but little or no hold. The raising of revenue and the development of the country are the important things. We find, therefore, that agricultural, mining and transportation machinery and supplies, articles of prime necessity, immigrants' goods, tools, and the like, all of which go to the building up of the country, are either duty free or lightly taxed, and on other classes of goods, even on luxuries, the duties are seldom so high as to discourage imports. A falhng off in imports would, of
Answer.this
To
course,
mean
a falling
off of
revenues.
I notice from daily papers that an auction of nitrate lands will he held soon at Santiago, Chile, hut do not understand the word ^'quintal" used
as
to area.
Will you explain f
refers to cubical measurement, and it weight of about 220 pounds. The value of the land in the nitrate section of Chile is, of course, based on the probable amount of nitrate that may be extracted therefrom. The lands are divided into plats of various sizes for instance, in connection with the forthcoming auction, we note that in the Santa Lucia region lot A has been found to contain about 2,546,542 metrical quintals, and the minimum valuation of each quintal is 40 centavos, or about 14^ cents United States money. The lands in question are located in the Province of Tarapaca, and belong to the Chilean Government, and the auction will be held in accordance with an act of the Chilean Congress dated January 29, 1914. The board of public auction will conduct the sale.
signifies a
;
Answer.
A quintal in Chile
Please explain the difference hetween Punta Arenas and Puntarenas,
and
state the location
of each
city.
its
Answer.
This
is
a Spanish word, and
EngHsh equivalent
is
There are numerous places bearing the Spanish name. The cities located in Chile and Costa Rica, respectively, are the most important; and by international agreement, and in order to avoid
69
sandy point.
70
is written with the two words and that of Costa Rica as one word. Punta Arenas is the southernmost city of the world, being located on the north side of the Strait of Magellan. It has a population of 20,000, has wide and some well-paved streets; it is 6,890 miles by sea from New York; there are about 2,000,000 sheep in the surrounding territory, and it is also a fur market of some importance, and as an ocean cross-roads its shipping is very
confusion, the Chilean city
active.
Punta Arenas
is
the only South American city where sleighIt is
ing and skating are popular amusements. Puntarenas is Costa Rica's principal seaport on the Pacific.
situated on the Gulf of Nicoya, an inlet of the ocean, and has about It is a port of call for steamers plying from San 5,000 population.
Francisco to Panama, and is distant 2,916 miles from the former city; many local steamers also serve this port, which is the terminus of the The railroad from the Caribbean port of Limon, 172 miles distant.
Costa Rican Government, realizing the greater importance of the port after the opening of the Panama Canal, on July 2, 1913, appropriated $250,000 for extensive port improvements.
Can land
he obtained
on
the
If not, at about what prices can it be secured what countries for agricultural and stocTc-raising purposes?
stead plan, or free?
Latin American Republics on the homeand in
Answer.
-To
one acquainted with the climate, character of
soils,
vegetable growths and possibilities, markets and transportation facilities, social customs, and habits of life in the Latin American countries it would probably be sufficient to answer the above by a simple
Free land for agriculture and stock raising can be had affirmative. by intending settlers in practically all of the Latin American RepubBut to one unacquainted with these things, while the answer lics. would be strictly true, it might be dangerously misleading. The ordinary American farmer and stock raiser, with small capital and dependent for the most part on his
success in our
of a
own labor, who has made such a splendid own West on homesteaded lands, in ninety-nine cases out
hundred, and perhaps in the hundredth, too, would have failed
on lands, free or otherwise, in tropical countries. Even in countries not oropical, such as Argentina, Uruguay, and Chile, with such an equipment his chance of success would have been small
irretrievably
indeed.
What was true in the past is generally true now. LatinAmerican countries offer the finest kind of opportunities in agriculture and stock raising, but these opportunities are only for those with The larger the capital and the more the capital and experience.
experience the better the opportunity. To such free lands do not ordinarily appeal, unless the enterprise be on a very large scale. Free lands are undeveloped lands off the Lnes of transportation. In 9 cases out of 10 it is cheaper to buy land than to undertake the
QUEEIES AND ANSWERS.
71
building of transportation lines. In Mexico, prior to the recent disturbances, a few Americans of small means under exceptional conditions have succeeded on
Government
free lands; so likewise in
Cuba;
but good free land
is
not to be had in Cuba.

of the word " Monterrey'^
What
is the correct spelling
Answer. In several Spanish speaking countries, and in California, once a part of Mexico, there are cities with the name "Monterey;" this is an old and a correct form of spelling the word. In Mexico the capital of the State of Nuevo Leon is called ''Monterrey" so spelled accordance with a recognized phonetic rule of the Spanish grammar which allows the duplication of a consonant, especially an ''r" coming between two vowels in a compound word. As Monterrey is compounded of "Monte" and "rey, " the rule is here applicable. Another and a practicable reason is that the Mexican Government, to facilitate postal interchange, decided on the spelling of "Monterrey," to distinguish the Mexican city from the Calif ornian city of "Monterey."
7s there
^^siroche" or
any way, in mountain
traveling in Latin
siclcnessf
America
to
provide against
Answer.
feel the
Several of the best railways, in equipping
theii
passenger
coaches, install an apparatus to supply oxygen to those
who may
mountain sickness coming on, as the urain advances into high altitudes, at about 8,000 feet and over. Some scientific instrument makers have devised compact apparatus a small storage tank, portable, with proper stopcock and inhalation tube which can be carried by the individual traveler, and from which he can take into his lungs (and thus into the blood), from time to time, oxygen in sufficient quantities to overcome the evil effects of the rarified air at high altitudes. Such apparatus has proved successful in numerous
instances.
PAN
AMEIICAN
MOTES
1913.
REVIEWS OF THE FOREIGN COMMERCE OF LATIN AMERICA FOR
with this July number of the Bulletin, reviews commerce of the Latin American RepubUcs The statistical matter for the past year will be presented. upon which these reviews are based, with but few exceptions, emanates from the statistical offices of these Repubhcs, either in the form of general statistics for public use or special matter prepared for the Pan American Union, The matter is therefore official and has the Government sanction. Of course, reports from 20 different countries, operating under different systems of collecting and stating statistics, would, if published altogether and in the form received, be intelligible to those only having considerable acquaintance with the several statistical systems in these countries. For this reason it is necessary in presenting these statistics in a single publication to so rearrange the same that they may present to the reader a complete and systematic whole. This work of compilation and editing has been done in the Pan American Union with great care and conscientiousness. These statistics show to one who will carefully examine them, as perhaps no other data can show, the great progress and advance which has been made and is being made by the 20 Latin American Republics. They also serve to answer four out of five inquiries which may be asked by people interested in the development of these countries. In this number appears the review for Argentina, to be immediately followed by Paraguay and Guatemala and by the other countries as the material can be compiled
BEGINNING
of the foreign
and
edited.
DESCRIPTIVE PAMPHLETS OF THE REPUBLICS.

will begin the reissue of the each of the Latin- American Republics. Material for the new editions is now being collected. These pamphlets have been issued for the last four years, a new edition each year, thoroughly revised and brought up to date. They contain in an abridged but serviceable form much information regarding the history, forms of government, internal development, industries, railways, educational development, and statistics of population and foreign trade. Printed in uniform size, they can be bound together, making a book of valuable reference for the ordinary inquirer. Requests for these pamphlets have been very numerous, and in many cases even the large editions published have been exhausted, so that this organization is forced every year to increase the size of
Very shortly the Pan American Union

pamphlets descriptive
of
series of
the edition.
72
HON ARTHUR BAILLY-BLANCHARD,

Envoy Extraordinary and
Mr. Blanchard has
Minister Plenipotentiary of the United States to Haiti.
for many years been identified with the diplomatic service of the United States, and was secretary of the embassy at Tokyo, Japan, at the time of his elevation to the position of minister to Haiti. The numerous charges held by him during his career include that of private secretary to the minister to France, 1885-1889, and agaia 1890-1893; secretary. United States Commission to Paris Exposition; attache, American Peace Commission, Paris, 1898; secretary, Hague Peace Conference, 1907; third secretary of the embassy at Paris, 1900, then rising to the position of first secretary of that embassy;
delegate, with personal rank of minister plenipotentiary, to International Sanitary Conference at Paris, 1911; secretary of the embassy at Tokyo, 1912; and now miuister to Haiti.
74
THE PAN AMEKICAN UNION.
NEW
MINISTER FROM THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC.
is made of the appointment as envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of the Dominican Republic at Washington of Sr. Lie. Dr. Eduardo Soler. Dr. Soler, prior to his appointment to Washington, occupied the position of minister of finance in the cabinet of President Bordas. From this position he is transferred to fill on behalf of his Government a new post at Wash-
Announcement
Accompanying him as secretary of legation is Sr. Don Luis Galvan, a prominent journalist of the Republic. The Bulletin takes this opportunity of extending to both of these gentlemen its heartiest welcome to Washington, with the hope that they will find residence here and the duties attached to their positions pleasant and agreeable. In particular, it extends to Dr. Soler its welcome to him as a member of the governing board of the Pan American Union and expresses the hope that he will consider the Union in the light of a second home.
ington.
THE national FOREIGN TRADE CONVENTION OF THE UNITED STATES.
The National Foreign Trade Convention convened

on
in
Washington
27 and 28, 1914. There has been issued a full report of the organization and work of the convention, from which one is impressed with the great amount of interest now being manifested by
the large commercial associations and business houses of the Uiiited States in matters relating to the export trade of the country. Space
forbids the entering into detail of the matters prominently before the
May
convention.
One
subject in particular, however, engaged
much
of
the attention of the
members
of the convention
and that was the
Attention was called to the fact that the United States had, directly or indirectly, made the first beginnings in reciprocity trade agreements, particularly with the Latin American States. With Cuba a direct measure of reciprocity had been obtained. With other Latin American States a very generous tariff treatment of their exports had laid the basis of a larger trade. In the case of Brazil this very generous treatment had produced recognition in special tariff reductions on certain American goods. It was believed that similar reciprocal treatment would be conducive to a larger development of American export trade. The convention recommended to the President of the United States and to the Secretary of State the negotiation and formulation of treaties with foreign countries, and particularly with such as enjoyed a favorable position under the American tariff. The natural equities of the situation, in
subject of reciprocity.
the opinion of the members of the convention, offered a natural basis for reciprocal agreements and entitled the export trade of the
United States to favorable treatment.
PAN AMERICAN NOTES.

HISPANIC-AMERICAN HISTORY CONGRESS.
75
Hispanic-American History and Geography met from April 26 to May 1, 1914, inclusive, as was mentioned in the Enghsh Bulletin for June, 1914, page 793. While a general description of the cause and purpose of the meeting was given, it was impossible at that time to report on the accompUshments of the congress. Recent information, however, has just been received, which gives in some detail the progress made by the meetings from day to day, and indicates that many fine papers were read, and much enthusiasm shown, not only for the work performed and outUned for future gatherings, but for the generous and sincere hospitality with which the guests were treated by their hosts in Seville.
The Congress
of
in Seville, Spain,
It is of value to reproduce here the conclusions of the congress, in a

series of resolutions as follows:
(1)
desire for peace in the Americas.

ically hereafter in cities of
(2)
The congress expresses its fervent The congress will meet period-
America and Spain, the next session to be held in Seville during the exposition (1916), an invitation being extended to the congress which is to meet in Washington this year (1914) to join in that meeting. (3) The congress requests the Government to keep open until the next session, the exhibition of maps and manuscripts now on view in the Lonj a building. (4) The congress declares that Spain as a nation was not responsible for excesses which occurred during the conquest and colonization of the Americas. (5) The congress expresses its desire that the countries of Spanish America maintain in vigor, and perfect all necessary means to improve morally and materially the condition of the Indians of America, thus foUomng the high example of solicitude which Spain always has held. (6) The congress beUeves advisable the creation of an
international center of historic investigation in Madrid or Seville.
believe it mthin its attributes to decide yet expresses the hope that in time (the name 'Spanish America " may be generally used. (8) The congress requests that the archives of Spanish cities be opened to students. (9) The congress wiU ask that the grand cross of Alfonso XII be given Seiior Don Pedro Torres Lanzas. (10) The congress requests the minister
(7)
The congress does not

titles,
a question of
'
of
pubhc instruction
to create a center for study of
to complete the erection of a professorship of geography.
congress thanks the city of Seville for
Americana and (11) The naming a street Vasco Niiiiez
de Balboa. (12) The congress hopes that other cities will do the same. (13) The congress wiU request the Government to name a unit of the existing [army for Balboa, or so to name the next unit
organized.
(14)
The congress requests the representatives
of foreign
governments present to ask them to name streets or squares for Balboa, and to request the Government of Panama to erect a rough monu-
76

Pacific Ocean, with
ment on the height from which Balboa saw the
an inscription reading: ''From this point the first European, astonished, saw the so-called Sea of the South, the Pacific Ocean. Ho was a Spaniard, Vasco Nilnez de Balboa, led hither by an Indian, native son of this soil, on September 25, 1513."
PANAMA CANAL TONNAGE CERTIFICATES.

The Pan American Union has
the
received from the''executive office of
Panama Canal, Culebra, Canal Zone, Circular No. 673, signed by George W. Goethals, governor, containing' advice and information
and masters
in the matter of tonnage certificates of
for shipowners
Panama Canal. The advice and information contained in the circular may be briefly stated as follows: First, it must be remembered that the rules for measurement do not conform with those ordinarily administered by the officials of the Suez Canal or the rules for measurement in general use in the United States and in foreign countries. Vessels, must have specific measurements conforming to the Panama rules. The collector of customs of New York, and probably later of other American ports and ofiicials of certain designated foreign ports, are authorized to measure vessels under the Panama rules and to issue the required certificates. Opportunity to secure measurements accordingUo the Panama rules, it is intended, shall be offered at the home port of all vessels contemplating the use of the canal, and it is strongly recommended by the governor of the Canal Zone that vessels shall provide themselves with these certificates before arriving in canal waters. However, in case a vessel has not such a certificate, entrance^to the canal will not be denied her, but proper measurements will have to be made in the canal waters. It would be of assistance and save time if she be provided with a complete set of blue prints and a copy of the measurements made when her ordinary tonnage certificate was received as
vessels expecting to use the
well as this certificate

certificates
itself.
Vessels provided with special
Panama
wiU
authorities to
no delay in transit. The right of the canal check and correct certificates of measurements made
suffer
elsewhere
is
reserved.
HOUSTON TOURISTS
IN
THE CARIBBEAN.
organization of business men from the city of Houston, Texas, has secured a steamer from the United Fruit Co. and taken practically all cabin accommodations for a special cruise in Caribbean
waters.
An
ing at the principal ports in these Republics.
Cuba, Panama, and Costa Rica, touchThe South has a wholesome interest in the Latin American countries, and more particularly in those bordering on the Caribbean. This interest is maniwill visit
The party
Photograph by Harrls-Ewlng.
seSor dr. eduardo soler,

The new envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary
of
the Dominican Republic to the United
48888Bull. 114-
78
fested daily
and evidenced by inquiries and requests for special information coming from the Southern States. All of this tends to establish a greater degree of good will and friendship and a greater development of commerce with these countries. The tourists from Houston will no doubt carry back to their homes, in addition to a large amount of general information, more particular knowledge directly affecting the trade relations between the United States and
its
southern neighbors.
DARTMOUTH
" ALL
ROUND ACHIEVEMENT"
PRIZE.
Information has just reached the Pan American Union from Dartmouth College that the Barrett cup and medal has been awarded This cup, donated to Mr. Paul Witmer Loudon of the senior class. some time ago by the director general of the Pan American Union, Final commencement of is presented for the first time this year. the college and the reunion of his class falls upon the twenty-fifth anniversary of the graduation from the college of the director general. The cup is awarded for all-round achievement by a general vote of
the students of the three upper classes, achievement being understood to mean excellence in character, dependability, scholarship, physical development, athletic skill, and popularity. The cup remains with the college, but each year has engraved upon it the name of the student selected. As a permanent token of his achievement and of the regard in which he is held by his fellow students, the fortunate man chosen receives and keeps as his own a medal
suitably engraved and lettered.
DIPLOMATIC OFFICERS RECEIVE UNIVERSITY DEGREES.
Two
of
tives accredited to
the distinguished Latin- American diplomatic representaWashington, Senor Dr. Romuio S. Naon, Minister
of Argentina, and Senor Dr. Federico Alfonso Pezet, Minister ol Peru, have recently had conferred upon them the degrees of doctor Dr. Naon enjoyed of laws by representative American universities. the unique experience of receiving the degree of doctor of laws on
from Yale and Harvard, two of the most famous United States. Dr. Pezet was given the same degree by Miami, which stands in the front rank of the educational institutions of the Central West. When Public Orator Prof. Cross, on June 17, bestowed Yale's degree upon Dr. Naon, he introduced
successive days
universities in the
him
as follows
Before coining to Washington as ambassador from the Argentine Republic Seiior Naon had had a brilliant career in his own country as lawyer and statesman a leader
of
the Argentine bar, professor of constitutional law in the University of Buenos
Aires, a representative in the National Congress,
and Minister
of Justice
and Public
Photograph by Harrls-E
MONS. SOLON MENOS,

VTio has again been designated envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of Haiti to the United States. Mons. Menos was the Haitian minister at Washington from November, 1911, to July, 1913,
when he was succeeded by the present minister, Mons. Ulrick Duvivier. The news of Mons. Menos's return to the capital has been pleasantly received by his many friends both in olBcial and private circles.
80

He was
the author of the law establisliing the present
Instruction in the Cabinet.
organization of justice in Buenos Aires and of the regulations governing education in
aim the Republic. Senor Naon has now come into international fame by the part that he has taken in adjusting the difficulties with Mexico. It was a delicate situation that required of him and Ms associates the tact and resourcefulness of the most skilled diplomacy.
the commercial, industrial, and art schools
their ultimate
laws having as
development
of
constitutional government throughout the Argentine
The conference
at Niagara is a
of
landmark in the history
of the international relations
between the great powers
the Western Hemisphere.
At Harvard, on
the following day, President Lowell referred to Dr.
Naon
as follows:
Philosopher, poet, educator, jurist, and statesman.

for peace, of
A diplomat steadfastly laboring

to
and by his South America.
efforts
and his personality drawing us closer
the great Republics
When
Upon
President Hughes conferred IMiami's degree of doctor of

said:
laws upon the Peruvian minister, Dr. Pezet, he
you, Federico Alfonso Pezet, soldier, statesman, diplomat, in recognition of your scholarly, sympathetic appreciation of the problems confronting the American Republics, and of your large contributions toward a better understanding and a closer
friendship between our great countries,
by a vote of the university senate, with the approval of the board of trustees, and by the authority granted by the State of Ohio Miami University confers the degree of doctor of laws, in testimony of which you are presented with this diploma and invested with the hood of your academic rank.
TEACHING OF SPANISH IN THE UNITED STATES.
The educational
directory issued
by the Bureau
of
Education
of
the United States enumerates nearly 300 colleges and universities in the country wherein instruction in the Spanish language is offered students. Courses embrace all subjects from the most elementary
to a critical study of the literature, classical and contemporary, both Spain and Spanish America. In addition, in certain universities, such as Harvard, Yale, Columbia, California, Wisconsin, Illinois, and Pennsylvania, there are courses covering matters other than educational having to do with Latin America. In some of the colleges, as for instance in the College of the City of New York, Spanish is received in the entrance examinations and in the requisites The teaching of for a degree on a par with French and German. Spanish and the study of the language grows apace in the United States. In season, and perhaps out of season, the Pan American Union has for years encouraged this very thing. An opportunity to become acquainted with the Spanish language and literature should be presented to every student in the country, and it should be brought home to the minds of everyone what a great influence in the civilization of the world this beautiful language and literature has exerted. In particular the Pan American Union has urged the teaching of Spanish in the business schools of the country, and every day shows
up
of
ORGANIZING COMMITTEE OF THE NINTH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF STUDENTS TO BE HELD AT MONTEVIDEO, URUGUAY, 1915.
With the hearty cooperation
committee
of Govemment officials and educational leaders, the Uruguayan organizing is endeavoring to make this congress, meeting in South America for the first time, the most successful in its history. Dr. Baltasar Brum (1), minister of foreign affairs and public instruction, besides being a noted educational reformer, is an ardent supporter of the local student organization, and he has used his good offices to secure many privileges for the student delegates. The president of the Uruguayan organizing committee is Sr. Rafael Capurro (2), director general of the International Bureau of American Students iOficina Internacional Universitaria Americana) at Montevideo. Sr. Emique E. Buero, secretary general of the committee, is the assistant director secretary of the student bureau. Messrs. Capurro arid Buero have been designated delegates from Uruguay to the Fourth Congress of American Students at Santiago, Chile, September, 19U.
82
that in these schools the teaching is becoming more general. Likewise there has been great advance made in the grammar schools of the country. Recently the board of education of New York City ruled that a separate department of Spanish be created in the De Witt Clinton High School, and that boys entering after September, 1914,
may take Spanish on a par with French, German, and Latin. De Witt Clinton is not a commercial high school, and for this reason it is the better illustration of the constant and spreading interest in the Spanish language. Spanish has been added to the modern language curriculum in the Porter Military Academy of Charleston, South CaroIn Birmingham, Alabama, Spanish will be taught in the public and Mobile, Alabama, has recently added two teachers of Spanish in the schools. The Conference of Southern Commercial Secretaries, which met in Vicksburg in June, went upon record as urging that Spanish be a part of the systematic instruction offered in the schools of the South. The Pan American Union has much reason to be gratified in this growing interest in the study of Spanish now being manifested in this country.
lina.
schools,
COSTA RICA AND ITS MINISTER.
A
to
recent issue of the Washington Star devoted considerable space

article descriptive of
an
Costa Rica and deaUng with

abihty,
its
affairs
and appreciative
Calvo.
of the character,
and work
of Minister
It pointed out that Costa Rica, although one of the smallest
countries of the world, both in area and in population, enjoys the

distinction of having its minister in Washington, Senor
Don Joaquin
of minister.
Bernardo Calvo, as the ranking diplomat in the grade
not for the fact that ambassadors, notwithstanding their term of residence, in all cases outrank ministers, Senor Calvo would be the ranking diplomat of any grade in Washington. His residence in Washington as representative of his country has continued over 15 years, more than 3 years longer than that of the minister next in rank and more than 5 years longer than that of any other LatinAmerican representative. While Costa Rica is one of the smallest States, it is far from being one of the backward States. Its boast that it has more schoolmasters than soldiers, which is true, illustrates the national trend of this small country toward culture and
it
Were
progress.
SCIENTIFIC EXPEDITION TO COLOMBIA.
Among the most valuable contributions to the pre-Columbian history of the west coast of South America, extending from Colombia
south to Chile, have beea the iQve3tigatio:is aid pablicatloris resulting therefrom of Prof. Marshall H. Saville, Loubat professor of
PAN AMEEICAN NOTES.
83
American archaeology in Columbian University. While these inveshave not extended over a very long period, Prof. Saville's first trip to the west coast was made in 1906, they have assumed an importance in the scientific world of a very high degree. His Contributions to South American Archaeology, the result of studies made during a voyage of the year before to Ecuador, and dealing principally with the antiquities of Manabi in that Republic, and later pamphlets issued since 1907, and in particular a pamphlet on the decoration of teeth, reviewed in the June number of this Bulletin, have all contributed to place Prof. Saville in the first rank of Ameritigations
canists.
It is therefore of interest that the But^letin records the
fact
that another expedition to this region,
Saville, sailed
from
New York
in
May.
organized by Prof. Included in the party was
son,
is
Dr. Foster Saville, also well known as an explorer, and Prof. Saville's Randolph Saville. Their destination is Colombia and their hope
to
uncover
many
archseologic
remains hitherto untouched by

for a staff of
earlier investigators.
Arrangements haAê been made
40 native assistants.
THIS YEAE
MOHONK CONFERENCE.
The Mohonk Conference on International Arbitration had its twentieth annual meeting at Lake Mohonk the last week in May. The attendance was the largest on record. Mohonk is international and all the world has its say there. The delegation from Europe was larger than usual and Asia was represented by the Chinese minister at
Latin America has for a number of years been heard this year especially cordial was the reception given The addresses of Senores Ignacio Calderon, to its representatives. of Bolivia, and Federico Alfonso Pezet, of Peru, received the courtesy
Washington.
at
Mohonk, and
and attention was the series

efforts exerted
to
which they were
entitled.
Of
special significance
of resolutions presented in reference to the
mediatory
by the diplomatic representatives of Brazil, Argentina, and Chile at Niagara Falls. The committee drafting these resolutions had such names as those of John R. Mott, Edwin D. Mead, and Elmer R. Brown and were in brief as follows:
That the Mohonk conference sends felicitations and greetings to Niagara Falls. That advocated international arbitration and mediation, and rejoices therefore that these three Republics of South America have tendered their good offices to that end, which marks a new era of better understanding between the That to the commission is pledged the heartiest Republics of the Western Hemisphere support and earnest wish for the establishment of a precedent which will be a new milestone in the forward march of world peace and give a new impetus to the effort The Mohonk conference prays for to stay war through conciliation and mediation. the full realization of that high and holy mission.
this conference has steadily
.
Photograph by
Harrls-Evviiig-.
H. F.
ARTHUR SCHOENFELD,
ESQ.,
Secretary of the United States legation at Montevideo, Uraguay.
Mr. Schoenfeld was bom in Providence, R. I., January 31, 1889. He is a graduate of George Wasliington University, from wliich he received the degrees of A. B. and A. M., and where he taught history for several years. Commencing his official career as consular agent in Caracas ia 1910, he later
confidential clerk to the Assistant Secretary of State in 1912, and was appointed, after examination, third secretary of the embassy at ConstantiIn August of the foUo'ving year Mr. Schoenfeld 15, 1912. was promoted to the rank of secretary to the legation above named.
became
nople, February
PAN AMEIICi
MAGAZINES
Art and Archaeology
at Washington, D.
'
is the name of the new magazine pubhshed C, by the Archseological Institute of America. It is to be issued every other month during 1914, and thereafter monthly. It takes the place of the former quarterly Bulletin published by the institute, and owing to its nontechnical character and attractive new style, as well as to the broader field to be cov-
ered, will appeal to a
much
larger circle of readers than did the
former.
come to this reviewer's desk and in general excellence of matter and illustration leaves nothing Tiresome technical detail has been eliminated from to be desired. the articles, while the illustrations are triumphs of the modern printers' art in mechanical execution and in their artistic excellence must appeal to everyone. In short, the new magazine is meant to cover the field of art and archaeology for the benefit of the unscientific public and at the same time, by its high editorial and artistic
No.
1
of
Volume
I has just
standards, to retain the interest of the savant.
In
its initial
number
the leading article, "Masterpieces of Aboriginal
American Art," by W. H. Holmes, will carry an especial appeal to our readers, inasmuch as it deals with a particular phase of the sculptural and architectural art of the ancient builders of Yucatan, other sections of Mexcio, and Central America, concerning which we have heretofore published numerous original articles and reviews of other publications. Dr. Holmes treats of the stuccowork of these ancient artists most comprehensively and we take the liberty of
quoting rather extensively, as follows
Archaeological research
far past
is
the great retriever of
human
history.
The
of
story of the
the ages that have slipped unrecorded from the knowledge

In the
men can be
a study of the crumbling remains of such works as time has called America, written history can tell us of the peoples and culture for the insignificant period of 412 years only. Beyond this our resources are limited to a meager body of untrustworthy tradition and to the scattered traces By a study of the latter, the history of the red of the things that men have made.
krown only through
spared.
New World,
race and
its
cultural achievements
may be
carried
and the geologic ages
to the frontier of the great
It is a striking fact that while a study of aborigines reveals the long-forgotten past of that people, it illumines with particular clearness the course of events prevailing among all nations during the ages anterior
It is also true that the cultural achievements of the of wi-itten history. more diversified and mature than the world has realized until now. The virile genius of the people is shown in many fieldsin architecture, sculpture, painting, metalliu-gy, the textile arts, and especially in the plastic arts, and it is to a single phase of the latter that I desire to direct attention in this place.
backward through the centuries unknown. the material culture of the American
to the
dawn
tribes are
85
Courtesy of Art and Archseology.
PLATE
A
I.
ALTAR
PIECE,
TEMPLE OF THE BEAU RELIEF.

by W.
masterpiece of stucco work, Palenque, Chiapas, described in " Masterpieces of Aboriginal American Art," Holmes, in Art and Archolseogy for July, 1914.
PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES.
87
That a'people not yet advanced beyond the humble plane of the Stone Age should have excelled in such a branch of decorative handicraft as stucco is indeed remarkable, for stucco does not come into being until the building arts are advanced to the stage where mural treatment of the highest order is required, yet we find the peoples of Middle America lavishing embelUshments of the most elaborate kind on the walls uf their temples, exterior ar>d interior, on pillars and columns, on roof surfaces and on lofty crests erected for the sole purpose of plastic and sculptural display, and even on the faces of the pyramids on which the temples were built. A few of the more important examples may be briefly described. Izamal: Among the cities of northern Yucatan numerous crumbling structures furIn the present humble village lots and gardens of half a dozen dwellings, are the remains of a pyramid which at one time, doubtless, supported on its summit an imposing temple, as did many other pyramids in the Mayan
nish hints of the grandeur of the pre-Columbian days.
of Izamal, just
west
of the
public square and occupying the back
Province.
Portions of the debris that formerly veiled the walls had been removed at
the time of
my
visit along the
southern end and for a short distance along the sides.
On
the eastern face I found the weatherbeaten and badly mutilated remains of a great
.
Originally it must have been a most striking work. some 6 feet in breadth and 7 feet in height, was boldly wrought and neatly finished and painted. The illustration shows it as it appeared about 40 years ago; today hardly a trace remains. * * * Lizana states that one of the pyramids of Izamal was the home of Itzmat-ul, the great god and oracle of northern Yucatan, and the open mouth and the altar shelf projecting below suggest that this head may have been the mask behind which the oracle delivered his messages to the people. The head, illustrated by Stephens (fig. 4), appears to have been high up on the southern face of the pyramid and must now be entirely obliterated. The western face of the pyramid has been partially freed of debris, thus exposing the massive hewn stone walls, part of a stairway, and a very interesting example of stucco design a colossal human figure in strong relief, possibly a companion piece to that spoken of by Charnay as a crouching tiger. The prostrate figure occupies a panel about 4 feet high and 8 feet long, and faces the south. It rests apparently on knees and elbows, and is surrounded by ornamental plumes and symbolic devices. Later photographs of these figures show merely battered traces of what, in the palmy days of the Maya city, must have been imposing and attractive works.
stucco head modeled in the round
The
face,
so far as the
Palenque: The builders of Palenque, a ruined city in the State of Chiapas, Mexico, monuments show, were the greatest masters of stucco in America. Stucco
their chief reliance in all matters of finish
was
and decoration,
its
interior
and
exterior.
In the great building

or
known
as the palace
and
associated temples there are some6 to 12 feet in height,
thing like 80 heavy exterior columns, rectangular in section, varying from 3 to 6 feet
more in width, from 2
to 5 feet in thickness,
and from and
which
separate the entrances and support the entablatures of the facades.
Half as
many
more served the same purpose
in the various courts
interior corridors.
All were
faced with glyphic inscriptions and masterly groups in stucco executed in low relief.
were treated as panels and filled remarkable freedom of handling. They embodied human figures, grotesque masks, and mythic monsters skilfully grouped and surrounded with florid decorations. The roof crests with which most of the buildings were crowned, erected for the single purpose of giving scope to the genius of the stucco worker, were even more richly embellished, and many remains of the subjects still
as well as the walls of the buildings,
relief
The roof spaces,
with compositions, often in bold
and
of
cling to the lofty fagades after the lapse of four centuries.
small ruined structiue near the river bank, about one-fourth of a mile above
is
the "palace,"
the figure
is
known
as the
Temple
feature was an altar piece in stucco in moderately bold relief.

entirely obliterated, but I
most interesting Charnay states that remains and affords found that a small portion
of the
Its
Beau ReUef.
Courtesy of Art and Archasology.
ABORIGINAL AMERICAN ART.

A colossal head described and
figured by Stephens, found on the pjTamid front, Izamal, Mexico. (Illustrating "Masterpieces of Aboriginal American Art," by W. H. Holmes, in Art and Archa?ology for July, 1914.)

as depicted
89
the opportunity of determining the nature and style of the work. The subject, by Waldeck, consists of a single figure, nearly life size, seated in a graceful pose on a cushioned throne which terminates at the right and left in tiger heads, the conventional, angular seat being supported by two legs, modeled to represent the feet of the animal. I consider it a piece of great good fortune to have had the
opportunity
of
examining the remnant
of this
remarkable masterpiece, and take
especial pleasure in testifying, so far as a study of the fragment will warrant, to the
accm-acy
and drawings published by Waldeck. No part of the remains save perhaps a bit of the right knee, and the tiger heads are nearly all gone; but, with an engraving of Waldeck's drawing in my hand, I studied the remains of drapery and the modeling of the- animal features of the chair with great minuteness and found the drawing accurate save that the artist has not caught, or the engraver has failed to preserve, the full vigor of the work. The drapery is modeled in a masterly way, and the subtle lines of the foot and claws of the cat are
of the descriptions
human
figure
forcibly suggested.
would not suffer by comparison with representative Egypt, Babylonia, and the Far East, and in balance of parts and grace of line has few rivals. The right hand of the figure is extended as if to call attention to the glyphic inscription toward which the face is turned, while the left hand is raised, the index finger pointing upward. The imprint of portions of the figure still remains upon the wall, and the remnant as it stands affords an excellent opportunity for studying the technique of the worker in stucco. The roughly laid-up wall was covered somewhat evenly with plaster; then, as the modeling advanced, where the relief was high, bits of stone were set in, making a framework for the prominent features. Where strong projecting portions were to be added shallow pits were dug in the masonry as sockets for the projecting stones. Mortar was then carried over all, rough shaping the form; perfection of modeling was made possible by employing finer grained mixtures, and finish was given by polishing and painting.
of art this bas-relief
relief sculptures of
As a work
The
at
article closes
final
by giving
the description
by Stephens
of a temple
Labna, the
paragraph being:
* * * Its doom is sealed. Human power can not save it; but in its ruins it gave a grand idea of the scenes of barbaric magnificence which this country must have presented when all her cities were entire. The figures and ornaments on this wall were painted; the remains of bright colors are still visible, defying the action of the elements. If a solitary traveler from the Old World could by some strange accident have visited this aboriginal city when it was yet perfect, his account would have seemed more fanciful than any in Eastern story, and been considered a subject for the Arabian Nights' Entertainments. of the Paraguay, in Scribner's Magazine for June the subtitle of the third of the series of articles by Col. Theodore Roosevelt, contributed under the general title of "A Hunter-Naturalist
is
The Headwaters
The outfit for the expedition into the had been gathered and the entire Roosevelt party finally assembled at Corumba and, together with Col. Rondon and the other members of the Brazilian contingent, embarked, on Christmas Day, on the little river steamer, the Nyoac, for the journey up the Paraguay River. Side trips up the Sao Lourenco and Cuyaba Rivers were made, the objective point on the latter being a large fazenda, or ranch, where a stop of several days was made for the benefit of the
in the Brazilian Wilderness."
interior of Brazil
91
hunters and to enable the naturalists of the party to add to their colThe following excerpts from Col. Roosevelt's account lections. indicate the generous hospitality and courtesies extended the party, and also reveal a graphic picture of ranch life in Brazil and the wealth of material for scientific research in the field of natural history which
may
On
be found in this section
the morning of the 28th we reached the home buildings of the great Sao Joao fazenda, the ranch of Sr. Joao de Costa Marques. Our host himself, and hie son, Doutor Joao the younger, who was state secretary of agriculture, and the latter's
charming wife, and the president of Matto Grosso, and several other ladies and gentlemen, had come down the river to greet us, from the city of Cuyaba, several hundred miles farther upstream. As usual, we were treated with wholehearted and generous hospitality. Some miles below the ranch house the party met us, on a stern-wheel steamboat and a launch, both decked with many flags. The handsome white ranch house stood only a few rods back from the river's brink, in a grassy opening, dotted with those noble trees, the royal palms. Other trees, buildings of all kinds, flower gardens, vegetable gardens, fields, corrals, and inclosurea with high, white walls stood near the house. A detachment of soldiers or State police, with a band, were in front of the house, and two flagpoles, one with the Brazilian flag already hoisted. The American flag was run up on the other as I stepped ashore, while the band played the national anthems of the two countries. The house held much comfort; and the comfort was all the more appreciated because even indoors the thermometer stood at 107 F. In the late afternoon heavy rain fell and cooled the air. We were riding at the time. Around the house the birds were tame; the parrots and paraquets cruwed and chattered in the tree tops; jacanas played in the wet grounds just back of the garden; ibises and screamers called loudly in the swamps a little distance off. Next morning there was to have been a great rodeo, or round-up, and we determined to have a hunt fii'st, as there were still several kinds of beasts of the chase, notably Doutor Joao, our tapirs and peccaries, of which the naturalists desired specimens. * * * At 6 in the morniag we started, all of host, and his son accompanied us. us on fine horses. The day was lowering and overcast. A dozen dogs were with us, but only one or two were worth anything. Three or four ordinary countrymen, the ranch hands, or vaqueiros, accompanied us; they were mainly of Indian blood and would have been called peons, or caboclos, in other parts of Brazil, but here were always spoken to and of as "camaradas." They were, of coiuse, chosen from among the men who were hunters, and each carried his long, rather heavy, and clumsy jaguar spear. The bridles and saddles of the big ranchmen and of the gentlefolk generally were handsome and were elaborately ornamented with silver. The stirrups, for instance, were not only of silver, but contained so much extra metal in ornamented bars and rings that they would have been awkward for less practiced riders. Indeed, as it was, they were adapted only for the tips of boots with long pointed toes, and were impossible for our feet; our hosts' stirrups were long, narrow silver slippers. The camaradas, on the other hand, had jim-crow saddles and bridles, and rusty little iron stirrups, into which they thrust their naked toes. But all gentry and commonalty * * * alike, rode equally well and with the same skUl and fearlessness. The eight hours that we were out we spent chiefly in splashing across the marshes, with excursions now and then into vine-tangled belts and clumps of timber. Some of the bayous we had to cross were uncomfortably boggy. We had to lead the horses through one, wading ahead of them; and even so two of them mired down, and their saddles had to be taken off before they could be gotten out. Among the marsh plants were fields and strips of the great caet6 rush. These caete flags towered above the other and lesser marsh plants. They were higher than the heads of the horsemen.
,
From a photograph by
Miller.
Courtesy of Scribner's Magazine.
THE NATURALISTS' CAMP.

(Illustrating "
Hunter-Naturalist in the Brazilian Wilderness," June, 1914.)
by Theodore
Roosevelt, in Scribner's
W''
93
Their two or three huge bananalike leaves stood straight up on end. The large brilliant flowers orange, red, and yellow were joined into a singularly shaped and Humming bhxls buzzed around these flowers; one species, the solid string or cluster. sickle-billed hummer, has its bill especially adapted for use in these queerly shaped blossoms and gets its food only from them, never appearing around any other plant. The birds were tame, even those striking and beautiful bhds which under man's persecution are so apt to become scarce and shy. The huge jabiru storks, stalking through the water with stately dignity, sometimes refused to fly until we were only
100 yards
off;
one
of
them
flew over our heads at a distance of 30 or 40 yards.
The
closer.
screamers, crying "Curu-curu," and the ibises, wailing dolefully,
came even
in twos and threes, accompanied us at times for hundred yards, hovering over our heads and uttering their rasping screams. In one wood we came on the black howler monkey. Not watching with sufficient They care, I brushed against a sapling on which the venomous fire ants swarmed. burnt the skin like red-hot cinders and left little sores. More than once in the drier parts of the marsh we met small caymans making their way from one pool to another. My horse stepped over one before I saw it. The dead carcasses of others showed that on their wanderings they had encountered jaguars or human foes.
The wonderful hyacinth macaws,

several
left the Cuyaba for the was while ascending this river that the We quote Col. following somewhat strenuous hunt took place. Roosevelt's account in full just to show what an enthusiastic sportsman will endure, even when he happens to be an ex-President of the United States.
After a pleasant stay at the ranch the party

It
Sao Lourenô River.
Next morning, January 1, 1914, we were up at 5 and had a good New Year's Day ham, sardines, and coffee before setting out on an all day's hunt on foot. I much feared that the pack was almost or quite worthless for jaguars, but there were two or three of the great spotted cats in the neighborhood, and it seemed
breakfast of hardtack,
worth while to make a try for them, anyhow. After an hour or two we found the and after them we went. Our party consisted of Col. Rondon, Lieut. Rogaciano an excellent man, himself a native of Matto Grcsso, of old Matto Grosso stock two others of the party from the Sao Joao ranch, Kermit, and myself, together with four dark-skinned camaradas, cow hands from the same ranch. We soon found that the dogs would not by themselves follow the jaguar trail; nor would the camaradas, although they carried spears. Kermit was the one of our party who possessed the speed, endurance, and eyesight, and accordingly he led. Two of the dogs would follow the track half a dozen yards ahead of him, but no farther; and two of the camaradas could just about keep up with him. For an hour we went through thick jungles, where the machetes were constantly at work. Then the trail struck off straight across the marshes for jaguars swim and wade as freely as marsh deer. I-t was a hard walk. The sun was hot. We were drenched with sweat. We were torn by the spines of the innumerable clusters of small palms with thorns like needles. We were bitten by the hosts of fire ants, and by the mosquitoes, which we scarcely noticed where the fire ants were found, exactly as all dread of the latter vanished when we were menaced by the big red wasps, of which a dozen stings will disable a man, and if he is weak or in bad health will seriously menace his life. In the marsh we were continually wading, now up to our knees, now up to our hips. Twice we came to long bayous so deep that we had to swim them, holding our rifles above water in our right hands. The floating masses of marsh grass and the slimy stems of the water plants doubled our work as we swam, cumbered by our clothing and boots and holding our rifles aloft. One result of the swim, by the way, was that my watch, a veteran of Cuba and Africa, came to an indignant halt. Then on we went, hampered by the weight of
fresh tracks of two,
48888Bull. 114
94
THE PAN AMEKICAN
UlSriOlsr.
our drenched clothes while our soggy boots squelched as we walked. There was no breeze. In the undimmed sky the sun stood almost overhead. The heat beat on us in waves. By noon I could only go forward at a slow walk, and two of the party were worse off than I was. Kermit, with the dogs and two camaradas close behind him, disappeared across the marshes at a trot. At last, when he was out of sight, and it was obviously useless to follow him, the rest of us turned back toward the boat. The
two exhausted members of the party gave out, and we left them under a tree. Col. Rondon and Lieut. Rogaciano were not much tired; I was somewhat tired, but was perfectly able to go for several hours more if I did not try to go too fast; and we three walked on to the river, reaching it about half past 4, after 11 hours' stiff walking with nothing to eat. We were soon on the boat. A relief party went back for the two men under the tree, and soon after it reached them Kermit also turned up, with his hounds and his camaradas trailing wearily behind him.
In the theory of evolution of animal forms, the principle

survival of the fittest plays an important role and, as
is
of the
well
known,
factor.
many
The
aiding
naturahsts hold that coloration

it
is
an important survival
coloration of the animal serves as a

in hiding
means
of concealment, thus
Roosevelt's observations seem to lead

are of interest
enemies and also in securing its prey. Col. him to question the value of this feature of the evolutionary theory, and the following comments
from
its
The early morning was always [lovely on these rivers, and at that hour many birds and beasts were to be seen. One morning we saw a fine marsh buck, holding his head Another of these aloft as he stared at us, his red coat vivid against the green marsh. marsh deer swam the river ahead of us; I shot at it as it landed, and ought to have got it, but did not. As always with these marsh deer, and as with so many other deer, I was struck by the revealing or advertising quality of its red coloration; there was nothing in its normal sm-roundings with which this coloration harmonized; so far as "When it had any effect whatever it was always a revealing and rot a concealing effect. the animal fled the black of the erect tail was an additional revealing mark, although
not of such startling advertising quality as the flag of the whitetail. The whitetail, in one of its forms, and with the ordinary whitetail custom of displaying the white It has the flag as it runs, is found in the immediate neighborhood of the swamp deer. same foes. Evidently it is of no survival consequence whether the running deer displays a white or a black flag. Any competent observer of big game must be struck by the fact that in the great majority of the species the coloration is not concealing, and that in many it has a highly revealing quality. Moreover, if the spotted or striped young represent the ancestral, and if, as seems probable, the spots and stripes have on the whole some slight concealing value, it is evident that in the life history of most of these large mammals, both among those that prey and those that are preyed on, concealing coloration has not been a sm-vival factor; throughout the ages during which they have siirvived they have gradually lost whatever of concealing coloration they may once have had, if any, and have developed a coloration which under present conditions has no concealing and perhaps even has a revealing quality, and which in all probability never would have had a concealing value in any "environmental complex " in which the species as a whole lived during its ancestral development. Indeed, and big waders and other it seems astonishing, when one observes these big beasts
water birds
as habits,
in their native smTOundings, to find how uterly nonharmful their often
strikingly revealing coloration
is. Evidently the various other survival factors, such and in many cases cover, etc., are of such overmastering importance that the coloration is generally of no consequence whatever, one way or the other, and is only very rarely a factor of any serious weight.
PAlSr
AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES.

series Col.
95
Roosevelt
In the conclusion of this installment of the

dwells
upon Col. Rondon's extensive explorations of the section in which the party now found itself, of his surveys and mapping of the Gy-Parana and Juruena Rivers; and his discovery of the headwaters of the river which had not been mapped, and of whose course he was in ignorance. This was the now famous Rio da Duvida,. or River of Doubt, concerning which there has been world-wide discussion. In the next installment Col. Roosevelt will no doubt deal with his exploration of this hitherto unmapped and unknown river.
is the title of a series of four articles which appear June number of The Pan American Magazine (New Orleans, La.), written by L. Elwyn Elliott in her usual attractive style. Were Miss Elliott to write a tariff report she would invest it with an individual charm that would give it a poetic interest. Under her lively pen the dry facts of history are vivified and the skeletons of the past become living personalities. The first of the articles bears the subtitle ''City Defenses and the Pirates" and is so replete with interesting
Old Cartagena
in the
historical facts that
we quote
in extenso:
Cartagena de Indias has a romantic history, surpassed by no city of the New World For three centuries the Spanish flag flew from her gray strongholds, her towers and bastions built with desperate and constant care to keep her wealth from the hands of
Here came the great royal galleons yearly with their fluttering colored penons to fetch away the rich treasure so tempting to the rest of Eiurope; here gathered the merchants of the interior, and here came priests and inquisitors to gather in their
roving pu-ates.
turn a harvest of souls. Conquistadores in armor, governors, bishops, great nobles and their ladies from far-away Spain, graced in her pride this hoary stronghold of the
Caribbean. Old Cartagena [bears upon her face the signs of an adventurous past. Her huge walls, amaziag series of fortresses, her towers and patiently erected strongholds tell
in themselves a tale of pride, of danger, of old glory.
for
To-day the great walls are useless,
modern defense depends no longer upon thick buttresses and heavy gates; the newer city has hurried out through the open gates, spread its young series of airy houses along linked islands, built for itself pleasure grounds and gardens in light-hearted But behind this modern growth lies the stern and beautiful old Cartagena, safety. that "Muy Nobley Muy Leal Ciudad" to which the Kingsof Spain looked as thegreat and potent key to the Spanish Main. The first European to touch at any part of what is now Colombian soil seems to have been Alonso de Ojeda, a gallant conquistador and genuine explorer, who, fired by the stories brought back by Columbus after his fii-st expeditions, fitted out a ship in 1499. He had with him the pilot and cartographer, Juan de la Cosa, who had accompanied Columbus on the second voyage, and also Amerigo Vespucci, whose brilliant accounts of the new continent were to bring him the immortal honor of forever bearing his name.
Ojeda touched at several points of northern South America, entered the Gulf of Maranamed the country Little Venice, and saw Colombian soil when he rounded the Cabo de la Vela. In 1501 the intrepid Rodrigo Bastidas sailed to these waters, with the pilot Juan de la Cosa again a member of the expedition; following him, one Cristobal Guerra is said to have found his way to the harbor visited by Bastidas, soon to be known as Cartagena. In 1509 Ojeda was back again, this time with a royal commission to settle a colony, with a coast line extending from the Gulf of Uraba to the Cabo de la Vela, which strip
caibo and
""Tl
VIEWS OF OLD CARTAGENA, COLOMBIA.

'Here came the great royal galleons yearly with their fluttering colored pennons to fetch away the rich treasure so tempting to the rest of Europe; here gathered the merchants of the interior, and here came priests and inquisitors, to gather in their turn a harvest of souls. Conquistadores in armor, governors, bishopS; great notles and their ladies from far-away Spain graced in her pride this hcary stronghold of the Caribbean." (L. Elwyn Elliott in the June numt er of the Fan American Magazine.)
PAX AMERICA IN THE
MAGAZIjSTES.
97
he named Nueva Andalucia. Adjoining his control, and extending from halfway across the Gulf of Uraba northward, and thus including Panama and a strip of Central America, was another colony called Castilla de Oro, under the dii-ection of that proud
hidalgo, Diego de Nicuesa.
Ojeda, attracted by the beautiful inlet of Cartagena and its series of islands in a landlocked harbor, decided to found a settlement here, but the natives were hostile and killed a number of his men, including Juan de la Cosa. Ojeda was unable to main Lain a stand against the fury of these Indians of Calamari. He inflicted punishment upon them a few days later, when Diego de Nicuesa arrived, on his way to Darien, but realizing his small resources, decided to settle his colony at a more friendly spot. He sailed to the Gulf of Uraba and founded the short-lived city of San Sebastian. Misfortune dogged him, and when he left for the West Indies to get help he was shipwi-ecked
off Cuba and died without being able to succor his followers. The Bachelor Martin Fernandez de Enciso came next, rescued the
colony,
and
founded a new
Santa Maria la Antigua de Darien, soon to be dominated by Balboa. The latter's discovery of the Pacific Ocean gave a fresh incentive to Spanish seekers for fortune, and a tide of gallant gentlemen began to cross the seas. * * * A governor, Pedro de Herrera, was sent out to take possession of the coast and build
city,
a city in 1533; he founded Cartagena on January 21, the limits of his governorship being between the Magdalena and the Atrato Rivers and 200 leagues inland. Cartagena rapidly rose to importance and riches, and when the strange and longpersisted-in tale of the Gilded Man began to circulate, many an expedition sailed across the Atlantic to Cartagena de Indias and from there began to explore the Magdalena. * * *
on Cartagena was made in 1543, only 10 years after the its wealth proved attractive. The town was at this time built solely of wood, the houses having thatched roofs, so that when Robert Ball or O'Vall, the French buccaneer, arrived on a July morning, led into the harbor by a traitor pilot of the port who nursed a grievance against the governor, he was able to terrorize the place with a threat of bm-ning it to the ground. From this he was deterred by the payment of 2,000 ducats ransom, in addition to the loot taken from the inhabitants by force. No one was killed in the affair except
The
first
piratical attack
foundation
of
the place, so quickly had
the brother of Gov. Yegines.
The next piratical raid occurred in 1569, when two Frenchmen, of whom the chief was Martin Cote, led a squadron of 7 ships into the fairway. They had 1,000 fighting men with them, and had already sacked Santa Marta before descending upon Cartagena; Gov. Bustos was informed of this, and had made preparations for defense, constructing bastions and digging trenches. * * * But the gallant defense was of little avail against the fierce pirates, and after a prolonged struggle the population fled They took a to the hills, leaving the city to the greedy hands of the buccaneers. large amount of spoil and were stayed from burning the houses only when the good
bishop raised a ransom.
In the year 1586 came the never-to-be-forgotten sack of the city by the English Francis Drake. England and Spain were at war, and any adventure-loving seaman was allowed a royal permit to harry the possessions of the enemy; natm-ally the most attractive points of attack from the English point of view were the Spanish * * * colonies in the New World, rich in booty and far away from any help. Drake appeared before Cartagena on Ash Wednesday, 1586, which happened to fall on February 9. He had 20 ships in his squadron, according to a Spanish chronicler, and 2.000 men; entering by the Punta de Judio he passed close to the mangrove swamps where Indians were hidden, but these fled and left his way undisputed. No serious defense seems to have been made, once he had reached the streets of the town, and the English soon had the city in their hands there were 300 or 400 Indians and negroes
corsair,

98
and but a couple of hundred Spaniards at the time with a large quantity of gold and Having collected all such booty, and it silver accumulated here from the interior. is said that he added the bells of the ciaurches and 80 pieces of artillery, Drake tried That is to say, he had the principles of to teach a lessen in the Protestant faith. Protestantism proclaimed from the public plaza, much to the wrath of the priests. He then demanded a ransom for the city, with the alternative of bm-ning it down, and received 107,000 ducats painfully collected from among the citizens; he occupied the city for two months before setting sail again with his booty, leaving behind him as a memorial a curious receipt for the ransom couched in the following terms; " Agnosco me centencs & septies mille connatos a Gubernatore civibusque Carthagenae recipisse 20 die Marthe 1586."
Accounts of other raids follow, but the one of greatest mterest to people of the United States is that of Admiral Vernon, for with him in this attack was Lawrence Washington, the brother to George Washington, whose presence with the Enghsh is briefly touched upon
tlie
in the following paragraphs:

In 1741 there was again trouble between England and Spain, and as usual the American colonies were the first to suffer. Admiral Vernon sailed to the Spanish Main with a large marine force and carrying also a body of soldiers commanded by Gen. Wentworth. Vernon cruised along the coasts, taking and dismantling several Spanish coast towns, and at length arrived before the walls of Cartagena. The Spanish viceroy, Sebastian de Eslava, was at the time living in Cartagena, and made a desperate defense of the city, whose walls and forts were in the pink of condition. Probably they were in better order and better guarded at that time than before or since, with cannon in every section and soldiers posted along all the battlements of the
magnificent walls; preparations were very thoroughly
attack.
made
for repelling
the English
With Vernon were
troops from the North
American
colonies, for this
was 25 years
before the revolt from the mother country, and
we find among the lists of captains many
names afterwards famous.
"Among the latter," says Mr. Isaac A. Manning in his story of Cartagena's history, "Capt. Lawrence Washington, brother of the first President of the United States the father of his country^commanded the troops from Virginia, and his friendship and admiration for the British admiral led to the naming of that mecca of all Americans, the famous estate overlooking the Potomac Eiver near Washington, Mount
Vernon."
Vernon forced the outer defenses of the city, taking and destroying the castles at the mouth of and lining the harbor, rushed and took the fort of San Felipe, and landed the men under Wentworth 's command; but owing to a serious misunderstanding between Vernon and Wentworth the forces did not act in harmony, and the resulting
loss of strength
saved Cartagena from

siege
falling.
and sailed away, carrying with him a number of Spanish guns, and, it is said, leaving behind one of his own; the writer did not see it, but was informed that a British gun is preserved in Cartagena with pride.
Vernon eventually raised the
In 1811 the city proclaimed, her freedom from Spain and the author deals briefly with the heroic struggles of the revolution, closing the article with a description of the present peaceful status of the walled,
city.
A Painted City of the Spanish Main, by Julius Muller in The Century for June, is a delightfully romantic and entertaining description of Puerto Principe, sometimes known by the name of the Cuban
Drawn by W. M.
Berger.
Courtesy of The Century Magazine.
A FUNERAL IN CAMAGUEY,
With the Cathedral of La Soledad
f Illustrating
in the background.
" A Painted City of the Spanish Main,"
by Julius
Muller, in
The Century Magazine
for
June,
1914.)
100
province of whi:h

it is
the capital, Camaguey.

of the older Latin
picturesque clings to
picture that brings to
many
The charm of the American cities and the
poetic fancies of the author in this instance serve to paint a graphic
mind all the witchery of the tales of the ''Thousand and One Nights" and kindred legends and traditions of the Orient. The entertaining style of Mr. MuUer's narrative may be seen from the following excerpts:
Whoever drinks
its
tinajone water surely shall return to Camaguey.
So they say
in Camaguey, once the always faithful, very noble, and very loyal city of Santa
Maria de Puerto Principe. It must be true. I have drunk its tinajone water, and I can not be content. I must see again the broad church towers of gamboge and pink and blue above the red It is not the taste of the roofs of pottery, and lose myself in the tight, gaudy streets. tinajone water that draws one. Tinajone water is rain water, extremely pure, without doubt, but not extremely delicious. I want to sit again under the Moorish eaves of the house galleries about a patio garden where the water jars sit, red and globular, as Arabic as the fluted roof tiles from which the water will roar to fill them when the black West Indian rains come. Into such jars the faithful Morgiana poured the oil that boiled the Forty Thieves so efficiently.
Soon the water jars will be dry. Camaguey owns a most modern water supply system, which arrives through iron pipes, and the noble earthenware cisterns will survive only as ornaments or as receptacles
for for
palms.
Then
it is
there will be no more
work
every water jar in Camaguey once a week, and put little live fishes into the water to destroy breeding mosquitoes. There will be no more processions of donkeys, pitching and rolling under giant tins of river water, to replenish the jars when the dry season prolongs itself unduly. The blue and green lizards will have no place in which to drown themselves. The red and yellow frogs will miss the cool, arched interiors to which they love to paste themselves. * * * Other charms beside the water jars are going from Camaguey. Camaguey merchants are beginning to put glass windows into shops, and glass windows mark the end of painted cities. When shops become fended from the rest of the street by more than a pillar or two, that street ceases to be a Moor's street of bazaars. * * * Of all the painted cities Camaguey is the last to surrender its seclusion. The others were long ago found by the tourist steamship, for they sit by the sea; but Camaguey sits in the middle of the very big and very untraveled land of Cuba. The railroad discovered it only 12 years ago. For more than three centuries it had sat, strong and rich, so utterly hidden that its very name was scarcely known to the outer world. To reach any other city its denizens had to journey on horseback, deofficial
the agreeable old gentleman whose
duty
to inspect
pending
for
night shelter on the hospitality of planters, or lacking that, slinging their
hammocks under
a cocoa-thatch shed in a village. Stubbornly, intelligently, Camaguey is both resisting and accepting modernity. The great gilt and jeweled images from the churches are still carried through its
streets
on religious
feast days, followed

little
by multitudes with
tall,
lighted candles,
and
led
by naked, golden-brown
children, with gauze wings tied to their shoulders.
But the narrow streets through which the medieval procession crawls are kept so clean may wander through any part of Camaguey, from plaza to slum, in white linen clothes and white canvas shoes, and gather never a speck of dirt. The gong of the trolley car clangs in Camaguey, but it is still a city of riders. In all the streets stand horses, swamped under Spanish saddles, hung with braided and silvered ornament of stirrup and bridle. The trolley car waits to let trains of pack horses pass, each horse tied to another's tail. Everywhere are armed riders, with
that one
Drawn by W. M.
Berger.
Covirtesy of
The Century
A PAINTED CITY OF THE SPANISH MAIN.

(Upper) The patio of the hotel.
(Lower)
A patio in Camaguey.
102
machetes
sandaled
thongs
clattering.
THE
feet, gallop into
PAlsr
AMERICAN
UNIOIST.
Thin, swarthy countrymen, in cotton shirt and trousers, with town, their mighty spurs tied to their naked ankles with
of leather.
carriage, and even an automobile or two, have found their way to Camaguey, but the volante still comes in from country districts, with its ladies looking timidly out upon the wonders of the city. The volante used to be the only wheeled vehicle besides the all-wooden ox carts that could be used in interior Cuba. It is a two-wheeled carriage, the body being set not over the wheels, but on the two immense shafts. The horses are harnessed tandem, and there are no reins. The volante is governed by a rider who sits on the leading horse. * * * Proximity means nothing in Camaguey. Unlike the Englishman's house, which is His his castle only because he thinks so, the Spaniard's house is his castle in reality. house exists within itself. Its front looks on the street only like a harem. Within all the dark, cool rooms face upon the patio, or courtyard garden; or, if there is a wall around part of it, it is a wall as high as the house next door. Nothing except the birds can look in on its privacy. So, though Camaguey's streets are solid with house fronts, revelry and sorcery could take place in any house as easily as in crowded Bagdad without a neighbor
The American
being the wiser. The house fronts, almost uniform in height, are all of the same type. To the street they present, row on row, the same fortresslike doors and the same cloisterlike, barred window openings; but in fanciful ornamentation of grills and bars, and more than Dyed with a soft, thin color that all in coloring, each house has an individuality. lies on the smooth concrete or lime walls like a water-color wash, each house flames with the particular tint preferred by its dwellers. No color, no combination, is too daring for the joyful Camagueyan painter, and no combination is out of place in the
painted city.
as
Our own house was blue and yellow. The blue was the astonishing blue known Cuban blue. In truth, it is Spanish-American blue. It shouts at the traveler throughout the American Tropics. Cuba, however, is impregnated with it. A single house painted Cuban blue in a northern city would make the whole city scream. It does not make Camaguey scream. On one side of oiu' house was a salmon-pink one. The gua-gua man's house was crimson. Just opposite, beyond the glaring plaza, was a purple house. There was a
beryl-green house, a violet house, an ultramarine house; there was an orange house,
Always between them were blue ones. Each had overhanging, warmly red Arabic tiles. In the middle of the plaza stood the old cathedral, gamboge and blue, with its high-swung Moorish arches picked out in green. Its square steeple was of peeled colors, toned like a bright cliff, with weathered pinks and greens and browns and yellows. Over the painted city is a painted sky. It radiates blue. It throbs. The streets glare white in the sun and white in the moon. There are no twilight spots in Camaguey. Night serves only to brighten its color. Camaguey stands eminent even in the tropics, where moonlight is like a vivid northern day. There is something in the ether of the flat table-land of the province that makes its moon an incredible thing. It rises like a burning dragon. It swims up from the edge of endless savannas as level as the sea. Immediately the land flashes with enormous plumes. First, they are glittering indigo; a moment later they are frozen silver. They are the plume heads of the royal palms, which stand in all the horizon-bound land like temple
a rose-red house.
gallantly sloped roofs of big, fluted,
shafts.
The sky
guey
is
is bare, the stars are drowned by light. Heaven is brightly blue. Camaa city of the moon. It stands bewitched, ready to vanish. In the dead walls
of the riverlike little streets,
Bobadilla himself to emerge with curved scimitar. balcony a veiled princess should beckon.
any defiant doorway should open at any moment for From any gaudy wasp's nest of
te
Drawn by W. M.
Berger.
Courtesy of The Century Magazine.
A PAINTED CITY OF THE SPANISH MAIN.

(1)
Ox
cart in the country near
Camaguey, Cuba;
(2)
a volante in
Camaguey;
(3)
the gua-gua, or public stage.
104
to Motor Car in the Andes is the title of Col. Rooseaccount in The Outlook of May 23, 1914, of his return trip from Santiago, Chile, to Buenos Aires, Argentina. The journey was made from Santiago southward to Puerto Varas by railway; thence across the Andes on horseback and over several picturesque lakes by steamers and launches to the frontier town of Bariloche; from there to Neuquen, a distance of 400 miles, by automobile; thence by railway back to Buenos Aires. The Southern Railway of Argentina is now perfecting its plans to extend its line from Neuquen to Bariloche and thence over the Andes into Chile, and in three or four years from now this new transcontinental journey will be open to travelers by A portion of the journey will be through a a continuous railway. section of the country whose magnificent natural scenery is unexcelled in any part of the world, as may be seen from, the following excerpts taken from Col. Roosevelt's descriptive paragraphs: velt's
From Ox Cart
We left Puerto Varas by steamer on the lake for a four days' trip across the Andes, which was to end when we struck the Argentine Railway at Neuquen. This break in the Andes makes an easy road, for the pass at its summit is but 3,000 feet high. The route followed leads between high mountains and across lake after lake, and the scenery is as beautiful as any in the world. The first lake was surrounded by a rugged, forest-clad mountain wilderness, broken here and there by settlers' clearings. Wonderful mountains rose near by; one^was a snow-clad volcano with a broken cone which not many years ago was in violent eruption. Another, even more beautiful, was a lofty peak of virginal snow. At the farther end of the lake we lunched at a clean little hotel, then we took horses and rode for a dozen miles to another lake; this is called Esmeralda Lake, or the Lake Surely there can be no more beautiful lake anywhere than this. All of Los Santos. around it are high mountains, many of them volcanoes. One of these mountains to the north, Puntiagudo, rises in sheer cliffs to its soaring, summit, so steep that snow will hardly lie on its sides. Another to the southwest, called Tronador, the Thunderer, is capped with vast fields of perpetual snow, from which the glaciers creep down to the valleys. It gains its name of "Thunderer " from the tremendous roaring Out of a vast cave in one of its glaciers of the shattered ice masses when they fall. a river rushes, full grown at birth. At the western end of this lake stands a thoroughly comfortable hotel, which we reached at sunset. Behind us in the evening lights, against the sunset, under the still air, the lake was very beautiful. The peaks were golden in the dying sunlight, and over them hung the crescent moon. Next morning before sunrise we were riding eastward through the valley. For
2 or 3 miles the ride suggested that through the Yosemite, because of the abruptness with which the high mountain walls rose on either hand, while the valley was flat, with glades and woods alternating on its surface. Then we got into a thick forest. The trees were for the most part giant beeches, but with some conifers, including a rather small species of sequoia. Here and there in the glades and open spaces were masses of many-hued wild flowers; conspicuous among them were the fuchsias. A dozen miles on we stopped at another little inn and then climbed through a wooded pass between two mountains. Its summit, near which lies the boundary line between Chile and Argentina, is somewhere in the neighborhood of 3,000 feet high, and this is the extreme height over which at this point it is necessary to go in traversing what is elsewhere the mighty mountain wall of the Andes. Here we met a tame guanaco (a kind of llama) in the road; it strolled up to us. smelled the noses
liotograph by Kermit Roosevelt.
Courtesy of The Outlook.
IN
THE OX-DRAWN CART.

railway, with a couple of
The little wooden railway between Lake Fria and Lake Nahuel Huapi "the quaintest wooden rough hand cars, each dragged by an ox."
106
of
THE PAN
of
AMEEICAls" UNION.
it,
the horses, which were rather afraid of the pass the ground
fell
and then walked on by
us.
From
the
summit
rapidly to a wonderfully beautiful
little
lake of
lovely green water.
This little gem of a lake is hemmed in by sheer-sided mountains, densely timbered save where the cliffs rise too boldly for even the hardiest trees to take root. As with all these lakes, there are many beautiful waterfalls. The rapid mountain brooks fling themselves over precipices which are sometimes so high that the water reaches the foot in sheets of wavering mist. Everywhere in the background
arose the
snow peaks.
We crossed this little lake in a steam launch and on the other side found the quaintest
hand cars,, each dragged by an ox. In going put behind the cart, which he holds back with a rope tied to his horns. We piled our baggage on one car, three or four members of the party got on the other, and the rest of us walked for 2 miles or so before we reached the last lake we were to traverse Nahuel Huapi. Here we were met by a little lake steamer, on which we spent the next four hours. The lake is of bold and irregular outline, with many deep bays, and with mountain walls standing as promontories between the bays. For a couple of hours the scenery was as beautiful as it had been during any part of the two days, especially when we looked back at the mass of snow-shrouded peaks. Then the lake opened, the shores became clear of wood, the mountains lower, and near the eastern end, where there were only low rolling hills, we came to the little village of Bariloche. Bariloche is a real frontier village. Forty years ago Dr. Moreno, who was with us, had been captured by Indians at this very spot, had escaped from them, and after days of extraordinary hardship had reached safety. He showed us a strange giant pine tree, of a kind different from any of our northern cone bearers, near which the Indians had camped while he was a prisoner with them. He had persuaded the settlers to have this tree preserved, and it is still protected, though slowly dying of old age. The town is nearly 400 miles from a railway, and the people are of the vigorous, enterprising frontier type. It is Like one of our frontier towns of the old-time West as regards the diversity in ethnic type and nationality among the citizens. The little houses stood well away from one another on the broad, rough, faintly marked streets. In one we might see a Spanish family, in another blond Germans or Swiss, in yet another a family of gaucho stock looking more Indian than white. All worked and lived on a footing of equality, and all showed the effect of the widespread educational effort of the Argentine Government an effort as marked as in our country, although in Argentina it is made by the nation instead of by the several States and Ter-
wooden
railway, with a couple of rough

is
downhill the ox
ritories.
Next morning at 5 we were off for our 400-mile ride across the Patagonian wastes to the railway at Neuquen. We had been through a stretch of scenery as lovely as can be found anywhere in the worlda stretch that in jarts suggested the Swiss lakes and mountains, and in other parts Yellowstone Park, or the Yosemite, or the mountains near Puget Sound. In a couple of years the Argentinos will have pushed their railway system to Bariloche, and then all tourists who come to South America should
make
a point of visiting this wonderfully beautiful region.
It is impossible for
me
not
it
to believe that in the
end
it
will
be developed
for travelers
much
as other regions of
great scenic attraction are developed.

is
Thanks to Dr. Moreno, the Argentine end of already a national park; I trust the Chilean end soon will be.
The journey from Bariloche to Neuquen was accompUshed in three motor cars without serious accident. Col. Roosevelt gives interesting descriptions of the gaucho land through which the route
lay,
and comments on the sturdy character of the people in very complimentary terms. While still a day's journey from Neuquen
4l
"S'A'f
M'
graph by Kermit Roosevelt.
FROM OX CART TO MOTOR

Col. Roosevelt in
liis
CxYR IN
THE ANDES.
for
Indian poncho watching a gaucho while the motor cars are prepared
new
start.
Photograph by Fi-ank Harper.
FROM OX CART TO MOTOR CAR

Beautiful roses in the foreground, with the
IN
THE ANDES.
of
snow capped peak
Tronador in the distance.
108
THE PAN
AMEEICAJs- UNION.
refuge in a country store.

inside.
a storm threatened about 10 o'clock p. m., He writes:
and the party sought
With some effort we roused the people, and after arranging the motor cars we went They were good people. They got us eggs and coffee, and, as we had a cold pig, we fared well. Then we lay down on the floor of the store and on the counters and
slept for four hours.
for
The following night they reached Neuquen and took the Buenos Aires.
train
Quarrying Ore in Distant Chile is the title of an article in The Iron Trade Review (Cleveland, Ohio), of June 11, 1914, which purports to be the '^ First intimate account of South American holdings of Bethlehem Steel Co." to be published. A perusal of this article will convince the reader that the world is in no imminent danger of an iron famine, and that Chile is destined to play a great part in supplying the constantly growing demand for this all-important factor
in the world's industrial
economy.
an idea
of the vastness of the iron deposits controlled
The following excerpts will give by this American
concern alone:
A few days ago the steamer Epsom docked at Philadelphia with the first cargo of Chilean iron ore to reach this country. The actual importation of this ore calls more definite attention to the work being done by the Bethlehem Steel Co., South Bethlehem, Pa., in developing its large holdings at Tofo, Coquimbo, Chile. These mines will serve as the principal base of supply for the large Bethlehem blast furnace group. Present plans call for an ultimate production of 1,500,000 tons of ore annually, which
must be carried over the Panama Canal route to reach the furnace yards. In addition two other notable American developments are now in progress in Chile, namely, the Braden copper mines and the Chuquicamata mines of the Chile Copper Co both Guggenheim enterprises. The Bethlehem Steel Co.'s Tofo mines have been known for some years, attention having been drawn to them by Charles Vattier as early as 1888. About 1905 Mr, Vattier, after securing options on the entire group of mines, transferred them to a French company the Sociedad Altos Hornos de Corral. This company planned to use the ores in its blast furnace at Corral in southern Chile. The mines were leased from the French company by the Bethlehem Steel Co. in 1912. The mines are located about 4 miles from the coast near a small bay called Cruz Grande. This bay is situated near the Bay of Totorallillo, which at one time was of importance commercially owing to the location of a copper smelter there. This smelter depended for its ores upom La Higuera. This territory formerly was an important copper mining district and is located about 4 miles southeast of the Bethlehem Steel Co.'s Tofo property. Some of the La Higuera mines are still active. The Tofo iron ore deposit is found on the crest of two hills, which are separated by a slight depression, or saddle. The general features are shown in figure 2 which is taken from the land side in the direction of La Higuera. The approximate lower limit of the solid ore is shown by the dotted line, everything above being solid iron ore of high quality. The analysis from over 200 samples taken from above this line, have averaged:
to these mines,
,
Per cent.
Iron
68.
Manganese Sulphur Phosphorus

Silica
00 20 015 057 1.50
48888Bull. 11^
110
This
richer
is

a higher grade ore than any mined in the United States at present, and
ore,
is
United States at the rate of nearly half a million tons annually for the past four or five years. Ore as rich is not existent in the United States in any quantity, unless it may be found in Jsome of the California and Utah deposits, which are very similar geologically and
into the
even than the Swedish
which has been shipped
chemically to the Tofo
ores.
In a general way there are two ore bodies very nearly connected in the saddle between the two hills. The deposit in the south hill has a diameter of about 1,000 The top of this hill is 785 meters above sea level, feet, or roughly an area of 18 acres. and at present ore is known to occur at an elevation of 620 meters, so that the known vertical height of ore is 165 meters, or 550 feet. The deposit in the north hill is somewhat similar. It has not shown as great a vertical height of ore, but with the loose or float ore with which it is surrounded it is believed it will produce at least one-half
as
quarry.
much ore as the south hill. Instead of a mine, the Bethlehem Steel Co.'s property is essentially an iron-ore Conditions are ideal for cheap open-cutting mining, and the ore, though
hard and dense, will be quarried by steam shovels after it is broken up by blasting. There is no overburden, and it will be a number of years before the deposit is worked sufficiently low to make the removal of any of the adjacent rock necessary. As the height of the main deposit is about 2,300 feet above sea level, the French company constructed an aerial cableway to convey to the coast the limited amount of ore it required. In the fall of 1912 this company reconstructed this tramway to give a nominal capacity of 800 tons per day, and also reconstructed a cantilever bridge at the bay. * * * In order to provide for the transportation of this ore, long-term freighting contracts have been entered into with Swedish and Norwegian owners, which provide for the construction of a fleet of 17,000-ton steamers, especially designed for the ore trade by the Bethlehem Co.'s naval architects. These vessels will be approximately 520 feet in length, and 65 feet beam. They will be capable of transporting about 15,000 tons of ore, being designed along] lines' adapted to prompt -loading and discharging. In order to insure a regular supply of this ore at the furnaces at South Bethlehem
these vessels will return to Chile in ballast. It is calculated that by returning to the loading port in ballast each steamer will be able to deliver seven cargoes, or 100,000 tons, per year. These ore carriers will take a route to the United States byway of the
Panama
it
Canal, a distance approximately 4,500 miles.
By the time the first of these large ore steamers is ready to load at Cruz Grande, which is expected will be sometime early in 1917, there will have been completed a new
steel
hopper pier at that port, which follows the general design of those now in operation on the Great Lakes. This pier will be capable of loading 15,000 tons of ore per day, and will have a storage capacity of from 30,000 to 35,000 tons, or, approximately, two full
cargoes.
Prior to the completion of the new steel dock the ore is being loaded into steamers under the present cantilever bridge, which is capable of loading at the rate of 2,000 tons per day. The substitution of the rubber belt conveyers for the buckets now used will permit the loading of a 6,000-ton steamer in 12 hours. To provide for the transportation of this ore prior to the completion of the pier and ore carriers, the Bethlehem Co. has entered into freighting contracts with European owners for the carriage of approximately 750,000 tons during the next two years. Prior to the opening of the Panama Canal all ore will proceed by way of the Magellan Strait, and the steamship Epsom, the first steamer to deliver Chilean ore in the United States, arrived at Philadelphia this week, after having completed a voyage of 8,600
miles
:<;^v ^-'t.
-TOFO HILLS SHOWING EXTENT OF DEPOSIT.
Courtesy
ol
'I'Ih
lr,.irrr:ulr I;,n i>-u
Fig. 3.
DOTTED LINE SHOWS DEPTH OF SOLID IRON ORE,

The Iron Trade Review
of
(Ulustrating "Quarrying Ore in Distant Chile," in
June
11, 1914.
112
Foreign Trade Opportunities is the title of a series of articles now running in the India Rubber World (New York), describing the countries, population, commercial and industrial progress, etc., of various Latin American republics. In the issue of June 1, 1914, will be found an excellent article on Ecuador, as informative as it is
entertaining.
of the
The following excerpts
will illustrate the pleasing style
author as well as the educational value of the narrative:
Every person of middle age remembers the alluring pictures of the Republic of Ecuador which were in the geographies of his early youth. The palms and bananas at the foot of the mountains, the Temperate Zone productions of the higher slopes, the stunted trees still higher, the glistening snows with which the serried peaks were
finished; the picturesque city of Quito, basking in the smiles of eternal spring, nearly
toward the sky, and in the background a volcano comfortably blowing out its We gave faith to the pictures, but it was much like a fairy tale, after all. It seemed as far away as the moon, as inaccessible as the North Pole, and, with most of us, that impression has remained to this day. As a matter of fact the chief The trip, first-class, city f Ecuador is not so far from New York as is Carson City, Nev can be made for only a few dollars more. There are no difficulties in the way of the journey except such as imagination may make, and when the traveler arrives he will But, find that the old geographies have understated the marvels of this favored land. he asks, how is he to see the interior, the land of perpetual spring, the snowy peaks, the smoking volcanoes, the llamas, with their chins up in the air like an aristocrat visiting the slums? He admits that he is not now, as once, attracted by pictures of Ecuadorean travel^ mules gracefully filing around corners on ledges 18 inches wide above chasms 1,000 feet deep; or, perhaps, a dark, long-haired native crossing a similar abyss on a rope bridge and carrying on his shoulders a chair in which sits a fair and meditative senorita. It is all right in pictures, he says, awfully interesting in reality, but he does not, as in his youth, hanker for the pleasure of personal experience. We may at once admit that he is entitled to his prejudices, and suggest that if he wishes to visit Quito in less trying fashion he may take a train on the newly built railroad from the seaport, hand up his ticket to an American conductor, and when he arrives at Quito get off and go to a hotel. That is the way they do it now, and the distance is less than 300
2 miles
clouds of smoke.
miles
great.
by
rail.
Ecuador has an area about
as great as that of
Nevada, with a population 15 times as
Portions of the population are of Indian, or partly Indian, descent, but
wholly civilized, and such peaceful occupations as agriculture and stock raising furnish employment to the greater number. In the production of cacao Ecuador leads the world. This valuable article of food and drink was first exported from Ecuador less than 40 years ago, but the planters have found such profit in it that the production has risen to 100,000,000 pounds. This supply, great as it is, is less than the consumption in the United States. Much of it goes to Europe, and then back across the ocean to us. There is no reason why this should continue. The crude product reaUzes to the grower about 10 cents a pound, and enters our ports duty free. When it reaches the consumer as chocolate, cocoa, o^ cocoa butter the price has been advanced by an average of 500 per cent. With the opening of the Panama Canal the seeds should be shipped directly from the plantation to the American factory, and the food products sold at reasonable cost. The ships that bring the cacao will bring also rubber, coffee, rice, coconuts, and other tropical products, for which we have such insatiable
need.
These ships, if they are to run, must have freight both ways, and it is in order for American manufacturers to think about what they are going to send to the market that is waiting for them. From New York to Guayaquil, by the Strait of Magellan,
PAN"
is
113
over 10,000 miles, a distance that will be reduced by the Panama route to less than The present average of 65 days will be reduced to 14. Freight rates are bound to find a reasonable level. The commerce of Ecuador will be like the movement of a released spring, instantly responding when its bonds are removed. Production will be enormously stimulated, immigration on a large scale will be inaugurated, and the demand for foreign goods multiplied by many times. * * *
3,000 miles.
is the port through which flows 90 per cent of Ecuador's foreign trade. population rising well toward 100,000, and, while in the past one of the most unsanitary of cities, the Republic is now putting its houses in order, that it may meet
Guayaquil
It has a
demand of the world for modern sanitation at all its ports. The traveler who takes the railroad for Quito from this port passes through the reality of all the pictures of the old geographies. He starts amid the palms and pineapples and gradually climbs He gazes on Chimborazo, to the zone of oaks and pines, or barley and potatoes.
the
towering to the stupendous height of 21,220 feet, and glittering with eternal snow. He sees Cotopaxi, the highest volcano in the world. This wonderful mountain is 19,500 feet liigh, the peak rising as a perfect cone, the last 4,000 feet covered with snow, while from the top of this "chimney of the world," as it has been aptly called, pour
It is only 35 miles from Quito, which is a city of 80,000, of smoke and steam. with a history dating back to nearly 100 years before the landing at Plymouth Rock. It is rapidly taking up modern improvements, and is the seat of culture and aristocracy Again be it said this city of wonders is nearer New York than any of the of the Republic Under It is reached by means of modern first-class travel. cities of our Pacific coast. the equator, it has a mean temperature of about 60 F.ôr about that of New York in the latter part of May. With its newly found accessibility Quito is certain to become an object of travel, and one of the greatest health resorts in the world.
volumes
The author
facturers of the United
dwells on the wants of the country, which the manuStates should be able to supply, on the
various lines of industry and agriculture which will be developed, and concludes with several paragraphs giving details of steamer lines, freight rates, etc. The article will furnish food for thought to the
men of the United States in many Unes besides that of the rubber industry, to which the pubUcation in which it appears is mainly devoted.
busuiess
Tlie Home of a Forgotten Race, with the subtitle "Mysterious Chichen Itza," hi Yucatan, Mexico, is an excel'ent descriptive article dealing with these celebrated ruins, written by Edward H. Thompson In the for the June number of The National Geographic Magazine. March, 1911, number of the Monthly Bulletin appeared an article by Sylvanus G. Morley describing practically the same features of these ruins. Mr. Thompson's article is illustrated with some fine photographs taken by himself and showing many interesting features
and details of sculpture and archiThe following description of the Temple of the Tigers and the remnants of the paintings found on the inner walls goes into greater detail than does that of Mr. Morley, and is of great interest:
of the ancient palaces, temples,
tecture.
On the southern end of the eastern mole rests an edifice, like a casket holding jewels, that in time, as the fact becomes known, will be in itself the object of distant pilgrimages.
114
It is

known as the Temple
of the Tigers from the zone band of handsomely designed, executed jaguars that, alternating with shields, ornaments the southern face. Of course it is understood that the term "tiger" is a misnomer as applied * * * to the great Felidse in America; the jaguar and not the tiger is meant. The entire front of the Temple of the Tigers has disappeared. Fractured and wedged apart by the growing tree roots at the apex of the roof, the overweight of the richly carved facade toppled it over into the space beneath, where it still lies in a
artistically
formless mass.
Two large serpent columns, with open jaws and bulbous teeth, are still in place. These once helped to sustain the fallen facade, and probably served as the massive fulcrum that tossed the massive stone and lime free from the platform in front down on the level floor of the ceremonial court. These, like all the other serpent columns, are carved in the conventionalized crotaHd shape and covered with the conventional quetzal plumes. The square end pilasters of the outer entrance to the inner chamber are entirely covered with sculptures in low relief. Like those upon the pilasters and columns of the Castle Temple the principal motive on each panel is a human figm-e elaborately costumed and brilliantly painted. The wall surface of both chambers bear traces of having been once covered with mural paintings. Those on the walls of the outer chamber have become entirely obliterated by the erosive action of the elements. Those on the walls of the inner chamber are in part obliterated by the excreta of bats, and still more by the vandal hand of man. Enough yet remains to make this little chamber the repositary of the best-preserved examples of the mural paintings of this ancient Maya race at present known. The best preserved portion represents a battle scene. The attacking party, with atlatls, spears, and shields, are seemingly assaulting a city or some large center. Above the battlefield can be seen tier upon tier of houses, and amid them are women in
agonized postures, looking down upon the fighting warriors. To one side is the symbolical figure of Kuk-ul-can, with lightninglike yellow flames issuing from his mouth, the sign of defiance and also of war. Many other scenes and portions of figures are depicted, but the battle scene is the clearest of them all at present. The figures are done in a clear, easy style, vigorous and true. Belonging to this same temple, but on a lower level and built against the eastern wall, is a chamber 22 feet long by 10 feet wide and 15 feet high. The front of this
chamber
ber.
also is destroyed,
and in practically the same way
as that of the
still
portion of the end walls and a large part of the rear
upper chamremain upright and
the superb wall sculptures they hold upon their surfaces are fortunately still left for study and comparison. Clear-cut features, well-worked details, artistically executed and well carried out,
performance
and spirit of these ancient artists. The carvings clearly represent the some religious rite or ceremonial dance. Entwined about the series of masked and conventional figures are the serpent symbol, that of the sun and apparently that of rain and water. Description is nearly useless in cases like this; only
show the
skill
of
photographs or drawings can adequately represent the work. The figures were originally painted in the conventional colors, with the ever-present deep red background. Portions of the two richly carved square pillars that once helped to sustain the fallen front, and between them a rigid conventionalized "tiger," seemingly a kind of ceremonial seat, complete all that is now visible of this chamber. Half ruined as it is, the Temple of the Tigers is a treasure and a boon to students of
the
Maya
civilization.
With regard
to
what
is
known
this
as the
Round Tower Mr. Thompson
advances the theory that
was used for an observatory.
The edifice rises like a turret, 40 feet and of equal diameter, from near the center of a terrace, 20 feet high, 220 feet long by 150 feet wide.
PAN"
115
He
Its
explains
is
its
use as follows:
unknown; but from its construction, annular chambers, windiog stairway, and the position of its outlooks and outlets I believe it to have been an observatory, an edifice devoted to the study of the celestial bodies. It is known that the ancient American calendar system was so accurately developed that Alexander von Humboldt was for a time incredulous of its native origin. The learned ones, the wise men among these people, were astronomers, not mere star gazers, and there are those among the Mayas at the present day that have a surpurpose
at present
prising native
certain roots
knowledge of the celestial geography, and herbs on the earth beneath.
as well as of curious properties of
The present conical form of this edifice, the shape of its chambers, and above all the peculiar inner stairway winding around a solid center, have caused the natives to call it, in their vernacular, "the house of the snail," and this name in its Spanish dress
clings to
it
now.
As
it is
caracol (snail)
it is
best
known
to the people of the region,
and
under
this
name
shown
to the curious
and the
visitors
from
afar.
Mr. Thompson gives the reader several very entertaining and romantic legends of the ancient Mayas, as well as a brief account of the Spanish invasion under Montejo, and concludes the article with
the following
The American people should awaken
to
the fact that they have right at home, at
their very doors, architecture essentially American, as it were, ruined structures every whit as interesting, as massive, and possibly as old as these of other lands, whose
boast
it is that the Americans must come to them, for "America has no ruins." Within these mysterious ruins, American ruins, are great books, with pages of stone, Are the mysteries they hold, the wonwrit in characters that no man may yet read. derful facts, that certainly lie sealed and mute within them, hidden from us, less interesting to Americans than are the tales of Egyptian dynasties, the rites of Druids,
Roman
campings, or Saxon raidings?
think not.
the title of an article which recently appeared in Harper's Weekly and which was reviewed in the Spanish In the Spanish issue of the Monthly Bulletin for June, 1914.
The World's Largest Animal
is
review reference
of
is made to the recent excavations in the Bad Lands Utah and the remarkable discoveries of skeletal remains of extinct animals. The reviewer writes:
Several years ago scientists from the Carnegie

tions in the section of country
Museum began a above mentioned, and the results
series of investigaof their^labors are
original investigations revealed portions of animals of enormous size, and these were systematically unearthed, portion by portion, until a monster skeleton was brought to light which, so far as known, is the largest ever dis-
beginning to bear
fruit.
The
covered. The' name of "thunder lizard" was given to the strange find. The estimated length of the animal is 85 feet, and the height must have been about 16 or 17 feet, while the neck appears to have been about three times as large as the famous
Diplodocus, another giant of the animal family, which, however,

smaller than the later find.
is
considerably
who is at the head of the museum, is largely responsible for the addition museum, for it was he who first went to Utah with his assistants and began the search. It will also be recalled that it was this scientist who went to Argentina several
Dr. Holland,
to the
years ago with a reproduction of the famous Diplodocus, which was presented to that
nation
by the Carnegie Museum
of Pittsburgh.
Courtesy of Harper'sjWeekly.
BONES OF HIND LEG OF BRONTOSAURUS LOUISAE.

There has recently been dug up on the top of an arid mountain in the Bad Lands ot
Utah the
biggest fossil skeleton
known
to science.
The estimated length
of this
animal is 85 feet and the height 16J feet. The neck of the Brontosaur, in life, was perhaps 3 times as thick as that of the Diplodocus, and the tail one-third longer. The name Brontosaurus Louisae has been given to this animal in honor of Mrs.
Andrew
Carnegie.
Couiteijj of Harper's
Weekly.
DINOSAUR PEAK, WHERE THE PREHISTORIC REMAINS ARE BEING DUG
UP.
After more than seven years of diligent surveying and exploring the remains of this monster animal were discovered on a mountain peak 5,500 feet high. It took over two years of quarrying to get out the skeleton in the rough; it has taken three years to chip away the matrix from the skeleton.
BONES OF A DINOSAUR, PARTLY SWATHED IN PLASTER BEFORE REMOVAL FROM QUARRY.

To remove the
skeleton of a big dmosaur is no simple task. Since the rook can not be blasted away without jeopardizing the bones, it becomes necessary to take out the bones with more or less of the rock adhering to them. Massive blocks of stone must thus be quarried, and these are numbered as they are removed so as to preserve a record of the relative positions of the parts. Each block is covered with burlap steeped in wet plaster of Paris to protect the bone.
118
The exploration work in Utah began by the establishment of a permanent camp at Dinosaur Peak, from which point as a base the scientists extended their investigations in various directions. Many months passed without anything of importance being found, but finally their searches were rewarded. The work of quarrying the whole of the skeleton of the Brontosaurus required the labor of many men and months of time. Even after being quarried the large stones in which the bones could be traced, required 26 four-horse wagons to transport them to the nearest railway point, from where they were sent to the museum. The remains are said to be amongjthe most perfectly preserved specimens that have ever been unearthed, and when it is estimated that they have been imbedded in the stone for something like 15,000,000 years the fact becomes all the more astonishing. In most sections where extinct animal remains have been found they have been in jumbled or confused masses and often required a considerable degree of imagination to figure out the probable nature and shape of the animal or reptile, but with the great Utah find the reverse is especially noticeable. This is not only the case with the large discovery but also with those of various smaller animals found in the vicinity.
At the museum the work of cutting the specimens from their stone bed in which they have lam for centuries is progressing, and when this largest beast that has ever been discovered is exhibited to the public it doubtless will be in the general form in which it lived. Thus the people of to-day may gaze upon the remains of a monster that lived and flourished so many centuries ago that conjectures as to its life seena totally inadequate. One fact seems to be established, and that is the Brontosaurs were certainly kings in weight if not in battle, for the weight of the one just discovered is estimated to have been about 20 tons and when we remember that a good-sized elephant of the present day weighs only about 5 tons, the immensity of the ancient beast appears all the more remarkable.
;
The Game of Golf in the Tropics, in a recent number of The Southern Sportsman (Washington, D. C), is a brief account of the golf links of the Country Club of Habana, Cuba. In speaking of the
popularity of this fine out-door sport in
the world, the article states:
its origin, the game of golf has found to-day a national game in nearly every civilized country upon the face of the earth and equally enjoyed in the warmer climates as in the colder more northern ones. The devotee of outdoor games, no matter where he may reside or to what nationality he may belong, is equally allured by the enticing little gutta-percha ball and the rolling green sod over which it is driven and followed. Golf, the pedestrian's game, is played around nearly every city of the world, while many of them have three or four courses located in their suburbs. Even under tropical Sun its devotees are as ardent and enthusiastic as their northern brothers in the sport, and the country club of a few years ago is now the golf club the world over. Among the most recently established courses is that of the Country Club of Habana, located at Marianao, about 7 miles from the center of the Cuban city, and opened in November, 1912. The links are laid out upon undulating ground and consist of a regulation 18-hole course, 6,100 yards in length. Par is placed at 72; bogey at 82. In characteristics each hole is distinct, there being no two alike and the contour of the
many
different sections of
From the
confines of Scotland's hills, the land of

it is
spread until
SUBJECT MATTER OF CONSULAR REPORTS.
119
ground is such as to require few, if any, artificial hazards. An annual tournament is held in February of each year and is the event of the year, usually extending over two weeks. As many visitors visit the island at this season, there is generally a large number of spectators as well as players present from all parts of the world, and the
scene
is
a brilliant
and interesting one.
Mr. W. L. Hillyer, a well-known Washington player, who recently returned from a visit to Panama and the West Indies, is enthusiastic over the location of the course and the climate of the country. During the season when snow and ice make the playing of golf
impossible farther north, the climate of
Cuba
is
ideal for the sport.
SUBJECT MATTER OF CONSULAR REPORTS,

REPORTS RECEIVED UP TO JUNE
16, 1914.
AKGENTINA.
Year Book
Coal.
of City of
Buenos Aires.
(list of
Jan.
14
R.
Crushing machinery
mines and quarries).
Lumber imports
Importers of axe, shovel, broom, and similar handles. Imports of fur garments in Argentina, 1912
Commerce and
industries for 1913 Electric coffee mills Wool shipments from River Plate, from Oct. to March, 1914. Argentine Law No. 7092 (scientific, literary,
1,
1913,
ar-
Apr. 2 Apr. 4 Apr. 8 Apr. 9 ..do Apr. 21 Apr. 23 Apr. 24 Apr. 27
Vi'illiam
M. Bartleman, consul genera 1, Buenos Aires. Dawson, jr., consul, Rosario.

Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do.
R.
and
M. Bartleman, consul Buenos Aires. (From Buenos Aires.)

Do.
^Villiam Dawson,
jr.,
general,
tistic property act). Publications of the Argentine Bureau of Mines, Bole tin
Apr. 28
...do.... Apr. 29
No. 8-9. Notes Importers
of
men's belts
ship dip
List of exporters of fertilizer materials
..do....
Importation
of
Apr. 30
R. M. Bartleman, Buenos Aires. Do. Do.
consul, Rosario. consul general,
Exports of crude rubber Cotton seed

Flour
for April, 1914.
Apr. 3 Apr. 13
Apr. 15 Apr. 16 Apr. 24
..do ..do.... ..do.... ..do....
Mining machinery, duties. Motor car traffic Customs storage charges.

.
Disenfectants Agriculture
California fruits Brazilian hard woods
Apr. 25
Apr. 27
..do....
George H. Pickerell, consul. Para. Albro L. Bumell, vice consul general, in charge, Rio de Janeiro. Do. Do. Do. Do. George H. Pickerell, consul, Para. Do. Do. Albro L. Bumell, vice consul
Riode
Report on American-made footwear Metal beds Taxation
Sale of siu'gical instruments and supplies. Glue and glue factories in Para Agency ior cotton-oil products
May May May May

..do
4 6 14 15
Do. Do. Do. Do. George H. Pickerell, consul. Para. Do. Albro L. Bumell, vice consul general in charge, Rio de Janeiro.
This does not represent a complete list of the reports made by the consular officers in Latin America, but merely those that are supplied to the Pan American Union as likely to be of service to this institution.
120

Reports received
up
to
June
16, -?S>^4 Continued.
CHILE.
SUBJECT MATTEK OF CONSULAK KEPOETS.

Reports received
121
up
to
June
16, 1914
Continued.
Title.
HONDUKAS continued.
G asoline and kerosene oil engines (lit tie market)
Moving-picture machinery Beef cattle Stoves
(list of
'
May
do ... do
. .
David
J.
D. Myers, consul, Puerto
Cortes.
.
...do.
importers).
Pumps.
Machinery for bottling soda water Rock-crushing machinery, power pumps,
etc. (no market). Filters. Rubber tires (no market)
..do....
oil
engines,
Mav
12
E. M. Lawton, consul, Tegucigalpa.
Electric supnlies
Glue
(little
used)
Steam plants
..do.... ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... ..do....
Wagon
tires;
transi)ortation,
Government regulation
for
May May May May
16 17
condition of roads.
Pumps
Crates and boxes (no market) Explosives (importation prohibited of most) Banana industry, price of land, etc Gasoline and kerosene (little market) Hotels, average daily rates
David
J.
D. Myers, consul, Puerto
Cortes.
..do....
19
20 ..do... ..do...
Do. E. M. Lawton, consul, Tegucigalpa. Do. Do. Do.
Business houses.
Apr. 13
etc.).
WUbert
Potosi.
L. Bonney, consul, San Luis
Manufacturing (textiles, candles, matches, List of merchants

List of dealers in Dins, hooks
..do...
Apr. 14
Do. Richard
lu..
Stadden, vice consul, Man-
zaniUo.
and
eyes.
Glue. Breweries and refrigerating plants.
May May
21 24
..do...
Louis Hostetter, consul, Hermosillo. Do. Do.
Annual report on commerce and industries for consular

district of Corinto, 1913.
May
Harold D. Clum, consul, Corinto.
Clocks
Coconut growing
in
Panama.
used)
Water
Flour
filters (little
Apr. 11 Apr. 12 Apr. 18
James
C. Kellogg, constil. Colon.
Do. Paul Osterhout, consular agent, Bocas

del Tore.
Electric-light plants (none).
Engines
Bank and
office
supplies .
Do. Do. Do. Do.
Electric lights for decoration
Cement, production and imports
Apr. 20 Apr. 29
Ralph
J.
Totten, consul, Montevideo.
VENEZUELA.
Sanitary paper cups (list of drug houses) Flour, value of imports, 1912 (list of importers). Shoes (dealers) Sanitary appliances as applied to dairying Petroleum products (classifications)
List of principal raEways Motor boats (list of commission agents) Stationery (list of dealers) List of educational institutions
Apr. 22
..do ..do....
Thomas W.
Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do.
Voetter, consul,
La Guaira
Apr. 23 Apr. 27 Apr. 28

..do
Apr. 29 Apr. 30
Glue Machinery
Electric motors
May May
..do
2
4
Taxation
Imports
of leather, 1912 (tanneries, shoe factories) Disinfecting materials Fruits Steamship connections between Colon and ports of
May May May
9
13 14
Carl P. Sutherland, vice and deputy consul, Maracaibo. Thomas W. Voetter, consul, La Guaira
..do ..do....
Do. Do. Do.

Do. Do.
Venezuela. Hotel associations Methods of shipping
May
...do
16
COMMEICE OF THE AIGEN^

TINE lEPUBLIC FOl 1913
Argentine statistical Argentine RepubUc for the year 1913 was 904,857,089 pesos ($877,711,376 United States gold), represented by imports to the value of 421,352,542 pesos ($408,711,966), and exports of 483,504,547 ($468,999,410). The figures for the preceding year were: Imports,
official
report to the ACCORDING the total foreign trade

office,
of the
of the
exports, 480,391,256 ($465,979,518); ($373,307,865); 865,244,725 pesos ($839,287,383). There was, therefore, an increase in imports of 36,499,073 pesos ($35,404,101), and in exports of 3,113,291 pesos ($3,019,892), or a total increase in foreign trade
384,853,469
total,
of 39,612,364 pesos ($38,423,993).
These figures do not include coin imports and exports, of which the former amounted to 47,941,425 pesos ($46,503,182), and the latter to 43,417,484 pesos ($42,114,959), an increase in the year in coin imports of 11,863,618 pesos ($11,507,709), and in coin exports of
42,831,863 pesos ($41,546,907). The Argentine gold peso approximates in value the United States
In the table dollar, being worth commercially about 97 cents gold. below and in other tables in this review of Argentine trade, for ordinary comparisons the peso may be treated as equivalent to the United
States dollar.
Twenty-year table of foreign trade.
Imports.
. .
124

IMPORTS.
The imports by
were:
principal countries of origin for the last five years
Pesos.
Pesos.
United Kingdom
99, 198.
Germany
United States
France
Italy
i . .
44,555. 43,068, 30,801,

26, 868,
Belgium
Brazil British possessions
'
13,570, 9,326,
8, 177,
Austria-Hungary.. Netherlands
Uruguay Sweden
Switzerland
6,037, 2,966, 2,211, 2,496,

850,
109,377,394 61,128,888 48,418,892 33,650,640 31,776,115 19, 598, 982 10,910,910 9, 103, 594 5,950,806 3,466,115
2, 517, 2, 262,
189
Paraguay
2,568, 1,660,
I,*
Norway
Canada Mexico
Cuba
jûstralia
Japan
Chile
Portugal
China
Bolivia
Denmark
Turkey Dutch possessions.
Peru Other countries...
Total
302,756,095
394 1,201,049 2,521,594 1,554,777 1,012,719 2,577,506 10,117 850,711 78, 411 763,365 481,549 358,279 527,536 484,403 138,335 47,409 113,143 15, 164 462,990
Pesos. 108,637,430 65,862,211 52, 353, 390 38, 026, 555 29,345,979 19,485,211 11,279,465 8,461,416 4,494,886 4,304,114 2,977,739 3,069,648 1,666,645 2,867,224 2,961,393 1,041,123 2, 8,83, 761 10,855 814,767 424, 190 519,627 682, 302 481,848 690,938 1,738,131 149,388 73, 153 338,877 411,545 521,603 235,272
366,810,
Pesos. 118,6e;9,266
63,941,503 59,126,951 37,618,578 32,487,152 20,370,530 11,928,307 9,547,236 6,093,128 3,476,805 3,441,667 2,496,913 2,290,645 2,183,400 2,127,506 1,468,794 2,266,257 13, 720 1,105,380 544,394 774,885 571,412 503,082 503,847 262, 859 430,750 167,930 103,501 31, 140 2,360 303,571
130,886,587 71,311,628 62,032,853 38,075,811 34,789,741 21,953,910 12,389,607 9,259,182 7, 763, 164 5,933,444 4, 074, 104 3,196,403 3,123,889 2,749,682 2,271,135 2,261,342 1,651,810 1,353,785 1,126,658 1,023,188 868,240 707,998
585, 975 562, 645
447,845 252,024
204, 106
127,026
1^342 351,519
351,770,656
It must be remembered that the figures in this and all other tables in this review represent valuations according to Argentine customs appraisements. According to the United States customshouse appraisements, the exports of the United States to Argentina (imports above) amount to $54,9.80,415. The figures above, ^ aluing the peso at 97 cents, would show Argentine imports Irom the United States as $59,861,703. The diflerence due mainly to the different standards of appraisement and also to transshipments would What is said of the statistics of the United States is also true for all the therefore be 84,881,288. other countries given in the table above. 2 Does not include Australia and Canada.
1
The percentages that the imports from the eight leading countries bear to the total Argentine imports for the last five years are shown in the following table:
Countries.
COMMEECE OF THE ARGENTINE EEPUBLIC FOK

The imports under 19 major
classifications were:
1913.
125
Live animals Food products Tobacco Wines, liquors, and other beverages Textiles, and manufactures of. . . Oils, grease, etc
Pesos. 1,545,853 23,014,691 6,201,028
Pesos. 964,442 27,141,259 6,081,719

14,951,151 68,365,167 13,892,439
Pesos. 521,530 29,336,767 5,891,805
Pesos. 558,975
30, 140, 447
7,594,968
14,677,392 78,370,163 18,446,032
Pesos. 1,419,290 34,933,955 7,038,055
13,410,486 59, 923, 699 11, 852, 943

10,203,393 1,997,105
14,042,158 89,560,214 23,778,916

15, 193,
Chemicals and pharmaceutical products

Paints, dyes, etc
12,289,907 2,305,042
12,178,274 2, 444, 818

10, 400,
14,281,226 2,515,287
9,888,377 9,866,902
658 2,535,437
Timber, woods, straw, and manufactures of
Paper, and manufactures of Hides, skins, and manufactures

of
8,670,726 8,307,701
2,581,165 36,575,232 10,210,824
579
9,901,985
Iron, steel,
and manufactures of.

'
Agricultural
Othermetals,and manufactures of implements and machinery Locomotion: Railway cars, equipment, carriages, automobiles, etc
,
3,075,615 43,119,488 12,870,455
3, 597, 784 43,085,741 15,479,686
3,903,152
45, 997, 642
14,366,709 12,552,048
4,610,560 50,040,305 14,257,919
13,692,372
Earths, stones, glass, coal, etc Building materials Electrical apparatus Miscellaneous
31,711,285 21,758,269 28,365,889 4,216,914 8,257,635

302,756,095
S293, 673, 412
35,095,183 30,925,510 29,237,334 5,741,530 9, 814, 165

351, 770, 656 8341,217,536
36,865,379 33,202,076 33, 789, 444 6,683,673 11,583,049

366, 810, 686 S355, 806, 365
32,798,668 33,617,226 31,265,467 9,308,785 14, 704, 003

384,853,469 8373,307,865
37,223,336 36,577,931 35, 775, 580 10,110,088 14, 399, 584

421,352,542 S408,711,966
Total
Value in United States gold
LIVE ANIMALS.
principal live animal imports in 1913 were 57,809 horned worth 950,617 pesos; 65,655 sheep, worth 220,489 pesos; and 687 horses, worth 187,873 pesos.
The
cattle,
FOOD PRODUCTS.
126
kilos,
worthl 428,002 pesos. Condensed milk, 437,042 kilos, worth 122,372 pesos. Canned fish, 1,421,712 kilos, worth 497,599 pesos; in
worth 207,547 pesos. Cheese, 5,045,040 kilos, worth 2,018,016 pesos. Sardines, 4,984,616 kilos, worth 1,246,154
brine, 1,383,653 kilos,
pesos.
Fruits. The principal fruit imports in 1913 were: OHves, 3,394,929 worth 339,493 pesos. Bananas, 138,030 pesos. Fruits in brandy and other Uquors, 457,447 kilos, worth 143,832 pesos. Apples, 208,371 pesos. Oranges, 287,466 pesos. Nuts, 191,053 pesos. Lemons, 97,800 pesos. Other fruits not mentioned, 303,375 pesos. Dried figs, 1,030,346 kilos, worth 123,641 pesos. Spices and condiments. The principal imports under spices and condiments in 1913 were: GarUc and onions, 9,989 metric tons, worth 499,448 pesos. Saffron, 15,103 kilos, worth 302,060 pesos. Refined
kilos,
sugar, 49,892 tons, worth 3,991,385 pesos; unrefined, 25,667 tons, worth 1,547,140 pesos. Mushrooms, canned and dried, 411,006 kilos, worth 143,851 pesos. Tomato catsup, 6,793 tons, worth 815,134 pesos. Ground pepper, 1,381 tons, worth 207,083 pesos. Whole pepper (grain), 704 tons, worth 140,793 pesos. English sauce, 98,662
pesos.
Grain and vegetables. The principal grain and vegetable imports in 1913 were: Rice, 60,507 tons, worth 3,783,812 pesos. Carob beans,
Oats (cereal food), 853 tons, worth Chick peas, 3,765 tons, worth 301,175 pesos. Preserved vegetables, 1,563 tons, worth 390,705 pesos. Malt, 24,637 tons, worth 1,231,832 pesos. Peanuts, 3,623 tons, worth 181,150 pesos. Whole peppers, 1,910 tons, worth 286,444 pesos. Porotos (a kind of pea), 6,688 tons, worth 334,395 pesos. Infusions and drinTcs. The principal imports in 1913 of substances used for infusions and drinks were: Chicory, 88,463 pesos. Cacao, 1,445 tons, worth 289,023 pesos. Coffee (in grain), 14,785 tons, worth 1,774,255 pesos. Coca, 320,754 kilos, worth 128,301 pesos. Chocolate in paste, 381,313 kilos, worth 228,788 pesos; in powder, 99,623 kilos, worth 99,623 pesos. Hops, 381,310 kilos, worth 190,665 pesos. Tea, 1,881 tons, worth 1,128,846 pesos. Yerba mate, Brazilian, 49, 186 tons, worth 5,215,389 pesos; Paraguayan, 3,427 tons, worth 344,583
64,117 pesos.
1,872 tons, worth 83,738 pesos.
pesos.
Flour, pastes, starch,
etc.
The principal imports in 1913 under
flour,
pastes, starch, etc., were:
247,697 574,422
156,593
163,621
377,544
Starch and feculas, 1,387,126 kilos, worth pesos. Bonbons, Biscuits, 340 tons, worth 101,997 pesos. kilos, worth 574,422 pesos. Caramels, 156,593 kilos, worth pesos. Confectionery and sweets, 278,474 kilos, worth pesos. Farina, 1,752 tons, worth 87,567 pesos. Macaroni, kilos, ,worth 56,631 pesos. Yeast powder,' 54,3 11 kilos, worth
32,586 pesos.
COMMEKCE OF THE AEGENTINE EEPUBLIC FOR
1913.
127
The
principal imports under this head in 1913 were:
Habana
cigars
in boxes, 57,068 kilos,
worth 385,340 pesos.
Other cigars in boxes,
kilos,
kilos, worth 1,215,266 pesos; in other containers, 27,159 worth 48,886 pesos. Cigarettes, 35,814 kilos, worth 71,628 Tobacco extract (sheep dip), 7,049 tons, worth 2,114,656 pesos. Leaf tobacco, Habana, 968,173 kilos, worth 968,173 pesos; pesos. Paraguayan, 1,672,379 kilos, worth 133,790 pesos; other leaf, 5,486,475 kilos, worth 2,194,590 pesos.
972,213
WINES, LIQUORS, AND OTHER BEVERAGES.
128
15,593 pesos.
THE PAN
Ginger
ale,
AMEEICAIST UNION.
14,100 dozen, worth 28,200 pesos.
Sweet
drinks
(refrescos), 9,361 dozen,
worth 37,444 pesos.
Cider, 193,499
dozen, worth 348,298 pesos.
TEXTILES AND MANUFACTURES THEREOF.
COMMEECE OF THE AEGENTINE REPUBLIC FOR

1,972,078 pesos.
1913.
129
Handkerchiefs, 840,800 pesos; silk, mixed, 45,084 Passementerie, 80,532 pesos. Ponchos, 84,915 pesos. Wraps 221,226 pesos. Towels, 244,396 pesos. Dish and floor cloths, 162,908 pesos. Piece goods, bleached, 4,841,056 pesos; unbleached, 1,203,755
pesos.
pesos; prints, 4,119,377 pesos; dyed, 12,875,730 pesos; other colored cloth, 1,000,143 pesos; wool mixed, 1,313,442 pesos; silk mixed,
1,682,660 pesos.
fibers were: kind of cloth sandal), finished, Sail81,031 pesos; unfinished, 171,464 pesos. Bags, 1,287,194 pesos. cloth, 1,001,915 pesos. Manila rope, 96,620 pesos. Chemise, 30,066 pesos. Waterproof coats and cloaks, 24,328 (number), worth 137,313 pesos. Tablecloths, 336,413 pesos. Ribbon, 33,984 pesos. Coti (a kind of ticking), 242,708 pesos. Collars, 51,763 dozen, worth 108,702 pesos. Chuse (a fiber cloth), 106,991 pesos. Thread, lace, 59,035
Other fibers.
The principal imports in 1913 mider other

pesos.
Damask, 53,394
Alpargatas
(a
pesos. pesos.
Burlap, 248,785 pesos. Artificial flowers and crowns, 86,689 Canvas and bags for meat wrapping, 655,341 pesos.
27,291 dozen, worth 212,717 pesos.
Women's hats and bonnets,

caps, 28,776 dozen,
Twine
for sewing bags, etc., Tackle and cordage, 402,843 pesos. Linen thread, 160,572 pesos. Canvas, white, 762,743 pesos; colored, 72,311 pesos. Wagon cloth, 405,435 pesos. Napkins and doylies, 311,925 pesos. Stockings, thread, 437,138 pesos; other, 103,392 pesos. Handkerchiefs, thread, 121,180 pesos. Pita in hanks, 118,141 pesos. Sheets and pillowcases, Hats, felt, 184,340 pesos. Elastic cloth for thread, 108,281 pesos.
Other Bagging, 12,174,491 pesos. 952,372 pesos. Oilcloth, 481,465 pesos.
Piece goods, all linen, shoes, 90,650 pesos; other, 163,849 pesos. 509,390 pesos; waterproof, 306,120 pesos; unbleached jute, 55,658 Towels, linen, 121,724 pesos. Shag, pita, and other, 86,154 pesos.
pesos.
all linen,
Jute thread and twine, 145,147 pesos. 150,505 pesos; mixed, 47,663.
OILS,
Ready-made goods,
GREASE, ETC.
oil,
The
principal imports in 1913 under this head were: Cottonseed
402 tons, worth 80,331 pesos. Coconut oil, 214 tons, worth 34,201 pesos. Schist oil, 967 tons, worth 96,690 pesos. Cod liver oil, 98,307 pesos. Linseed oil, 517 tons, worth 63,008 pesos. Lubricating oil, 25,231 tons, worth
Castor
oil,
5,915 tons, worth 1,183,076 pesos.
Olive oil, 2,554,625 pesos. Rape oil, 180 tons, worth 359,962 pesos. 23,912 tons, worth 4,304,094 pesos. Palm oil, 771 tons, worth 123,280
pesos.
worth 296,397 pesos. Benworth 38,134 pesos. Carburine, 958 tons, worth 95,819 pesos. Essences, 61,793 kilos, worth 284,359 pesos. Mineral grease, Kerosene, 68,228,658 liters, worth 1,112 tons, worth 73,680 pesos.
Spirits of turpentine, 2,280 tons,
zine, 184 tons,
130
2,046,860 pesos. Naphtha (ligroin), 854 tons, worth 85,419 pesos; naphtha, unrefined, 119,318 kilos, worth 11,931,840 pesos. Naphthalene, 299 tons,
pesos.
line,
worth 29,909 pesos. Paraffin, 321 tons, worth 96,392 Petroleum residuum, 2,036 tons, worth 68,458 pesos. Vase137 tons, worth 49,826 pesos.
CHEMICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS.
The principal imports in 1913 under this head were: Acids: Acetic, commercial, 419 tons, worth 71,185 pesos; citric, 126 tons, worth 82,187 pesos; sulphuric, 680 tons, worth 57,782 pesos; tannic, 44 tons,
worth 28,923 pesos; tartaric, 1,765 tons, worth 1,147,353 pesos. Medicated cotton, 244 tons, worth 126,771 pesos. Alum, 6,393 tons, worth 355,738 pesos. Anhydrous ammonia, 510 tons, worth 127,442 Bicarbonate of soda, 2,638 tons, worth 79,140 pesos. Stearin pesos. Paraffin candles, 377 candles, 4,132 tons, worth 1,239,453 pesos. Carbonic acid capsules, 34,880 pesos. tons, worth 112,979 pesos. Carbonate of soda, crystallized, 5,264 tons, worth 157,931 pesos. Calcium carbide, 9,010 tons, worth 540,589 pesos. Chlorate of potChloride of calcium, 2,130 tons, ash, 231 tons, worth 35,327 pesos. worth 42,603 pesos. Fireworks, 348 tons, worth 86,903 pesos. Glue, 810 tons, worth 153,139 pesos. Tannin extract, 3,590 tons, worth 146,047 pesos. Medicated gauze, 111,651 pesos. Gelatin, 71 tons, worth36,381 pesos. Glycerin, 128 tons, worth 44,797 pesos. Glucose, 2,895 tons, worth 289,451 pesos. Gums, not enumerated, 494 tons, worth 146,971 pesos. Soap, common, 1,303 tons, worth 233,387 Malted milk, 177 pesos; medicated, 270 tons, worth 323,946 pesos. Proprietary medicines, 1,994,524 pesos. tons, worth 71,031 pesos. Perfumery, 1,283,783 pesos. Peroxide of manganese, 1,440 tons, worth 143,962 pesos. Pitch, 19,916 tons, worth 579,471 pesos. Photographic plates, 233,604 dozen, worth 153,321 pesos. Insect powder, 67,535 kilos, worth 36,121 pesos. Powder, mining, 272 tons, worth, 54,465 pesos; loose and in cartridges, 1,030 tons, worth 695,029 Roots, herbs, seeds, etc., medicinal, 436 tons, worth 119,179 pesos. Sea salt, 840,172 hectoliters, worth 420,086 pesos. Sapolio, pesos. 300 tons, worth 60,024 pesos. Sesquisulphide of phosphorus, 51 tons, worth 58,844 pesos. Sihcate of sodium, 4,964 tons, worth 148,923 Soda ash, Caustic soda, 7,790 tons, worth 389,397 pesos. pesos. Soda solvay, 6,442 tons, worth 4,860 tons, worth 145,807 pesos. Sulphate of aluminum, 1,856 tons, worth 111,373 193,264 pesos. Sulphate of barita, unrefined, 1,637 tons, worth 49,106 pesos. pesos. Sulphate of copper, unrefined, 1,376 tons, worth 206,417 pesos. Carbon sulphide, 1,176 tons, worth 176,412 pesos. Borated talc, 81 tons, worth 81,371 pesos.
COMMEECE OF THE
AEGEISTTHSTE
EEPUBLIC FOE
1913.
131
PAINTS, DYES, ETC.
The
pesos.
principal imports in 1913 under this head were:

Aniline, 253 tons,
1,440 tons, worth 143,397 pesos.
White lead, worth 217,330
Ultramarine, 1,022 tons, worth 102,174 pesos. Varnishes, 622 tons, worth 477,890 pesos. Shoe blacking, 99,827 pesos. Paint, Mixed paints, in powder or lump, 3,063 tons, worth 178,973 pesos. Enamel paints, 294 tons, worth 5,664 tons, worth 838,237 pesos. 131,260 pesos. Pencils and crayons, 101,631 pesos. Minium, 741
tons,
pesos.
worth 59,232 pesos. Printing ink, 320 tons, worth 62,290 Writing ink, 689 tons, worth 68,973 pesos.
TIMBER, WOOD, STRAW, AND MANUFACTURES OF.
132
Pianos, 5,527 Pianolas, 152 (number), worth 15,200 pesos. (number), worth 1,293,020. Clothespins, 29,076 pesos. Pipes, Straw hats, 100,314 dozen, worth 340,792 tobacco, 108,762 pesos. pesos. Shoe pegs, 44,489 pesos.
PAPER, AND MANUFACTURES OF.
COMMEECE OF THE
pesos.
AEGENTIi^Ê EEPUBLIC FOR
1913.
133
kilos, worth 285,955 pesos. Furs, Leather: Calfskin, dressed, 110 tons, worth 410,536 pesos; goatskin, 159 tons, worth 798,806 pesos; sheepskin, 26 tons, worth 52,302 pesos. Morocco (marroquines), 128 tons, worth 506,432 pesos. Morocco (tafiletes), 32 tons, worth 63,160 pesos.
Fur garments, 57,191
104,895 pesos.
Pony
worth
skins, 29 tons,
worth 81,976 pesos.

Traveling
bags,
Sole leather, 142 tons,

12,441
131,783
pesos.
(number),
worth
47,437 pesos.
IRON, STEEL,
AND MANUFACTURES.
134
rial.)
THE PAN AMEEICAN
UNION".
Wheelbarrows, 26,879 (number), worth 77,346 pesos. Iron worth 36,428 pesos. Locks, 762 tons, worth 345,074 pesos. Ranges, stoves, and stovepipes, 1,917 tons, worth 316,861 pesos. Pocketknives, 89,092 dozen, worth 102,643 pesos. Closet tanks, 884 tons, worth 106,111 pesos. Cutlery, 410,979 pesos. Axes, 546 tons, worth 191,196 pesos. Saddlers' hardware, 173 tons, worth 61,975 pesos. Artisans' and household hardware, 433,043 Heating radiators, 1,246 tons, worth 99,665 pesos. Files, pesos. 490 tons, worth 195,939 pesos. Wrenches, 237 tons, worth 118,291 pesos. Adding machines, 2,314 (number), worth 185,120 pesos. Sewing machines, 104,668 (number), worth 1,227,126 pesos. TypeMachines not specified, writers, 6,383 (number), worth 222,476 pesos. 34,937 tons, worth 6,210,438 pesos; spare parts for the same, 2,734,468 Hammers, 315 tons, worth 63,096 pesos. Sugar mill accessopesos. Gas meters, 10,638 (number), worth 74,466 pesos. ries, 61,750 pesos. Windmills and pumps, 5,714 tons, worth 571,388 pesos. Motors not Furniture, 542 tons, classified, 1,008 (number), worth 824,651 pesos. worth 46,463 pesos. Razors, 31,218 dozen, worth 187,308 pesos. Sadirons, 894 tons, worth Bolts, 243 tons, worth 46,468 pesos. Typographic presses, 375 tons, worth 64,403 pesos. 98,674 pesos. Wool and hay presses, 656 tons, worth 65,632 pesos. Revolvers, 24,299 (number), worth 130,597 pesos. Saws, 111 tons, worth 90,202 Sheep shears, pesos. Wire cloth, 3,122 tons, worth 439,662 pesos. 31 tons, worth 24,858 pesos; other shears, 106 tons, worth 119,762 Stairways, 5,093 pesos. Windlasses, 297 tons, worth 64,538 pesos. Hames, 201 tons, worth 40,142 pesos. tons, worth 305,565 pesos.
casks, 18,314 (number),
OTHER METALS AND MANUFACTURES
OF.
COMMERCE OF THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC FOR
1913.
135
watches and unmounted precious stones, 1,934,502 pesos; imitation, Umbrellas and parasol frames, 45,875 dozen, worth 95,592 pesos. 111,119 pesos. Manufactures of aluminum, 48 tons, worth 71,580 pesos. Manufactures of copper and bronze not otherwise mentioned, Electroplate manufactures, 304 1,239 tons, worth 1,118,170 pesos. tons, worth 917,996 pesos. Tinplate manufactures, 424 tons, worth Gas, electric Ught, and kerosene apparatus, 490 tons, 155,109 pesos. worth 614,319 pesos. Manufactures of silver not specified, 189,350 pesos. Silver ornaments, 85,410 pesos. Manufactures of zinc, 37,692 pesos. Scales, large, 249,633 pesos. Hasps, 160 tons, worth 96,396 pesos. Copper and brass tubing, 776 tons, worth 330,006 pesos. Faucets, 66 tons, worth 61,992 pesos. Lead tubing, 189 tons, worth 28,327 pesos. Lead cartridges, 239 tons, worth 95,947 pesos. Empty cartridge cases, 50 tons, worth 60,205 pesos. Brass nails, 227 tons, worth 136,478 pesos. Phonographs, graphophones, etc., 56,432 (number), worth 130,015 pesos. Harness buckles, 26 tons, worth 54,530 pesos. Mathematical, optical, physical, and surgical instruments, 281,333 pesos. Machines and spare parts for the same, of copper and brass, 194 tons, worth 346,365 pesos. Brass furniture, 222 tons, worth 100,006 pesos. Tin foil, 80 tons, worth 56,753 pesos. Watches, gold, 20,946 (number) worth 531,757 pesos; of other metals, 815,863, worth 1,821,701 pesos. Clocks, 441,750, worth 361,464 pesos. Siphons, 302,013, worth 105,705 pesos. Type, 175 tons, worth 68,033 pesos. Screws, brass, 64 tons, worth 38,675 pesos.
,
AGRICULTURAL INSTRUMENTS AND MACHINERY.
The
principal imports in 1913 under this heading were: Plows,
70,775 (number), worth 1,296,922 pesos; harrows, 1,728, worth 34,560 pesos; mowers, 851, worth 65,950 pesos; reaping and heading ma-
worth 141,130 pesos; reapers and binders, 10,617, worth 15,151, worth 369,092 pesos; thrashing machines, 1,172, worth 1,427,100 pesos; shellers, power, 537 (number), worth 196,858 pesos; hand, 616 tons, worth 92,467 pesos; pitchforks, 516 tons, worth 103,281 pesos; shovels, picks, spades, and hoes, 2,155 tons, worth 359,819 pesos; rakes, 11,216 (number), worth 89,728 pesos; plowshares, 817 tons, worth 241,619 pesos; plow-repair parts, 153,134 pesos; farming tools not otherwise mentioned, 124,797 pesos; binding twine, 8,343 tons, worth 1,668,611 pesos; alfalfa seed, 355 tons, worth 177,502 pesos; other seeds not mentioned, 250,457
chines, 916,
1,907,142 pesos; drills and planters,
pesos.
LOCOMOTION
RAILWAY
CARS, EQUIPMENT, CARRIAGES, AUTOMOBILES,

ETC.
The
principal imports in 1913 under this heading were:
Automo-
(number), worth 5,382,604 pesos; axle boxes, 1,116 tons, worth 67,067 pesos; carriages, 20,463 (number), worth 445,221 pesos;
biles, 5,115
136
THE
PAlsr AMEEICAilir
UNION.
railway coaches, 98, worth 1,454,376 pesos; railway cars, 5,370, worth 5,038,666 pesos; tramway cars, 287, worth 760,265 pesos; steel ties,
5,754 tons, worth 345,337 pesos; fishplates, 11,518 tons, worth 1,382,210 pesos; axles, carriages, 13,488 (number), worth 107,904 pesos; other, 3,119 tons, worth 291,076 pesos; brakes, 33,075 dozen,
worth 92,909 pesos; launches, 185,000 (number), worth 412,808 pesos; locomotives, 234, worth 3,486,324 pesos; rubber tires, 172 tons, worth 254,450 pesos; motorcycles, 711 (number), worth 60,765 pesos; springs for cars and carriages, 1,880 tons, worth 358,879 pesos; steel rails, 156,592 tons, worth 6,263,680 pesos; wheels and axles, iron, 16,731 tons, worth 1,389,581 pesos; crossbars, 1,738 tons, worth 86,931 pesos; poles and shafts for carriages, 52,671 (number), worth 67,134 pesos; bicycles, 8,456, worth 318,369 pesos; hand trucks, 1,527 tons, worth 152,740 pesos; railway material not mentioned, 5,041,415 pesos;
tramway material not mentioned,
1,091,550 pesos.
EARTHS, STONES, GLASS, COAL, ETC.
COMMEECE OF THE ARGENTINE EEPUBLIC FOE
1913.
137
and field glasses, 1,134 dozen, worth 51,725 pesos. Closet bowls, 53,766 (number), worth 91,500 pesos. Incandescent bulbs, 1,478 M., worth 88,654 pesos. Washbowls 14,696 (number), worth 77,697 pesos. Glass tubing, 1,311 tons, worth 209,748 pesos. Glassware in general, 108,052 pesos. Lamps, glass, porcelain, etc., 130,615 pesos. Manufactures Earthenware in of glass not otherwise mentioned, 1,018,210 pesos. general, 1,028,435 pesos. Marble, jasper, and alabaster, worked or dressed, 143,275 pesos. Majolica, terra cotta, and biscuit ware, Porcelain in general, 433,353 pesos. 187,198 pesos.
BUILDING MATERIALS.
The
principal imports in 1913 under this heading were: Building

Tiles,
sand, 1,642,379 tons, worth 1,313,904 pesos.

roofing,
common, 23,833
M., worth 394,699 pesos; glazed, 10,961 tons, worth 555,807 pesos;
Iron tubing, galvanized, 1,810 M., worth 54,300 pesos. 20,249 tons, worth 2,024,902 pesos; not galvanized, 33,480 tons, worth 1,597,608 pesos. Iron columns, 2,328 tons, worth 186,228
brick, 4,691 M.,
Iron beams, 104,038 tons, worth 4,161,520 pesos. Refractory worth 93,820 pesos. Marble, jasper, and alabaster, in slabs and pieces, 6,039 cubic meters, worth 625,242 pesos. Mosaic, 3,050 tons, worth 169,428 pesos. Vitrified piping, 1,250,707 (number),
pesos.
Cement, 721,461 tons, worth 7,936,071 pesos.
Platser (sulphate of lime), 2,305 tons, worth 69,149 pesos.
Window
and plate glass, 2,050,617 square meters, worth 1,887,113 pesos. Paving and skylight glass, 5,368 tons, worth 224,316 pesos. Cedar, 25,172 cubic meters, worth 302,331 pesos. Parquetry, 52,834 square meters, worth 158,502 pesos. Wliite pine, 74,704 cubic meters, worth Yellow pine, 570,529 cubic meters, worth 9,128,464 1,406,879 pesos. pesos; same, dressed, 2,235 cubic meters, worth 53,640 pesos. Spruce pine, 211,721 cubic meters, worth 2,964,094 pesos; same, dressed, 1,406 cubic meters, worth 33,744 pesos.
ELECTRICAL APPARATUS.
The
china,
principal imports in 1913 under this heading were: Storage
batteries,
and
107 tons, worth 27,861 pesos. Insulators, earthenware, porcelain, 820 tons, worth 124,574 pesos. Wire and cable,
12,685 tons, worth 4,945,631 pesos.

7,391 (number), worth 33,427 pesos.
Amperemeters and voltmeters,
314,218 pesos.
45,063 pesos.
Insulating tubes, 1,689 tons, worth Telephone apparatus, 21,860 kilos, worth 95,596 pesos.
Telephone material, 58,102 pesos.
Telegraph apparatus and material,
Electric light carbons, 691 tons, worth 138,176 pesos.
Loom insulators, 52 tons, worth 45,078 pesos. Fuses, 52 tons, worth 42,132 pesos. Dynamos and electric motors, 3,758 tons, worth Small motors, 11,476 (number), worth 91,808 pesos. 1,127,491 pesos. Vulcanized fiber, 28 tons, worth 33,285 pesos. Interrupters, 120 tons,
138
THE
PAN"
AMERICAN UNION.
worth 111,760 pesos. Arc lamps, 9,134 (number), worth 233,740 pesos. Incandescent lamps, 619 tons, worth 495,441 pesos. Meters, 59,403 (number), worth 712,846 pesos. Portable lamps, 62,295 kilos, worth Ventilators, 11,361 (number) worth 92,934 pesos. Ac62,664 pesos. Underground cessories, not classified, 319 tons, worth 231,459 pesos. Material not classified, cable accessories not classified, 168,895 pesos. 551,521 pesos. Material for batteries, 540 tons, worth 108,040 pesos.
,
MISCELLANEOUS.
The principal imports in 1913 under this heading wer^rFang, 210,251 dozen, worth 132,824 pesos. Manufactures of guttapercha and rubber, 485,401 pesos. Buttons, 495 tons, worth 675,642 pesos. Rubber boots and shoes, 46 tons, worth 58,069 pesos. Rubber
tubing, 555 tons, worth 355,781 pesos. Rubber, 35 tons, worth 34,544 pesos. Brushes, 152,151 dozen, worth 182,044 pesos; small, 59,177 kilos, worth 60,208 pesos. Musical instrument strings, 36,924 Graphophone disks and cyhnders, 224,257 dozen, worth pesos. 672,467 pesos. Sponges, 14,838 kilos, worth 68,459 pesos. Jewelry Other small boxes not enumerated, 36 tons, boxes, 51,883 pesos. worth 91,849 pesos. Rubber erasers, 30 tons, worth 44,789 pesos. Toys, 786,897 pesos. Waterfilters, 19,636 (number), worth46,834pesos. Materials for mines, 232,095 pesos. Materials for sanitation, 795,625 pesos. Bridge material, 730,562 pesos. Articles forchurch use, 156,200 pesos. Combs, 117 tons, worth 396,170 pesos. Rabbit fur, 149 tons, worth 297,330 pesos. Paintings, artistic, 52,776 pesos. Live plants,
96,990 pesos. Hat feathers, 6,632 kilos, worth 99,816 pesos. Rubber heels and soles, 54 tons, worth 53,650 pesos. Apothecaries'
utensils
ated, 171,572 pesos.
and apparatus, 651,539 pesos. Desk accessories not enumerPostal and other packages, 3,612,669 pesos.
IMPORTS BY PORTS.
The imports by ports
for the last five years were as follows
COMMEECE OF THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC FOR

EXPORTS.
The
1913.
139
exports by principal countries of destination were as follows:
^^^^^^^^
-20-ÊARS
1894 -TO 1913
AGRICULTURAlI^T\7E
FOREST PRODUCTS
PRODUeTS
MEAT PRODUCTS
ANIMAL AND
1894
1913.
141
Argentine exports are classified under six heads, as follows:
142
In the
class

"ordinary animal products" the exports for 1913
Articles.
1913.
143
In the class ''elaborated animal products" the exports for 1913 were as follows:
Articles.
144

AGRICULTUEAL PRODUCTS.
This heading
Classes.
is
divided into three classes, as follows
COMMEKCE OF THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC FOR
1913.
145
In the class "elaborated products," the exports for 1913 were as

follows
Articles.
146
In 1913 forest products were exported as follows:
Articles.

HUNTING AND FISHING PRODUCTS.
Hunting and
1913.
147
fishing products were exported for the last 5 years to
the following amounts: 1909, 752,020 pesos; 1910, 1,428,884 pesos; 1911, 1,663,285 pesos; 1912, 2,008,212 pesos; and 1913, 1,816,911
pesos.'
In 1913 the hunting and fishing products were exported as follows:
Articles.
148
THE PAK AMERICAN UNION.

EXPORTS BY PORTS.
The exports by ports
for the last five years
were as follows
COMMEECE OF THE AEGENTINE EEPUBLIC FOR

Twenty-year table of principal animal exports.
1913.
149
Year.
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC
CROP, and the Buenos Newspaper reports indicate a BIG Aires Central Railway has given a contract for the erection of eight
large grain sheds along its lines in order to facilitate its handling.
will be located at El Jaguel, Hunter, Rojas, Federico Lacroze, and Merceditas, and will cover an area of 125,000 square Heavy rains have caused considerable loss of corn-planted area, feet. The mesbut the loss is believed to be less than at first estimated.
CORN
The sheds
sage of the Vice President of the Republic to Congress dealt with many economic phases of development and showed constant and
healthful growth.
Agriculture continues to expand and occupy more and more the attention of the people. There are under cultivation 2,728,000 acres more than in 1912, of which 1,714,000 acres are planted to wheat, oats, and corn. The total acreage now producing all kinds of crops is abeut 72,174,000; the harvest for 1913-14 of wheat, oats, barley, and corn amounted to about 13,800,000 tons, or an increase of 750,000 over the previous harvest. Live stock industries continued very favorable, and high prices prevailed for all Railroad construction advanced gradually, and the country classes.
now
world, having 20,502 miles of road in operation. ideas of the city of Buenos Aires are seen in the
stands ninth as regards railway mileage of the nations of the The progressive
NEW YEAR BOOK,

This book
which has been published

contains 318 pages and
in the English language for the convenience
of the English-speaking people of the city

is filled
and elsewhere.
with a wealth of matter relative to the Federal capital and its many branches of public and private The REBUILDING of the bridge over the Salado River work. in the Province of Santa Fe will doubtless require many months for completion, and in the meantime a temporary structure will be erected for carrying trains of the Central Northern Railway, a service to which the bridge belonged. It was carried away by the extremely high
waters prevailing a few weeks ago. The high waters also damaged the construction of the State railways from Diamante to CuruzuCutia, and an agreement has been formed whereby the Entre Rios Railway Co. will exploit the Government line that is already completed.^ Early in May work was commenced on the Central Norte RAILWAY from Talampampa to Rodero Latas, according to newsThe South American Journal, London, gives the paper reports.
exportation of
CHILLED MEAT for
the last
week
in April as follows
Frozen beef, 50,953 quarters; chilled beef, 58,315 quarters; frozen

in Argentina,
150
April is the sheep, 30,158; frozen lambs, 19,503. and many sections suffered severely 'from
RAINY MONTH
heavy down-
BOLIVIA.
151
In the southern section of the Province of Buenos fell and many properties were damaged, especially railway embankments and low-lying tracks, all of which caused interrupted traffic, but opened opportunities for large quantities of repair materials of all varieties. The Argentine cruiser Patria sailed from La Plata on her third voyage in the year, for the purpose of studying NAUTICAL MATTERS in which the ministry of marine is interested. This vessel, with her complement of scientists, has already done important work, and the present cruise along the coasts of Argentina and possibly elsewhere is likely to result in obtaining much valuable knowledge along marine lines. News reports say that the Banco Popular of Buenos Aires, distributed DIVIDENDS to its stockholders of 13 per cent on the business of the past fiscal year. The farmers of Mar del Plata have sent to the Casa Amarilla market 20,000 tons of POTATOES, the value of which is given at nearly $6,000,000. The national live stock department estimates that a person or a company wishing to enter the CATTLE RAISING business within a radius of several hundred miles from the capital city should have something like $65,000 with which to begin operations. One thousand five hundred acres of land will cost about $10,000, cattle will cost $50,000, while incidental expenses will be several thousand dollars annually. Two farm hands will cost $60 per month, and a man in charge of the farm will demand a salary of $100 monthly. Many other suggestions are made by the department of the Government referred to, and it would be well for intending investors to get in touch with the officials before entering into such According to news reports, a DUTCH business in Argentina. BANK for South America (Banco Holandes de la America del Sud) The home is a new company organized for securing Argentine trade. of the company is Amsterdam, while Buenos Aires will be the field of activity. The capital for the enterprise is said to be $4,000,000. In 1904 Holland had an annual trade in Argentina amounting to about $4,500,000; this business has increased to something like $20,000,000 a year, and the increased banking facilities will doubtless be a boon to commerce between the two countries.
pours this year.
Aires nearly 11 inches
The British minister to Bolivia recently made a report on Bolivian INDUSTRY was trade and conditions, in which the extensively discussed, and a tribute paid to its excellent qualities.
RUBBER
152

deals with the four varieties of rubber trees
The report
which abound
in Bolivia, the localities where each are found, the condition and price of laborers for gathering the rubber, the export tax which is Ukely to
be reduced from 12 to 2 per cent ad valorem, next to Brazil in amount of rubber production.
Boh via stands In connection with the extensive MINING OPERATIONS now fully launched by former United States Minister Knowles, an article in the Mining and Scientific Press, of San Francisco, gives many details about the work. At the Pallaya mines, about 117 miles north of La Paz, 100 Aymara Indians are employed. Their daily wages vary from 16 cents for the
etc.
smallest boy to $1.60 for mine captains. Dr. L. E. Benson, of Los Angeles, California, and John de Buhr, completed a successful trip THROUGH BOLIVIAN JUNGLES, the object of which was to study the land and the possibilities of its utilization, and also to look for minerals. The two men with a number of helpers left the railroad near Cochabamba and traveled on mules for 2,000 miles, visiting San Jose, Santa Ana, San Corazon, San Fernandez, and many other towns and settlements. Finally they reached Corumba, on the River Paraguay, and took steamer for Buenos Aires, and returned to Bolivia via Santiago and the West Coast. The full report of their observations will doubtless be forthcoming and will throw much light on a little known section of the world. In a recent issue, El Norte, one of the leading newspapers of La Paz, published several columns of interesting matter relative to the PROPOSED RAILWAY from Machacamarca to Uncia. Sr. Simon I. Patino, who has grown immensely wealthy from the exploitation of mining properties, is interested in this new line of communication and believes it will not only be of great individual advantage to construct it, but the country at large will derive much
benefit.
Sr.
recently
made
Anibal Capriles, director general of public works, has a tour of inspection over the route of the proposed
road and is enthusiastic relative to the possibilities of modern development along its course, and the newspaper interview following his return throws much light on the subjects of grades, cost, etc., of the undertaking. Don Adolfo Ballivian, consul general of Bolivia at New York furnishes the Bulletin with a statement covering the exportation of United States PRODUCTS TO BOLIVIA for the months of April and May of the present year. In April there were 15,391 parcels weighing 814,026 kilos, the value of which was given In May there were 9,024 pieces or packages, weighat $166,654.69. ing 543,081 kilos, and the value was $98,801.49. These goods consisted of food stuffs, drugs, machinery, kerosene, etc.
The South American Journal (London) of June 6 devotes several pages to an examination of commercial and industrial AFFAIRS OF BRAZIL, and great improvement is noted. Various public and private interests are considered, the national debt analyzed, resources studied, etc., with the result that a most optimistic outlook is voiced, and in the words of that well-known journal, "It is gratifying to be able to perceive a distinct improvement in the prospects of the Republic." According to the recently published statistics of PASTORAL RESOURCES of the country, there are 30,705,400 cat::le,
7,289,690 horses, 10,000,000 goats, 10,649,000 sheep, 3,207,940 mules and asses, and 18,500,000 pigs, the total value of which runs to
enormous
to
figures.
In this connection
much
attention
is
attracted
the proposed organization announced by Admiral Jose C. de Carvalho for fostering still further the pastoral industries. Capitalists
of Brazil of
and elsewhere are invited

is
to join the enterprise, the object
which
to engage in cattle raising, farming,
The States most suitable for such purposes Piauhy, Rio Grande do Sul, Minas Geraes,
BANK OF BRAZIL for

ing.
and meat freezing. Matto Grosso, Goyaz, The report of the etc. the year 1913 has been made public and shows
are
it
the bank's condition prosperous;
has passed through a trying

its financial
period and has emerged without disturbance of
stand-
The Societe Franpaise d'Entreprises et de Travaux Publics^ a company that has received the contract for improving the port of PORTO ALEGRE, entered upon its work early in May. The occasion was marked by a number of public and private social functions. The BRAZILIAN TRACTION, Light & Power Co., which
controls several smaller companies, has issued a report showing operations for the last 18 months. It shows that more than $11,000,000 revenue has been derived from the work of the several companies^ and that $8,185,495 have been distributed as dividends. The Rio de Janeiro street car system, the Sao Paulo Electric Co., and the Sao Paulo Tramway, Light & Power Co. are operated under the firstnamed organization. Many details concerning the several companies are given in the report. The HOTEL near Santos, under the management of the Ritz-Carlton Co., is proving very popular with wealthy Brazilian families during winter months, many of them coming from far interior towns and cities in order to enjoy the fine bathing afforded at this new seaside resort. A wellappointed casino is attached to the hotel, together with a number of other attractions, and a good business is enjoyed. The property is
NEW
153
154
owned by the Brazil Railroad Co., which owns the fine new hotel in Sao Paulo, which is also under the management of the Ritz-Carlton Co. The same newspaper, in speaking of the above hotels, says that new hostelries on modern lines are badly needed in Pernambuco and Bahia, where hotel accommodations have not kept pace with the progress of other business. A correspondent of the Economist, London, May 30, contributes an interesting story of RAILWAYS in Brazil and the accommodation that may be expected by the tourist in visiting the numerous smaller cities of the interior of the country. Tourists, and even the commercial men from the United States and Europe, according to the writer, rarely see any section of the great Republic excepting the coast cities, while the interior offers many attractions and business opportunities that are not at present enjoyed by the foreigner; Train services are fairly good, and the great coffee sections will prove well worth visiting. Newspapers report great progress on the PORT WORKS of Bahia, which have been building since 1909, and which will eventually cost many Bahia is now a city of 300,000 people, and recent millions of dollars. municipal improvements have remodeled and beautified the streets and suburban villages, so the traveler at present finds many modern
conveniences.
Kuhn, Loeb
&
Co.,
Newspaper reports state that J. P. Morgan & Co., and the First National Bank, all of New York, are
interested in the loan of $100,000,000 to Brazil for public improve-
ments and other purposes.
The operation The report

of the
of the
ANTOFAGASTA & BOLIVIA RAILWAY

last calendar year.
proved profitable for the stockholders during the
company
recently
made pubHc shows
that for the
whole year a dividend of 11 per cent was paid to stockholders; and a bonus of 1 per cent on the preferred ordinary stock is recommended. It is proposed to complete double-tracking the fine from Valparaiso to Santiago. A Government commission is now considering plans for reorganizing State railways, and a loan for more than $24,000,000 may be sought in foreign countries. The Punta Arenas WIRELESS STATION has been completed and early in May aerial communication was estabhshed between that city and Valparaiso. European papers are commenting on the business-getting qualities of the salesmen and commercial representatives now visiting Latin American countries. A case in point is that observed at Antof agasta, where
CHILE.
the city officials are letting certain street paving,
155
ROAD BUILDING,
garbage collecting, and other contracts amounting to large sums. One energetic United States traveler carried from San Francisco a large lump of paving that wdthstood the earthquake and fire and still was in good condition, and this specimen made a deep impression upon the officials that were charged with letting the Antofagasta contract. It is not stated whether this individual received the coveted order for his supplies, but the incident shows a high degree of original enterprise and The United States consul in might be emulated to advantage.
Valparaiso says that more
last
NORTH AMERICANS VISITED CHILE
year for commercial and industrial purposes than ever before in the same length of time. The result has been that imports from the United States are increasing, and more capital is being invested in mining and other enterprises. Chile imports from the United States about $20,000,000 worth of manufactured goods annually, when at least twice that amount might be supplied by American firms. The West Coast Leader, of Lima, under date of June 4, contains an interesting resume of the work done by the Howard syndicate in constructing sections of the LONGITUDINAL RAILWAY, which now extends from Port Montt to Pisagua. This company was awarded the construction of the southern section of the road, or from Cabildo to Copiapo, a distance of about 365 miles, for a sum shghtly in excess of $17,000,000. The work has been done since May, 1910, and thereby compHes with stipulations of contract. Many locahties along the new road are extremely picturesque, and there are 40 miles of rack track in order to chmb the steep grades. The region is a confused mass of mountains broken by deep gorges and at long intervals by narrow level valleys; the prevaihng color of the mountains is a white-brown; vegetation, except for a few shrubs, is sparse and almost nonexistent. Although the long slopes are devoid of vegetation the monotony of their colorings is broken by the stains of ocher and red and orange, or sometimes vivid greens and blues and mauves, which mark the outcrop of the minerals which abound in every direction. A very important public auction will take place at Santiago on August 10 next, and continue on the following legal days, of various lots of NITRATE LANDS in the Province of Tarapaca. The land will be divided into lots of about 3,000,000 quintals (210 pounds) each, and the lowest price to be accepted wiU be 32 cents, while it is estimated that the highest price offered will be about 55 cents. Considerable interest is already manifested and it is expected that tho bidding will be active.
COLOMBIA
The Government has decided to award annually to graduates of the National University in the departments of medicine and natural sciences a MEDAL OF HONOR, and according to a decree which took effect the 1st of June there will be three forms of this honor. The highest award will be a medal of gold the second one will be of In silver, while the third will be in the form of honorable mention. order to make such awards there will be appointed a committee of judges, who will pass judgment upon the various theses that may be submitted, as well as on the general scholastic work of the individual. In Bucaramanga a committee was organized to foster the PROPOSED RAILROAD from Santander to the Magdalena River, which would pass through a section of country whose commercial and agricultural industries have long been retarded by lack of means According to a report of the minister of the of transportation. treasury the budget covering expenses for the YEAR 1914 provided by the national congress of 1913 reached the sum of $19,718,854. The revenues amounted to $17,404,010, which made a deficit of This, with various other national expenses of $456,230, $2,314,844. On June 1, makes a total deficit of $2,771,074 for the present year. of the present year the city of Cucuta took over the STREET CAR SYSTEM of that place, which hereafter will be operated by the municipality. THE REVENUE of the Intendencia de San Andres y Providencia in 1913 was $35,280.55, and the expenditures for the same period were $28,459.89, thereby providing a balance of $6,820.66. Â recent executive order gives the faculty of medicine and natural sciences of the National University the power of conferring a DEGREE IN PHARMACY. Any person desiring to practice the profession must present himself for examination, which will be conducted in the following branches: Experimental physics, physics and biology, botany, zoology, organic and biological chemistry, pharmacy, etc. for propelling A Colombian mechanic has INVENTED A river steamers, and among the advantages claimed are a swifter and smoother movement over the ordinary means of propulsion. The new wheel has been put into service on the Magdalena River and its work is being watched with interest, as greater uses may be a possibility. There has been organized in Pereira, an important city of the Quindio section, a company which proposes the construction Preliminary surof A RAILROAD from there to the Cauca River. veys have been made, plans are being formulated, and it is believed that the work may be carried to completion, and thereby open a
;
WHEEL
156
COSTA KICA.
157
A commercial route that would develop to great importance. new DREDGE has arrived at Beunaventura for work in the Cauca River, and after numbers of sand bars and other obstructions are removed much larger vessels will be enabled to navigate this river. The director of construction of the Cali to Popayan RAILWAY has announced that by July, 1915, this road will be constructed as far as Aganche, or about 60 kilometers from Cali, and that by September, 1916, the rails wiU have reached their terminus at Popayan, 150 kilometers from the starting point. Thus it is seen that the work on this important rail route is progressing satisfactorily and before long commerce of all kinds will begin to feel the impulse of transportation The Government has given to the famous sculptor, facilities. Mariano Benlliure, the contract for making the statue to Ricaurte, which will be erected in the capital of the Republic. The national senate has voted the sum of $500,000 gold for the purpose of sanitating and improving the various ports of the Republic.
Leading
citizens of
San Jose and other parts
of the
Republic have
organized a
company
for the purpose of constructing a
FINE
NEW
number of tourists now visiting Costa Rica make a strong demand for better hotel accommodations, and the organization of the company is the first step in that direction. The hotel wiU be modern in every respect and will cost half a milhon dollars or more. The name of the enterprise is La Compania de Ho teles para Turistas de Costa Rica (The Tourists' Hotel Company of Costa Rica). ^The POPULATION of
in the city of
HOTEL
San
Jose.
The
increasing
Costa Rica at the end of 1913, according to newspaper statements, was 410,981. At the beginning of the same year there were only 399,424 people, wliich makes an increase in one year of 11,557. There Mêre 8,364 births over deaths; the excess of immigration over migration was 2,328; there were 17,746 births, or 621 more than PRESIDENT of the country, Don during 1912. The Alfredo Gonzales, who took the oath of office on May 8, is a gentleman of progressive ideas, and in his inaugural address laid much stress upon the educational, agricultural, and financial advancement, all of which he hopes to materially aid during his administration. The commercial RATE OF INTEREST in Costa Rica is about 12 per cent, a rate that is considered very high and a detriment to the development of many fines of industry. In San Jose
NEW
4888SBull. 114
11

158
there are four banks iinder the supervision of the national govern-
ment, and each is required to carry gold reserve coin. Lie. Don Carlos M. Jimenez has been nominated CONSUL GENERAL of Costa Rica in Paris and has departed to assume his duties, some of which will be an aggressive campaign to make known the vast commercial, industrial,
The subsecretary
been authorized
of
and agricultural resources of the country. pubKc instruction, Don Luis F. Gonzalez, has
construct
to
FIVE SCHOOL BUILDINGS
in
San
Jose.
Some
of the buildings that are at present
used for schools
are unsuited for such purposes,
and the new administration pur-
poses to provide the best educational facihties for the children of Costa Rica. Active work on the buildings will shortly begin and
possibly
by the end
of
of the
receive students.
La Prensa
year the new schools wiU be ready to Libre (The Free Press), of San Jose,
June 10 contains much detail of the contract of fomento and Don Francisco Q. Esquivel, representing a group of bankers, for the construction of a RAILROAD and port in the department of Tortuguero. The new road wiU penetrate practically virgin territory rich in agricultural possibilities; there will be two Hnes, one of which wiU start at Tortuguero, on the Caribbean coast near the northern boundary of Costa Rica, and follow a southwesterly course to the Sarapiqui River; the other line will also start at Tortuguero and take a more southerly route and tap the main line railway from Limon to San The distance the new lines wiU cover is not given in the Jose. article above mentioned, but the cost of these, together with port improvements, is estimated at about $3,500,000. The Keith interA syndicate formed in the ests are reported as largely interested. United States will probably develop the COTTON INDUSTRY in Costa Rica. Representatives have visited various parts of the country and have decided that the Orotina section offers the best possibilities for the cultivation of the plant, and further steps are
under the date
recently signed
by the minister
likely to be taken within a short time.
The first live STOCK EXPOSITION held near Habana recently has resulted in renewed attention to the stock industry, and it is believed that similar expositions will be held at certain intervals, possibly each year. Ten prominent stockmen and breeders from the United States took part in the exposition and several of them received
CUBA.
prizes for the stock shown.
in the enterprise
159
ures that will

live stock.
is
Locally much interest was manifested and the committee intends to carry out certain meashave a bearing on promoting the breeding of high-grade
The Cuba News
states that a
new
MATCH FACTORY
hkely to be estabUshed in Habana. The promoter of the enterprise is L. G. Kates, of New York, who will introduce a new method of manufacture, which produces a noiseless match and one much safer IMPROVEMENTS and reto handle than the ordinary article. pairs to buildings in Habana have been very active. In four months Of 340 plans just passed 786 building and repair permits were issued. submitted for examination, only 210 were approved, indicating that certain rigid requirements must be complied with before operations The Cuba Railroad Co. is now operating a may legally begin. STEAMSHIP SERVICE between Santiago and Kingston, Jamaica. The Prince Rupert leaves Santiago on Tuesdays, and returning leaves Kingston on Wednesdays. This service will greatly aid through travel from the United States via Habana, Santiago, etc., and permit travelers to connect with the numerous steamships that make Kingston a port of call, both going to and returning from the Panama Mr. A. H. Van Hermann, weU known as the editor of Canal. Modern Cuba, has been appointed CHIEF OF HORTICULTURE at the Government experiment station at Santiago de las Vegas. The appointment, however, will not interfere with the publication on which he has long worked with patriotic zeal and which he will continue to edit. The Cuban training ship Patria is preparing for a seven months' CRUISE IN FOREIGN WATERS, during which time she will carry 15 midshipmen. The latter will receive instruction in the many branches of navigation as well as acquire much practical information necessary for naval officers. The Isle of Pines Fruit Growers' Exchange has placed an order for 100,000 VEGETABLE CRATES and 50,000 citrus-fruit crates with the Cummer Lumber Co., of Jacksonville, Florida. One firm on the island will ship 35,000 pineapples to New England markets. All pines running smaller than eight to the crate wiU be used in the new canning establishment soon to begin operations under the management of Kopf Bros. The smaller pines from various sections of the island will be purchased, and thereby a large canning industry is to be gradually developed. A BANK OF ISSUE and discount will be organized in Habana if Congress sanctions a bill introduced in that body recently. Such an institution is in accordance with recommendations made in a special message from the chief executive some time ago. La Lucha, of May 12, contains a full text of the proposed financial institution, which, in addition to the banks already doing a good business, will be ot great assistance and convenience to business interests.
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
Under date
of
May
21 the United States consul at Puerto Plata
furnishes an interesting
EEPORT
on the commercial and industrial
progress of his district during 1913, and incidentally on matters of
Cocoa ranked first in importance of the most aU of which went to New York. The bulk of the tobacco crop went to Germany, where it is in demand on account of its moderate price; the latter could be increased if the cultivation and preparation were given more attention. The exportation of bananas amounted to 591,500 bunches, the value of which was $295,750. All of the bananas are shipped from Sosua and are destined for the United States. On account of havoc wrought by a storm in December last the banana crop is not as promising as usual. The total exports from the Puerto Plata district for the last two years
the Republic in general.
total exports,
were valued as follows: 1912, $5,294,945; 1913, $5,419,807. The import trade of the district was unusually active for the reason that the stocks received during the previous year were practically exhausted. There was considerable building activity and this fact was responsible for the large importations of iron and steel. In 1912 this
amounted
to $271,768; in 1913 the figures rose to $439,539.
The
United States furnished the bulk of these supplies, with Germany, France, and Great Britain ranking in the order named. The total imports for 1913 were worth $3,835,489, against a total of $3,039,209 for the previous year. The United ^States vice and deputy consul general at Santo Domingo City states that FIVE AUTOMOBILES were imported into the Republic during the year ending March 31 last; the value of the machines is given at $5,939, and all were from the United States. The Republic now has about 55 automobiles. Mr. John Abbes, an American commission merchant residing at Santo Domingo, is interested in establishing an agency in that city for AMERICAN FURNITURE, a small quantity of which is being imported and is of the cheaper grades. The same gentleman is also interested in the importation of various lines of American products which will be suitable for the general public. The general receiver of Santo Domingo customs furnishes an interesting report on CONDITIONS in the Republic and also figures relative
to exports for the first quarter of the year.
160
ECUADOR
According to the United States consul general at Guayaquil, there were 27 more FOREIGN VESSELS arriving and clearing that port during 1913 than for the previous year. Of all the ships visiting Ecuador's ports during the year not a single one was from the United States. In 1912 there entered Guayaquil 161 steam-propelled vessels and 4 sailing ships; in 1913, 187 steamships and 5 sailing ships entered that port, the total tonnage for the latter year being sHghtly more than 354,000 tons. For the previous year the tonnage was 304,000. Of the 25,000 tons of the tagua or ivory nuts annually exported the United States buys directly about 15 per cent; Germany as a distributing center receives 50 per cent; while thousands of tons of these valuable nuts rot on the ground where they faU. Recently a company was formed in New York for installing machinery at Manta for huUing and shaping the nuts before shipping them to other countries, to be made into buttons and a hundred other useful Ecuador has one SHOE FACTORY, employing 100 articles. workers, and the output of the enterprise is about 60,000 pairs a year. The manager is a North American who received his training The United States consular agent at in New England factories. Bahia de Caraquez furnishes an interesting report on the commercial movement in his district during the year 1913, which is stated as being one of considerable business activity. The exports for 1912 were valued at $775,503, while during 1913 the increased business amounted to $1,145,570, The greater shipment of tagua nuts is responsible for the increase, and the amount of shipments for 1913 are given at 12,824,800 pounds of unshelled nuts, and 4,754,900 pounds of shelled tagua. The production of cocoa is extending gradually, and about a 20 per cent increased output is predicted for the
The Engineer, of London (May 29), is authority for present year. the statement that the well-known German firm of Orenstein & Koppel has signed a contract for the construction of " a line in conbetween Ambato nection with the main line of track of and San Antonio." The contract calls for several branches, aU of
RAILWAY
which
Guayaquil & Quito Railway. The on constructing a line northward from A firm of United States Quito through the town of Tulcan.
will serve as feeders for the
is
same firm
likely to bid
CONengineers has secured the contract for certain and equipment in Quito, and all of the supphes are to be purchased in tliis country, including the heavy steel rails. Mr. Ellis from the United States, who has had long experience in
TRAMWAY
STRUCTION
electric railway building in several Latin American countries, is in charge of the Quito enterprise, and he is now in Ecuador in connection witli the work.
161
El Trabajo, one
capital to
is
of the
recent issue prints in the
Enghsh language
important newspapers of Tumbador, in a a strong appeal to foreign
come to Guatemala and construct a railway. The article headed, "A RAILROAD that would give good profit/' and details are presented as to the nature of the country through which it would pass, the various enterprises that might offer development, etc. The distance given is 24 miles. At the present time the traffic of Tumbador is carried on mule back, in ox cart, and on the backs of natives, at the price of 25 cents American gold for a hundredweight. The location is in the department of San Marcos, and the proposed road would connect with a railway already in operation and which some Diario de day may be a link in the great Pan American hne. Centro-America in a recent issue contains a large picture of the THEATER building under construction in Quezaltenango. This playhouse will be modern in construction and equipment and will book vaudeville and other plays of general interest as well as showmg high-class motion pictures, the films for which will be secured from the United States and from Europe. Don Benjamin Zarco is mentioned as being in charge of the enterprise. In Guatemala city several moving-picture houses are doing a thriving busi-
NEW
ness and are showing
many
historical scenes that are especially

Officials
popular with the students of the high schools. Quezaltenango have issued instructions relative to
of
BUILDING
to
REGULATIONS,
which
it is
beheved wiU have much
do with
the improvements and beautification of various sections of that city.

of improvements are under way or projected and these conform to the general plan as set forth by the officials. The minister of fomento presented to Congress a report covering the year 1913, during which much attention was paid to agriculture, mining, and other industries. In various lines of agriculture improved machinery has been introduced, thereby curtailing the hand labor and promoting better and faster work. Special attention was paid to wheat growing, as large areas are suitable for this important crop; the raising of small crops such as beans, potatoes, rice, and other food products received Government encouragement and considerable progress was made. The agricultural experiment station did important work. The National Congress has approved the following TREATIES and conventions: General arbitration between Guatemala and Italy; Guatemala and France for the protection of patents;
will
162
number

HAITI.
163
treaty of peace and arbitration between Guatemala and the United

States; for the estabhshment of commercial statistics in accordance
with the provisions of the Brussels convention, etc. Don Joaquin Mendez, Guatemalan minister, has been named to represent Guatemala at the third International Congress on Welfare of Children, which will convene in Washington.
into contract with Simmonds Freres, Port au Prince, for the construction of the NATIONAL PALACE of the capital, which must begin in 4 months and be completed in 18 months. The contractors must deposit in the national bank the sum
The Government has entered
of
in the following
The Government will pay for the structure manner: Forty thousand dollars at the beginning of the work and the remainder in four equal annual installments. The Government guarantees these payments by tax on the exportation of cocoa and other products. By presidential decree the national budget of EXPENSES for the month of June of the present
of $5,000 as a guarantee.
year
of
is
PUBLIC INSTRUCTION has

May
placed at 646,107 gourdes, or $77,450 gold. The secretary authorized the use of a map of Haiti
the brothers of San Luis Gonzaga Institution in the public
made by
schools of the country.
Le Moniteur, the
20,
official
daily of Haiti,
under the date
of
pubhshes a
list of
the candidates for the
senate, in conformity with article 49 of the National Constitution.
During the second semester

Cul-de-Sac
of
of 1913 the receipts of the Plaine
de
RAILWAY Co. reached 329,575.47 gourdes.

same period
is
The number
Accord-
of passengers transported during the
given at 573,753,
class.
which 408,387 were
first class
and 165,366 second
ing to statistics published in Le Nouvelliste, of Port au Prince, the estimated PRODUCTION OF COFFEE during the present year
will amount to 87,660,000 hbras, divided among the sections as follows: Jacmel, 15,000,000; Petit-Goave, 12,600,000; Port au Prince, Cayes, 10,800,000; Cap-Haitien, 10,000; Gonalves, 12,000,000;
3,000,000;
fiscal
Jeremie, 8,000,000; Port-de-Paix, 4,800,000; Aqum, Saint-Marc, 2,000,000; Mole St. Nicholas, 960,000. Customhouse statistics show that at Jeremie in five months of the
8,500,000;
2,090,985 tons of merchandise, valued at $295,585.10 gold; two-thirds of the same came from the United States.
year 1913-14, or from October to February, there were imported more than
The Government
is
making extensive preparations
for its repre-
sentation at the Pacific-Panama Exposition next year. Among the recent activities is a contract entered into with Gen. Calixto Marin
for collecting specimens of the
MINERALS OF THE COUNTRY
San Francisco. Each minera] bear appropriate inscriptions in several languages and the exhibit will be attractively arranged, and it is beheved that much attention will be attracted to the vast undeveloped resources of the country. In speaking of the mining possibilities in general a recent issue of Revista Economica, of Tegucigalpa, devotes several pages to a discussion of the subject, claiming that Honduras is the richest country in minerals in Central America and that the present mines
and preparing the same
for sending to
will
tables
These results are shown in statistical The news reports from Honduras indicate that the BRIDGE over the Ulua River is nearing completion. This is an important improvement and is likely to be The steel work was furof immense benefit to commercial interests. nished by an American bridge company, and Mr. W. T. Penny had charge of its construction, assisted by a corps of engineers and mechanics, a number of whom were secured in the United States. In a recent issue of El Nuevo Tiempo, one of the leading newspapers of Tegucigalpa, a report is made public showing the BUSINESS POSSIBILITIES of the department of Olancho. It is signed by Raymond M. Browne, and enters into many details as to the timbers of that region and the supply of lumber that could be made available, the geography of the country, the grazing lands, and many other possibilities of development. This report is especially interesting to persons engaged in lumber industry, as it gives details of the various varieties seen, and the probable number of trees to each acre, etc. Newspaper reports from Tela tell of the activity in RAILWAY BUILDING, about 30 miles having been practically completed, while the plans under consideration contemplate 300 miles or more that will be eventually constructed in connection with the banana industry of the United Fruit Co. At the head of this work in the field is Mr. H. M. Field, who has spent many years in Central American commercial developments of various kinds. At present several hundred laborers are employed and the pay roll is said to be about $20,000 monthly. A shipload of laborers recently arrived from Santo Domingo, and in the party there were 200 women and children in addition to 300 men, the latter were given work immediately, while good comfortable homes were provided for the women and children. Notwithstanding that many laborers have already
are producing splendid results.
accompanying the
articles.
164
MEXICO.
arrived there
is
165
said to be a strong 'demand! for others.

in Tegucigalpa, in speaking of
The
American consul
BANANA
CULTI-
VATION,
says that it is estimated .that the cost of bringing uncultivated land into full bearing averages about $30 per acre, and the time required is something like 14 months. An acre produces about 265 bunches and the bunches bring at the steamship pier 30 cents Government lands are not sold outright but leased for about each. 25 cents per hectare (of 2^ acres) per year.
According to the United States consul at Tampico, the total amount PROPERTY owned by Americans in Mexico is estimated at $1,057,770,000; the property of the Mexicans is given at $793,187,242 Reports while British mterests are estimated at $321,302,000. from Hermosillo indicate that the CANANEA COPPER CO. is doing more active work than for some months past; new and deeper sinking of shafts is in progress and otherwise mining is progressing. The smelter wiU take something like 35,000 tons of ore a month and it is thought that labor can be supplied for pushing the work. PETROLOE, a magazine published at Mexico City, and now well advanced in its first year of usefulness, pubUshes under the date of May 2 a number of interesting articles bearing on the PETROLEUM INDUSTRY in Mexico, which during recent years has grown to enormous proportions. Various petroleum and other commercial
of
enterprises are described

siderable activity.
and pictured, some of which show conThe Mexican consul general at Hamburg has
made an extensive report on the industrial utilization of COCONUT FIBER. This is obtained from the outer covering of the nut, and it is shown that many useful articles may be made from this
The Boletin of the Sociedad Agricola, of Mexico City, under date of April 18, contains the report on the subject. El Economista Mexicano (Mexican Economist) of the capital city, in
material.
the April 18 number publishes a summary of the COÎMERCE of the country which shows considerable activity notwithstanding adverse conditions. The same issue also carries a story of the use of
dynamite in agriculture, showing how this powerful agent may be used for irrigation and many other purposes. El Hacendado Mexicano (Mexican Farmer) of Mexico City, comes to subscribers in the United States fuU of interesting matter concerning AGRICULTURE and allied industries. The future of the sugar industry in that country is discussed in an article by Mr, B. Mallen, who draws various comparisons of what has been done in Mexico, Hawaii, Philippines, Cuba, and a number of other countries.
United States consul at Corinto submits The total population of the district is 375,000; 120 steamers (73 American, 40^British, 6 German, and 1 Norwegian) entered the port of Corinto during the year, bringing into the country 27,437 gross tons of merchandise and taking away 16,663 tons of exports. The steamers flying the United States flag were those of the Pacific Mail Steamship Co., plying between San Francisco and Balboa, which call approximately every 10 days either going to or returning from the home port of San Francisco. Steamers of the Salvador Railway Co. leave Corinto approximately every nine days for the ports of Honduras, Salvador, Guatemala, and Mexico, while steamers of the Cosmos Line occaNicaragua is beginning to MANTJFACsionally visit Corinto. TURE goods from native products, among the articles being furniThe Pacific Railroad of ture, soap, baskets, saddles, bridles, etc. Nicaragua manufactures small repairs at its shop at Managua, and there is a nail factory at Leon. The United States furnishes most of the flour consumed in the country and this comes chiefly from San Francisco China supphes about 75 per cent of the rice imported. The exportation of gold in 1913 showed an increase of $314,687 in
of 7 the
his
Under date
May
ANNUAL REPORT
for the year 1913.
value over the previous year. The total commerce of the district for 1912 is given at $738,885; for 1913 it increased to $1,020,696. The comparative customs receipts of the Republic for the months of January, February, and March, 1913 and 1914, are reported as follows: Ninteen hundred and thirteen, January, $149,945.98; February, $126,957.25; March, $139,518.74. For 1914, January, $158,increase for the three
251.36; February, $156,910.64; March, $118,220.40; showing a total months of the present year of $16,960.43 over
the receipts for the same period of 1913.
went from the United States to Panama Government, is making progress in this important work. He has discovered a new species which it is proposed to name in honor of Col. Goethals Gothalsia isihmica. The NEWLY FOUND PLANT produces very laiê beans and belongs to the order of leguminosse, to which the ordinary pea and bean belong. Only about four months remain before the opening of the Panama
Prof. Pittier,
who
recently
to study plant
life
for the latter
166
PAEAGTJAY.
167
3
NATIONAL EXPOSITION,
upon
as
November
next
is
the day fixed

is re-
for the inaugural ceremonies.
Progress on the buildings
ported as satisfactory, but the newspapers state that United States firms have not taken advantage of the occasion to make exhibitions However, as some months of their goods to the extent anticipated. yet remain, it is likely that many more exhibitors wiU apply for space. Preparations are being made to entertain thousands of visitors, and with the drawing attractions of the Panama Canal and the exposition The anticipations for large crowds wiU doubtless be fully realized.^ lÎRST PASSAGE through the Gatun locks by an ocean finer was carried out successfully on June 8, when the Panama Railroad steamship Allianca was handled. This vessel is of 4,000 tons, and the mechanism of the canal is described as working perfectly, the actual time being about an hour and a half each way. A laiê crowd of people witnessed the operation, including many tourists from the United According to press reports, a petition States and other countries.
being circulated in Paris relative to a PROPOSED CASINO at is described as an amusement city that is destined to be very popular with many nationafities. The Paris prospectus is
is
Panama, which
printed in French and

transfer of the canal
is
issued
by James
F.
Brown &
Co., as directors
of the syndicate that proposes the enterprise.
On May 4,
1904, the
the second French company was the great work stands effected, and on the tenth practically completed. number of newspapers have taken the opportunity to review the undertaking, and the details of the various
company from
ANNIVERSARY
phases of the work are interestingly told for the benefit of younger readers or for those who have long ago forgotten the initiation of
United States
interests.
A COMMERCIAL TRAVELER from England has made his appearance among the laborers at work on the extension of the railway from Borja to the Iguazu Falls, a fact indicatiDg that commercial houses are awake to the advantages of keeping a man on the commercial "firing line." Relative to the visits of commercial men to Paraguay, the editor of the English journal, Paraguay, gives some very important and timely advice to intenduag travelers. Those interested in selling manufactured products ia the Republic should make themselves acquainted with the needs and requirements of the people
During before starting on the 1,000-mile trip from Buenos Aires. recent months many traveling salesmen have visited Paraguay and
met disappointment because

that part of the world.
their goods
were of
little
On
the other hand, fair sales were
demand in made by
168
others
THE PAN AMERICAN UNION. who
offered products that were needed by the people. On President Schaerer delivered his message to Congress, which The commerce for 1913 reflects the progress of the country. amounted to $13,539,744, the miports being slightly in excess of exports; and it is believed that this trading balance against the country may soon be turned into revenue by increasing the agri-
April
which is more or less active. The country now has only about 4,000,000 cattle, and conservative estimates place the number that might be raised at 27,000,000 head. Land values are The EXTERNAL DEBT of Paraguay low, but are increasing. amounts to $3,456,996 gold, as regards the London loan of 1871-72. Some other external debts are $200,000 owing the French Bank of the River Plate and $195,000 due the Bank of the ] Republic, so the debts of the country, both external and internal, are not very great. At the end of February last the internal debt was $559,675 gold and It is reported from Asuncion that the new $11,564,572 paper. are to be commenced the latter part of June and PORT pushed rapidly to completion. The Southern Cross, a weekly of Buenos Aires, pays a tribute to Paraguay on the occasion of the
cultural production,
WORKS
latter's
ONE HUNDRED AND THIRD BIRTHDAY,

is
from which
the following
quoted:
Hail, Paraguay! Congratulations to tlie little Republic that has breasted so many storms and steered the bark of liberty and independence safely through them * * * Alone and unaided Paraguay has settled her own difficulties and is all. to-day sovereign and free. * * * Peace be with her, and may her flag wave
forever over a free
and united people.
According to newspaper reports, the Pacific Steam Navigation Co.'s Orcoma, due in CaUao the latter part of June, will not foUow her regular course of returning to England via the Straits of Magellan. The new and SHORTER ROUTE will be taken by way of the Panama Canal, and the vessel is scheduled to sail from Colon on July 7. The Orcoma is one of the larger vessels trading along the west coast of South America; she usually carries a large number of passengers and her new route is likely to attract more than the usual number of voyagers. A recent issue of the West Coast Leader, of Lima, tells of active work at the PORT OF SANTA in connection with its improvement. Some years ago the Government granted a concession for certain improvements, and it is this concession that has been acquired by the firm of Clapham & Co., of Callao. Santa is about 250 miles northwest of Callao and is a port from which sugar, cotton, and cattle may be shipped in large quantities, as these
SALVADOE.
lines
169
have developed extensively within the last few Better port facilities have been badly needed and these appear to be forthcoming under the direction of the firm named. The new pier is expected to be ready for business by September 1 The work on the RAILWAY from Cuzco of the present year. toward Santa Ana is progressing, and during the 60 days since the
of business
years.
was started about 12 miles of track have been laid, which by construction trains. The gauge of the line is 2.46 Ultimately this railway is feet, and 33-pound rails are being laid. expected to reach theUrubamba River, a point about 112 miles from Cuzco. A loan of more than $1,000,000 may be placed in order to continue the work to the Urubamba, the tax on coca and liquors
enterprise
is
now
in use
being insufficient to build the line that distance in a reasonable is to be constructed between A length of time. Lima and Chorillos; the latter is a suburb of the capital and a most popular social and bathing resort. The cost of the undertaking will
NEW HIGHWAY
be S50,000, and the work will be under the direction of Henry CrisThe CUSTOMS well, an expert English highway engineer. TARIFF of the Repubhc is to be refoimed, and a commission consisting of nine members has been appointed to carry out the work. In accordance with a Government decree, the commission assembled recently and elected Don Juan Jose Reinoso presiding officer; a subcommission was also selected to draw up a preliminary report as a basis upon which the whole commission might begin its labors. Peruvian newspapers speak of the present customs tariff as being defective and express the hope that the work of this new commission will remedy many faults and at the earliest possible moment commensurate with thorough consideration.
The
closing of the
NORMAL SCHOOL
for males a
number
of
years ago has created a shortage of male teachers in the Republic.
The Government will soon reopen the school and has contracted in Germany an experienced principal and two assistants to take charge of the same. The normal school for girls is in successful operation under the direction of a French instructress. Intermediate and high school instruction is carried on in eight schools in the Republic, among which is the National Institute. The number of matriculates in these schools in 1913 was 275. The schools of jurisprudence, medicine, and pharmacy have been formed into separate institutions and equal sums provided in the budget for their maintenance. The school of medicine is occupying its new building, which has been fitted up with the
170

The school
of
necessary furniture and apparatus.

received
ical,
pharmacy has
apparatus, and special electric equipment for chemÂn international TELEmicroscopic, and electric work.
new
PHONE LINE has been established between the city of San Salvador
and Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
The
parcel-post convention, recom-
mended by
the Third Central American Conference, between the
The AGRICULwhich opened its courses in February, 1913, was under the direction of an expert French agronomist contracted by Scholarships in this school have the central board of agriculture. been given to the sons of poor agriculturists from 14 departments of The school is well equipped and instruction of a high the Republic. grade is given in practical and theoretical work. A new department, The Govtreating of live stock, is soon to be added to the school. ernment has distributed a limited quantity of seeds to farmers in some of the departments who desire to make plantings to be saved for seed and propagation work. The central board of agriculture maintains two experiment stations near the city of San Salvador, and experiments are constantly made with plants and seeds with the view of acclimatizing and testing them.
Republics of Central America has been effected.
TURAL SCHOOL,
Don Jose Richling, consul general of Uruguay at New York, in a recent communication to a newspaper, made some interesting observations
in
connection with his
COUNTRY'S PROGRESS. He
says the outlook for crops is excellent, and the value of meats, hides, wool, etc., is constantly increasing. The Banco de la Republic, the
State bank, has at present gold reserves to the amount of $16,000,000as against $22,000,000 of bills outstanding, which represents an
excess of 26 per cent of the requirements of legal reserves.
The
1913-14 amounts to $16,350,000, a decrease of $1,500,000 compared with the previous
customhouse
revenue for
the
fiscal
year
To serve interest on the foreign loans, 74:^ per cent of the customhouse receipts have been pledged. This percentage yielded $12,642,346 in 1913-14, the amount required for interest on the foreign debt being only $6,885,756, thus leaving a surplus for the Government of $5,756,590. According to the estimates of the budget of 1914-15, this 74^ per cent will yield $11,958,640, which will provide
year.
for
considerable
excess
over obligations
of the sinking
of
the foreign debt.
Through regular payments
fund the foreign debt has been materially decreased. All interests have been paid in advance. The profits of State ELECTRIC LIGHT and power enterprises
VENEZUELA.
for the 11
l7l
months
of the fiscal year
PROPERTIES owned by
have been appraised at will remove the long-standing interdiction against the EMIGRATION of Italians to Uruguay, as the matter was arranged satisfactorily by parties interested, and agreement was signed at Rome on
The have been $900,000. Government capable of yielding profits The Government of Italy $100,000,000.
the
May
4. The report of the Liebig Extract of Meat Co. for the year 1913, which was recently made public, shows the high prices of catPRODUCTION. cost of tle, and the consequent increase
MEAT
Notwithstanding high prices of production, the preparations of this company found a ready market all over the world, and ''the directors now propose to pay a final dividend on the ordinary shares of 10 per cent, equal to 10 shillings per share, making, with the interim diviAccording to the American dend, 20 per cent for the year 1913." consul in Montevideo, the annual production of CEMENT IN URUGUAY is estimated at 70,000 tons. A local merchant gave to this official interesting data' on cement from foreign countries, in which it was stated that the cost of a barrel of Portland cement in Europe is about $1.20, the weight of which is 396 pounds. The ocean
freight to
etc.,
Montevideo is given at 85 cents; insurance, lighterage, 35 cents; customs duty and handling, $1; interest, 7 cents; thus making the total cost of a barrel in Montevideo about $3.47The local factory puts the same quaUty on the market at $3.46. They put it up in bags of 110 pounds and allow 6 cents for the return The machinery used is of German make, and about of each sack. $800,000 is invested in factories, which employ 200 workmen. The best opportunity for cement from the United States is found in Government contracts, where materials come into Uruguay free of duty. The Montevideo Times and the Herald ha e united, and henceforth both papers will be published as one under the name of the
MONTEVIDEO TIMES.
filled
The new paper contams

their
12 pages and
is
with
much interesting
16 last.
It
is
matter, and Messrs. Denstontone
& How-
ard, the editors
and proprietors, made
announcement under
published daily, and besides reading and telegraphic service, carries a vast amount of advertising, and should prove a good medium for the business man of this country to make
date of
his
May
announcements
to the people of
Uruguay.
Dr. Juan Liscano has been appointed CONSUL GENERAL of Venezuela in Havre, and Dr. Luis A. Olavarria Matos consul general in Amberes, Belgium. The report of the minister of PUBLIC
172

recently published, indicates the great advance-
INSTRUCTION,
ment
and the numerous reforms that have been put in operation, as well as others that will be adopted from time to time. The number of schools is given at 1,392, which
are so located that
less benefit.
all sections of the country may receive more or Âccording to the American consul at La Guaira,
in the school system of the country
there are five cities in Venezuela where parcel-post packages

received; they are Cuidad Bolivar, Carupano,
may be
La
Guaira, Caracas, and
Maracaibo. These offices are termed "exchange" stations, and if packages are directed to other places the consignees must come to one of the cities named for the same. The Caribbean Petroleum Co., which has been prospecting in various parts of Venezuela for OIL DEPOSITS, struck a vein near the coast of Lake Maricaibo that is producing something like 10 barrels a day. The well is 390 feet deep and the flow is said to be constant. Other wells will be sunk in the vicinity by the same company. The find is causing renewed activity on the part of the English companies that are also seeking oil. According to the report of the American minister in Caracas, the CATTLE BUSINESS in Venezuela is to be extensively developed by English capital. Officials of the Union Cold Storage Co. visited several sections of the country and otherwise made exhaustive investigation as to grazing lands and cold-storage possibilities. The coldstorage plant in Puerto Cabello, that has been closed some time, is to be enlarged and improved, and possibly branches established in other sections of the Republic. Sir William Vesty is president of the company, and he, as well as other ofiicials, personally looked over the field in April last, the result being a possible development of vast indus; tries. A recent meeting of the stockholders of the Venezuelan Oil Concessions (Ltd.), as chronicled in the Mining Journal, of London, developed a very OPTIMISTIC OUTLOOK for the success of the several enterprises now operating in Venezuela. The concessions cover an area of 3,000 square miles, and the company has the moral support of the Government and the people generally. Several of the English stockholders visited the fields and reported to the home office flattering prospects. At one point a well has reached the depth of 1,035 feet, and in so doing has passed through 71 feet of oil sands yielding oil of a density of 25, Baume equivalent to a specific gravity of 0.913. Another well has reached a depth of 1,180 feet, passing through oil sands 114 feet deep, and the report continues "there can be no possible doubt as to quantity." One of the stockholders, to quote the journal above mentioned, said "he was very proud indeed to be associated with an enterprise which would have very far-reaching effects upon the welfare and development of Venezuela, in which he was so greatly interested."
ARGENTINA - BOLIVIA - BRAXIL - CHILE - GOLOTABIA ly 14 o

tto5:'<^^'
,-.fiL15etêTIN
OF THE
John Barrett,
Director Gbjveral. Francisco J.Yanes, Assistant Director,
PA?s]A?v\A-ÎCAlÂGUA-A\E^XICO
MOAJOXJRAS
William
J.
Bryan, Secretary of State of the United Chairman ex officio.
States,
AMBASSADORS EXTRAORDINARY AND PLENIPOTENTIARY.

Brazil
Office of
Senhor Domicio da Gama,

Embassy, 1013 Sixteenth
Street, Washing-ton, D. C.
Mexico
Senor
Don Manuel
Caleeo.'
ENVOYS EXTRAORDINARY AND MINISTERS PLENIPOTENTIARY. Argentine Republic... Senor Dr. Romulo S. Naon,
Office of Legation, 1806 CorcoraB Street, Washington, D. C.
Bolivia
Senor Don Ignacio Calderon,

Washington,
C. C.
L.
Office of Legation, 1633 Sixteenth Street,
C.
Chile
Sefior
Office of Legation, 1329
Don Eduardo Suarez Mujica,

Washington, D.
K K
Street,
Colombia
Costa Rica
Office of Legation,
Senor Dr. Julio Betancourt,

Street,
Washington, D.
Senor Don Roberto B. Mesen,
Willard," Washington, D. C. Senor Dr. C. M. de Cespedes y Quesada, Cuba Office of Legation, " The Parliwood," Washhigton, D. U. Dominican Republic... Senor Dr. Francisco J. Peynado.^
"New
Ecuador
Seiior Dr.
Office of Legation, 604 Riverside Drive,
Gonzalo S. Cordova, New York City.

Avenue, Washington, D.
C.
Guatemala
Haiti
Senor Don Joaquin Mendez,
Office of Legation, 1750 Massachusetts Office of Legation, 1429
M. Solon Mexos,
Rhode Island Avenue, Washington, Senor Dr. Alberto MembreSo,
Gordon, Washington, D. C.
D. C.
Office of Legation, Hotel
Honduras
Nicaragua
Office of Legation,
Senor
Don Emiliano Chamorro,
"Stoneleigh Court," Washington, D. C.
Panama
Office of Legation, "
Senor Dr. Eusebio A. Morales,

The Portland," Washington, D. C. Senor Dr. Hector Vêlazquez, Woolworth Building, New York, N. Y.
Paraguay
Office of Legation,
Peru
Salvador
Senor Don Federico Alfonso Pezet,

Street,
Washington, D.
C.
Uruguay
Senor Dr. Francisco DukSas.^ Senor Dr. Carlos M. de Pen a,

Blue Ridge Summit, Pa.
Office of Legation, Strathroy Cottage.
CHARGES
D'AFFAIRES.
I.
Dominican Republic ..Senor Don
A. Cernuda,
Mexico
Office of
Le Roy Place, Washington, D. C. Senor Don A. Algara R. de Terreros,^

I Street,
Embassy, 1413
Washington, D.
C.
Salvador
Office of Legation,
Venezuela
Senor Dr. Carlos A. Meza, "The Portland," Washington, D. C. Senor Don Luis Churion,
Washington, D.
C.
Office of Legation, 1017 Sixteenth Street.
Absent.
BULLETIN
OF THE
PAN AMERICAN UNION

AUGUST
1914

: : :
D.C.,U.S.A.
" PAU,"
WASHINGTON
THE
PAN AMERICAN
UNION
SUBSCRIPTION
RA.TES
FOR
THE^
BULLETIN
English edition, in all countries of the Pan American Union, $2.00 per year. " " " " " " Spanish edition, 1.50 " " " " " Portuguese edition," 1.00 " " " " " French edition, " " .75
An of 50 cents per year, on each edition, for subscriptions in countries outside the Pan American Union.
ADDITIONAL CHARGE
SINGLE COPIES may be procured from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C, at 25 cents each.
WASHINGTON
1914-
Page.
The Argentine-Brazil-Chile Mediation

Sarmiento and his
173
Monument
in Boston
186
The Island
of
Juan Fernandez
201 217
241
commercial traveler in South America, VII

in the
Pan America
Among
will
Magazines
the salt harvesters of the Caribbean Up the River of Tapirs The Empire of the Children of the Sim Implement trade of the Argentine RepublicHow the Panama Canal
pological exploration in
uvian Expedition The
open Bolivia The Saciety's Expedition to Costa Rica Tmiisten in Bolivia AnthroPeru The Yale University and National Geographic Society PerUnknown River The flag to its makers.
Pan American notes

Data regarding Fifth Pan-American Conference Changes in the governing boardAn American diplomat honored by China The Bolivian. session of the Congress of AmericanistsCol. David L. Brainard, military attache at Buenos Aires Pamphlet on Argentine international trade Minister Calderon's address to the American people Educators touring South America Retiring minister of Costa Rica Peace treaties with Latin American Republics United States banks in South AmericaLatin America at student conferencesCommencement exercises at Dartmouth College.
280
Subject matter
of
consular reports
for 1913
306
311 319
Commerce
of
Paraguay
Argentine Republic
Census of territories Railways in operation Irrigation projects New mail service Com-
merce
Bolivia.
;
first
quarter.
320
Tin exportsAdherance to international conventions Wireless installationsAerial clubCongress of AmericanistsImproved railway facilities.
Brazil
Railway construction Delegation
321
to
banksMonument
Chile
Postal
congress- Government aviation school Credit Nabuco Wireless developments Population statistics.
to student
323
operations Ratify wireless conventionIncrease water supply New slaughterhouseVital stitisticsÛniversity students Pullman cars^Mining operations Public works budgetCotton factory.
Colombia
324
Tolima railway opened Board of public hygiene Shooting contest Wireless installationProperty census Waterworks Proposed miil S3rvi3e French scientists Cali railway
opening.
Costa Rica
325
New
cabinetCongress o.licials Steamship line to EuropeFruit cultivation Revenues 1913Central American normal school Protect animals Issue bank notes.
:
Cuba
327
Municipal hospital Street cleaning Asturianos Club Electric buss service Isle of Pines dockCodify laws Steamship service Paper millTobacco to GermanyAmusement park project Budget passed.
TI
IV
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Page.
Dominican Republic
Exports
first
328
bridge project.
quarterLighthouses proposed Nouel honored New bridge Students in
Peru Ozama River
Ecuador
Regulations for scholarship students Exhibit of student Medical congress Municipal loan Esmeralda Quito
330
work Progress on Ambato railwayRailway Quito

agricultural
fair.
Guatemala
Budget 1914-15
duty.
331
National holiday Retalhuleu Electric Co. Liquor license New consulatePurchase foreign material Peace-treaty terms Recognize trade mark Suspend export
Haiti
Coffee crop
332
Oificial map authorized Railway receipts Commerce through Jeremie General

333
revenues.
Honduras
Tela railroad plans Repair Amapala wharf facture gaseous waters.
Ulua River bridge Condemnation law Manu335
Mexico
Exploit iron mines Manzanillo harbor National medical school director.
worksAguascalientes ValleyInternal debt bonds-
Nicaragua
Opening of public schools Lumber interests Shipping through Canal Orphan asylumExport privilege Forest tax Concrete buildingsWireless installation Mahogany industry Denounce gold mine.
336
Panama
Modify Chiriqui road plans Telegraph installation Special tramway ratesElectrical engineers meet Panama Chamber of Commerce San Bias Indians at exposition.
337
Paraguay
Develop
fruit
339
industry
Laundry opportunity
Arrival
Paraguayan
students abroad
Peteriby
logs
Immigrant
hotel
of military teachers.
Peru New
340
on Peru
expedition Publication portsPeruvian views.
Borax
industry Guano operations Benzene ex-
Salvador
Santiago de Maria market Teaching arts and trades Journalist society Improved school facilities Acajutla electric service Railroad to La Libertad.
341
Uruguay
Gibson lectures-f an American railway contract Visit of " Benjamin Constant "Record sea voyage National stadium proposed Antituberculosis crusade Rural development Proposed water canal.
342
Venezuela
Trade statistics L'se
service of
343
concrere Automobile service Aviation activity 1-uneral Dr. Rojas Readjustment of diplomatic posts.
of reinforced
jy Liairoct
Meilnia.K
THE LATE DE. ROQUE SAENZ PENA,

President of the Argentine Republic
who
died on August
9,
1914.
VOL. XXXIX.
AUGUST,
1914.
No.
AlGElTIIfE-^BIA
%,M,AM,.A,,/li
CHILE MEDIATION
88
SS
88
38
THE BULLETIN
attempt
of the
Pan American Union will not make any

mediation initiated
of
to record in detail the history of
by the Governments
Brazil,
Argentina, and Chile to
adjust the difficulties between the United States and Mexico.
The newspapers contained elaborate reports from the day this movement was inaugurated in the latter part of April until the mediators
adjourned at Niagara Falls about the 1st of July, and, therefore, to narrate the proceedings would simply be a repetition of what is
already well known.
The complete
history,
on the other hand,
is not yet ready for publication. It will suffice, therefore, in this issue of the Bulletin simply to make some reference to this great Pan American achievement and to publish some photographs illustrative of the life at Niagara Falls during the progress of mediation. Special credit is due to Senhor Domicio Da Gama, ambassador of
exists only in the files of the
Governments concerned and
Romulo S. Naon, minister of Argentina, and Sr. Don Eduardo Suarez, minister of Chile, for the leading part which they
Brazil, Dr.
played "in this remarkable international peace undertaking. From the time they proposed, on April 25, to the United States Government on behalf of their Governments, mediation as a step toward preventing war between the United States and Mexico until they concluded their labors they showed a grasp of the situation, a sincerity of purpose and a patience of negotiation without which their efforts might have met with defeat. Correspondingly, the commissioners of the United States: Justice Joseph Rucker Lamar and Hon. Frederick W. Lehmann, assisted by Mr. H. Percival Dodge, as secretary; and the Mexican delegates: Srs. Emilio Rabasa, Augastin Rodriguez, and
173
^^s
rao
,-^-:L-.'~::!gL-au
HOTEL CLIFTON, NIAGARA FALLS, WHERE THE MEDIATION PROCEEDINGS TOOK

PLACE.
S ^
^ ^ - g
C3
oi-S
d o
"S.s
IPi!
^ S -c
slag""
SK
eg
2^
Sal
III
Photograph by American Press AssoeiatLon.
AMBASSADOR AND MADAME DA GAMA.
THE MEXICAN DELEGATION, INCLUDING LADIES.
TENNIS ENGAGED THE NEWSPAPER MEN AND YOUNG PEOPLE.
THE MEDIATORS AND THEIR SECRETARIES.

Seated, Ambassador da Gama of Brazil (center), Minister Naon of Argentina (left), Minister Suarez of Chile (right). Standing, left to right, Sr. Dr. Enrique GU, Argentina; Sr. James P. Mee, Brazil: Sr. Don >rannpl Snlina^. Chile; '^r. A. J. de Ipanema Moreira, Brazil; Sr. Don Tulio Maquieira, Chile.
DIVERSION OF THE MEDIATORS DURING THE CONFERENCE.

Minister SuSrez playing chess.
THE ARGENTINE-BEAZIL-CHILE MEDIATION.
185
Luis Elguero, assisted by Sr. Rafael Elguero, as secretary, througliout the whole proceedings manifested an appreciation of the efforts of the mediators and a sincere desire to bring about a successful conclusion which reflected credit
upon them individually and upon
their
Governments.
It is gratifying that mediation
which
it
tary of that they tendered their services:
was successful in the purpose for was invoked. In the communication addressed to the SecreState of the United States by the three mediators they stated
For the purpose of servicg the interests of peace and civilization on our continent and with the earnest desire to prevent any further bloodshed, to the prejudice of the cordiality and union which have always surrounded the relations of the Governments and the peoples of America.
Inasmuch as to mediation must be ascribed the cessation of hostilibetween the United States and Mexico after the occupation of Vera Cruz by United States forces, and, therefore, the prevention of an unfortunate war between the United States and Mexico, and
ties
inasmuch, moreover, as the indications all point to the successful solution of the Mexican situation without armed intervention by the United States, mediation has achieved the chief end for which it was invoked. It prevented "further bloodshed" and it has paved the way for the preservation of the "cordiality and union which have always surrounded the relations of the Governments and peoples of America." As summing up in a few words the results of mediation, the remarks of the Brazilian Ambassador, Senhor Domicio Da Gama, made at a farewell luncheon given to the press, can be quoted:
It is a source of satisfaction to me to be able to say that one of the essential points of our program that deahng with the international phase of the conflict is practically settled. This does not imply that we go home with our task concluded, but we feel that so far we have averted war. We have established, also, through agreement between the parties most directly interested, and in complete harmony with the sentiments of the Government of the United States, that it is a principle of American policy to have our national problems always given a fair examination and settled without foreign interference. We understand that if such a result has been attained we shall have created a more favorable atmosphere in international politics in America.
52611Bull.
AIMIEITO AND HIS

OlUMEIfT IN BMSimr
is
:.
only three years ago that the Argentine RepubHc paid liberal measure, to the honor of its former President, Domingo Faustino Sarmiento. He was born in 1811 and died in 1888, seeing, in his full hfe, all of the struggles and much of the triumphs of his native land. Indeed, he contributed to no small extent to these triumphs, and his country is eager to show its gratiNot only does Argentina desire to recognize the good he tude. accomplished, but it purposes to show its thanks for those who helped him to those ends^ and for that reason the people of Argentina are giving to Boston, to Massachusetts, and in this way to the people of the United States, a memorial of his visits to this country, where he learned so enthusiastically the principles of education he afterwards apphed effectively at home. Sarmiento was one of those geniuses such as are produced in every land whenever the times show a crying need for them. He was a man of destiny, as he himself always beheved, yet his destiny was not toward conquest or mihtary greatness, but rather, like that of Lincoln, to influence his country away from war in the direction of a better repubUcan government and of education. Sarmiento, also in this respect like Lincoln, had suffered from the lack of education in his childhood. He was born (February 15, 1811) in the city of San Juan almost in the shadow of the Andes, during the fierceness of the Argentine struggle for independence. His honored mother worked to support her children while his patriotic father fought for his country. When 5 years of age, he went to a local school and soon learned to read. Although later his knowledge advanced under various instructors and by his own unquenchable ambition and perseverance, he had no further opportunity for systematic study. In fact, he undertook as a lad the instruction of the poor children of his neighborhood, partly for the purpose of keeping alive the school spirit there, partly because he could thereby increase his own education.
IT tribute, in
youth of 16, he earned his living by working in a village but even then his zeal for study never flagged, and he read eagerly what rare books fell into his hands. During the next few years of a rough and wandering life, he studied, even in prison. He attacked English, French, and Italian. He found a friend's library
Later, as a
store,
1
By
Albert Hale, of Pan American Union
staff.
186
SAEMIENTO AND HIS MONUMENT IN BOSTON.
189
with volumes on literature, philosophy, and histor}', and he had his judgment trained by wholesome friction with men of wider experience and knowledge. The wars had temporarily subsided, and the town Sarmiento dreamed of being a poet, and of San Juan was growing. he began to write essays. He founded a literary society and at last was instrumental in the opening of a school. Then, in 1839, he was offered the use of a printing press, and at once started his first newspaper. El Zonda, the greater paH of which he himself wrote.
Editorship aroused his taste for writing, but it got him into He could not avoid expressing his critical opinions, and he even touched on the delicate theme of politics. The paper was suppressed, but Sarmiento' s ambition and spirit were kindled, and instead of avoiding the subject he began the study and open discussion of politics to see wherein lay the unhappiness under which Argentina suffered. He was put in prison for his pains. He escaped and made his way to Chile, but not before writing as a farewell to his country his translation of the French phrase, words that later
trouble.
became
Las ideas no se degtiellan (ideas can a Sarmiento aphorism not be throttled). Sarmiento was an exile in Chile for many years. He was a schoolteacher. He kept shop, he clerked in Valparaiso, and was a mine boss in Copiapo. In learning English, he paid half his wages to a teacher and rewarded the watchman who waked him at 2 in the morning for his studies. And at every moment free from his work he read and read, in English, French, Italian, Latin, and his native Spanish. He taught others when he could, and he was always the
leader,
whether in talk, learning, or debate. In 1841 Sarmiento was in Santiago, Chile, and there found protection and encouragement. He assumed the editorship of the famous Mercurio, and while an Argentine patriot, he was welcomed for the good he might do toward what was almost his adopted country. He brought his family over the mountains, and his sisters soon became worthy school-teachers under his guidance. In 1842 a normal school was founded and put under his charge, the first in South America, opened only two years after a similar school had been established in the United States. He was teacher, instructor, Sarmiento was the school itself principal, and textbook writer. and success followed him. Then he started other periodical papers and wrote books, always earnest and sincere, but at times attacked and opposed by those who misunderstood him or honestly failed to His writings were innumerable, his agree with his radical opinions. polemics unceasing. Finally, worn out, he was advised and helped by his friends to take a trip to Europe, which he had so longed to
visit.
STATUE OF SARMIENTO IN BUENOS AIRES.

All Argentina honors Sarmiento, and Buenos Aires, as was natural, has given him a heroic statue within the national cemetery and park. The figure is the work of Rodin, and presents him a
publicist.
STATUE OF SARMIENTO, IN HIS NATIVE CITY, SAN JUAN, ARGENTINA.

San Juan, where Sarmiento was born, has an equal right with Buenos Aires, where he was President of the Republic and lived in later years, to honor him. The city has well done so, and in the public square of San Juan, not far from the cathedral, is this monument,
presenting Sarmiento in the role of the student and educator, for it was in San Juan that he received his first inspiration for a scheme of national education.
THE SARMIENTO SCHOOL

It
is
IN
BUENOS AIRES.
after Sarmiento, who has well been called the father of education in Argentina. This beautiful building, therefore, bears his name, and it is one of the admired architectural features of the capital. Not only is the exterior a finished and dignified edifice, but its interior also is characterized by all that is modern and fitting for the pupils in attendance there. The Sarmiento School is located on the Calle Callao, 450, and should be visited by everyone making a careful study of Buenos Aires.
most natural that some prominent school should be named
Photograph by William H. Kau.
THE ARGENTINE TRAINING SHIP "PRESIDENTE SARMIENTO."

The Republic of Argentina has a naval academy, and in addition maintains a training ship in which many long cruises are made while the school is carrying on its active work. The Presidente Sarmientohas been around the world, and the student body thus had not only an opportunity to study the necessary curriculum of the school, but also the equally valuable experiences that foreign travel must necessarily give them.
194

the end of 1845 Sarmiento traveled through
Uruguay and In October he went to Spain and there followed a lengthened travel to Cordoba, Cadiz, Seville, Barcelona, the Balearic Isles, and Algiers. Early in 1847 he visited Italy, then came to Switzerland, Germany, and back to Paris in June; then England, and in the latter half of the same year he for the first time came to the United States. The report of Horace Mann, made after his educational tour of Europe, had fallen into the hands of Sarmiento in England, and the two met later in Boston. Here he learned to admire the commonschool system of Massachusetts and introduced into Chile many of the advanced ideas making such headway in the North. On his return to Chile in 1848 he wrote abundantly again on his travels, on politics, and always on popular education, a subject of which he never tired. But in 1851, although he might have made his home in Chile, his patriotic spirit was not at rest, and he decided to live in and for Argentina. He took an active part in the battle of Caseros (February 3, 1852) by which the tyrant Rosas was defeated and exiled. A period of political unrest followed, during which Sarmiento was part of the time again in Chile, once more writing on the needs of improving education. At last he came back to Argentina to stay
Brazil, reaching France in
Toward
May, 1846.
in
May, 1855.
His first act was to found a normal school of agriculture in his native city of San Juan, for which, if for nothing else, his name will always be honored. In 1856 he was given the post of chief of the department of public schools in Buenos Aires. Here Sarmiento labored for six years; he increased the number of schools, he himself translated or had adapted new and fitting textbooks, he began the publication of the annals of education, and he induced the Government to raise the appropriation from the public funds. Meanwhile, he introduced the metric system, and brought about many reforms which showed that he never swerved from his conviction that the school was the soul of
the nation.
In 1862 (February 16) Sarmiento was elected governor of his native Province, San Juan. Here he repaid with compound interest the debt of gratitude he had always felt he owed, and toward education he again directed his constant efforts. He met with opposition and
some political intrigue, but nothing daunted in his activities, he kept on with his projects of improvement until the early part of 1864, when the nation sent him abroad as minister to Chile, Peru, and the United States. He visited Chile, where he was received with cordiality.
In Lima, Peru, he attended but did not take official part in the American congress in session there, and he soon after went to the
United States, landing in
New York May
15, 1865.
196
Sarmiento was too late on this visit to the United States to meet the martyred Lincoln, but he had revered the man and did not rest
had written a life of Lincoln for popular reading in South America, and as he added observations of his own on the phenomena of government as he interpreted them in the United States, the book
until he
is
a transcript of his
own
self,
as well.
North America were full of study and accomplishment. He made many friends among both statesmen and educators. He wrote constantly, all the time becoming more an American, in that sense of the word which means his confidence in the future greatness of the western hemisphere. A result of his studies was called ''The Schools, the Basis of Prosperity in the United States," a book destined to have a deep impression on the people of Argentina, and one showing how almost completely he dedicated himself to the American problems of education. While Sarmiento was in the United States, his Argentina was emerging from war and its political disturbances and preparing to elect a President on the retirement of Gen. Mitre, who had done so much to advance his country. Quite unexpectedly, and indeed without Sarmiento's knowledge, his name was proposed as a candidate and he was elected. He arrived at Buenos Aires (September, 1868) when it was certain that he was to be the next President of
three succeeding years in
The
the Republic.
From the date of his assuming the Presidency, October 12, 1868, through his six years' administration, and in fact until his death, the details of Sarmiento's life, although containing some reverses and disappointments, are on the whole a fascinating chronicle of his triumphs as a statesman and educator. The reforms introduced were numerous and far-reaching. After retiring, he at one time was senator from San Juan, then editor, superintendent of national education, and envoy to Chile. His fame was world-wide. The people loved him, and the whole nation felt the influences of his work in their behalf. Sarmiento died at Asuncion, Paraguay, during a visit there for rest, September 10, 1888. He is buried in the cemetery of Recoleta, Buenos Aires, where a fine statue was erected to him in 1900. His native city commemorates his memory by another similar monument, dedicated in 1901. Sarmiento is one of the national heroes of Argentina. His life should be read by every young man of the country, and indeed by the youth of any of the countries of America. It is truly American. It shows how a poor boy, in the face of hardships, discouragements, and privations, but actuated with the glow of patriotism and determined to fight against wrong and ever for the advancement of the American idea of knowledge and improvement, can in the end win the victory for himself and his native land. Others, with equally
d:::^^'iu^<r'z...j3C''<L^*-^
w--r^2.^:^.-<.-t,-^^>-c
On Sarmiento's first visit to the United States lie made the acquaintance of Horace Mann (1796-1859), who
much for the advancement of education in the United States. The two had sympathies in common. Through Horace Mann and his writings, Sarmiento learned how to apply the principles af education in his own country. The work of Horace Mann lived long after his death, and his influence can still be felt. As it was Massachusetts for which his greatest efforts were made, it is suitable that the Sarmiento statue should be erected in Boston.
accomplished so
^.^î!^yt^^':^<^^t^^^^-i^/^
This picture of Sarmiento is taken from a book published by Mrs. Horace Mann in 1868, beuig a translation, under the title of "Life in the Argentine Republic," of chapters from Sarmiento's writings, especially that now best known as Facundo (Quiroga). Sarmiento was the Argentine diplomatic representative in Washington from 1865 to 1868, and probably it was during that time that the pictui-e was taken.% He would then be a man of 55 years, in the height of his physical and intellectual powers.
yLcyy>ôCe^ .^^^-cO^ y^^tk-^C/ /âA*>
^^ (^jum- z&i^^Z^ /rf'jdjtf^
THE HANDWRITING OF TWO GREAT MEN.

Sarmiento and Lincoln grew up in a somewhat similar social atmosphere. Both were poor; both had only the rudiments of education given them; both acquired their immense store of knowledge by unceasing personal zeal and application. Each in later life perceived the true spirit of his native country, and in helping it forward Sarmiento in South America, Lincoln in North America achieved universal respect and love. Their lives running so parallel Lincoln born in 1809 and Sarmiento in 1811 it is interesting to note the similarity in their handwriting. Allowing for the difference in race Sarmiento a Latin, Lincoln an AngloSaxon there is a fine satisfaction in noting the resemblance between the two.
200

zeal,
honest ambition and

desire
may have
other purposes.
Sarmiento's
an opportunity for education, and to make of the common school system a bulwark against ignorance and wrong. To do this he took as his model the He theories and practices of the United States and of New England. Argentina loves his memory studied, he wrote, and he accomplished.
was
to give to the people of Argentina
for the result.
As a token of this everlasting sympathy between the United States and Argentina, the people of that country have given a monument It is to be placed in Boston, from which much of to this country.
his inspiration came, as the original Puritan love of liberty consecrated the public school in North America. It is the work of a Yankee artist, selected as best able to symbolize the genius of the
one country as manifested in the other. The finished memorial to Sarmiento will be in bronze, but the design for it has just been completed, in clay model, at the studio It represents the symbol of Sarmiento of Bela L. Pratt, in Boston. carrying to Argentina the blessings of learning. The transport is a classic galley, of heroic size, measuring from point to point almost 40 There are in all nine human figures, two allegorical, six imagifeet. Columbia and Argentina native, and one, that of Sarmiento himself. are at the bow, the two arm in arm, and together presenting the idea that in America will be found the advances of which civiHzation The six oarsmen are the powerful forces compelling is in need. the advance of this civilization; they are, on the right side. Education, Courage, Progress, and on the left are Energy, Integrity, and Wisdom. Sarmiento is high above all, at the stern, seeming to direct the onward course. Beneath him is to be the descriptive tablet. The location selected for the permanent resting place of the memorial is Copley Square, through which breathes the air of Horace Mann and
others
who
did so
much
for Massachusetts.
can hardly be doubted, and, of course, it is a matter for which the people of the United States The dedication will mark an interesting are to be congratulated. event in the development of friendship between the two Repubhcs,
will accept the design
That Minister Naon
ND OF
J.
JIJ/i
i,j M,A
i\ 1 1
i'
11
i./ 1.^
x^
thrown
But thou, Defoe,
o'er that loiie isle hast
spell so potent,
who hath
felt it
not?
Unto my boyhood 'twas a fairy spot; Yet to my fancy so familiar made,

I
Its
seem'd as well to know creek, cave, and grot. open beach, its tangled greenwood shade.
I
As if
there had dwelt, and Crusoe's part had played.
a recent issue of the
Bulletin appeared
a news item from Chile
IN which
As
to the
stated that two
new
wireless telegraph stations were in
course of construction, one at Punta Arenas, the southernmost city of the world, and another on the island of Juan Fernandez.
former location, no extraordinary interest seems to attach more inhabitants is to be placed in quick communication with the rest of the civilized world; but as the island home of that dear old friend of our youth, to the latter Robinson Crusoe that is really quite another story. How can the average 10 year old boy reconcile the mental picture of this isolated garden spot of the world with an innovation of this character ? The idea of "Poor Old Robinson Crusoe's" domain having a population which needs a wireless station! Gone is the romance of by gone What is the use of declaiming days
to the fact that this city of 12,000 or
am monarch
of all I
is
survey;
none to dispute: From the center all round to the sea, I am lord of the fowl and the brute.
right there
My
when
friend
uncanny solitude one is enjoying with his be rudely shattered by the buzzing, rattling, and snapping of a wireless telegraph instrument! The time is out of joint! The spirit of progress has shattered the delicious dreams of the days of long ago. Aside from the fact, however, that Alexander Selkirk's solitary sojourn on this island for four years and four months was the basis for Defoe's masterpiece of fiction, the history of the island of Juan Fernandez is replete with interesting facts, while its indigenous fauna and flora have made it one of the most attractive spots in the world for the naturalist and botanist. Only a few of the most important of these historical facts and scientific features may be briefly outlined
the solemn, creepy,
Robinson
is
to
in this article.
'
By Edward
.3
Albes, of
Pan American Union
staff.
52611 Bull. 214
201
\'IEWS OF
THE ISLAND OF JUAN FERNANDEZ.
Top: One of the small bays on the northern coast of the island. Bottom: Upon close approach the high peaks of the north end of the island, the intervening valleys with their precipitous slopes, on -which may be seen the dark forests with occasional small houses set in garden patches, come into view.
THE ISLAND OF JUAN FEKNANDEZ.
203
In reality the Juan Fernandez group is composed of three islands, but the name is usually apphed to the largest, wliich is known as Mas a Tierra (Nearer Land), located about 360 nautical miles west Close to its west end a small rocky islet rises of Valparaiso, Chile. out of the breakers, which is called Santa Clara. About 96 miles farther west is Mas a Fuera (Further Away), only a little smaller than Mas a Tierra. It was on Mas a Tierra that Selkirk was left to his lonely exile. The island is of an irregular form, about 12 miles in length, but
Its northeastern half is craggy ridges and fertile valleys, and mostly covered with wood, while the southern division, which is comparaWhen seen from a distance the tively low and fiat, is nearly barren. mountain El Yunque (The Anvil), about 3,000 feet high, so called from its shape, appears conspicuously placed in the midst of a range of precipitous mountains. It is wooded nearly from summit to the base, whence a fertile valley extends to the shore. It has become a frequent stopping place for vessels, as the island is very fertile, fresh water is easily procured, wood can be purchased, and beef of excellent quality, pigs, poultry, and vegetables of all kinds are to be had. Peaches grow wild in large quantities, and various fruits can be
scarcely 4 miles across in its widest part.
composed
of alternate
obtained at moderate cost. The bay affords abundance of fish, and is especially noted for its fine lobsters and crawfish. The island belongs to the Republic of Chile, and its discovery, according to the account of Thomas Sutcliffe, one of the former governors of the colony established there by that Government,
"was, like many others occurring in the history of navigation, the fortuitous result of an enterprise undertaken for quite a different
object,"
and
this is
how
it
happened:
winds, the coasting voyage from the ports
In consequence
of
of continual southerly
Chile to those of Peru can be performed in 10 or 12 days; while the return, against these prevailing gales, generally occupies several months. In 1572, Don Juan Fernandez, a Spanish navigator, who was sailing from Peru to Chile, sagaciously conjectured that this constant aerial current to the north must be materially caused by the vicinity of land; and standing a considerable distance to the westward, with the
view of falling in with more variable winds, discovered the islands which bear his name; and, proceeding on his voyage with little delay, reached in so short a time the Chilean haven to which he was bound that his astonished countrymen at first concluded that he had not proceeded to Peru, but had prematurely returned to port, in consequence of some untoward accident. On finding that the voyage had been actually performed in a time so short as to be perfectly inexplicable to them on natural grounds, they accused their skillful and enterprising countryman of witchcraft, and threw him into one of the dungeons of the inquisition, whence, after lingering for some time in miserable captivity, he obtained his release at the instance of the Jesuits, whose powerful intercession he secured by ceding to their order any rights which he might be regarded to have as the discoverer of the islands. Restored to liberty, Fernandez resumed his maritime
CUMniiKLAXD BAY,
The landing
place,
1SJ.AXJ.>
OF JUAX FEKXAXDEZ.
showing the mountain, Yunque (The Anvil), in the distance.
Courtesy of
L'.
H.
Consul A. T Haebeiie.
REMAINS OF OLD SPANISH FORT ON JUAN FERNANDEZ.

In 1750 the Spanish Government, through the then governor of Chile, sent a detachment of troops to the island of Juan Fernandez to build a town and several forts and batteries at different points. The town was practically destroyed and the forts ruined by an earthquake during the year 1835. The above picture shows what is left of the main fortress, which has never been rebuilt.

pursuits with great
205
skill, energy, and success, and, according to the accounts of his countrymen, discovered New Zealand and several other islands in the Southern Ocean, but lost his life in one of these expeditions, of which no satisfactory or authentic narrative has reached posterity.
The
first settlers
who took
possession of the island, and founded a colony on
turning out to year 1596. In those days a voyage from Europe around Cape Horn was a somewhat dangerous proposition. Not only were weather, wind, and currents of the southern seas to be feared, but our piratical heroes, sometimes called buccaneers, made a point of frequenting these regions, largely with the view of preying on the commerce of Spain with her colonies on the Pacific coast of South America. Most of these adventurous "gentlemen of fortune" were English, too, and since the mother country was generally at war with Spain, France, or some other country, all was fish that was caught in their nets and they plundered "ad libitum," having more or less license to do so by royal grant from their beloved sovereign. On the northern shore of deserted Juan Fernandez they found a fine harbor in what is known as Cumberland Bay, and this soon became a sort of rendezvous where they found fresh water, provisions, and safety. There they rested, repaired their ships, and plotted other expeditions and depredations. Among other adventurers who visited the island during these early years was Schouten in 1616, who found it uninhabited by men, but well stocked with goats. He was followed by Jacques le Hermite, who anchored there with the Nassau fleet in April, 1624, remaining for a week, when Capt. Cornelius de Witte left six of his crew behind, Nothing was ever learned as to their final fate. at their own request. The next visitor of whom there is any record was Capt. Sharp, who anchored there on Christmas Day, 1680, refitted his vessel, and reThese buccaneers had crossed the Isthmus of freshed his crew. Darien, take Santa Maria, and fitted out a prize vessel, in order to continue their depredations along the Pacific coast. After numerous daring exploits, in one of which their commander, Capt. Sawkins, was killed, they mutinied, deposed his successor, and elected Capt. Sharp, who led them in their marauding expeditions on the Chilean coast and finally to the island of Juan Fernandez. After another mutiny Capt. John Wathng was elected to replace Sharp, whom they considered too lenient to their Spanish prisoners. Three Spanish men-of-war appearing on the horizon, the buccaneers hurriedly sailed away from the island on the 12th of January, 1681, leaving behind them a Mosquito Indian named Wilham, who happened at the time to be out in the woods hunting goats. Will succeeded in dodging the Spaniards, and maintained himself alone on the island for three
on Juan Fernandez were sent there by the Jesuits, it; which, be an unprofitable speculation, was abandoned in the
^^^p
Courtesy of U.
S.
Consul A.
T.
Haeberle.
CAVES ON JUAN FERNANDEZ ISLAND.

The upper
first
picture shows Robinson Cruso's grotto the cave where Selkirk is supposed to have made his habitation before building his more convenient huts. In the lower picture may be seen one of the caves used as a dungeon by the Spanish authorities in which to imprison the exiled Chilean patriots during the war of independence, when Juan Fernandez Island was used for a penal colony.

years,
207
two months, and eleven days, when he was rescued by two English ships, on one of which he found two of his former shipmates, Dampier and Edmund Cook. This was in April, 1684, antedating Selkirk's exile by about 20 years. The next to visit the island was Capt. Davies, of the Bachelor's
He refitted his vessel and refreshed his crew there three times from 1686 to the latter part of 1687, and finally left nine of his crew, five seamen and four negro boys, on the island at their own request. Having gambled away their share of the booty of the expedition, they refused to go home with Capt. Davies, and decided to
Delight.
remain on Juan Fernandez with the hope of being taken off by some other freebooters and thus to continue their career. They were supphed with arms and other necessities and seem to have hved quite happily for nearly three years before they were rescued by Capt. Strong in 1690. They had planted Indian corn, and tamed a number of goats which supphed them wdth milk and meat. There were plenty of turnips and other wild vegetables, and great cûantities of "pardelus" a sea fowl, larger than a gull, of a gray color, very fat, producing palatable eggs, ''and having flesh which, though of a fishy taste, wâs rendered eatable by being buried a httle while in the ground." These, and the abundance of fish that were easily caught, supphed them with provisions; and having a salt pan, they made their own salt by the seaside, and cured their fish and goat flesh, seal, and goat skins; and, ''had it not been for the Spaniards, who, hearing they were on the island, sent parties to take or destroy them," their lot would have been an enviable one. However, they succeeded in fighting off and eluding the Spaniards until their final rescue. At length we come to the hero of our boyhood days, Robinson Crusoe, or rather to the piratically inclined gentleman who served as a model for the fairer picture drawn with all the imaginative skill of the master hand of fiction. Much romantic interest attaches to the early life of the poor Scotch sailor, Alexander Selkirk, for whom the fancy of Defoe wove an immortal crown of fame, but this bemg but a sketch of an island, the details concerning its chief hero must needs be omitted. Suffice it to say that he was born about 1676 of "poor but honest parents," his father being a respectable tanner and shoemaker, and that he was of a somewhat turbulent and quarrelsome disposition. He had many ups and downs, prmcipally downs, and having acquired some knowledge of mathematics and navigation he took to the sea. In 1703 one Capt. Dampier organized a little buccaneering expedition, and on the 11th of September left Kinsale with two vessels, the Saint George and a galley called the CinquePorts, our friend Selkirk being sailing master of the last named. Failing to intercept certain Spanish galleons which they had intended to capture, they reached the coast of Brazil, where they "wooded.
THE ISLAND OF
watered, and refitted."
JUAINT
FEENANDEZ.
209
There his first Heutenant and eight of his crew remained on shore rather than continue with Dampier, and Capt. Pickering of the Cinque-Ports having died, Lieut. Stradlmg took command of the galley. They sailed around the Horn and More "waterfinally landed at Juan Fernandez in February, 1704. ing, wooding, and refitting" took place, and quite a healthy mutiny was started by some 42 of the men. This was finally quelled, and on February 29, seeing a sail on the horizon, both vessels set out in pursuit. Tlie strange vessel proved to be a well armed and manned French ship, which succeeded in fighting off the English buccaneers and escaped to Peru. In their hurry to give chase to the strange vessel the Englishmen had left six of their men on Juan Fernandez, On this journey Selkirk seems so they returned to pick them up. to have had a quarrel with Capt. Stradling; in addition to this, the Cinque-Ports was in a ''crazy" and leaky condition, and the Scotchman is said to have had a dream that the vessel was cast away. All of which decided him to quit the vessel and to remain on the island. Toward the end of August they reached the island, and upon the stubborn Scotchman's insistance, Stradling finally left him there "alone in his glory." As to what befell him, how he lived, his adventures, etc., the reader is respectfully referred to Robinson
Crusoe.
Selkirk was relieved of his self-imposed exile by Capt. Woodes Rogers, of the privateer Dulce, on February 12, 1709, his former commander, Capt. Dampier, being the pilot of the expedition. Had he remained on the island he would very likely have fallen into the hands of the Spaniards some three years later, for in 1712 the Saint Charles, a French ship which had been bought by Spaniards, was wrecked off the coast of Juan Fernandez, all of the crew succeeding Some of them ventured in a boat and made the in reaching the land.
trip to Valparaiso,
whence a ship was sent
to rescue the others.
Capt. Clipperton visited the island in the Success in 1719, and spent a month there waiting for his consort, the Speedwell, under Capt. Shelvocke. The latter reached the island in January, 1720, remained only a few days, and returned the following May only to wreck his
vessel close to the shore.
The crew saved themselves and succeeded
in building a makeshift boat out of the wreck.
Eleven of the men and Indians, remained on the island. Thus Selkirk's lonely realm became somewhat populated, having 24 inhabitants. These, it is said, subsequently were captured by visiting Spaniards. In 1741 Commodore Anson reached Juan Fernandez with the shattered remnant of his expedition, and the hospitable island gave him refuge and refreshment for his sick and weakened men for a period of three months. His chaplain, Walter, has left a detailed
deserted, however, and, together with 13 negroes
FLORA OF ISLAND OF JUAN FERNANDEZ.

One
trees of the island is La Chonta, sometimes called the cabbage palm. Dr. Carl Skottsberg writes of it: "Above the other trees rises the masterpiece of creation the endemic palm (Juania australis). It is impossible not to caress the smooth green stem as one tries to get a sight of its majestic head of large pumate leaves. Glorious it is, a true prtaceps of the vegetable kingdom^ noble from top to root." The top is edible and is used as cabbage, while the trunk makes beautiful walking sticks.
of the
most beautiful of the endemic
Courtesy of U.
S.
Consul A.
T.
Haeberle.
FLORA OF ISLAND OF JUAN FERNANDEZ.

A
which grow
peculiar species of the flora of the island, shown in the upper picture, is ths pangue plant, the leaves of to the size of an umbrella and hold in reserve the water receved during a rain, allowing it to escape only through the stems. The fern flora, shown in the lower picture, is very rich and varied.
212
and.
THE PAN
most interesting account
is of
AMEEICAlSr UNION.
of their experiences
and an excellent
description of the island and
from Walter's narrative
wild peaches, various fruits, the island:
The following paragraph interest inasmuch as it accounts for the and vegetables which are still found on
its
resources.
The excellence of the climate and the looseness of the soil render this place extremely proper for all kinds of vegetation, for if the ground be anywhere accidentally turned up, it is immediately overgrown with turnips and Sicilian radishes; and therefore Mr. Anson, having with him garden seeds of all kinds, and stones of different sorts
accommodation of his countrymen who should hereafter carrots, and other garden plants, and set in the woods a great variety of plum, apricot, and peach stones. And these last, he has been informed, have since thriven to a very remarkable degree; for, some gentlemen who in their passage from Lima to Old Spain were taken and brought to England, having procured leave to wait upon Mr. Anson, to thank him for his generosity and humanity to his prisoners some of whom were their relations they in casual discourse with him about his transactions in the South Seas, particularly asked him if he had not planted a great number of fruit stones on the island of Juan Fernandez, for they told him their late navigators had discovered there numbers of peach trees and apricot trees, which, being fruits before unobserved in that place, they concluded them to be produced from kernels set by him.
of fruits, he, for the better
touch here, sowed both lettuces,
In 1750 Juan Fernandez ceased to be a rendezvous for pirates,

buccaneers, and deserting seamen, for Spain decided to colonize
it.
At the
instance of the viceroy of Peru the governor of Chile sent one
of the superior officers of the army with a strong detachment from one of the stations on the Araucanian frontier to the island. They occupied the bay on the northeast side of the island, built a small town, and erected several forts and batteries on different points. This establishment was kept up for many years and the place became the location for a penal colony. Subsequently, when the Chileans revolted from the mother country, many of their patriots who were captured in the several battles with the Spanish regulars were sent in exile to Juan Fernandez, to suffer and die in the noisome caves in which they were confined. As soon as the independence of Chile was established all that still lived were promptly rescued and brought home. Since then the island has become the headquarters for quite a large fishing industry, codfish and fine lobsters, as weU as many other species, being found there in the greatest abundance. In 1908 Dr. Carl Skottsberg, Percy D. Quensel, and Thore G. Halle, members of the Swedish Magellanic Expedition, landed on the island of Juan Fernandez, and the following extracts from a chapter in Dr. Skottsberg's book, The Wilds of Patagonia, will give some idea of the scientific interest attaching to the romantic island
From
places.
a botanical point of view Juan Fernandez
is
one
of
the world's most famous

great continents
It is often the case that islands lying far

life,
away from the
exhibit a marvelous animal and plant
containing genera and species not found

is
elsewhere
endemic,
as
they are called.
In this respect Juan Fernandez
perhaps
THE SELKIRK TABLET ON JUAN FERNANDEZ ISLAND.

The following
mariner.
inscription on the tablet fully explains itspresence: "In memory of Alexander Selkii-k, lived on this island ui complete native of Largo, in the county of Fife, Scotland. solitude, for four years and four months. He was landed from the Cinque Ports galley, 96 tons, 16 guns, A. D. 1704, and was taken off in the Duke, privateer, 12th Feb. 1709. He died lieutenant of H. M. S. Weymouth, A. D. 1723, aged 47 years. This tablet is erected near Selkirk's lookout bv Commodore Powell and the officers of H. M. S. Topaze, A. D. 1868."
Who
214
THE PAN
AMEEICAlSr UNION.
only surpassed by the Sandwich Islands. About 65 per cent of the total number of vascular plants (phanerogams and ferns) ai'e confined to that small group of islands. It is as if one had been carried back to past geological periods, as if one walked about in a living museum crowded with rare specimens. So many wonderful plants are brought together here on a small area that one must touch them to realize that one does not dream. Especially worthy of attention are the small, sparingly branched trees with long, thin, more or less erect, naked branches crowned by a rosette of large
For the most part they are members of the composite order, but other The flora is without doubt very old, of a tertiary origin or older, and must have come from the South American Continent, but for several reasons disappeared to a great extent on the mainland. The ice age can not have had any influence of importance on Juan Fernandez. In the narrow gorges (quebradas) that we pass there is a dense and impenetrable primeval forest. It looks black-green, thanks to the dark foliage of the endemic myrtle tree, which we found in bud and flower in spite of the early date of our visit.
thin leaves.
orders also have representatives.
Above the
(Juania
other trees rises the masterpiece of creation, la chonta, the endemic

It is impossible not to caress the
palm
one tries to get a sight of its majestic head of large pinnate leaves. Glorious it is, a true princeps of the vegetable kingdom, noble from top to root. Unfortunately it is only too popular. It is persecuted with saw and hatchet, every ship brings away trunks and young plants, and it has already been exterminated from all places easy of access. The top is used as cabbage, the trunk is carved into beautiful walking sticks, and the young plants are put in the gardens on the coast în spite of the fact that we have sufficient proof that the chonta can not grow on the mainland. * * * Creeping or winding plants are hardly met with, with the exception of a few ferns. Arboreous ferns, together with chonta and sandalwood, have made the islands well
australis).
smooth green stems
as
known to nonscientists also. The fern flora is really very rich; there are all types of growth, from the mighty fern trees, reminding one of mountain forests in the Tropics, to the wonderful members of genera, such as Hymenophyllum and Trichomanes, thin as tissue paper, or the creeper species adorning the trunks of the trees.
Above I happened to mention the sandalwood. The discovery of this kind of wood, famous since the days of Solomon, on Juan Ferandez most surely attracted notice. We have no reports of it previous to 1624, when, according to Burney, L'Heremite reported sandal trees in great number. According to another authority, ships used to visit the place as early as 1664 to bring the valuable wood to the coast, where it was highly appreciated. One did not think of preserving anything; a hundred years later it was hardly possible to find a liviiig tree, and in the beginning of last century it was regarded as extinct. No botanist had ever seen the leaves or flowers. Suddenly F. Philippi in Santiago got some fresh twigs brought to him in 1888; he found them to belong to the genus Santalum; the species being new, it received the name of S. fernandezianum. The general interest in the tree was increased, but nobody told where the branches came from; a living tree was still unknown. Only in 1892 did Johow get news of one; a colonist had found it in Puerto Ingles, high up in the valley. He was the first botanist who saw this plant. It is easily understood that I was anxious to become thesecond. How many people had looked for other specimens! All their efforts were fruitless; as far as we knew Johow 's tree was the very last. If it were still there
!
to the spot still lived, and after we had explained our purely scientific interest he promised to send his son with us. It would have been more than uncertain for us alone to look for a single tree in a valley clad with virgin forest. * * *
The man who brought Johow
steep that one
Walked up the valley and made an ascent of the western side; the place is so Our guide is forced to grasp the trees and shrubs to get a foothold. stopped, looked around for a minute, down a few hundred yards, and we had reached
We
r
Courtesy of U.
S. C(
THE ROBINSON CRUSOE STATUE AT LARGO, SCOTLAND.

Alexander Selkirk, the prototype of Defoe's immortal hero, was born in a cottage in Lower Largo, Scotland, In 1676. The old two-story thatched cottage has succumbed to the ravages of time, but in a niche in the front of themodern dwelling which has been built upon its site stands a beautiful statue in bronze, representiag "Crusoe" gaztag longingly over the sea, hoping to catch a glimpse of a coming sail. The statue was erected by Mr. David Gillies, a relative of the Selkirks, in 1884. Under the statue appears the following inscription: "In memory of Alexander Selkirk, mariner, theoriginal of Robinson Crusoe, who lived on the island of Juan Fernandez in complete solitude for four years and four months. He died in 1723, lieutenant of H. M. S. Weymouth, aged 47 years. This statue is erected by David Gillies, net manufacturer, on the site of the cottage in which Selkirk was born."
216
our destination. The last sandaltree. Absolutely the last descendant of Santalum fernandezianum. It is so queer to stand at the deathbed of a species; probably we were the last scientists who saw it living. We looked at the old tree with a religous respect, touched the stem and the firm, dark-green leaves it is not only an individual, There is only one little branch It can not last very long. it is a species that is dying.
left fresh
and green; the others are dead.
peculiar, red, strongly scented wood.
We cut a piece to get specimens of the photo was taken, I made some observations
on the place, and we said good-by.
The Juan Fernandez group of islands have been opened to coloniA fishing company has stations on both Mas a Tierra and Mas a Fuera, and quite a number of families live on the former.
zation.
Horses, cattle, and sheep have replaced the wild goats of Selkirk's time, and browse contentedly on rare specimens of vegetation not The giant Juan Fernandez lobsters, to be found elsewhere on earth.
frequently reaching a length of 2 to 3 feet, are shipped to Chile, and the epicures of Valparaiso and Santiago pay from 10 to 15 pesos
The domain of ($2 to $3) each for them in the fancy restaurants. Robinson Crusoe has become the scene of prosaic money making, and the advent of the wireless telegraph has placed it in the "up-tothe-minute" class. Thus, even in the far southern Pacific doth business invade the realm of mystery and romance. The toiling, humble fisherman takes the place of the festive buccaneer, and the peaceful pursuit of raising cows supplants the fierce pirate's quest for galleons laden with stores of gold. Sic transit gloria mundi!
A COMMEICIAL TlAVELEl
"f'"'%'"f
ITTTH AMFllff A/
I
Dear Mr. Editor:

weeks ago, and at last tune, I find nothing to
begin to feel
will not be long
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. I arrived at Rio two received my long-delayed mail. Thank forworry about in news from home, and I can
am
quite excited.
now as if I were headed in that direction, and that it now before I am again in the land of my fathers.
to
When once the traveling man has turned the corner, and so it seemed me that I had turned when I left Buenos Aires, the remaining
him
faster to his goal.
laps on the trip bring

so
That used to be the

diversified, the
case in Central America, and here in South America, where the area
is
much
is
larger
and the territory so noticeably

I
be equally intense to others who make the trip, and I warn them to be prepared for it. If they do not anticipate its force, there is a danger that in coming back home, either on the east or west coast, the last portion of the Brazil on the east, or Peru and Ecuador on the west territory will suffer from his haste and probably from neglect. It was a delight to find waiting for me the proofs of my letters from the west coast attempting to give my experiences as far as Arica, in Chile. Thank you for accepting them. There are others on the way, and I shall continue writing from time to time, as opportunity offers, until I arrive in New York. When I noticed, however, that you had blue-penciled some of my statements, I was at first inclined to be angry. It did seem to me that several of my criticisms were pretty fairly stated, and that they would hit the mark as good advice for my fellow travelers. In one or two instances I still think that what you left out would have helped to make clear some of the remarks and advice you left in. But on calming down a bit I saw the sense of your editorial judgment. After all, a few of my criticisms were rather too personal, and I might myself change them on mature deliberation or with longer experience. Go ahead, therefore, and omit whatever seems best to you. I can stand it, and as I am now northward bound and hope to be able to pick up my mail with more regularity, I may be able, from now on, to catch whatever I may have said on the printed page, and thus to form a closer opinion of what may be best to say as I near the end.
feeling
intensified to me.
am
sure that
it will
The eighth
commencing
in the
January number
of the
Bulletin.
52611 Bull. 214
217
t-.
8^
O S
sag
lil
THE ORIGINAL FARMHOUSE AT MORUNGAVA.

Even during
the time of the Empire cattle were grown on the plateaus of the State of Parana, and this old house is a well-preserved example of country life in those days. Over the door, in stucco, is the date It must have been a long, long trip from either Sao Paulo 1866, and the gateway bears the date of 1869. or Curytiba in those days. The existence of the house shows that this part of Brazil is by no means new in our western sense of the word. The house has a large courtyard behind it, and the sleeping rooms are arranged in an L on the left. As it is not suitable for modern business or dwelling piirposes, the company is building a fine, new ranch house just beyond the tree.
AMERICAN COWBOYS ON MORUNGAVA RANCH, BRAZIL.

To take care
the imported cattle from the United States as well as to help develop the native longhomed stock, several picked and experienced men had been brought from the United States and were making their homes on the ranch. They used the saddles, bridles, and other riding equipment from Texas with which they were most familiar, and in many ways they introduced customs and methods which will make the ranch distinctively American, as compared to the great majority of cattle fazendas in Brazil, which are either native Brazilian, or slightly modified by English ideas.
of
CM THE "STATES."
Among
the animals imported into Brazil from the United States is a fine, active stallion for breeding purposes. It was in splendid health, and was the pet of the "boys from home." They had given it the name of Sonoto.
220
letter was sent from Curityba, in the State of Parana. that place I came direct to Sao Paulo. My adventures there and some of my experiences in Rio are to be the subject of this letter, but before I begin those points I want first to clear off my expense
My last
From
call everything between Sao Paulo and the Uruguay border, and second to give you some secondhand news that I picked up from a fellow traveler I met soon after I left
account in south Brazil, as I
Curityba.
On consulting my notes I see that I was practically 10 days on the various trains between the Uruguay frontier and Sao Paulo This time is probably materially shortened in the through (N. B.
schedule prepared by the railway lines for future travel, especially if the passage is made direct from the frontier to Sao Paulo, but it must be remembered that I had two side trips, one to Porto Alegre and the other to Curityba, which added to my time and expenses) and that my railway fare cost me about $90,000 (two hundred and
seventy-five
milreis, written 275$000), including a sleeper from Curityba, and the side trips above mentioned. I spent 17 days divided between Porto Alegre and Curityba, which makes three
weeks (27 days) in south Brazil from the border to Sao Paulo, my complete expense charges amounting (in the cities, 17 days, $119; on the railway traveling, 10 days, $35) in all to $244, or almost exactly to $9 a day. Now, I must add, that living expenses in south Brazil are relatively low. That is, the hotel rates are moderate, about $3 a day and up, and I indulged very little in social amusements. On the other hand, railway rates are high; and as I had spent each night on shore, as it might be called, and took a midday meal en
route, the averages did not change.
Compare this with the cost of steamer transportation from Buenos Aires to Santos, practically a three-day trip. This amounts to $50 The latter or even less, according to steamer and accommodation. has its advantages for the commercial traveler in the way of cheapness and quickness the overland route offers a change from the rather monotonous steamer travel (a,lthough I myself, as I have said, always
;
utilize
my time on shipboard for systematizing my notes, a means of economy which can not be practiced on a train), and gives opportunity to study a newly developing region in South America. As a selling proposition, I dare not recommend the land voyage, unless
one has a specialty to exhibit which
is
of itself almost equal to a sale.
markets in a country not the same as Argentina or Paraguay, yet quite as free from traditions and lacking all traces of an aboriginal population, and as an example of what pioneer railroading in the southern continent is accomplishing, no better excursion can be suggested. The final decision must be left to the judgment of my fellow travelers and the houses they represent.
to future
As an eye opener
CATTLF. (AliS
()X
Till-;
PARANA
AXl) JiRAZlL
AVA^S.
Although the track is of the meter gauge (3 feet 3J inches), the cars for the transportation of cattle are modern and can be made comfortable for the animals. The trip from the coast port of Paranagua to Curytiba is one part and from Curytiba to Morungava is the second part. Altogether cattle will be under way about four days (if they come through without delay) from the steamer to pasture.
CATTLE JUST UNLOADED AT MORUNGAVA.

In addition to the imported Texas cattle of recognized breed, the ranch recently purchased a lot of native, longhorned Brazil stock. It was the intention to take the best of care of them, to cross with imported Texas breed. Good resisting cattle for the local pasture was expected. The cattle in the picture had been 48 hours on the continuous journey, yet withstood the trip very well, and were lively enough when released from the close confinement of the car and allowed to rim free on the native grasses.

222
THE PAN AMEEICAX UNION.

I
Now,
ask your permission, Mr. Editor, to leave
my personal narra-
an American enterprise quietly going on in the State of Parana, just over the Sao Paulo border. I got the story from an acquaintance I met in Curityba, and he gave me also the accompanying photographs to use as I might like, and I pass them on to you. This gentleman had just visited a large ranch, as we would call it in the United States, owned by United States capitalists and managed by practical cattle men, who are carr3ring out there the methods that have been successful at home. This ranch embraces an area of about 3,500,000 acres (larger than the State of Connecticut), partly prairie land, partly wooded, the timber being held by an associated company, while the prairie is now or will in the future be utilized by a cattle company, both quite commerical; that is, not dependent upon
tive for a
paragraph or
so,
and
tell of
any special charter or monopolistic concession for their success. The manager and employees, most of them brought under contract from the '' States," had taken an old Brazilian ranch house for headquarters, picturesque enough but not adequate for modern living or business conditions. Under construction, therefore, was a new building
modified to suit actual requirements in notes of my acquaintance I learned that the elevation of the place was about 2,500 feet, and the climate not unlike that of western Texas. The winter began in June, when there was often frost and at times a thin coating of ice on ponds and standing water. In the house the thermometer may sink to 50 F. or so, and fires are needed at night. When it is remembered
lines,
on substantial western
I
this part of Brazil.
may add that from the
that this place
is
located at about 24 south latitude, only

of Capricorn, it is plain that
degree
below the Tropic
we must overcome our
misconceptions of Brazil and its climate. Early in July, 1912, there were shipped by chartered steamer from Galveston 370 bulls, 550 heifers, and 26 horses -946 head in all
direct to Paranagua, the nearest seaport, in the State of Parana.
They
arrived at the end of 25 days, with the surprisingly small loss
of only five head, a fact
entire voyage.
due to the great care exercised during the the ranch corral, a railway trip of three or four days, only three head were lost, and these died from injury, not from
To
Of these Texas cattle, 18 head were born immune to Texas but they were all inoculated. Nevertheless, the immunes reacted, showing that the Brazil tick must be different from the Texas variety. No deaths resulted. Now these imported cattle are turned loose to range, and about 2,000 others, native cattle of the local stock, were added. A scientific veterinarian is kept for careful study of conditions, and he is helped by several North American cowboys who
disease.
tick,
learned their business in the West and are putting into practice the
lessons of their success there.
THE MODEL STABLES AT PIRACICABA, SAO PAULO.

At
Piracicaba, in the State of Sao Paulo, is the practical school of agriculture, from which much can be learned of the local needs of the State and the methods by which the best results can be obtained. It was, for the first five years, under the direction of Dr. Clinton D. Smith, formerly of the State Agricultural School of Michigan and of Cornell University. One of his earliest steps was to build this model stable in which cattle were scientifically housed. Thereisadairy connected with it. One result has been to demonstrate that Sao Paulo can be a fine cattle coimtry, as the Morungava ranch indicates.
\VA RANCH.
The mule serves quite as useful a purpose in Brazil as in other parts of Latin America. He is acclimated there and supplements the work of the horse. In this picture he is equipped with a native saddle and bridle, and the Brazilian cow puncher riding him has the long boots and skin "chaps" not imlike those
seen in Mexico.
These native employees on the ranch are valuable
assistants.
224

all is
Troubles they have, to be sure, and

are pests unfamiliar to them, a
not easy going.

soil,
new
climate and
There and certain
most conditions promise Years ago Brazilians raised cattle, but only for home consumption or at most for the Sao Paulo market, which then was a long drive of over 200 miles.
prejudices or traditions to
well.
work
against, but
For
cattle this is relatively a virgin country.
Beef for continuous profit did not enter into the calculations of those old fazendeiros (farmers) they merely let their stock accumulate as best they could until they became numerous, and then the surplus was sold. Meanwhile beef of a superior kind and quality was imported from the Kiver Plate^ the rumor gained ground that Brazil was not a cattle country, the little business existing dwindled, and prices went up for all who wished meat in their dietary. Then came the investigators. "This is a good cattle country," they said on examination. "Why in the world should Brazil import
;
beef
when
these beautiful hills and valleys, these prairies and
wooded
There aren't enough cattle to go round as it is. Let's make a thorough job of it, and show Brazil that she can feed herself with meat, and encourage the farmer to diversify his crops to his own benefit." Hence the cause of this and other cattle ranches over south and central Brazil, in places where the climate and
stretches, are right at
soil are propitious.
is a simple commercial There are no exclusive clauses in the concession, no monopoly, no Government restrictions. I gather from what my acquaintance told me that anyone with money enough to keep a cattle company going could start the same thing, in Parana, or in Sao Paulo, or Minas Geraes, or any other State selected. All that is needed is capital, patience, and an understanding of the demands of the country. It's a big business, and the small farmer has no place in it. Whether it will pay is a question of time only. Certainly, what I saw from the car window indicated clearly that there was abundant grazing land all over south Brazil. From what this acquaintance told me, there was no agricultural reason for discontent or dissatisfaction. I hope that Providence will be on their side, for the sake of Brazil and for their own profit. If Brazil begins to feed herself on native products, it means a diversified industry, a greater demand for high-class goods, and an increase of trade. All of which may help me and others like me, interested in establishing a foreign market for what we represent. So here I am back on the road again. I tell you, a traveling man has got to have imagination at times and to exercise it, or else he wiU miss his bearings in a foreign country. I have perhaps in the last few paragraphs indulged in speculation, but I advise others to look at this part of the world with the same regard for the future,
hand ?
Now,
so far as I can see, Mr. Editor, this
proposition.
THE LUIZ DE QUEIROZ COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, PIRACICABA, SAO PAULO.

In this institution, whicli
is organized for the purpose of practical work in the field as well as for theoretical instruction in classroom and laboratory, noticeable advance has been made in many directions. It has shown that the soil of the State is suitable for much besides coflEee, and has stimulated the idea
to diversify agriculture in a healthy
way.
THE PRACTICAL SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE, PIRACICABA, SAO PAULO.

The pasture
for
poini and to prepare themthe prize horses at the school where pupils learn to judge points, " selves for future activity in the increasing cattle industry oftl of the
I
m.
m-
226
and not
Brazil
is
THE PAN AMERICAN" UNION.

to think of
and
to look at the present alone.
particularly stimulating in this sense.
Its future will
This part of un-
doubtedly be immense, and we must take the proper attitude of her, or we shall be left at the post when the great commercial race is on. Seems to me I can't let the subject alone, but here goes to practical things, to show that I know what I am
sympathy toward
talking about.
There are two ways of getting to Sao Paulo (the city) from Curityba. traveler can go to Paranagua, the seaport of Parana, and there take a local steamer, if he happens to find one, to Santos, the seaport of Sao Paulo, and, if it is his first visit to Brazil, I advise him to do so, although I did not follow my own advice. It is a matter of scenery, chiefly, with opportunity to see such famous things as the coffee port and the wonderful railway between Santos and Sao Paulo. This was the old and is stiU the popular route, so they tell me, but I was fooHsh enough to hurry, like a true Yankee. I went by train from Curityba to Sao Paulo, taking the through express, which had recently been put on, for a 24-hour journey, and here I am. Sao Paulo is a whole country in itself. The city has upward of 400,000 inhabitants and is as modern as Minneapolis. The State is about as big as two New Yorks, with something to spare. I could
The
just
make
a beginning to cover it after I
had
laid
my lines in the city,
but the railways are so well developed that it is possible to run into the interior for a day or more on one trip, to come back again, and thus to negotiate in several directions, always keeping the capital as a center from which to make the final breakaway to Rio. The only restraint one must exercise upon one's self is in regard to railway fares. These are relatively high in Brazil, and as the traveler should allow himself only a first-class ticket, expenses begin to count up after
several trips to smaller towns.
To mention those places with which I am personally acquainted, can suggest Campinas, only a two-hours' run; Piracicaba, about six hours; Ribeirao Preto, about twelve hours, and Sorocaba about three hours. There are plenty more, some big, some little; some can be connected on one trip, as in the States, others are on separate Hnes, and are best woiked independently, so I found, although crosscountry travel is possible. The reason is that everything depends upon Sao Paulo itself. To visit the local dealer is a wise move, if it can be done without the cost of too much time and money, but he takes his bearings from the Sao Paulo merchants with whom he usually deals, and the traveler must keep in touch with the latter, who wiU naturally encourage this traveler to the extent that the business grows by his activity. I find this one of the hardest problems to solve, and I do not know how many mistakes I have made. On the other hand, I may have gained many customers by my
I
THE TILBURY OF BRAZIL.

When
Brazil streets were narrow and crooked, as was the case in many of the older cities of the Empire, almost the only horse-drawn conveyance was the Tilbury, with its two wheels and swinging seat. The one horse, driven something like the hansom in London, although the driver sits on the main Since the increasing desire on the part of most cities seat, could maneuver around almost any corner. in Brazil to have fine, broad, straight streets, the Tilbury is slowly yielding to the automobile, although it still holds its own in Sao Paulo, Petropolis, and is even seen in Rio.
MACICENZIE CuLLE.tE,
The well-known American school
PAULO, BRAZIL.
in the city of Sao Paulo is a shining example of the beneficial influences coming from the educational principles so characteristic of the United States. Every visitor from the States is shown the Mackenzie College. While its graded courses carry the pupil into the higher branches, many students go from this school to the United States to finish their education in technical
studies.

228
various side trips
THE PAN AMEEICAN
UNION".
distributing centers.
away from the important

all
That
is
it is
the correct thing to visit
the local and out-of-town

difficult
dealers possible I
am
thoroughly convinced, but the

line.
problem
away from the capitals, I find that Brazil extent from other countries of South America, and, indeed, from Central America also. For one instance, practically every State surely of these I have already visited, and I am told that this is also the case all along the coast farther north has its own seaport through which goods are entered to be deUvered
visits
differs to a noticeable
where to draw the In regard to these
at the capital. Rio Grande and Porto Alegre in the State of Rio Grande do Sul (I don't know anything about Santa Catharina, but conditions must be about the same through FlorianopoUs, which is both port and capital); Paranagua and Curityba in Parana; Santos and Sao Paulo in the State of Sao Paulo, and here at Rio de Janeiro,
both seaport and capital. Each division of the Republic represents an almost independent commercial unit. Business for that State must be conducted through its capital, and importations most probably should be made through its port. There is no other way to get successful results. A shipment for Curityba through Santos and Sao Paulo (this can be done, but at a heavy additional expense) would be as roundabout as a consignment to Erie, Pennsylvania, through Portland, Maine. Each one of these State import-units must therefore be taken into account by itself, or profits will all be
eaten up by inland freight charges. As a corollary to this, it must be explained that for many manufactured articles of consumption, and even for tools and machinery, the needs and tastes differ in these units. The people of Rio Grande do Sul, being in a temperate zone, do not necessarily hanker after what suits the requirements of those
in
Sao Paulo.
Likewise, the people of
New
Orleans do not neces-
Therefore I have^noted in my experiences the following divergences from other countries in Latin America: Brazil is so big that separate units centers of trade must be recognized, and a similarity of markets must not be taken for granted. Therefore the man or manufacturer who issued
sarily require
sells
what
best in
New
York.
an exclusive agency contract for

crazy.
all
Brazil
is
simply crazy, plumb
In another instance, I have discovered that interior places have a character and a purchasing potential (I like that phrase, and it's all
own, too) sometimes independent of that of the nearest capital center. It should not be taken for granted that Campinas will buy, just because Sao Paulo has a preference for this or that article. And that is the dilemma I am constantly up against. Is it worth while to spend time and money on these side trips into the interior, to test the market away from the capital, or had I best be content by
my
and
M
Ij
,-
THE MUSEUM
This
one of the iinest museums in South America, and the State is ambitious to add constantly to the admirable collections in it. The building itself is a fitting home for the museum. The site on which it lies is that where the declaration of freedom from Portuguese rule was proclaimed.
is
A PRIVATE RESIDENCE IN SAO PAULO.

The
city is In most respects quite modern, especially in the residence districts. The streets are broad, well planted with trees, well paved, and illuminated. The houses are usually of fine proportions and show to what a degree of wealth and taste the people have developed. The traveler is easily convinced that such culture will be satisfied only by the very best that can be offered them.
230
working the trade center as thoroughly as possible, and, trusting to my immediate returns, leave the other places for the longed-for second time ? On this point I dare not be emphatic for others. They must provide their own answers. Only, it is to the advantage of us all to
realize that these interior places exist.
From
the city of Sao Paulo I

trains,
came by
train to Rio de Janeiro.
There are two night
with extra ticket, but being my first time in Brazil, I followed the advice of others and enjoyed the beauties of the day trip, as the railway passes through one of the most picturesque and even historic regions of the Republic. Of course if it is necessary to save time, the night trains are the best, for they have splendid sleeping cars and arrive at Rio early in the morning. I wish I had a million dollars, Mr. Editor, for investment in Rio de
one a de luxe
affair
The first thing I'd do would be to build a nice, modern, comfortable hotel on the New York plan, with rooms chiefly for Then I'd have a single men, but with a few family suites added. restaurant of the best, serving table d'h6te meals, because aU Latin Americans prefer courses, but also a la carte meals for the person or persons who like to order sparingly or liberally. I'd have the price of the rooms include only coffee and rolls in the morning, served in the manner usual all over South America. Meals should be extra, just as they are in New York hotels, with no compulsion at all to take them Why, Mr. Editor, a fortune lies ready for the in the hotel restaurant. enterprising company that has nerve enough to carry out this scheme. By this time I know Rio from top to bottom, from the Avenida Rio Branco to the apex of Tijuca, and such a thing as a single room without board (as we say at home) is not to be had. And Rio is such a huge place. There are several first-class hotels on or not far from the Avenida, and away off on the hills, where the
Janeiro.
days and nights are cooler, are some charming hotels and pensions, where one can be as comfortable as one can wish. That presupposes, however, a complete control of one's time and a certain leisure that belongs to the tourist, if a foreigner, or to the visitor from the interior, if he is a native. But I am speaking now of the hurried man, whether he be a commercial traveler or a sightseer, who must make the best of his time, and economize every moment. One may answer, ''But Don't you bethere's no such thing as hurry in Latin America." lieve it, Mr. Editor. In Rio (and Buenos Aires, too, they are both so large) many people are in a hurry, and they regret that it is necessary to go back to the hotel or pension for the midday meal after they have just begun to get busy at whatever matter brought them to the
city.
^
It is
simply maddening.
Suppose I
invite
am
talking
my head
up the
off
with a
prospect, and 12 o'clock comes along.
He
closes
office for
the noon hour.
He may
me
to take luncheon with him,
232
or I
to
THE
PAIS"
AMEEICAlSr UNION.
we separate for the time being go with him (which I am not apt to do, as I am shy of accepting such invitations) I lose my meal at the If he goes with me I can not ask him to the hotel, because it hotel. may be too far out to suit his convenience, so we go to the nearest In this case also I lose my meal, which does not count restaurant. If we separate, the time for much, but it is foolish, just the same. appointed for a renewal of the talk may be too short to allow me to
to go with me, or
If I
may invite him
meet
later in the day.
go to the hotel.
Usually, therefore, I prefer the loss of the cost of
the meal to the inconvenience of going after it. If it is a holiday and my work is not behindhand I may have a chance to take a little
excursion out of town. Of course, I do not wish to come back just for either luncheon or dinner, so I stay at the
place in sight.
said.
all
the
way
first
eating
''Bang goes another saxpence," as the Scotchman
Speaking with a practical purpose, however, it is clearly evident to any one who knows Rio that a hotel making a charge for rooms (and morning coffee) only, the guest paying at the restaurant for what he eats, is very much needed. I say Rio particularly, although Buenos Aires could profit by the introduction of one or two. It is possible, however, so I have been told, for those who know Buenos Aires well, to get a room in a decent house without board by negoNo other city in South America is big enough to tiating for it. demand such accommodations yet. Santiago (Chile) has a small hotel on this European plan, popular among traveling men, but not advertised as such. But it is a gap to be filled in Rio. Let me tell you a true story of an attempt to solve the problem, which failed. In Buenos Aires I had met a brother traveler from Europe who made this circuit regularly. He had customers all along the east coast and gave me many useful hints about business methods Just before I parted from him in Buenos Aires I in this territory. asked whether we might meet in Rio de Janeiro. "Sure," he answered, ''but I wiU look you up at your hotel, for I don't know He had exactly where I am going to live while I am in that city." complained bitterly at the inconvenience of the hotels there, and he knew by experience, telling me that for the first time in Rio I would have to go to a hotel, as a man must have friends there before he could hope to find a lodging. "But," he added, "this time I'm in luck, for a man I know in Rio has told me of a place where there are rooms to let, just as I would find them in Germany." So we separated, and I
did not see him tiU yesterday, when we bumped against each other going into the elevator. "When did you turn up?" I greeted him in bad Portuguese. "I was just sending word to let you know that I had arrived," he replied. "Did you find the room you were after?" I asked, hoping that he'd suggest that I might accompany him to his
BUTAFUGO AND CUKCOVAJJO BEYONJj, UIU DE JANEIRO.

Along the shores of the winding Bay of Rio the Government has constructed a driveway, beginning Botafogo at the south end of the Avenida Rio Branco, which stretches out to the open Atlantic. is within the city, and along the land side are many handsome private residences.
Photograph by
D. M. Hezlett.
THE GLORIA PARKWAY AND PRAIA DA LAPA,

The
In front
RIO.
old Gloria Hill, on which a church still stands, is one of the picturesque sights of the city. of it, on the city side, is this pretty parli, in which the people delight to walk and where many children are brought to play. Electric trams pass on both sides.
52611 Bull. 214
234
quarters. ''Oh, yes/' he answered, "I found the room, but I'm at this hotel now; I stayed there two days. Nearly eaten up with 'em, and I thought I knew all about the Tropics." Yes, the company that builds a comfortable, modern, rooms-without-board hotel in Rio, for transient visitors and traveling men, has got a
happy
fortune.
This reminds me to say that I am once more within the Tropics. fact, the line crosses just a wee bit north of Sao Paulo, but in that city and at that elevation one does not notice it. Only when coming down to Rio did I realize that the subtly preserved habits and environment of the Tropics were noticeable. On the plateau, where the coffee is grown, the climate is much more reminiscent of Cahfornia. Down on the coast where Rio lies, the vegetation is tropical, the people on the streets have the same characteristics, and I begin to recover
In
a familiarity with the attitude of
pletely lost in the commercial rush of cosmopolitan
The charm
of
Rio
is
to
me
still
comBuenos Aires. more penetrating, therefore, and I feel

in the Tropics,
body and mind
reluctant to leave
it.
Rio is a tourist town in the deepest sense. It has atmosphere. It has as many phases as any city in Europe. Its history seems recorded in nearly every street and building, and although the new Avenida Rio Branco has helped to obliterate all traces of that part of old Rio through which it and others of similar municipal improvement run, nevertheless even the new thoroughfares are history, and the older parts of the city remain almost as they were before. There is lots to see here, and I am afraid that this unceasing interest in the life of the place sometimes interferes with the traveler's conviction that he has a lot to do as well. I know I have yielded to temptation occasionally, and allowed the time to slip away in mere sightseeing, when I should have been hustling around for prospects. I warn other travelers of the danger, so that they may be forearmed, even if they pay no attention to this good advice, given with their interests at
heart.
It is not that the night life in
Rio de Janeiro
is
so overwhelmingly
fascinating as in Paris or so plainly arranged according to schedule as in Berlin. Those who knew Rio 10 years ago both foreigners
and natives tell me that before the Avenida was built everybody went to bed at 9 o'clock, while now there is a growing habit to make use of the broad spaces of the sidewalks, in front of the newer cafes, for social loitering as one sees in Latin cities of the Old World and in Buenos Aires, where nobody seems to go to bed at all. I must say, however, that I found Rio pretty lively at night, even after 11. The introduction of moving-picture shows (cinemas) and, in that connection, of what the Germans call tingeltangel attractions, has increased the night life, in comparison to the older habits, quite
CARIOCA SQUARE, RIO DE JANEIRO.

It
was formerly popular on account of the water supply here, and even to-day the spouting jets on the left are frequented by women and men laden with water jars. It is' best known now,
however, through the car service from here, because connections to all parts of the city can be made in Carioca, and just above it is the terminus of the cars to Tijuca and the heights bey " The stranger can stand by the hour together, watching Rio's life pass across the square.
THE AVENIDA RIO BRANCO, RIO DE JANEIRO.

This avenue, cut through the old part of the city 10 years ago, has now been given the name of Rio Branco, in memory of one of Brazil's most notable citizens and statesmen. It is in reality a Broadway, lined with fine business and public buildings, and crowded day and night by people and automobiles. Not all the business is located on the Avenida, as there are many side and parallel streets, but this is the center, and from here the study of the city begins.
236
remarkably.
last 10 years.

Then again
travel has been tremendous within the
Brazilians go abroad frequently, and on returning
they like to see their beautiful capital take on the characteristics of an Old World metropolis; and Rio has become popular with tourists who spend a day or so between steamers or a week or so as sightseers, and as they have no entree into social life, demand amusement which the people are quite willing to provide. Night life is therefore well established, and seldom need the one determined to have it, complain of lack of entertainment. I am one of those I think I know by this time every street in Rio. fools who walk, even in the Tropics, and I find that it does me no harm, that I get proper exercise thereby, and that it helps me to sleep without a "nightcap." When the evening comes and my day's business is over, I have amused myself wandering about the city aimlessly, to find myself in some forgotten nook of the Empire, where I am compelled to ask my way back in broken Portuguese of some blessed Brazilian whose affaii's bring him seldom into contact with the foreigner. Rio de Janeiro is admirably complete in its street illumination. I have been as far out as the Gavea, where, along the
shore, are
much
of the
many of the dwellings of the aristocracy, and have walked way back through the delightful suburbs within trolley
I
distance of the city's center.
have
lost
myself in the mazes around

off
the Praza da Republica or in the side streets leading
from the
Mangue
mal The
Canal, and I have found astonishingly few dark, dirty, disis
such as I could name in other cities of America far away. wonderfully well lighted. Electric and gas lamps are everywhere. People seem to enjoy the illumination and to move about as if it were part of the afternoon. And moreover, Mr. Editor, to the great credit of the Brazilian character, I want to say that drinking of alcoholic refreshments was moderate, and I never saw a drunken man. The morning papers tell of the usual round-ups in the police stations following a night off, but I saw none of it. I have tramped about many cities from El Paso south, but Rio is one of the most temperate and well behaved I have ever known. Doing business in Rio de Janeiro is a different matter from sightseeing. I have found that out by myself and by talking with acquaintances I happened to meet along the way. I came across one man who had a good contract almost signed in Sao Paulo. I left him there he may be still in the same place on the same errand, for all I know, waiting for a decision to be given him. He waited four weeks, with nothing else to do. He did not dare leave town nor devote much of his unoccupied time to working in other directions. Every once in a while he would see his prospective clients and good-naturedly explain over again the advantage of his bid, receiving with thorough politeness the assurance that the matter
alleys,
city
A VIEW OF RIO FROM AN INLET OF THE BAY.

The bay
Rio has many windings along its western shore, and the city is built close to the water, Large steamers now can lie at the docks, or creeps under the hills, with delightful irregularity. but many still anchor in the deep harbor, and there is always an immense fleet of smaller craft, as One of the charms of entering in the picture, ready to go out to them for passengers and freight. Rio by steamer is the lunending procession of these launches passing back and forth.
of
SOME MORE POOR PACKING.

Paper
is always in danger when shipped over salt water, because the dampness is so apt tc penetrate the containers and injure the contents. Evidently the shipper ignored this well-known truth, for this paper was poorly packed to begin with, and on arrival was so damp and frayed that probably 10 pe icent of it is worthless.
THE PASSEIO PUBLICO,
IN RIO
DE JANEIRO.
Just beyond the south end of the Avenida Rio Branco, and where it makes a graceful turn into the Praia da Lapa, is a public park. It is heavily wooded, with winding walks, an aquarium with native fishes, and popular attractions of like nature.
A SCENE IN THE BOTANIC GARDENS, RIO DE JANEIRO.

The
botanic gardens in Rio are well worth a visit to see the interesting collections of tropical plants so well taken care of there. novelty to North American eyes is the huge Victoria Regia, the pond lily of the Tropics.
^4fe?5
240
THE PAX AMERICAN UNION.
was under consideration. There was nothing else to do but wait. Let us hope that he landed. His case gives an illustration of what the traveling man must expect in Brazil, and in other parts of Latin America also, for that matter. Patience is necessary in making a sale in these countries, and the man or company not blessed with proper patience and an understanding of that side of the Latin character must keep away from the field. There is another point to which I wish to call the attention of the man coming to Brazil for the first time, especially if he has no acquaintance with the large cities like Mexico. Business here stops about noon. That doesn't mean only that the head of the house goes out to luncheon. It means an actual cessation of business.
Many
till
offices close
and lock the doors; many
stores pull
it
down
the
shutters; the commercial center quits work, not to take

after breakfast (almopo),
up again
about 2 o'clock in the afternoon. It with anyone during the noon rest Occasionally the time may be utilized for an appointment or a semisocial business conversation, but it is a rule of experience to initiate business only between 10 o'clock and noon or after 2 o'clock up to 5. I had planned, Mr. Editor, to say more in this letter about some of the day-to-day conditions in Brazil and to finish up most of the country thereby. My route as originally selected was from Rio de Janeiro by through steamer to Bahia, either direct to New York or indirectly thither via Europe. For that reason I purchased a roundtrip ticket. Now I have news for you, which was a decidedly unexpected surprise for me only this morning. As I was arranging my trip northward and homeward I received a message from the office to keep up along the coast by local steamer, to visit all the places I could reach in that way, and perhaps even to go up the Amazon from Para. I shall therefore postpone to a later letter any more details, trusting that the scraps I have thus far given will be of some use, incomplete as I know them to be. As yet I can not outline my movements. It is a new territory. I can get mighty little advice from others, as first-hand experience can be obtained only from the relatively few who know the route. Anyhow, I will keep on writing until you tell me to stop, but as I can not give you an address, you must suppress the letters if they do not serve your purpose. This change of plan compels me to cut off everything except my immediate work here, so I must close abruptly. In some ways I am glad to do a bit of commercial exploring; in others I am depressed at postponing my absence from home beyond the date originally set. South America is a big continent, I am beginning to find
is
useless to
hope
to begin business
out.
Adios.
VlAJERO.
'
PAN AMEIICA IN Ti
MAGAZIIES
Among
long's
;.
the Salt-harvesters of the Caribbean, the leading article in

is
Harper's Magazine for July,
another of Charles Wellington Furtravel stories.
inimitable South American
The great
salt
industry of Venezuela forms the subject of this story, and all the realism and vigor characteristic of Furlong's style takes the narrative out of the commonplace. The salt mdustry is one of Venezuela's
chief sources of revenue, the
in the
Government dividing the proceeds

Ownership
of the salt
of the
rents with the various States.

panies.
mines
is
vested
Federal Government and they are usually rented to large comIn addition to the annual rental a certain per cent of the
the Government.
Interesting historical
profits is also reserved to
facts, entertaining side lights
mine, graphic descriptions of of fact the charm of fiction. the very start in the following opening paragraphs:
thrown on the Indian workers of the scenes and incidents, all lend the story The reader's attention is gripped from
Cautiously, almost silently, the old salt steamer Manzanares glided through the Venezuelan Archipelago. The moon hung full in the heavens. Feathery stirs of air came from the heated Venezuelan mainland; gleaming dolphins flipped and splashed globules of silver spray in the moon gleams which, like sifted star dust, glinted from a sHghtly rufHed calm. "Look!" Old Capt. Sanchez pointed to a small, lateen-rigged craft. "Contrabandistas (smugglers) que maluco! Zay may have contraband goods from Port of Spain, perhaps salt quien sabe!"
"Salt?"
queried.
"Si, senor, from ze AntiUas, where zere are
manee saUnas
it
(salt lagoons)
and
salinetas
(small saUnas)
'
"Si, plentee! plentee! but ze government

of
must be feed ze
first."
The smoke
the old captain's sigarillo trailed its filmy wake as he gazed thoughtfully at the blue-stenciled mountains of his country.
coast.
The blue Caribbean laps its soft tongue along sixteen hundred miles of Venezuelan Where the land has risen or the sea has temporarily licked through a gap, flooded over a beach crest, or seeped through the sand, salt lagoons have formed and
solar evaporation causes crystallization.
These deposits range from yard -wide pozos Coche and Araya Peninsula, measuring about 300 acres and 1,115 acres, respectively. There was indeed "plentee," but only those at Coche, Araya, Maracaibo, and Mitare are worked, for the salt industry has long been a Government monopoly.
(wells) to the extensive salinas of the island of
The author's
first
stop was
off
the coast of
salt lagoon,
the
Peninsula of
Araya, near the location of a great
and he gives us an
241
From Harper's Magazine." Copyright.
1914,
by Harper
&
Bros.
A HILL OF PURE SALT ON THE ISLAND OF COCHE, VENEZUELA.

'Walking along the sand spit, probably the world's biggest
Wellington Furlong, in Harper's Magazine
I realized that the 40-foot hillocks beyond the aduana were pillotes, hills of salt (From the Salt Harvesters of the Caribbean," by Charles salt cones." for July, 1914.)
"Among
RUINS OF THE ROYAL FORTRESS OF ARAYA.

Showing the great parade^ with the powder magazine and reservoir with white covering from which peons are drawing water; broad raised gun platforms on upper level; to the right the salina, the bay on the left, the customhouse between.
(Illustrating
"Among
the Salt Harvesters of the Caribbean" in July Harper's Magazine.)
PAN AMEEICA IN THE

interesting description
fortress
MAGAZIISTES.
243
and a bit of the history of the old ruined which formerly protected the salina, in the following style:
Before daylight advanced, dark-skinned peons were warping small boats, loaded with salt bags, along a hawser which had been run ashore. On the sandy isthmus I found all a noiseless bustle; broad-sombreroed, barefooted, scantily clad Arayans shifting to the boats the salt bags brought by jogging donkeys from the great lagoon a half mile inland. The lone aduana (customhouse), silhouetted in purple, and waist-high, cone-shaped piles of salt dotted an acre of the lagoon edge. A swarthy figure accosted me. "See these pearls, sefior! Pearls most beautiful." It was such pearls and gold that the Indians of Unare and Araya brought to Nino. From stories of their mysterious sources, coupled with the fabled richness of this salina and what might lie beyond, sprang the vision of El Dorado. A half mile southward lay an ancient ruin, \\rhat had prompted man to raise in this desert waste a structure outvying most of the old fortresses of the New World and ranking with many of ancient Europe? Spain early established colonies along these coasts, the Dutch and English made rendezvous in the Caribbean, and history soon reeked with cruelties perpetrated on the Indian inhabitants; piracy was rampant
and contraband was run, not least of which was salt. In 1543 the Dutch appropriated the rich salina of Araya and carried salt in armored ships to the West Indies, where, conniving with Indians and colonists, they ran it along the Venezuelan coasts, as contraband, ruining the Spanish company who paid the Spanish crown for the priviThen, when the Plymouth Pilgrims were first establishing their colony, the lege. Spaniards drove the Dutch from Araya. Because of the reported richness of this
salina,
they constructed the
fortress.
Toward the ancient

stands.
Its material
stronghold,
with one
of four fellow passengers,
a Russian
castle
refugee, I trudged over the coarse white sand edging the rocks on
which the
was hewn nearly 300 years ago from the sides of the near-by Mount Barrigon huge blocks of calcareous conglomerate, set with mortar made from the beach sand. After three years' labor, in 1625, the flag of Spain flaunted its gold and orange folds over this castle of Santiago, the royal fortress of Araya, which had cost more than a million gold pesos and an enormous toll of life. For with scant food and water, a scorching sun in a shadeless land, goaded by cruel taskmasters, the toil, sweat, and blood of Indian slaves, Spanish prisoners, and half-caste peons went to
cement those massive walls. * * * Huge mural fragments 6 feet thick lay at the castle base, like abandoned playthings Climbing a path, we found a great parade of perhaps two of some great cataclysm. We ascended its parapet, from which acres, and headed toward the northeast bastion. I overlooked the quiet ruffle of a bejeweled sea edging the bay in a curving line of ivory white along the sand, which, in turn, merged into the tarnished gold of a barren, sun-scorched, waterless waste of country. The salina gleamed like a fresh fall of snow; near it was the aduana and some cabanas; to the south, the plateau into which the one-time little town of Araya had long crumbled among the cacti. At 12 north of the equator the 125 of heat would have been unbearable but for the blessed
"trades."
Through the mirage
of years I
saw a Spanish galleon riding

life of little
protection of the castle's cannon the picturesque
soldiers lounged about puffing tobacco obtained
pace walked in ceaseless vigil along bastion and wall of from the mainland natives; others
at her chains within the Araya; sentries with restive the massive ramifications;
;
gambled at cards for the meager stakes of their meager possessions. Through a reservoir in the center 40 feet square water, during the
the cistern beneath.
rains, flowed into both garrison and inhabitants depend; there a peon pours the crystal stream into a large cask. More peons arrive, with firkin-laden donkeys. The mirage of bygone centuries dissolves into the
On
this storage of cool, fresh water
TiomHaipei
s^lagaziiie
('(i]ijnght I'lU
lij
Harpei & Bin^
THE "MANZANARES" LOADING SALT AT ARAYA.

(Illustrating
"Among
the Salt Harvesters of the Caribbean,"
by Charles Wellington Furlong
in Harper's
for July, 1914).
"",>
ifcl
5,
%/
\t
t>
From
Harper's Magazine.
Copyright.
1914. Ijy
Harper
&
Bros.
100
COCHEAN INDL\N SALINERAS WITH SALT BAGS WEIGHING
POUNDS EACH.
'These salineraa might indeed lead one to credit the persistent story of a tribe of Amazons in the region of the Venezuela hinterland, from which their forbears were supposed to have come." From "Among the Salt Harvesters of the Caribbean," by Charles Wellington Furlong in Harper's Magazine for July, 1914.)
a a
PAN AMEEICA IN THE MAGAZINES.
245
wi-iggling heat waves the peons and donkeys are real; the cool cistern water still quenches the thirst of the fishermen and salineros (salt workers) who live about it, and the real Fuerza de Araya has become to them the Castillo de Santa Agua (Castle
Blessed Water). In 1770 there was a plan to restore the old castle, but the cistern is the only part that has been reconstructed. Time has dealt gently with the old ruins.
of the
In 1726 and 1760 fearful hurricanes broke through the beach and for years rendered the salina useless and evidently did some damage to the fortress; then, too, piracy had by that time ceased in the Caribbean. So the uselessness of the castle was proclaimed A year later to the eastern provinces of Venezuela by royal decree on May 30, 1760. terrific explosions reverberated over the waters and mighty walls were rent asunder into the massive fragments at our feet. As far as I could determine, the castle of So it was abandoned after 150 years, having and upkeep 10,000,000 gold pesos, an enormous sum, simply to prevent contraband of a single Venezuelan salt work. From the old Manzanares I watched day kaleidoscope into night. The full moon burst through the cloudy heavens as we steamed away from poor little Araya and its grim fortress. By midnight Isla Cubagua humped its dark shape northward. Its capital. New Cadiz, long since disappeared, was the first Spanish settlement of South America, and even antedated Cumana, the first on the mainland. The next morning the old craft dropped her mud hooks off the coast of Coche
Santiago never suffered even an attack.
cost in construction
*******
by
desertlike island, with somber, brown-gray hills extending over its 3
5 leagues^
land so thirsty that the few goats which roam [it in sheer desperation have acquired the habit of drinking the salt water. Four little adobe pueblos dot its coasts, chief
among them San Pedro.
On a low sand spit a mile from the Manzanares, salt deposits and an aduana humped obtrusively in the sultry haze of heat; inland a large salina lay framed by low hills. Here, at the annual salt harvest or loading of a steamer, men, women, and children temporarily become salineros. Walking along the sand-spit I realized that the 40-foot hillocks beyond the aduana
were
pillotes, hills of salt,
probably the world's biggest
salt cones.
in the shadow of the aduana; inside a few
officials lolled listlessly
Guards squatted in their Indian
hammock beds suspended from
wall hooks. They looked askance when requested permission to visit the salina half a mile back in the plain. I was not to be permitted to wander about unobserved, so eventually a young Venezuelan grouchily slid from
his
hammock to accompany me. * * * Further details of the industry are dealt with as follows: Salt varies from brick-red color, through brown, to ivory-white and white, depending primarily on the place from which it is taken and on the washing. Coche salt is naturally white and firm; that of Araya, even when washed, is gray -tinged; and the darkest salt, preferred by the interior people, is spoken of as black salt. The "crop" is gathered during midsummer, when the lakes have dried and the salt crystallized; and because of the sahna's glare and the heat which penetrates even one's shoes, the work is carried on at night. Perhaps two hours after midnight a dog yelps, from a cabana a warm light gUmmers, then another and another. After a meager breakfast, the bulk of the inhabitants in a long, irregular file, Uke a colossal anaconda, worm their way in the moonlight around
the base of the hills to the lagoon.
Armed guards await them. One group stops at the lagoon side nearest the aduana, the other continues to the inland side. Each with a mara (open woven basket) wades 500 yards across the hardened edges into the lagoon, still warm from the heat of day, and they scatter out on the lonely lake of white.
246
The first basket filled, an agile twist poises it on the salinero's head, the water showering from the protecting broad brim of the canvas-covered straw hat. The moonlight scintillates from the lagoon and glitters through the streaming water, which half veils some of the dark forms of the salineros in a myriad of glimmering, falling diamond strings. The saline shower makes any abrasion smart, and the rising sun causes it to crystallize on hair and bodies. Any object thrown into the lake and then placed in the sun becomes crystallized in beautiful effect, and small wooden objects are thus strikingly transformed by Nature's magic.
They
usually work until sunrise, depositing the salt at the lake edge, where
it
soon
dries out.
of salt, for
is
The women
which the
are chiefly the carriers; a superintendent checks each
mara
carrier receives 2^ centavos (2 cents).
transported to the side of the aduana.
During the day the salt So the long line crisscrosses back and forth
during the gathering. There are two different exploiters who contract to deposit the salt at their respective pillottes, to which they hire the salineros to carry it from the lagoon. The company pays about 30 cents per 300 pounds, which enables the exploiters to double their
money.
Siesta over, 100 men and 300 women again take up the work. The little figures dotted about the bases of the colossal salt cones might well be pygmies in some
each adding his little mara of salt which goes to make up the average over 26,000,000 pounds. Climbing one of the great hardened pillotes, a shoveler sends down miniature snowy avalanches almost into the mouths of the sacks below. These filled, weighed, and stacked in the low-lying aduana sheds, await a government boat. It was an unrestrained, happy crowd among whom I mingled at the shed where they gathered to carry the salt from the aduana to the beach. Ever ready to laugh at any
fairy tale,
season's deposit of
trifling circumstance, pearly teeth, contrasted with rich cinnamon complexions and strikingly attractive dark eyes, soft and brown in repose but sparkling when gales of
laughter swept the crowd.
But the deep, passionate natures
strike equally well the red spark of rage.
they were eager to pose, surrounding me disappointed that I did not hand out the pictures at once from the camera. A sharp call and the work began. A superbly proportioned woman with consum-
of these Guarquari could Contrary to most seimprimitive peoples, in a dense, excited phalanx, and were greatly
mate grace swung a 100-pound salt bag to her head. Quickly adjusting it, she strode with majestic carriage toward the awaiting boats, heading a long file ranging from girls of 14 to old women. Barefooted, they advanced with noiseless gait, each with a strong play of the hips, every movement showing a tireless virility many a strong man would find hard to emulate. At least one in four puffed a long, strong, black, cheroot, but it was "strong to the strong." These salineras might indeed lead one to credit the persistent story of a tribe of Amazons in the region of the Venezuelan hinterland, from which their forebears were supposed to have come. The boats swing in, and the crews, with wild shouts, plunge over in a smother of foam. Then these swarthy Cochean fishermen, their only garb short cotton trousers and sombreros, hustle the sacks down the beach and aboard. I could hear the guttural "he- way," for "heave-away," one of the corrupted English expressions which have crept in among the coast Venezuelans. "He-way, he- way." A half-dozen men seized the gun whale or pushed astern, every muscle playing in rythmic unison, bodies glistening with sweat and brine. The sails
fill,
and course
is set for
the steamer.
the River of Tapirs, in Scribner's Magazine for July is the subthe fourth article in Col. Roosevelt's, "A Hunter-Naturalist in the Brazilian Wilderness" series. The narrative is largely devoted
title of
Up
to a description of the wonderful bird life of this section of Brazil
and
Courtesy of the
New York
Zooloyk-al Society.
A BRAZILIAN SLOTH.
Referred to
by CoL Roosevelt
in
"A
Hunter-Naturalist in the Brazilian Wilderness" in Scribner's

zine for July, 1914.
Courtesy of the
New York
Zooloffieal Society.
A BRAZILIAN TAPIR.
'On the morning
January 9 we started out for a tapir-hunt. Tapirs are himted with canoes, as they dwell hi thick jungle and take to the water when hoimds follow them." (From "A Hunter-Naturalist in the Brazilian Wilderness," by Theodore Roosevelt, in Scribner's Magazine for July, 1914.)
of
248
the various hunts for large game. The party made a halt at a ranch located at Porto Campo, a natural pasture or area of meadow land which breaks the forest, and from there the hunting excursions took
place.
On
the
to kill a fine
first tapir hunt Col. Roosevelt was fortunate enough specimen of the bush deer, different species of which
were desired by the naturalists for their collections. An interesting account of the killing of his first large tapir is given by the colonel,
the following being a brief extract:
The tapir was coming downstream at a great rate, only its queer head above water, while the dugouts were closing rapidly on it, the pad die rs uttering loud cries. As the tapir turned slightly to one side or the other the long, slightly upturned snout and the strongly pronounced arch of the crest along the head and upper neck gave it a
of the
aspect. I could not shoot, for it was directly in line with one pursuing dugouts. Suddenly it dived, the snout being curved downward as it did so. There was no trace of it; we gazed eagerly in all directions; the dugout in front came alongside our canoe and the paddlers rested, their paddles ready. Then
marked and unusual
course
we made out the tapir clambering up the bank. It had dived at right angles to the it was following and swum under water to the very edge of the shore, rising under the overhanging tree branches at a point where a drinking trail for game led down a break in the bank. The branches partially hid it, and it was in deep shadow, so that it did not offer a very good shot. My bullet went too far back, and the tapir
disappeared in the forest at a gallop as if unhurt, although the bullet really secured it, by making it unwilling to trust to its speed and leave the neighborhood of the water. Three or four of the hounds were by this time swimming the river, leaving the others yelling on the opposite side and as soon as the swimmers reached the shore they were put on the tapir's trail and galloped after it, giving tongue. In a couple of minutes we saw the tapir take to the waters far upstream, and after it we went as fast as the paddle could urge us through the water. We were not in time to head it, but fortunately some of the dogs had come down to the river's edge at the very point where
;
the tapir was about to land. Two or three of the dogs were swimming. We were more than half the breadth of the river away from the tapir, and somewhat downstream, when it dived. It made an astonishingly long swim beneath the water this time, almost as if it had been a hippopotamus, for it passed completely under our canoe and rose between us and the hither bank. I shot it, the bullet going into its brain, while it was 30 or 40 yards from shore. It sank at once.
Another occasion which afforded excitement and variety to the sportsmen was the hunt for peccaries, a species of wild swine. The particular variet}^ desired was the white-lipped peccary or ''cachada" as it is known in Brazil. With the addition of some specimens of this variety, the big mammal collections of the naturalists was about complete. An idea of the courage and ferocity of these small animals may be had from the following extract of Col. Roosevelt's account:
The small peccaries go singly or in small parties, and when chased take refuge in holes or hollow logs, where they show valiant fight; but the big peccaries go in herds of considerable size, and are so truculent that they are reluctant to run, and prefer either to move slowly off, chattering their tusks and grunting, or else actually to
survivors gradually grow more willing to run, not to run but to trust to their truculence and their mass-action for safety. They inflict a fearful bite and frequently kill dogs. They often charge the hunters and I have heard of men being badly wounded by them, while almost
charge.
Where much persecuted the

is
but their instinct
52611Bull. 214-
250
every
THE PAX AMEEICAX

man wlio
But
I
UNIOIST.
hunts tliem often is occasionally forced to scramble up a tree to avoid have never heard of a man being killed by them. They sometimes surround the tree in which the man has taken refuge and keep him up it. Cherrie, on one occasion in Costa Rica, was thus kept up a tree for several hours by a great herd of three or four hundred of these peccaries; and this although he killed several Ordinarily, however, after making their charge they do not turn, but pass of them. on out of sight. * * * Soon we heard the ominous groaning of the herd, in Then Benedetto joined us, and the dog appeared front of us, and almost on each side. in the rear. We moved slowly forward, toward the sound of the fierce moaning grunts
a charge.
which were varied
at times
by
a castanet chattering of the tusks.
Then we dimly
out the dark forms of the peccaries moving very slowly to the left. My companions each chose a tree to climb at need and pointed out one for me. I fired at
made
through the vines, leaves, and branches; the colonel fired; and the Indian also fired. The peccaries did not charge; walking and trotting, with bristles erect, groaning and clacking their We could not see one of them clearly and tusks, they disappeared into the jungle. not one was left dead. But a few paces on we came across one of my wounded ones,
the half -seen form
I fired three
of a hog,
more
shots at other hogs;
standing at bay
by
palm trunk; and
I killed it forthwith.
series, mention has been Rondon, the Brazilian officer whose remarkable explorations in Brazil have given him an international reputation and whose services were brought into requisition by the Brazilian Government to accompany the Roosevelt expedition. The following extract from Col. Roosevelt's article shows the esteem in which the ex-President of the United States holds the daring explorer of the great republic of South America
In former reviews of Col. Roosevelt's
frequently
made
of Col.
His longest and most important exploring trip, and the one fraught with most danger and hardship, was begun by him in 1909, on May 3, the anniversary of the discovery of Brazil. He left Tapirapoan on that day, and he reached the Madeira River on Christmas, December 25, of the same year, having descended the Gy-Parana. The mouth of this river had long been known, but its upper course for two-thirds of Among those who its length was absolutely unknown when Rondon descended it. took part under him in this piece of exploration were the present Capt. Amilcar and
Lieut. Lyra; and two better or more efficient men for such wilderness work it would be impossible to find. They acted as his two chief assistants on our trip. In 1909 the party exhausted all their food, including even the salt, by August. For the last four months they lived exclusively on the game they killed, on fruits, and on wild honey. Their equipage was what the men could carry on their backs. By the time the party reached the Madeira they were worn out by fatigue, exposure, and semistarvation, and their; enfeebled bodies were racked by fever. The work of exploration accomplished by Col. Rondon and his associates during these years was as remarkable as, and in its results even more important than, any simiIts value was lar work undertaken elsewhere on the globe at or about the same time. recognized in Brazil. It received no recognition by the geographical societies of Europe or the United States. The work done by the original explorers of such a wildei'uess necessitates the undertaking of untold hardship and danger. Their successors, even their immediate successors, have a relatively easy time. Soon the road becomes so well beaten that it can be traversed without hardship by any man who does not venture from it although if he goes off into the wilderness for even a day, hunting or collecting, he will have a slight laste of what his predecessors endured. The wilderness explored by CoL Rondon is not yet wholly subdued, and still holds menace to human life.
mm-
252
THE PAN
AMEEICAISr UNION.
The Empire of the Children of the Sun, by Peter MacQueen, in the July number of the National Magazine, is an entertaining and instructive historical sketch combined with a comprehensive description of the Peru of the present. Of the history of ancient Peru, prior to the Spanish conquest, after referring to the loot secured by the invaders and the wealth that is supposed to have been hidden by the Incas, he writes:
The hunt for this lost gold has led to the discovery of wonderful relics and ruins, which reveal something of the history of the Andean plateau before the arrival of the Spaniards. There are many evidences throughout Peru of a histoiic I'ace that possessed a high degree of civilization during three distinct and widely separated periods of ancient time. Ruins of temples, houses, and entire cities have been unearthed, mute witnesses to intelligence and thrift in remote ages. Pottery, gold and silver vessels, ornaments of rare carving and workmanship found in burial mounds, show that culture and enlightenment must have widely obtained, while cotton twine, woven cloth, and cobs of maize unearthed denote the skill that characterized manufacture and practical husbandry. Some students of ancient Peru believe that there was emigration from China to Peru thousands of years ago. They have unearthed ruins of temples bearing some resemblance to Buddhist temples in Mongolia, while even to-day some of the coast natives look like Chinese and are able to understand the
Chinese tongue without having associated with Chinese immigrants. Other antiquarians advance a theory that the very earliest inhabitants of Peru were a blonde people, a colony from Plato's mythical continent, Atlantis, which sank into the sea
man had a written history. However this may be, the mighty nation of the Incas, now the Indians of Peru and Bolivia, came originally from the regions near the head of the Amazon. Their history is very dramatic and extraordinary. About the year 1000 A. D., there were several
before
tribes of Indians inhabiting the high plateau around Cuzco, the old Inca capital, and from one of those tribes arose a great leader named Manco Capac, who claimed descent from the Sun God. The word "Inca" means "lord," and Manco Capac was the first Inca chief, his direct descendants being called "Incas" and ruling the vast domain of the empire he established. The Spaniards found them at the height of their dominion
and progress. To-day Peru
is
profiting from the great things these Incas

tools.
and
their subject people
of copper and gold, tempering the metal until it was as hard as steel, a method that is unknown to our generation and numbered with the lost arts. This substance was called champi. They built miles of military roads, reservoirs, canals, and irrigating ditches. Whole mountain sides were terraced up and land made over the terraces, work that alone must have consumed years of labor. The terraces were then cultivated, so that fruits, vegetables, and grains were raised all the way from the desert level of the Pacific coast up the mountain table-lands to the very summit of the Cordilleras. There was no leisure class in those halcyon days of socialism; every person was obliged to work and the products of industry were divided between the government, the priests, and the people. If there happened to be a scarcity in one section of the kingdom, it was made up by drawing on government storehouses in some richer
did with the crudest sort of

of
They
drilled with drills
made
having a method
section.
The wealth of the land was enormous. Numerous rich gold, silver, and copper mines were constantly worked, though in a manner very crude compared with our modern scientific methods. The famous Cerro de Pasco, which lies in the heart of the Andes, 14,000 feet above sea level, was one of these mines, which is still in operation and yielding richly. There were great stone quarries, too, among the lofty peaks.
CATHEDRAL
In speaking of some of the
IN AREQUIPA, PERU.
women
"They reminded me
of the
he saw in the great cathedral in Arequipa Mr. MacQueen writes: madonnas that Murillo painted in Andalusia two centuries age."
AREQUIPA, PERU, AND MOUNT

'
MISTI.
One
of the most interesting of all the cities of Peru is Arequipa, above which stands the beautiful cone of El Misti, where Harvard has its famed observatory in the southern hemisphere." (Peter MacQueen in the July number of the National Magazine.)
254
Temples to the Sun God, and palaces )f the Inca emperor, as well as city walls, were buUt of massive stones cut so that each fitted evenly upon the next, like those of Solomon's temple, while the inside walls were treasure houses of gold and silver ornaments and decorations of precious stones. It is even said that the Inca and his family ate from gold plates. But they had the good sense to value gold for ornaments rather than as wealth. The Incas were essentially an agricultural nation. Atahualpa was the last Inca emperor. He ruled over more than 2,000,000 hardworking people, and his domain extended beyond Peru over what are now northern All the Indian tribes in those Chile, Bolivia, northwestern Argentina, and Ecuador. regions had been conquered by his ancestors, for the Incas were as splendid fighters as During the early part of Atahualpa 's reign there was they were able executives. constant war with Huascar, another son of Huayna Capac, who had received a part Atahualpa was vicof his father's kmgdom and now wanted to obtain. all the rest. torious, but spared the life of his brother, merely holding him prisoner. The kingdom now stretched undivided 2,200 miles north and south, and from the Pacific coast to the eastern foot of the Andes. But having subdued all the desirable land about them,
the people
felt so secure in their empire that, like many another nation in the history of the world, they relaxed in precaution and gave themselves up to the enjoyments of life.
Then came the
downfall.
Passing over the author's historical resume of the period of the conquest to the more vitally interesting features of the present development and future prospects of the country, we read:
The Panama Canal
to
will benefit
Peru very greatly, as
it
will bring lier products nearer
the markets
of.
the world than those of
many
other South American countries.
Already Peru has taken steps in preparation for the opening of the canal. An extensive breakwater is being constructed at Callao, the port of Lima, as well as new wharves and warehouses. Machinery for handling the exports and imports is being
installed
important exports of the future will undoubtedly be crude petroleum oil. thing I saw as we came up to the coast of Peru was a long line of derThe Peruvian oil fields are cpiite extensive and ricks at the oil wells north of Payta. are accompanied by fine deposits of coal, anthracite of good quality, which will be used in the home market ere long to compete with the i^resent forty-dollar-a-ton coal sold in Bolivia and Peru from North American mines. The oil is owned by English capitalists
of the
One
Almost the
first
who
be refined into benzene and gasolme, using the supply more than is demanded for home consumption, though all the railways and mines use only this kind of fuel. Since the California petroleum will not make gasoline or benzene, I could not help thinking how convenient it is for that State to obtain free of duty a supply by cheap water freight from Peru. The mines on the Central Railway of Peru, at Cerro de Pasco, Casapalca, and elsewhere, are a very rich asset in the wealth of the Republic. In fact, the railway depends on these mmes and some of the big farms between Lima and Oroya for its revenue. Here I would mention the sheep I have spoken of the mines in a former article. raising at the great height of 14,000 feet. The Atocsayco hacienda, 30 miles north of Aroya, was started by Duncan Fox & Co. in 1905. These men thought that there wereThey have now 100,000 acres, possibilities of sheep raising on the high lands of Peru. or nearly 160 square miles. There are 150 miles of wire fences, so that the sheep do not require to be corraled at night. The climate is so mild that even during the winter the sheep require no shelter, not even from the snowstorms, as they are seldom severe, and the snow never lies on the ground more than four or five hours. The iâstures, though scanty as compared with those in lower altitudes, are surprisingly good to one acquainted only with the sparse grass of the pampas. The ranch is hilly and well waexport
of it to California to
much
fuel oils in Peru.
The
fields
tered.
The pastures
are carefully
burned over every year
to
destroy the coarse grass
PAISr
AMERICA
IK^
THE MAGAZINES.
;
255
which no animal will

so that the
eat. No fodder is cultivated it can not be grown at this altitude, sheep are entirely dependent on grazing. There are 20 Scotch shepherds employed by this company on a three years' contract. And these men are experimenting with foreign grasses. There are at present 36,000 sheep on the Atocsayco lands. Some of the finest stock from England and Scotland have been interbred with the native sheep of the Andes, especially the Komney Marsh. This sheep is very good both for its wool and its meat. The average yield of wool per sheep is about 5 pounds a year, and it brings a high price.
It
is all
exported because the mill owners of Lima can not afford to use
it
in their fabrics.
The
principal losses of sheep at Atocsayco are from diseases, foxes, thieves,
and condors,
ranking in importance in the order named. The absence of flies at this great altitude keeps the sheep healthy, so that losses are not heavy. The foxes are being rapidly exterminated; thieves are prosecuted with great severity; and the condor is not so dangerous as the old geographies represented him. He will seldom attack a sheep
unless
it is sick.
-
There are several big haciendas and many small farms through the high valleys of Peru, and down toward the Montana in the Amazon Valley. The success in breeding and rearing fine sheep and cattle on these high pasture lands leads one to believe that Peru will export wool and meat through the Panama Canal ere many years.
tive to the agricultural
The following paragraph sums up the author's impressions and mmeral resources of the country:
as a whole,
rela-
Take Peru
on the globe. every variety

of
and it ia one of the most remarkable agricultural countries Like Bolivia, it possesses every variety of climate and can raise of produce within its limits, which include lands like the deserts
valleys of the Antilles, the tropical forests of Africa, the vine-
Arabia, the
warm
clad slopes of Italy, the temperate plains of central Europe, the lofty mountain
and the icy peaks and ridges of Norway. Combined with this is mineral wealth unequaled elsewhere. Such an extraordinary combination can exist only within the region of the trade winds, where a chain of mountains of great height causes the necessary atmospheric phenomena; here in the high Andean
slopes of the Alps,
plateau alone do
we
find those required conditions.
Of the people he writes

Thus we
scenery
of
in his closing paragraph:
see the Peruvians a proud, imperial race, living
of
the Western Hemisphere, and holding high ideals
amid the grandest of what is best in
education and unbought grace of life. On the great country estates there is much the fine tradition and chivalrous sentiment that came from the best people of Castile and Aragon. The Indians of the high plateaux are a unique reminder of a civilization that bourgeoned centuries before the face of the white man had
blossomed like a flower in the western forests. The immemorial records of a civilization that vanished in the midst of man's earliest recollections are faintly suggested in splendid ruins among sublime scenes. The name and fame of the brilliant men who built the walls and temples of Cuzco are lost, and all we know of the wonder and the charm of that forgotten culture in the Andes is found in the pathetic ruins of cities that are half as old as recorded time.
Implement Trade
tive
of the
Argentine Republic, by H. G. Cutler, in the
Farm Implement News
111.) of June 25, 1914, is ah instrucresume of the present status of this particular branch of Argentina's import trade. The author, in discussing the present and future development of this trade throws interesting side lights on the agri-
(Chicago,
i
d a
It
^1
Is
"S^
Z;
5 li
1
So
..^^^^tj^^^-^^.^: ^^ji^^^'^^.
PAN"
AMERICA
IN"
THE MAGAZINES.
257
cultural resources of Argentina,
and we therefore quote somewhat

:
copiously from his article as follows
The world to-day

and machines
of
offers
no better
field for
the application of
modern implements
to the operations of agriculture
than the territory in the great Republic
Argentina within a radius of 500 miles of Buenos Aires, north, west, and southwest. States, Great Britain, and Germany are straining every business nerve to raise financial harvests from this most promising field. The general result of this intei^national struggle is that Uncle Sam's manufacturers are in a lead from which they can not be displaced that the British makers of farm implements are second in the value of their sales to the farmers of Argentina, and that the importing houses of Great Britain and Germany handle the bulk of the agricultural implements, fully 90 per cent of which is turned out of the factories of the United States. A few American houses have established distinctive agencies and depots in Buenos Aires, but nearly all of them sell through the foreign importers. Some of the large concerns have had representatives on the ground for a number of years, but transact
The United
their business through importing houses.
The largest of the foreign importing houses is an English concern which also has purchasing offices in London and New York. This establishment sells everything in the line of machinery or implements which the Argentine farmer can want, and also disposes of more windmills in the course of a year than any other house in the world
and the most gratifying feature about this part of their business is that nearly all the windmills come from the United States. The extent of this business can only be realized when one gets out into some of the suburbs of Buenos Aires, which are outside of the area of the metropolitan waterworks and still rely upon wells for the household supply; then to the villages and the country still beyond, and finally into the wide expanse of the pampas into the region of the wheat, the corn, and the linseed fields, all bristling with windmills like a great Holland of the new southern world a Netherlands almost devoid of streams and placid waterways. I am told that as many as 10,000 windmills have been sold in one year in Argentina, and the owners of the large and up-to-date estancias, as well as the large fruit growers in the northern and western sections of the country, are relying upon them more and more. They are becoming necessities in the mechanical
This condition will continue out in the "camp term including all the rural districts of the country) until irrigation is general throughout the country, a realization which is far in the future. The further supremacy of the United States in the sale of agricultural implements is indicated by the latest figures compiled by the Argentine Government as to the imports. The plows brought into Argentina in 1911 were valued at |1, 870, 000, of which 11,467,827 were credited to manufacturers of the United States. Of all the harvesting machines imported (and it is taken for granted that the reader understands that very few agricultural implements are manufactured in Argentina), valued The mowers, harrows, drills, at 11,308,265, this country furnished $1,255,278 worth. and planters purchased of United States manufacturers were valued at $800,000 and virtually held a monopoly of the field. The threshing-machine trade, amounting to over $1,000,000 annually, is more equally divided between Great Britain and the
outfit of the best farms of Argentina.
"
(this
United States. Aside from that striking feature of the farm-implement busiaess in Argentina^that many of the manufacturers of the United States sell through great importing houses of England and Germany there is another phase of the situation down there which seems rather strange to an outsider. Hundreds of bright, energetic young men frcm the States now make the 6,000-mile trip to Argentina, working in the late fall and winter months in the southern country to build up the trade and the names of these European houses. They demonstrate the superiority of American farm implements,
<.i;aI.N
KI,K\ AT01;s
of BUENOS AIRES.
Although the present immense facilities for shipping of Argentine commerce are greater than had been proposed a few years ago, yet they are not now extensive enough to accommodate the foreign commerce passing through the port. The city has found it necessary to enlarge its docking space, and the Government is hastening the improvements at such important ports as Rosario and Bahia Blanco.
AN AiUJEN'l'lNE WHEAT
PAJSr
AMiEEICA IX
THE MAGAZINES.
sell
259
they instruct and manage the Italian farm hands, and they
States factories to the livest farmers of Argentina.
all
When
the product of United the time shall come that
our manufacturers have their own agencies and depots in southern South America, then the vast importance of our international position in the implement trade will be. brought to light. At the seasons in the United States when the northern Republic is lying under a coat of snow and ice, the Yankee agent in the implement business is piecing out his busy year among the farmers of Argentina. But he can never do this or do anything of consequence in Argentina without a thorough knowledge of Spanish. Some of the salesmen work on a salary, some on a commission basis, and they are well paid for then- work in either case. Even a demonstrator of farming mechanisms, whose duties are to show the workings and remedy the defects, will realize |1,500 gold fcrhis season's labors. These demonstrators are really great necessities in that country, for the average Argentinian is a slow mechanic and when anything goes wrong with his harvester he will have an hour's conference with a dozen fellow advisers, while the average quick-witted Yankee will straighten out the kink in five minutes. This mechanical talent, not to call it practical genius, has been so continuously demonstrated to the Argentine farmers that they are becoming quite insistent that Americans (or Yankees, as they call the North American breed) shall at least establish shops for the repair of agricultural implements in such large centers of population as Buenos Aii-es. Bahia Blanca (in the southern part of the Republic), and Rosario, in the north. Argentina has well-organized bureaus within its department of agriculture for the education of the farmer. It has its experiment stations and regional schools and its traveling lecturers and agents, much as we have in the United States, but I believe
tinian, has really
The farm-implement agent, whether he be Yankee, Englishman, German, or Argendone more to advance the true agricultural interests of the southern Republic than the Government itself. * * *
implements which are more adapted to the operations of the modest a sulky gang plow, a light machine which turns only two furrows. This was designed by one of the United States manufactm-ers for special use in the Santa Fe Province of northern Argentina and in Uruguay. It was built for an uneven or hilly country and adapted to light teams of horses. The level country in which the big traction machinery was used had been captured by Yankee manufacturers, but German and English houses had been making progress in the introduction
to the
As
farmer
may be mentioned
plows among the small farmers living outside the great cereal belts. So a United States house put a light plow in the field, the share made of better steel than was produced in either Germany or England. Not satisfied with this, Yankee enterprise and ingenuity sent down into Argentina a sturdy plow which can be operated either by a team of horses or a traction engine, and which had proved itself in southwest Texas and Mexico. That stocky, tough machine is now being used by hundreds of farmers beyond Rosario in northern Argentina and in the Rio Negro territory of the south, going thi'ough dense undergi'owth and matted roots like so much loose straw and saving the farmer of such outlying districts untold expenditures of money,
01 light
time, and temper.
How the Panama Canal will Open Bolivia is the subject of an informative article by Frank G. Carpenter in the Sunday Star (Washington, D. C.) of July 12, 1914. Mr. Carpenter writes:
Bolivia into the market jDlace of the This means much now. It will mean more in the future. Bolivia is almost one-fifth as big as Europe. If spread over the main body of the United States, it would cover one-fourth of it. It is an undeveloped empire of natural resources.
By
the
Panama Canal Uncle Sam has brought
United States.
Courtesy of the Illustrated News.
ONE OF THE CONTROL BOARDS OF THE PANAMA CANAL.

The
control boards are approximately opsrating miniatures of the locks themselves. They have indicating devices which show the exact position of valves, lock gates, chains, and water levels in the various lock chambers, whose movements are synchronous with those of the locks themselves and the operating machinery. The walls of the locks are represented by cast-iron plates and the water by marble slabs. In designing the indicators on the board efforts were made to represent the actual machines whose operations were to be indicated. The exact position of every appliance, the water level in the locks, status of the intake gates, location of the vessel in fact, every detail of the transit of a vessel through the locks is thus constantly before the eyes of the operators.
THE TRANSPORT ^SEVERN" BEING TOWED BY THE MECHANICAL HAULERS THROUGH THE GATUN LOCKS.
Two
electric haulers can electric
seen, one to the left and the other coming down the slope to the right, locomotives haul the various craft through the Panama Locks.
he
FIVE AMERICAN SUBMARINES PASSING
THROUGH THE CANAL LOCKS BEHIND THE TRANSPORT "SEVERN."

as a
The Gatun Locks are now in operation and have recently been used submarines. They are seen being towed out by the mechanical
alongside the canal.
dry dock
for
some United
States
These
electric
haulers which run on cogged tracks locomotives will haul vessels through the narrow parts of the canal.
Photo by Ueorge W. Dean.
MINING TIN ORE IN BOLIVIA.

Stone quimbalates were formerly used by the natives in Bolivia for hand crushing or grinding tin In nearly all the tin mines of the country the antiquated stone crusher has been supplanted ore.
by modern power
mills.
A HOLIDV^
IN
MINING DISTRICT OF BOLIVIA
PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES,

Situated on the roof of South America and shut
off
263
from the seacoast by a great strip Of its vast mineral resources, only those could be mined and shipped abroad that were valuable enough to pay enormous fi-eight rates. They had to get out to sea over a single railroad and then
of desert, it
has until lately been almost inaccessible.
go
down through
the Strait of Magellan to Europe.
Now
there are three railroads,
and by the Panama Canal Bolivia is brought within about 4,000 miles of New Orleans and within almost 4,500 miles of New York. The country is the great tin reservoir of the world. It has been sending its tin ore through the Strait of Magellan to England, where the metal has been smelted and refined and sent across the Atlantic Ocean for the making of American tin plate. The tin ore will now probably come to us direct, and a smelting industry may grow up to handle it. As to the present trade with Bolivia, Great Britain comes first, then Germany, and then the United States. Even under the hard conditions of present transport we are sending Bolivia more than one-seventh of all she consumes, and we buy one-third of all that she sells. With the canal, our sales should increase enormously and our purchases will probably make us her best customer. As it is now the total foreign trade of the country is about $50,000,000, and of this the exports exceed the imports by more than 110,000,000. Within the past six or seven years American interests in Bolivia have been rapidly
growing.
territory of Acre, the
In 1902, when Brazil paid to Bolivia something over 110,000,000 for the Government decided to put the money into the building of railroads for the development of the country, and the contracts were given to Speyer & Co. and the National City Bank of New York. The amount all told was somethinglike 127,000,000, and this resulted in the building of a number of nev lines and the extension of the old system, giving the country the improved transportation service which it has to-day. Later on the Farquhar Syndicate, incorporated in the United States with a capital of $25,000,000, received concessions for the building of roads in eastern Bolivia, and, although as yet nothing has been done on account of the hard financial conditions throughout the woi'ld, this concession may be revived as times
improve.
In an interview with one of the .leading business
men
of
La Paz,
among other we quote the

"How
lections.
interesting replies to the writer's
numerous questions
following:
and there is no more trouble in making colThe national credit is also good, and it has greatly improved since the contract was made for the building of new railroads. Before that time it was almost impossible for us to get money from Europe. I remember that I went to London about 10 years ago to borrow $1,000,000 to build the railroad from Lake Titicaca to La Paz. I could not get anyone to listen to me. After the loan was made by the Speyers the financial powers of Europe began to wake up. They decided that if the credit of
are,
about credits in Bolivia? "Yes. They are as honest as we
Do
the merchants pay for what they order?"
Bolivia was good enough for the Americans
it
ought
to
be good enough
for
them, and
since then
English,
we have had no trouble in borrowing. There is to-day a French, and German money invested in Bolivia, and we can
for
great deal of
any time
any reasonable amount. population and our resources."
Our public debt
is
get a loan at not large, considering our

capital?
"How about the opportunities for the investment of American

"They
are good,"
"
"Bolivia is at the beginning of its development, and it has vast resources in lands, mines, and petroleum. The most valuable part of our country lies east of the Andes. In that region we have an area bigger than Texas, Those lands are consisting of high plains that will raise wheat, corn, and cattle.
he
replied.
between the River Pilcamayo and the Paraguay, and they extend northward into the plateau of Matto Grosso. The climate is fine and well suited to white men. That
Photo by Willia
BOLIVIAN ORE CARRIER.
'
The country
the great tin reservoir of the world, " writes Frank G. Carpenter in the Washington Sunday Star of July 12, 1914, in his story on how the Panama Canal will open Bolivia. "It has been sending its tin ore through the Strait of Magellan to England, where the metal has been smelted and refined, and sent across the Atlantic Ocean for the making of tin plate. The tin ore will now probably come to us direct, and a smelting industry may grow up to handle it."
is

region will some day have a large population.
quantities of silver, copper, and tin, but it is
265
As
to
mines, Bolivia has produced
still on the edge of its mineral development. have petroleum fields that promise to revolutionize the fuel problem in South America. These are east of the Andes. They are said to be very rich." "What we especially want," continued the merchant, "are railroads to open up eastern Bolivia. That part of the country is well fitted for immigration, but it can not be developed until it has better transportation. The region is rich beyond conception. It is one of the largest blocks of good, undeveloped land that yet remains to the world. It is far different from the high Andean plateau, which is, to a large extent, a mineral Eastern Bolivia is agricultural. It is like Argentina. Here on the proposition. plateau cities are increasing in size, and a steady growth is apparent. If you look about in La Paz you will find that new construction work is going on in every part of
We
the city.
springing
Why, we start a new building almost every day. Settlements are also up along the lines of the railroads, and even the Indians are increasing their
wants."
In regard to educational features, Mr. Carpenter has the following anent one of the well-known American mstitutions established for
the benefit of the Indians:
I find that the Americans are doing much in Bolivia along the lines of education. have already written of their Indian school on the banks of Lake Titicaca. This Here at is thriving and it promises to work a revolution in a race that sorely needs it. La Paz is the American Institute. This is a college for the higher education of Bolivian youth that is making a big impression upon the country. It is supported by the Methodist Episcopal Church of the United States, but the Bolivian Government esteems it so highly that it makes an appropriation every year for it and encourages This school was founded in 1907 at the request of the Boliit in every possible way. vian Government by the missionaries and it is under their control. It is not sectarian in its teaching. ^^Tien it was first opened it had an attendance of 120 pupils, and since then the number has grown to 300 and more. The students come from all parts Not a few of the boys of Bolivia and even from over the borders in Brazil and Peru. have to travel a month by mule, stage coach, and train to get to La Paz. During my stay here I have visited this institute and had talks with its teachers. They are all Americans and the school is run on the American plan. The head is Prof. McBride, and among the teachers are the graduates of the best of our colleges. I
The Society's Expedition

Zoological Society Bulletin
to Costa Eica,
by Lee
S. Crandall, in the
an account purpose of adding to the faunal Mr. Crandall and his companion spent collections of the society. six weeks in the field and secured more than 300 living specimens, ranging from mammals to insects. Having reached Port Limon on March 30, Mr. Crandall continues his narrative as follows:
for July, 1914, is of a scientific expedition for the
(New York)
There is but one first-class train daily from Limon to San Jose, leaving the coast city m. The early part of the ride is along the seacoast, exhibiting the most luxuriant type of tropical vegetation. Once above Siquirres, however, the train follows the course of the Reventazon River, and as it mounts slowly upward the scene is one of truly marvelous beauty. The slopes of the Caribbean watershed are very densely This region is very sparsely inhabited, forested, most of the trees being hardwood. except in the neighborhood of the larger towns. Several extinct volcanoes are seen Turrialba, more than 11,000 feet in height, and Irazu, of somewhat lower altitude, on the Caribbean side, and Barba and Poas after the continental divide has been
at 10 a.
52611 Bull. 214
266
THE PAN AMEEICAF UNION,
tion
As the higher altitudes are reached signs of a much more numerous populabecome evident, and once on the plateau almost all of the land, with the excepJose,
is seen to be under cultivation. which is a delightful city, is reached at about 4.30 p. m. Here, after a delay of two or three days, arrangements were finally completed for the free entry of our luggage. Unfortunately none of the very able local ornithologists was to be found, so as no reliable advice was to be had the original plan was adhered to, and Guapiles, a village at the terminus of a branch railroad about 59 miles from Limon, was chosen
tion of the higher slopes,
San
as a collecting point.
Guapiles has an elevation of about 800 feet, being on the northern slope of Turrialba. It once was surrounded by extensive banana plantations, but as the fruit was attacked by a mysterious blight, the trees were removed and the land turned into pastures.
These pastures are exceedingly rough and the land dotted over with small patches As it is not possible for fence posts of dead wood to withof bush and bits of jungle. stand for long the constant dampness, small poles are set in the ground about 2 feet The posts at once send out shoots and soon apart and the wire attached to them. grow into trees of respectable size, forming permanent supports. Thus every field is surrounded by an often dense hedge, which offers a retreat for many birds. After walking a mile or so either north or south one enters the primitive jungle. The trees here are of great size and the undergrowth very dense, so that in many places it is impossible to progress Avithout free use of the machete. Bird life in the jungle is fairly abundant, and it is not difficult for the skin collector to secure many
specimens.
few of the
many
specimens secured are then briefly described:

is
One of the most interesting and certainly the most showy of the birds zuma Giant Cacique (Gymnostinops montezuma). This bird, which is
family,
is
the Monte-
of the Oriole
the
brown, the head being darker, with very long and pointed, black, with a red tip. There are bare, bluish patches on the face, and a gular swelling of a pinkish hue at each side. These birds live in colonies in the highest trees, building pendulous
nearly 2 feet in length.
It is chocolate
is
tail
bright yellow.
The beak
nests often 4 feet in length.
The Trogons form a group of birds with, representatives in both hemispheres, but which, with the possible exception of Cuban species, are practically never seen in
were very fortunate therefore to be able to capture and safely transThis species has the upper parts and chest brilliant, iridescent green, with yellow abdomen, so that altogether it is a most valuable acquisition. The Sooty Synallaxis (Synallaxis pudica nigrifumosa) is the first member of its family {Furnariidx) to reach the Zoological Park. The very few individuals of a South American member of the group which have reached Europe have survived for only a very few days, hence our specimen is of experimental as well as purely
collections.
We
port a specimen of the Gartered Trogon (Trogon caligatus).
exhibitive value.
Many of the tanagers are of exceptional beauty. Passerini's Silver Beak is intense, velvety black, with the back brilliant scarlet; the Costa Hi can Green Tanager is grass green with blue crown, the male having a bright yellow breast; while the GoldMasked Calliste is a combination of bright blue, green, dense black, and golden buff. Among the finches are Richmond 's sparrows, nearly as large as robins, bright green with gray, brown-striped heads and yellow under wing coverts; a little greenish siskin, found only in the high mountains of the interior, and tiny seed-eaters and
grassquits of four species.
The mammals include a fine adult male red spider monkey, raccoons, coatis, murine opossum, and red-bellied squirrels. There are numerous species of frogs and toads, a number of tadpoles, snakes (one a small fer-de-lance), turtles,lfishes of several species,
and tome interesting millipedes
of
two
sorts.
A WATERFALL IN COSTA
RICA.
'The early part of the ride is along the seacoast, exhibiting the most luxuriant of tropical vegetation. Once above Siquirres, however, the train follows the course of the Reventazon River, and as it mounts slowly upward, the scene is one of marvelous beauty," writes Lee S. Crandall of his trip into the interior of Costa Rica, in the July number of the Zoological Society Bulletin (New York).
268
Tungsten in Bolivia, by G. W. Wepfer, in the Engineering and Mining Journal for June 20, 1914, describes a very important feature of the mining industry of the great inland Republic of South America. Bolivian tin is known the world over, and that the country is rich in gold and silver deposits is also generally known. Few, however, realize the importance of the valuable tungstate ores that are annuAs the demand for ally being mined and exported by the country. tungsten is rapidly increasing, owing to its use in the manufacture of filaments for electric incandescent lamps and in the manufacture of certain steel products, the source of its supply is becoming of
great importance.
Hence the increased attention being paid

Mr. Wepfer writes:
to the
Bolivian product.
There are three principal tungstates, all of which are found along the eastern Coran iron-manganese tungstate; scbeelite, calcium tungThe tungstate ores, as far as found, state; and hubnerite, manganese tungstate. carry from 20 to 50 per cent metallic tungsten. From such ores it is not usually difficult to produce concentrate carrying 65 per cent tungsten, which is sold for $425 To encourage the mining of tungsten ores, the Boto $450 per ton in San Francisco. livian Government charges no export tax. The Bolivian exports in 1911 were $89,932 and in 1912 $114,847 worth of tungsten products.
dillera in Bolivia: Wolframite,
The author
gives a
list of
the locations of tungsten ores
known
at
the time of his visit in 1912, and continues:

There may be at present 90 tungsten locations in Bolivia. The eastern cordillera beyond the southern frontier of Bolivia, all the way through the Argentine Provinces of Jujuy, Calto, and Tucuman, with the same characteristics as in Bolivia. This whole mountain territory is 1,000 miles long from north to south and of irregular
passes
width.
Each
gravity.
of
the three tungstate?
is
easily concentrated, on account of the high specific
The ore is crushed,
classified into
The middlings
are recrushed, classified,
sand and slimes, and concentrated on tablesand further concentrated. Sometimes veins
of tungstates and of cassiterite are intertwined, then the material is crushed, roasted, and concentrated. Some concentrates contain tin and tungsten, and these minerals being of nearly the same specific gravity, such material has to be dried and passed
through a magnetic or an electrostatic separator. The roasted particles of tungsten minerals are amenable to magnetic or to electrostatic action, and thus separate concentrates of tin and tungsten can be obtained. Sometimes silver veins are intermixed with tin or with tungsten veins. In treating such ore the whole material is crushed, the silver is leached out with hyposulphite of lime, as sulphur and lime are found in the country, and the tailings are concentrated.
Tungsten and tin ores are found at great altitudes between 13,500 and 16,500 feet above sea level. All Bolivia is within the Tropics. The snow line is between 15,500 and 16,500 feet altitude. The upper part of the mountains is steep. Men, mules, and llamas can climb up and down, but the slopes are too steep for working and handling of ore. Aerial ropeways are required to bring the ore down to a place where water for concentration is available. These ropeways at the same time serve as a source of power, the surplus power of the descending ore, if gearing is placed in connection with the upper sheave shaft, will generate power for pumps, compressors, etc. Frequently the ropeway consists of two or three separate ropes, with ore bins between two ropes, for receiving and discharging ore to lessen risk of breaking a rope. The cold, strong winds cause such violent swinging of the ore buckets, that
Sg.g
-I
o3
fe
^ m
lis?
oi
cs
aj
270
THE
PAIS"
AMEEICAISr UNIOIS^.
from fear of breaking the rope, the buckets are collected at the end stations, and the running of the rope is stopped until the wind moderates. At one of the mines wind power is used to drive a crusher. Hydroelectric power plants are much used in fact, wherever there is water for power. Oil and distillate engines in small imits, and as many as are required, are
also used.
and distillates can easily be obtained. Hydroelectric installations are profitpower which can be spared can be sold to neighboring mines. One large company buys all its power, an electric locomotive draws the ore cars through an electrically lighted tunnel, while at the same time power is supplied to electric The steam railroad to La Paz terminates hoist, rock drills, fans, and the concentrator. The city is in the deep canyon of the La Paz at the edge of the Andean Plateau. River, 800 feet lower than the plateau. The trains are taken down to the city railroad station in sections by electric locomotives and finally taken up again to the plateau. La Paz has electric street cars, and electric lights throughout the city. On the whole, the Bolivian mining laws are good. In general there are many more undeveloped properties than mines, and even among the mines proper there are many much embarrassed by lack of capital. Many of these want capital to make roads or to install an aerial ropeway or a concentrator. Without a concentrator only the best of the ore is sorted out for shipment. Where there are so many mines in a bad predicament and ever so many more prospects, there is always a way to obtain mine property by purchase from present owners. The prospects are mainly in the hands of men of small means. It is comparatively easy to wander over the mountains and to find the outcrops of veins, and also to have them registered and to pay the mine tax every six months. If such prospectors become pinched for the mine taxes, the Government will help them by fixing a date on which the property is to be sold by auction, and this is advertised in the newspapers. If no bidder appears, a second date is appointed for the auction, and is again advertised, but if again no bidder appears the property falls back to the State and is open to anyone for location. In accepting the help of the mining bureau the miner is relieved from the payment of the last mine taxes. Since the mining of tin and now also of tungsten has become more profitable than the mining of other metals, many miners and mining companies, owning gold, silver, or copper mines, while they yet hold those mines by paying the mine tax. withdraw their funds from them to invest in tin and tungsten mines.
Oil
able, as
Anthropological Exploration in Peru. The Smithsonian Institution has just issued a second report concerning the field work of Dr. Ales Hrdlicka of the National Museum, carried on in Peru during the past year, in connection with the Panama-California Exposition at San Diego, for which a very important exhibit in physical anthropology is being prepared. The investigations extended over several hundred miles of the Peruvian coast and over hitherto unexplored regions in the western Cordilleras. The objects of this trip, which occupied the first four months of 1913, were to determine the relations of the ancient Peruvians of the mountains with those of the coast, and to extend the investigations which Dr. Hrdlicka has carried on for many years regarding Indian and especially preColumbian pathology dating back about 500 years. The expedition was a very strenuous one, but proved remarkably successful. Over 100 ancient cemeteries and many ruins, a large
PAN AMEBICA IN
TflE MAGAZINES.
271
percentage of which were previously unknown to science, were examined and over 30 boxes of skulls and other material for future study were collected for the United States National Museum and the museum at San Diego. The writer reports that skeletal material, which formerly abounded in Peru, and is essential to scientific research, is fast disappearing, and in a few years can not be gathered without the expenditure of much time and money. The results of the expedition mil prove of unusual value to anthropology. While some of the links of the chain of evidence are still wanting, it can now be said with certainty that the Peruvian coast from Chiclayo, in the north, to Yauca, in the south a distance was peopled predominantly before the advent of of over 600 miles the whites by one and the same physical type of Indian. These Indians were of medium height, with short and broad skulls, and moderately to strongly developed muscles according to the locality. The most important fact ascertained in this connection was that both the Chimu and Nascas, two of the foremost cultural groups of ancient Peru, were identical, and, as regards physical characteristics, inseparable parts of this coast people. Accordmg to their location, the people of old Peru were either fishermen or farmers. They seem to have been organized into numerous political groups, which developed smaller or greater cultural differences according to environment and other influences. Some of their smaller dwelUngs were made of reeds, while larger structures were built of small uncut stones, sun-dried brick, or blocks of adobe. Their knowledge of weaving, pottery-making, and decoration was surprising. They wove from native cotton and llama wool, and their designs indicate the changes brought about by time and other influences. The native dress consisted principally of a poncho shirt, a loin cloth, and sandals, with simple head gear. The pre-Columbian Peruvians of the coast knew the uses of gold,
silver,
and copper, and worked these metals
to
some
extent, especially
Their common weapons were a metal or stone mace, a wooden club, a copper ax and knife, the sling^ and in some regions the bow and arrow. Their implements were the whorl, weaving sticks, looms, cactus-spine or bone needle holders, sharpened sticks, copper knives and axes, hoes, and fishing paraphernalia, including nets, sinkers, reed-bundle boats or baloas, and pecuhar rafts, which were paddled. Throughout the whole territory along the coast the people deformed the heads of their infants by applying pressure to the forehead,
copper, in the manufacture of weapons.
probably by means of bandages and pads, which process flattened the back of the head as well. They did not practice filing, cutting, or chipping the teeth, or other mutilations which would leave marks on
the skeletons.
272
It is interesting to know that these natives seem to have been comparatively free from general bodily ailments before the advent of the white men, although they suffered from several peculiar local diseases
The people of the affecting the hip bone, the head, and the ear. mountains possessed a good, average development of the body and of the skull, and were freer than the coast people from disease. It is evident that in some of the districts serious wounds of the head were frequently followed by the operation known as trepanning, and although this was often crudely done, it was successful in many cases. This practice was probably carried on even after the coming of the
Spaniards.
The
results of the expedition failed to strengthen the theories of the
antiquity of
man
in Peru, but tended to prove the contrary.
Aside
from the cemeteries or burial caves of the common coast or mountain people, and their archaeological remains, there was no sign of human
occupation of these regions. Not a trace suggesting anything older than the well-represented pre-Columbian Indian was found anywhere; and neither the coast or the mountain population, so far as studied, can be regarded as very ancient in the regions they inhabited. No signs indicated that any group occupied any of the sites for even as long as twenty centuries; nor does it seem that any of these people developed their culture, except in some particulars, in these places. Dr. Hrdlicka's report is issued in the Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, publication 2246, and forms an exceedingly valuable addition to the anthropological works of Peru. It comprises 69 pages of text and 26 plates of illustrations, showing specimens collected,
locations of the finds, and
maps
of the territory explored.
The Yale University and National Geographic Society Peruvian by Hiram Bingham, director, in the June number of the Geographical Journal (London), gives a comprehensive outline of tho important work which is to be undertaken by the American scientists who have organized the expedition. So much interest attaches to their valuable ethnological, archaeological, and biological work that
Expedition,
we quote
Ivast
in extenso
there sailed for Peru the topographical division of a
month
The
chief engineer, E. C. Erdis, of the 1912 expedition,
had
sailed the
new expedition. week before.
In a short time two more members of the expedition will sail, and as soon as the maps have been completed and are ready for use the scientific members of the party will leave for the field. This will probably not be until early in 1915. As in 1912, the expedition is under the joint auspices of Yale University and the National Geographic Society. Unlike former expeditions, it will cover a period of two years instead of being confined to one field season. Three members of the expedition the chief engineer, the chief assistant, and the assistant topographer will be in the field for a year and a half or more.
It is our plan to make a geographical reconnoissance of a portion of southern Peru, including the Cordillera Vilcabamba and portions of the Apurimac and Urubamba
Courtesy of Harper's Magazine.
NUSTA ESPANA OR YURAK RUMI.

View
of seats
from
17 feet
away.
The corners of the stone have been chalked more distinctly.
to bring out the lines
274
watersheds.
THE PAN AMERICAN

This region
is
UNIOlsr.
a part of the eastern edge of the great

is
Andean
Plateau.
a chain of dissected mountains rising 16,000 to 20,000 Their bases are feet above sea level, situated between south latitude 12 and 14.
The
Cordillera
Vilcabamba
clothed with tropical jungles, while their summits are mantled with snow and glaciers. In the main they are unexplored. As one of the most inaccessible parts of the Andes, they have been occupied from time to time by the ancient peoples of Peru. In this
region there are ruins of Macchu Picchu, Palcay, and Choqquequirau. The reported presence of other ruins and the actual existence of some that have been seen, but not studied or mapped, make the region a particularly attractive area in which to study
the problem of man's origin and distribution in South America. The character of the land formations in the neighborhood of the ruins should enable
something
the causes
to
of
be said in regard
the location of
to the
number
of
people formerly occupying the region,
forts, and the reasons for their final abandonment. An examination of the ruins, studies of the styles of architecture, and of the artifacts and other remains that may be found fairly near the surface of the ground, should eventually enable a classification to be made, which, in connection with biological, physiographic, linguistic, and historical studies, ought to result From finally in unravelling the puzzle of the ancient civilization of South America.
cities,
buildings,
and
the standpoint of biology, this area
is
new
to science.
From
the standpoint of anthropology,
believed to contain a large number of species it is one of the least known
and most
fruitful areas in the

of
Andes.
work will include the making of a topographical map of the region northwest of Cuzco between the Apurimac and Urubamba Rivers; a detailed geographical reconnoissance of the more lofty portions of the mountains, including a study of the large undescribed glaciated region; the establishment of two meteorological stations at different elevations for the taking of systematic records for two years a study of the distribution and history of food plants of this region; the collection of data respecting the forms and distribution of vertebrates, particularly mammals and
The plan
reptiles; a
survey
of
the present Indians inhabiting this region, including a study of
their dialects, the collection of anthropometric data,
and the collection and study
of
the skeletal remains; an archaeological reconnoissance of the entire area, and a continuation of the studies begun by the first expedition, looking toward a geographical
interpretation of the Spanish chronicles of the era of discovery
and exploration, with
particular reference to the identification of ancient place-names, the story of
Macchu
Picchu and
its
connection with the history
of
the Incas.
The Unknown Eiver is the title of the preHminary statement made Col. Theodore Roosevelt in the July number of Scribner's Magazine. As may be seen from the foUowdng excerpt, the full account of the journey down the much- discussed River of Doubt will be pubJudging from Col. lished in the October and November issues. Roosevelt's clear and convincing statements in his recent lecture before the National Geographic Society, when he completes his story no fair-minded reader will doubt that his claim that he and his party "put the river on the map" is vaUd and backed up by convincing proof. In this prehminary statement he outlines what he expects to
by
establish in his subsequent articles.
He
writes:
The most important

In view
of
make
down the Unknown River, the discussion that has taken place about this river it is, perhaps, best to this short statement in reference thereto. The full account and the only
part of our trip turns out to be that
POLIXG A CANOE ON A BRAZILIAN RIVER.
Photo by Dr. Theodor Koch-Grunberg:.
A DIFFICULT PORTAGE.
characteristic view showing the endless difficulties and the daily strain incurred in navigating some of the Brazilian rivers having extensive rapids in their upper reaches. Rapids of this character occur in the River of Doubt, explored and mapped by the Roosevelt Expedition.
THE FLAG TO
Hon. Franklin K. Lane, Secretary
of the Interior, addressing the
Government's
ITS
MAKERS.
of
employees in his department on the occasion of the celebration
Flag
Day
278
account
river will be given in the October and November numIn these chapters our adventures will be given in detail. We put upon the map an unknown river, in length and volume roughly corresponding to the Elbe, the Rhine, and the Rhone, and Sadne. The upper course of this river, where we went down it, had never hitherto been traversed nor the adjoining country The lower course had for years been known to the rubvisited by any civilized man. ber men, but the cartographers not only of Europe and the United States but of Brazil were so totally ignorant of it that not a hint of its existence is to be found on the map. For example, the map of South America furnished us by the American Museum of Natural History, an excellent publication by a fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, and as good as any other map, contains not only no hint of the course of the river
of
our trip
down the
bers of Scribner's Magazine.
but not even a name

indicate the
for
the dotted outline which
mouth
of the river
where
it
I suppose probably was meant to entered the Madeira. On a Brazilian map I

it is known by the rubber men, Arimap maker having no idea whatever of its
saw
this dotted outline
given the name by which

in as a creek, the
ponan, but it was still size or importance
left
The Flag to its Makers is the title the Independent, in its issue for June 29, 1914, gives to a reproduction of the address dehvered by Hon. Franklin K. Lane, Secretary of the Interior, to the employees of his department on Flag Day. In its introductory comment the Independent states
But our Secretary of the Interior, in an address to the clerks in his department, not only hit upon an unconventional form, but put into effective language an inspiring
ideal of everyday patriotism
Like the Independent, the Bulletin quotes in

that "it will do any reader good":
full,
also believing
This morning, as I passed into the Land Office, the Flag dropped me a most cordial and from its rippUng folds I heard it say " Good morning, Mr. Flag Maker." "I beg your pardon. Old Glory," I said, "aren't you mistaken? I am not the President of the United States, nor a Member of Congress, nor even ^ general in the Army. I am only a Government clerk."
salutation,
: ' '
I greet
you
again, Mr. Flag Maker,
' '
replied the gay voice,
' '
know you well.
You
are the
man who worked
in the swelter of yesterday straightening out the tangle of
that farmer's homestead in Idaho, or perhaps
you found the mistake in that Indian
contract in Oklahoma, or helped to clear that patent for the hopeful inventor in
New
York, or pushed the opening of that new ditch in Colorado, or made that mine in Illinois more safe, or brought relief to the old soldier in Wyoming. No matter; whichever one of these beneficent individuals you may happen to be, I give you greeting, Mr. Flag Maker." I was about to pass on, when the Flag stopped me with these words: "Yesterday the President spoke a word that made happier the future of 10,000,000 peons in Mexico; but that act looms no larger on the flag than the struggle which the boy in Georgia is making to win the Corn Club prize this summer. "Yesterday the Congress spoke a word which will open the door of Alaska; but a mother in Michigan worked from sunrise until far into the night to give her boy an
education.
She, too,
is
making the
flag.
"Yesterday we made a new law to prevent financial panics, and yesterday, maybe, a school teacher in Ohio taught his first letters to a boy who will one day write a song
that will give cheer to the millions of our race.
We
are all
making the
flag."
"But,"
I said,
impatiently, "these people were only working !"
PAN AMEEICA
Then came "The work
"I "I "I
'
12^
THE MAGAZINES.
279
a great shout from the Flag

that
we do
is
the making of the
flag.
am not the flag; not at all. I am but its shadow. am whatever you make me, nothing more. am your belief in yourself, your dream of what a People may
a changing
I
life,
become.
'
I live
life of
moods and passions,
"Sometimes
together truly.
am
strong with pride,
when men
breaks and tired muscles do an honest work, fitting the rails

of heart
I
"Sometimes
coward.
I droop, for
then purpose has gone from me, and cynically
play the
"Sometimes
"But
"I "I "I
always, I
am loud, garish, and full of that ego that blasts judgment. am all that you hope to be, and have the courage to try for.
am song and fear, struggle and panic, and ennobling hope. am the day's work of the weakest man, and the largest dream of the most daring. am the Constitution and the courts, statutes and the statute makers, soldier and
dreadnaught, drayman and street sweep, cook, counselor, and clerk. "I am the battle of yesterday, and the mistake of to-morrow.
"I am the mystery of the men who do without knowing why. "I am the clutch of an idea, and the reasoned purpose of resolution. "I am no more than what you believe me to be and I am all that you believe I can be. "I am what you make me, notliing more. "I swing before your eyes as a bright gleam of color, a symbol of yourself, the pictured suggestion of that big thing which makes this Nation. My stars and my stripes are your cheam and yom* labors. They are bright with cheer, brilliant with courage, firm with faith, because you have made them so out of your hearts. For you are themakers of the flag, and it is well that you glory in the making."
AN AMEIICA
DATA REGARDING FIFTH PAN AMERICAN CONFERENCE.
Pan American Conference, will hold its opening session in Santiago, Chile, November 29, of this year. The Chilean Government has just issued the formal invitations and named the date for this international meeting. The governing board of the Pan American Union in May, 1913,
usually
THE
Fifth International Conference of the
American Kepublics,
known
as the
unanimously selected Santiago as the place for the conference and program of questions to be discussed, but the exact date of meeting has only just now been determined. Upon the return of the Chilean Minister, Sr. Dr. Eduardo Suarez Mujica, from the mediation conference at Niagara Falls, he conferred with Secretary of State Bryan, who is chairman ex officio of the governing board of the Pan American Union, and then announced that his Government had chosen this time as best suited for the assembling of the conference. It will probably be in session for several weeks and adjourn approximately about New Years. From reports received by the Pan American Union, this conference bids fair to be not only the most important and interesting of the five Pan American conferences held within the last 25 years, but one of the most important international gatherings in the history of the Western Hemisphere. Coming right after the mediation movement of Brazil, Argentina, and Chile to avert war between the United States and Mexico, which has given a new meaning and influence to Pan American cooperation and solidarity, and being almost contemporaneous with the formal opening of the Panama Canal, which will bring the United States into intimate relations with the western coast of Latin America, it will have a remarkable significance both in its time and place of meeting. Chile is one of the truly great countries of South America. It has a coast line on the Pacific Ocean directly south from the Panama Canal of nearly 3,000 miles, or nearly twice the extent of the Pacific coast of the United States. Its population exceeds 5,000,000 and its area is about 300,000 square miles. Its annual foreign trade will this year probably exceed in value $400,000,000. Santiago, its capital, where the conference will meet, is one of the most beautiful cities in all America and has a population of nearly 500,000. It is noted as a great South American center of refined society, educational effort, commercial enterprise, and political influence. President Wilson and Secretary Bryan are now carefully considering
fixed the
280
52611 Bull. 214
DELEGATES TO THE FIRST PAX AMERICAN CONFERENCE, WASHINGTON, OCTOBER 2, 1889-APRIL 19, 1890.
Reading from
J.
D.
C.
left to right:
of the conference;
Top row: James G. Blaine, Secretary of State of the Unitel States, President Roque Saenz-Pena and Manuel Quintana, Argentina; Juan Francisco Velarde, Bolivia;
G. do Amaral Valente, Brazil. 2d row: Salvador de Mendonja, Brazil; Jose M. Hurtado, Carlos Martinez Silva, and Climaco Calderon, Colombia; Manuel Aragon, Costa Rica. 3d row: Emilio C. Varas and Jose Alfonso, Chile; J. M. P. Caamafio, Ecuador; Jacinto Castellanos, El Salvador; Fernando Cruz, Guatemala. 4th row: H. Price, Haiti; Jeronimo Zelaya, Honduras; Matias Romero, second vice president, and Enrique A. Mexia, Mexico; Horatio Guzman, Nicaragua. .5th row: P. Jose S. Decoud, Paraguay; Felix Cipriano C. Zegarra, Peru, vice president; Cornelius N. Bliss, Andrew Carnegie, T. Jefferson Coolidge, United States, (ith row: Henry G. Davis, Morris M. Estee, Charles R. Flint, John F. Hanson, John B. Henderson, United States. 7th row: Clement Studebaker and William Henry Trescott, United States; Alberto Nin, Uruguay; N. Bolet Peraza and Jose Andrade, Venezuela.
THE OLD NATIONAL PALACE, MEXICO CITY, MEXICO, WHERE THE SESSIONS OF THE SECOND PAN AMERICAN CONFERENCE WERE HELD, OCTOBER 22,
1901-JANUARY
31, 1902.
MONROE PALACE, RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL, WHERE THE SESSIONS OF THE THIRD PAN AMERICAN CONFERENCE WERE HELD, JULY 21-AUGUST 26, 1906
*^
c5.;-h>t3 u5 CJ CD c3 p^.^c3 'a3 fl
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03
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2 t3
y"
os" ca"
O o
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^S22^
S '^
-:3 -2 f^ g'cc o-S
O Si p 3 3
i3'"
Courtesy of La Frensa. Buenos Aires.
THE PALACE OF JUSTICE, BUENOS AIRES, ARGENTINE REPUBLIC, AVHERE THE SESSIONS OF THE FOURTH; PAN AMERICAN CONFERENCE WERE HELD, JULY 10AUGUST 25, 1910.
a^
i"gio3-^.g
o 03 -ep: g niu > g "

f
fc:
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c3 1-5 -g'
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og o'gH
..2
PAN AMEEICAN NOTES.
289
the personnel of the United States delegation to the conference. In view of the direct bearing of this great international gathering on the relations of the United States with its sister Republics and of the fact that the Latin American Republics always send their most eminent men as delegates, the President will undoubtedly select men of the highest standing in the public and professional life of the United States. Secretary Bryan, in recognition of the importance of the conference, in response to the invitation of Chile will make a special trip to attend the opening of the conference and pay his respects in person to the Chilean and other Governments represented. As the invitation of Chile was followed by those of other Latin American Governments, the Secretary will probably make an extended journey not unlike that of Secretary Root in 1906 when he attended the Third Pan American Conference at Rio de Janeiro and continued his travels around South America.
CHANGES
The executive
IN
THE GOVERNING BOARD.
officers of
the
Pan American Union take
this
oppor-
tunity to extend a cordial welcome to the newly accredited ministers

to the United States from, respectively, Haiti and Cuba. M. Solon Menos, who once before has served the Republic of Haiti as envoj^ extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Washington, has again
returned to take up the duties of this post. Cuba has designated as its envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary, Sr. Dr. Carlos Manuel de Cespedes y Quesada. Both of the ministers have already been officially received by the President of the United States. Elsewhere in this issue appear the speeches made on the occasion of
presenting their letters of credence.
By
virtue of his diplomatic
position, each minister will represent his respective country
on the
In extending this welcome it is hoped that the ministers will make frequent and liberal use of the facilities of this organization to promote better understanding
governing board of the Pan American Union,
and
closer relations
among
the
Pan American
countries.
In this connection it is fitting to bid farewell to the retiring ministers, Sr. Dr. Pablo Desvernine of Cuba and M. Ulrich Duvivier of
Haiti,
and
to express a
word
of appreciation for the sincere interest
each has manifested in the work and activities of this organization. As members of the governing board both ministers have exerted noteworthy influence in bringing closer together their respective countries with the United States and in fostering stronger Pan American relations. In leaving Washington they carry with them the best wishes of their many friends in official and private circles.
290

AN AMERICAN DIPLOMAT HONORED BY CHINA,
Last February the Chinese Government invited Hon. William Woodville Rockhill to become foreign adviser at large to the new Republic, and he has recently signified his intention of accepting the Mr. RockhilFs intimate knowledge of the foreign relations of post. China, his long diplomatic experience in and personal study of the Far East, and his exceptional qualifications generally, will assure the new Government of the valuable assistance of an intellect both symHe has been in the diplomatic service of the pathetic and trained. United States since 1884, when he went to Peking as second secretary Later he became secretary. Between 1888 and 1892 of the legation. he was in charge of two expeditions, under the auspices of the Smithsonian Institution, into China and Tibet. At difi'erent times since then he has served as minister to China, ambassador to Russia and Turkey, as Assistant Secretary of State of the United States, and in other important diplomatic positions. He was commissioner of the United States to China in 1900, and in 1901 served as plenipotentiary to the Congress of Peking for the settlement of the Boxer troubles. From 1899 to 1905 he served as the Director of the International Bureau of American Republics, now the Pan American Union. China is to be congratulated upon securing his services and the executive officials of the Pan American Union take this occasion to extend their congratulations to Mr. Rockhill.
THE BOLIVIAN SESSION OF THE CONGRESS OF AMERICANISTS.
The Pan American Union is in receipt of a preliminary announcement of the second session of the 19th International Congress of Americanists which is scheduled to gather at La Paz, Bolivia, in November, 1914. This supplements the announcement of the program for the first session of the congress, which will meet at Washington, D. C, October 5-10, 1914, already described in preceding At the conclusion of the North American issues of the Bulletin.
sessions
toric
it is
planned to transfer the congress to South America, to histhe capital of Bolivia, so rich in its classical associations,
La Paz,
In Bolivia and the adjacent country the delegates will have an opportunity to see the impressive
oldest
monuments which form some

words
of the
of the
work
of
man
in America, and, in the
announce-
ment, "of gazing upon a world in which in prehistoric times industrious races of man laid the foundation stone of the first American city." The sessions at La Paz will convene under the auspices of the Bolivian Government, of ^ the La Paz Geographical Society, and of the University of St. Andres of La Paz. The officers of the organizing committee are Sr. Don M. V. Ballivian, President, and Prof. Arthur Posnansky, secretary general.
.go 3
^ ^>-.
^-^B
z,
ss>
a ^
OS'S
tB.2
03
jyi-aph
by Han-is-Bwing.
SESOR don CARLOS MANUEL DE CESPEDES,

The new envoy extraordinary and
minister plenipotentiary of
Cuba
to
tlier
United States.
PAN AMEEICAN NOTES.

COL. DAVID
L.
293
BRAINARD TO BE APPOINTED MILITARY ATTACHE AT BUENOS AIRES.
It has recently been announced that Col. David L. Brainard will be assigned to duty as military attache to the United States Embassy In view of the distinguished services at Buenos Aires, Argentina. Col. Brainard has rendered during his 38 years of active service in
the
Army
of the
United States,
this
announcement
is
of
especial
not only to his friends but to representative men throughout the country interested in Pan American relations. A bill recently passed both Houses of Congress authorizing the President to place Col. Brainard on the retired list with the rank of brigadier general, in recognition of the conspicuous services he rendered his country He in the Arctic regions as a member of the Greely Expedition. was one of the 7 survivors of a party of 25 which started out to discover the North Pole. On many other occasions he has rendered conspicuous and gaUant service, and the Secretary of War, in a letter
interest,
to the chairman of the Committee on Military Affairs, states: "Col. Brainard is the only officer now on the active list of the Army who He has reached received his commission for distinguished services." his present high rank through all the noncommissioned and commis-
sioned grades since his enlistment in the Army as a private in the He received his commission as second lieutenant in 1886 in recognition of gallant and meritorious service
Second Cavalry in 1876.
rendered in the Greely Arctic Expedition of 1881-1884. In addition to his services in the Arctic regions he took part in the Indian wars in the West, and was wounded in action against the Sioux Indians
May 7, 1877. He also saw active During the Greely Expedition he made the record for attaining the farthest north, a record which stood for 14 years until Nansen, the Norwegian explorer, succeeded in attaining a higher latitude and set the record which stood until the final discovery of the pole by Admiral Peary. The recent action of the United States in raising the rank of the legation at Buenos Aires to that of an embassy, subsequently followed by a similar action on the part of Argentina as to its legation at Washington, lends additional importance to the post to which Col. Brainard is to be assigned. The appointment is a fitting recognition of the eminent services rendered, as it is also in keeping with the high character and eminent qualifion
Little
Muddy
Creek, Mont.,
service in the Philippines.
cations of Argentina's representatives in this country. The Director General, on behalf of the staff of the Pan American Union, extends to Col. Brainard congratulations on his promotion and new assignment.
294

PAMPHLET ON ARGENTINE INTERNATIONAL TRADE.
the various publications distributed by the Pan American Union is a pamphlet entitled, 'Argentine International Trade -A Few
Among
'
Figures on Its Development." This brochure, annually revised and brought up to date, is prepared under the direction of the bureau of commerce and industry of the Argentine Department of Agriculture, and Sr. Don Ricardo Pillado, the director general of that bureau, is deserving of praise for the practical arrangement and the wide range
of useful data
which
it
contains.
glance at the table of contents
In its 60 pages there is presented in succinct form information on the total international trade for the past 20 years, percentage of increase, balance of trade, development of agricultural and animal products, trade routes, area, and population of Provinces and Territories, while numerous graphic
reveals the value of this compilation.
charts enhance the value and usefulness of these statistics.
MINISTER CALDERON
ADDRESS TO THE AMERICAN PEOPLE.
Seldom has a Latin American diplomat had greater opportunity to study at first hand the spirit and ideals of the people of the United States than the minister from Bolivia, Sr. Don Ignacio Calder6n. Seldom has such a representative allowed the people to hear his frankly ouspoken and sincere opinion. But Sr. Calderon, in the Washington Star of July 12, 1914, has given to the world his maturely formed interpretation of the people of the United States, and it is a statement that should be read by all, especially those who only faintheartedly believe that American and active. Sr. Calderon says:
Pan American ideals are vigorous
The true spirit of democracy exists in finer flower here (in the United States) than in any other nation on earth. You have shown to the world that you do not desire to have even the appearance of national selfishness in your intercourse with other nations. The United States has put the cynic to confusion and the pessimist to utter rout. The world has faith in your right-mindedness. Latin American countries are fast realizing that the inteiests of the American Republics are identical, and that our political aspiraThe spirit of neighborliness, resulting from increased intercommunication, has grown with the spirit of democracy. Both are to be fostered by the greater intercommunication which will result from the opening of the Panama canal.
tions are the same.
The
final success of
republican institutions, the community
of ideals
and
aspirations,
establishes a very strong
bond
of solidarity
among
all
the Republics.
But the quotations could be prolonged far beyond the limits of the Bulletin page. This is only a glimpse into the scholarly thought of one of the truest advocates on the Pan American idea. The thanks
of
America, indeed of
all
the world, are due Sr. Calderon for his

to be
clear optimism,
and
it is
hoped that others
will
be strength-
ened into his sturdy faith by knowing how much acuteness of vision lies behind it.
HON. BOAZ W. LONG,

Envoy
extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of the United States to the Republic of Salvador.
Mr. Long, who has been honored with the appointment of minister to Salvador, was chief of the Division of Latin American Affairs in the Department of State since May 14, 1913. Born in AVarsaw, Ind., September 27, 1876, he was educated in the public schools of Indiana, New Mexico, and Michigan, at Wentworth Military Academy, Lexington, Mo., and at St. Michael College, Santa Fe, N. Mex. Since leaving college Mr. Long has engaged in busmess which brought him into intimate association with the countries south of the Rio Grande.
Photograph by Harr^s-Ewing.
HON. WILLIAM WOODVILLE ROCKHILL,

American diplomat who has become foreign Adviser
to the
Republic
of China.
PAN AMEEICAN NOTES.

EDUCATORS TOURING SOUTH AMERICA..
297
In the February number of the Bulletin announcement was made that, under the auspices of the American Association for International Concihation, a group of representatives from educational institutions in the United States would visit cities of South America for purposes This tour is now nearing its end, as the of friendship and study.
company
is
expected back in
New York
on August
20,
and
it is
pleasure to offer greetings on their safe return and congratulations on Dr. Harry Erwin Bard, the the successful outcome of their mission.
careful guide
Pan American division of the association, has been a and has everywhere found a cordial reception and cooperation with his plans. Newspaper accourts are now arriving, with details of the tour. Several, sent througn the kindness of Hon. Edwin V. Morgan, the United States ambassador at Rio de Janerio, give enthusiastic reports of the visit and of the interest aroused The same appreciation of the motives while in Rio and Sao Paulo. and the same desire to reciprocate in the movement are manifested in Undoubtedly next winter will see a further extenthe other capitals.
director of the
sion of the plans of this division of the American'Association for Inter-
national Conciliation.
Plarry Erwin Bard, director,
The personnel of the party was as follows: Pan American division of the American
Association for International Concihation, New York; Percy Bentley Burnet, director of foreign languages. Manual Training High School, Kansas City, Mo. John DriscoU Fitz-Gerald, assistant professor of
;
romance languages. University

Goodell,
sity of
of Illinois,
Urbana,
111.;
Reginald R.
professor
of
Spanish,
Simmons CoUege, Boston, Mass.;

;
Chester Lloyd Jones, associate professor of political science, UniverWisconsm, Madison, Wis. J. B. Lockey," principal, high school, Pensacola, Fla. Frederick Bliss Luquiens, professor of Spanish, Yale
;
New Haven, Conn.; Leon Carroll Marshall, professor of economy. University of Chicago, Chicago, 111.; WiUiam Thomas Morrey, head of the department of history, Bushwick High School, Brooklyn, N. Y. Clark Edmund Persinger, professor of history, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebr. Edward Guy Snider, instructor of economics, CoUege of the City of New York, N. Y. Allan H. Willett, professor of economics, Carnegie Institute of Technology,
University,
political
;
; ;
Pittsburgh, Pa.
THE retiring MINISTER OF~COSTA

It
is
RICA.
with deep regret that the Bulletin must announce the retirement of the senior member of the governing board, the minister of Costa Rica to the United States, Sr. Don Joaquin Bernardo Calvo. Sr. Calvo began his participation in the work of what is now the governing board of the Pan American Union on his appointment as minister in Washington, on January 5, 1899. This means more than 52611 Bull. 214
PAN AMERICAN NOTES.
299
15 continuous years of personal interest and unflagging devotion to
the cause for which the

efforts in that regard,
Pan American Union
exists.
But
Sr. Calvo's
always as a representative of his native country, date far prior to his official membership in the governing board. His knowledge of the organization began at its birth in Washington, for he was secretary of the Costa Eican delegation to the International American Conference there in 1889. Again he was charge d'affaires of Costa Rica at Washington in 1892. Later Sr. Calvo was appointed as minister resident to the United States (1896), being accredited since 1898 to Mexico as well. In 1899 he was raised to the rank he occupied to the date of his retirement, and during this period, in 1901-2, he was the Costa Rican delegate to the Second International American Conference in Mexico. In 1907 he was the Costa Rican representative at the Central American Peace Conference, held in Washington at the invitation of Senator Elihu Root, at that time Secretary of State. A public man, a statesman, and a patriot, Sr. Calvo has made warm friends and admirers wherever he has been known. The entire staff of the Pan American Union will miss him, and through the Bulletin takes this opportunity of wishing him an equally honored success in whatever path destiny may lead him.
THE PEACE TREATIES WITH LATIN AMERICAN REPUBLICS.
The Secretary
on
of State of the
United States
is
to be congratulated
his success in securing the accord of so
many
countries to his
movement toward
ship.
international peace, and to the recognition of
the value of his idea, embodied in the treaties of peace and friendAlready 20 nations have accepted these treaties, and, it is
to
It is be noted, 14 of them are Republics of Latin America. Salvador to record the dates of these acceptances. came first, on August 7, 1913; then Guatemala and Panama, September 20, 1913; Honduras, November 3, 1913; and Nicaragua, December 13, 1914. So far, during 1914, the sequence was Bolivia, January 22; Costa Rica, February 13; Dominican Republic, February 17; Venezuela, March 21; Peru, July 24; Uruguay, July 20; and Argentina, Brazil, and Chile on the same date, July 24. Latin American countries have from the beginnmg been foremost in the advocacy and practical recognition of the principles of arbitration, and in this instance they once more show their faith in the ideals which alone can
interesting
lead to the best results in civilization.
UNITED STATES BANKS IN SOUTH AMERICA.
More than once has
editorial
mention
in the
Bulletin been made

this
in regard to the advantages of direct banking facilities between
North and South America.
Support has also in
way been
given
PAUL WITHER LOUDON, DARTMOUTH, 1914, WINNER OF THE BARRETT ALL-ROUND ACHIEVEMENT PRIZE.
Mr.
Loudon has the distinction of being the first winner of the John Barrett (Dartmouth, 1889) AU-Round Achievement medal. His name is the first to be inscribed on the silver cup, the permanent trophy, which remains with the college. Mr. Loudon is from North Troy, N. Y.
302
to the opinion frequently expressed by astute travelers returning from South America that there was an evident demand in many parts of South America for more intimate banking connections between the two continents. It is gratifying to announce, therefore, that practical steps are being taken to meet the requirements. Since the passage of the new banking law, whereby United States banks
are
now
at liberty to establish branches in foreign territory, increased
interest has been aroused,

is
and the National City Bank of New York on the point of widening its activities by establishing branches at Rio de Janeiro and Buenos Aires. Mr. B. O. Bailey, formerly assistant secretary of the United States Treasury, and Mi\ James Martine, have just left New York for South America, and will act in behalf of the National City Bank. Although their first official duties will naturally be directed to the foundation of the branches in Rio and Buenos Aires, it is almost certain that Montevideo, Santiago, and Lima will be considered in line, and that other important financial centers will receive attention. That unanimous approval is accorded this movement is shown by the very many letters sent by manufacturers and commercial interests from all parts of the country com-
mending the National City Bank for its enterprise. The Bulletin wishes to add its congratulations to the others and to express the opinion that undoubtedly this movement will do much to increase the growing friendship among the American nations.
LATIN AMERICA AT THE STUDENT CONFERENCES.
The conferences for college and university men which were held at Lake Geneva, Wis., June 12-21, 1914, and at East Northfield,
Mass., June 19-28, 1914, were marked by that same enthusiasm, good fellowship, and practical service as are characteristic of student gatherings. The special section devoted to students from the countries of South and Central America, Mexico, Cuba, Porto Rico, and the Philippines proved so popular last year that similar divisions were held this year at both Lake Geneva and at Northfield. Many of the speakers who addressed the groups at Wisconsin also attended the Northfield conference. Among the speakers were Dr. Charles E. Jefferson, Dr. John R. Mott, Dr. Robert E. Speer, Prof. Servando y Esquivel, and Sr. Don Jose U. Escobar, of Mexico Charles D. Hurrey, Raymond Robins, E. T. Colton, C. M. Spinning, A. E. Turner, A. W. Stevenson, and H. O. Sandberg of the Pan American Union staff, who attended the Northfield gathering. At Lake Geneva the Latin American division consisted of about 50 young men
;
studying in the various

following
is
higher^:,
institutions in this country.
The
list of
those present and the countries represented
E. R. O'Connor, Fenelon Arias, N. J. Bolster, of Argentina; George Gonzalez, of Bolivia; Jacy T. de Souza, Joao Salerno, O. Mendouca,
PAN AMEKICAN NOTES.
3 OS
R. G. Westerman, R. E. Martins, Aristides Monteiro, Agusto Barradas, Manuel de Lima, Antonio de Macedo Costa, S. B. Bastos, Benjamin Barradas, of Brazil; Eugene Gellona, of Chile; A. E. Burbano, of
Colombia;
Carbajal, Diego Rivero,
Rafael Lagarde, Oscar Cuba; T. L. Collignon, Abel Cantu, Juan Zozaya, Juan B. Medina, Delfido Cordova, of Mexico; E. R.
Guill. Gallegos,
of
Costa Rica;
jr.,
of
Patron,
C.
Thomas Buckley, Luis Y.
Mazzini, A. C. Maurier, of Peru;
E. D. Aguilar, Sixto A, Francisco, Marcelino A. Asuzano, Feliciano
Sambito, Agapito O. Goa, Vicente Fabella, Eulogio Benitez, Salvador Unson, Tomas Confesor, E. E. Fabiano, Alfredo Ramos, Jose Delfin, F. Sariben, Pedro Apacible, Mariano Osmena, Gabriel Manalac, of Philippine Islands; Jose Margarida, of Porto Rico;
Samuel Martinez, of Spain. At Northfield there were about 20 students at the Latin American section and this group was the recipient of special courtesies and attentions. It was gratifying to note the enthusiastic applause which greeted the delegation as it entered the vast assembly haU on the night of the great celebration. Though there were present on
that occasion nearly 1,000 delegates, representing Europe, China, Japan, North and South America, from 100 leading colleges, universities, and preparatory schools of the United States, few of the groups were so loudly and frequently cheered as was the Latin American delegation. It is indeed a significant sign of the times when the young college man of the United States recognizes the true merit of his fellow students from the southern continent, and appreciates the value of developing close ties of friendship and confraternity with them. During the conference the delegates from West Point tendered a special reception in honor of the Latin American delegates who reciprocated the courtesy a few days later. The delegates at the Northfield conference included: Hippolyto G. Souto, T. B. Cavalcanti, F. H. de Oliveira, A. J. Pompeia, of Brazil; Manuel J. Puente, Juan C. Zamora, E. C. Castellanos, Angel B. Lagueruela, of Cuba; S. Y. Esquivel, Manuel Barranco, Jose U. Escobar, J. F. Peralta, of Mexico; Hector Lopez, of Nicaragua; Herbert H. Mencia, Salvador Meza, of Salvador; J. Luis Canas, B. Quintero, of Venezuela; Pedro Labadia, of the PhiUppine Islands; Balbino R. Flores, of Porto Rico.
COMMENCEMENT EXERCISES AT DARTMOUTH COLLEGE.

events of unusual interest marked the annual commencement exercises of Dartmouth College during the latter part of June, viz, the formal presentation and opening of Robinson HaU, and the award of the aU-round achievement medal to Mr. Paul Witmer Loudon, of North Troy, New York, of the graduating class. This prize, fully described in the July issue of the Bulletin, was established by the
Two
El Ldpiz.
DATOS CURIOSOS. APUNTAMIENTOS DF CAETEKA. MISCELANEAS.
NUMERO EXTRAORDINARIO.
Trlbuto de
admiracion a
el
la
gran Bepublica
del Norte,
con motivo de
cumpJirse en
corrientc
auo
prinicr centcnario de su Constihicmi.
17
DE SETIEMBRE DE
1787.
17
DE SETIEMBRE DE
1887.
Nkw-Hampshire.
Juan
I.anpdoii.
Gilniaii.
CONSTITUCIO^' DE LOS ESTADOS 0XIDOS
Gunning Bedford. Juan Dickinson.

Ricardo Bassett. Jacobo ..Broom.
Nicolas
Massachusetts,
Nataniel Gorhaiii.
Maryland.
Jaime M' Henry.
Daniel de St.
Jenifer.
Kufp
Keiig.
Connecticut. Gnillermo Samuel

Johnson. Eogerio Sherman.
Tom^s
Daniel Carroll. Virginia.
Ntjeva-York.
Alejandro Hamilton.
Juan Blair. Jaime Madison.
Nueva-.Iersey.
Guillermo Livingston.
Carolina del Norte.

Guillermo Blount. Ricardo Dobbs Spaight
David Brearly. Guillermo Patterson. Jonatan Dayton.
Hugo
Carlos
'Williamson.
Pensylvania. Benjamin Franklin.
Carolina del Sur. Juan Rutledge.

Cotesworth Pinckney.
Carlos Pinckney. Pierce Rutler.
Tomas Tomas
.lared
Mifflin.
Roberto Morris. Jorge Clymer

Fitzsimons.
Ingersoll.
Georgia.
Guillermo Few,
Jaime Wilson. Gobernadov Morris.
Abraham
Baldvin.
Delaware.
Jorge Read.
JOKGE WASHINGTON,
Fresidfiite,
Certifico
Gnillermo Jackson.
Secretaiio.
y dipntado de Virc
Merida (VtMiezuela),
de Julio de 1887.
Tulio Fcbres Cordero. (Impi'esor)
A UNIQUE PICTURE OF WASHINGTON.

This curious picture represents the preamble to the Constitution of the United States, translated into Spanish, and cleverly arranged to form the head of George Washington. It is the work of Senor Don Tulio Febres Cordero, of Merida, Venezuela, who over a quarter of a century ago (1887) published a special edition of 300 copies of the picture. Recently Sr. Cordero sent to the Pan American Union the last available copy of that valued issue.
PAN AMEBIC A
director general,
class of 1889.
jST
NOTES.
305
John Barrett, who is an alumnus of Dartmouth, Elsewhere in this issue there is pubhshed a picture of Mr. Loudon, who enjoys the unique distinction of being the first recipient of the gold medal and of having his name head the column on the silver cup which remains as a permanent possession of the The new hall which was dedicated is named for Mr. Wallace college. F. Robinson, a^prominent business man of New England who donated
the funds for
intellectual,
its erection.
It will serve as a center for the social,
and
artistic activities of the
gymnasium does
to be
literary circles,
for the athletic interests.
student body just as the Among the organizations
housed here will be the student pubhcations, language clubs, and the dramatic and musical clubs.
THE SIXTH PAN AMERICAN MEDICAL CONGRESS WILL MEET IN SAN

FRANCISCO.
The committee on medical program
of the Panama-Pacific Inter-
national Exposition, at the suggestion of a number of medical societies, has set apart the period from June 14 to July 3, 1915, to be known as It is expected that during this the "Exposition medical period."
number of the leading medical societies and associations of the world will convene in San Francisco in the halls and auditoriums at the Exposition grounds set apart for this purpose. Among others, it is expected that the American Medical Association will hold its annual One of the first acceptsession during the week beginning June 21. ances of the invitation sent out by the Exposition officials was that of the Sixth Pan American Medical Congress. Notice of the acceptance of this invitation was received early in June by Mr. James A. Barr, director of congresses of the Exposition, from Dr. Leonidas Avendano, of Lima, Peru. This congress is composed of the leading medical practitioners of Latin America and will be in session at the Exposition probably during the week beginning Monday, June 28, 1915.
period a
POSTPONE STUDENT CONGRESS AT CHILE.
The Fourth International Congress was to have taken place at Santiago,
of
American Students which
September, has been indefinitely postponed, according to an announcement just received from the Legation of Chile at Washington.
Chile, during
SUBJECT MATTER DE CONSULAR REPORTS.

REPORTS RECEIVED TO JULY
26,
1914.
ARGENTINA.
Year Book
Report
of
Buenos Aires
works
Duties on automobiles and
Apr
18.
8.
of minister of public
Automobiles.
May May
11.
R. M. Bartleman, consul general, Buenos Aires. Do. William Dawson, jr., consul,
Rosario.
Fire department of Buenos Aires.
R. M. Bartleman, consul gen-
Breweries in Argentina, 1914.
Glue
(Publication.)
..
May
insurance compani
13.
eral, Buenos Aires. Do. William Dawson, jr., consul,
Rosario.
Sanitary drinking cups
Bank and
May;
..do.
Shoe trade and industry
Do. R. M. Bartleman, consul general, Buenos Aires. William Dawson, jr., consul, Do. Do. R. M. Bartleman, consul general, Buenos Aires. William Dawson, jr., consul,
Rosario.
Rat and roach paste Bank and office supplies

Exports
for orders (publication).
May
May
18.
..do...
23.
Gasoline lighting
May 27. May 29.

June June June June
1. 2.
6. 8.
Moving-picture machines Foreign trade for first three months of 1914
Tallow and grease Bakers' machinery Argentine commerce for quarter ended
Sale of canned
Mar'. 31, 1914 (publication)
Do. Do. Do. Do. R. M. Bartleman, consul general,
Buenos
Aires.
May
possibilities,
10.
Albro L. Burnell, vice consul general in charge, Rio de

Janeiro. Julius G. Lay, consul general, Rio de Janeiro.
Manufacturuig
branch
factories.
May
May May
11.
Railroad construction Suspenders and garters.
14. 15.
"Matte"
'.'.'.'.'..'..'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.
Regarding establishment of envelope factory Horseshoes, duty Glue imports, and factories (1912)
Fuel
Salt
oil
1
..do... ..do...
May
May
19.
..do...

Julius G. Lay, consul general, Rio de Janeiro.
coal.
Importers
of groceries
List of dealers ia diamonds and other precious stones. lapidaries. Exporters of tallow and grease
List of
June 2 . do...
Do. Do. Do.

Geo. H. PickereU, consul. Para. Julius G. Lay, consul general, Rio de Janeiro. Geo. H. PickereU, consul. Para.
June June
June
3
4
Leather
Milk
5 6 8
Exports of crude rubber. Trade extension

Municipal government in Rio.
Importation
Fire department of iron
June June
Do.
Maddin \ Summers,
Santos.'
consul,
Julius G. Lay, consul general, Rio de Janeiro.
and
steel, 1912-13
Jime 11 June 15
Do.
Maddin
Summers,
consul,
May
Nitrate of soda Sale of nitrate lands
15
Alfred A. Winslow, consul, Valparaiso.
May
.
16
..do...
Trade extension
Barrel staves
do...
19
and headings.
Box shooks
American law books
Freight rates
May
..do ..do....
May
22
Railway supplies
1
..do....
Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do.
This does not represent a complete list of the reports made by the consular officers in Latin America, but merely those that are supplied to the Pan American Union as likely to be of service to this organization.
306
308

Reports received
to
July 25, 1914
Continued.
Title.
.'"-.a
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310
THE PAN
Reports received
to
AMEEICAlSr UNION.
July 25, 1914
Continued.
Fenoing wire,
free ol
duty.
May
17
E. M. Lawton. consul, Tegu-
Dry goods
Leather
stores
Motor cycles Oil in Honduras (Decree No. 80) Report on commerce and industries
Moving-pictm-e shows
May 26 May 27 May 28 May 30

for 1913
Do. Do. Do. Do.
June June June

..do
2
4
David
J. D. Myers, consul, Puerto Cortes. E. M. Lawton, consul, Tegu-
cigalpa.
Baking machinery (no market)

Ice plants
10
Pumps
Overalls.
List of merchants.
June 17 June 22 Jime

23
Do. Do. Do. John A.

lar agent,
Gamon,
consul,
Motors
List of cattle producers
Puerto Cortes. A. R. Gordon, acting consu-
San Juancito.
and druggists
June 29
John
Commerce and
lands
industries for 1913
June 30
July
10
A. Gamon, consul, Puerto Cortes. E. M. Lawton, consul, Tegucigalpa.
Do.
T.
C.
MEXICO.
Typewriters
Overalls
May
June
30
9
Hamm,
consul,
Dm-ango. Louis Hostetter, consul, Her-
Whisky
traffic
June 22
.
Overalls.
Bicycles and motor cycles
June 25 June
7
Marion Letcher, consul, Chi huahua. Do.

Harold
Paul
NICARAGUA.
Trade extension.
List o f merchants
.
D.
Clum,
consul,
Corinto.
PANAMA.
Automobile
service.
.
consular Osterhout, agent, Bocas del Toro.
Tennis or raquet clubs Trade conditions

Gasoline lighting
Electric
...do...
Do.
June
Alban G. Snyder, consul general, Panama.

Frederick L.
Herron,
vice
vaccum
cleaners
Jrme
..do
13
Overalls
Detachable rowboat motors
June
17
and deputy consul, Colon. Do. Do. Do.

William
Do. Do. Do.
PERU.
Annual report on
trade,
commerce, and finance
for
year 1913
May
29
W.
Handley, consul
general, Callao.
Visit of Business Men's
New national theater

Commerce and
Office supplies
for
League of St. Louis Lima, Peru
to
Peru
,
May
30
California tinned fruit products
June 6 June 12
URUGUAY.
industries for 1913
May May
June
4
26
11
Ralph
J.
Totten,
consul,
Requirements and conditions for registering foreign medicine titles in Uruguay. VENEZUELA.
Cycle cars
Moving-picture machines... Bicycle dealers; automobile Bakers' machinery Iron castings Cotton manufacturing
Montevideo. Do. Albert G. Ebert, vice consul, Montevideo.
May
May
, ,
Thomas W. Voetter, La Guaira.

25
consul.
..do...
..do...
June
..do...
,
Canned fruits Pumps. Gut strings and musical instruments Trade extension Cold-storage machinery
Steel bridges, etc Credit to flour importers
June
..do... ..do... ..do...,
June
..do...,
W indmills
Hats.
June June June

,
..do..., ..do...,
15 10
Supplies for railroad or highway construction
Tallow
Flour
Shirts
and overall Trade extension
suits
..do... ..do...
Vacuum
Oil
cleaners
June 17 June 22
..do...
Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. .Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do.
COMMEICE OF PAIAGUAY
FOI 191
THE
increase
foreign commerce of Paraguay for 1913, according to the report of Sr. C. Ruiz, director of customs, was Imports (six
:
months) 3,665,021.60 pesos gold; exports, 5,630,929.13 pesos gold. In the message of President Schaerer to the National Congress, delivered on April 1, 1914, the total imports for the year
are estimated at 7,908,815.45 pesos gold.
On
this estimate the total
foreign trade
amounted
1912
of
to
13,539,744.58 pesos gold.
This
is
an
in
over
3,953,421.09
pesos 2,558,215.32 pesos
imports and 1,395,205.77 in exports. Estimating the gold peso at 97 cents United States currency, the value of the foreign trade of Paraguay in 1913 was: Imports, $7,671,551; exports, $5,462,001; total, $13,133,552. Increase over 1912 of $2,481,469 in imports, $1,353,350 in exports, or a total increase of $3,834,819.
The imports by countries for the years 1909, 1910, 1911, 1912, and 1913 (six months), were as foUows:
PARAGUAY.
313
1909, 1910,
The imports by major
classifications for the years
1911, 1912, and 1913 (six months) were as follows:
1909
PARAGUAY.
315
the United States, 84,550 from Belgium, 36,362 from France, 34,233 from Argentina, and 11,168 from Austria-Hungary; 1913 (six months), total imports, 650,381 pesos, of which 244,335 from Germany, 242,392 from the United Kingdom, 95,558 from the United States, 27,722 from Belgium, 23,762 from Argentina, and 6,511 from
France.
Fancy goods and notions: 1912, total imports, 394,318 pesos,, of which 178,028 from Germany, 63,082 from the United Kingdom, 20,586 from Argentina, 19,316 from Spain, 16,880 from Italy, and 4,610 from the United States; 1913 (six months), total imports, 255,432 pesos, of which 116,292 from Germany, 59,107 from the United Kingdom, 46,899 from France, 11,725 from Italy, 9,500 from Argentina, 5,303 from Spain, and 2,037 from the United States. Wines, spirits, etc.: 1912, total imports, 391,858 pesos, of which 198,155 from Spain, 63,423 from Italy, 62,835 from France, 11,896 from Germany, 11,591 from the United Kingdom, and 6,699 from Portugal; 1913 (six months), total imports, 192,777, of which 96,066 from Spain, 38,990 from Italy, 36,085 from France, 6,822 from the United Kingdom, 6,211 from Germany, and 3,347 from the Netherlands.
Drugs and chemicals: 1912, total imports, 222,928 pesos, of which 50,711 from Germany, 45,805 from the United Kingdom, 43,766 from the United States, 34,283 from France, 14,706 from Argentina, and
5,878 from
pesos, of
Belgium; 1913
(six
months), total imports, 138,330
which 32,045 from Germany, 30,082 from the United States, 28,590 from France, 28,022 from the United Kingdom, 8,026 from Argentina, and 5,285 from Italy. Ready-made clothing: 1912, total imports, 99,291 pesos, of which 37,798 from Germany, 21,042 from Argentina, 13,800 from the United Kingdom, 12,630 from France, 8,306 from Spain, and 5,043 from Italy; 1913 (six months), total imports, 91,821 pesos, of which 41,844 from Argentina, 22,613 from Germany, 12,267 from France, 7,286 from the United Kingdom, and 4,471 from Spain. Hats: 1912, total imports, 75,122 pesos, of which 37,945 from Italy, 8,527 from Germany, 8,379 from the United Kingdom, and 4,678 from France; 1913 (six months), total imports, 61,682 pesos, of which 42,666 from Italy, 6,257 from France, 3,765 from Germany, and 3,129 from the United Kingdom. The animals are all imported from Argentina, the glass and chinaware and hides and skins are principally from Germany, electrical supplies from Germany and Italy, musical instruments from Germany and Spain, boots and shoes from Germany and the United States, and firearms and ammunition from the United States and Germany.
i-aocTxaiAo âasuL-^v
PARAGUAY.
EXPORTS.
317
The exports by countries

1913 were as follows:
for the years 1909, 1910, 1911, 1912,
and
318
THE
PAN"
AMERICAN UNION.
Yerba mate: 1912, total exports, 500,998 pesos, of which 485,993 to Argentina, and 15,005 to Uruguay; 1913 (six months), total exports, 422,829 pesos, of which 416,324 to Argentina, and 6,486 to Uruguay. Fresh fruits: 1912, total exports, 1,283,962 pesos, of which 722,144 to Argentina, 412,320 to Uruguay, 86,624 to Germany, 33,473 to
France, and 17,364 to Brazil; 1913 (six months), 399,917 pesos, of which 171,107 to Uruguay, 149,491 to Argentina, 36,621 to Germany, and 21,325 to France. Live animals: 1912, total exports, 48,640 pesos, of which 46,850 to
Argentina; 1913 Argentina.
(six
months), total exports 375,340 pesos,
all
to
Tobacco: 1912, total exports, 442,440 pesos, of which 236,381 to Argentina, 152,308 to Germany, and 28,082 to Uruguay; 1913 (six months), total exports, 201,831 pesos, of which 132,885 to Germany,
55,572 toÂrgentina, and 13,374 to Uruguay.
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC
The last CENSUS OF THE NiVTIONAL TERRITORIES of the Argentine RepubHc shows a population of 358,738, as compared with 103,369 in 1895. During the latter year the number of hectares of land under cultivation in the National Territories was 44,904, as compared with 3,075,675 at the present time.
The
capital invested in
industry and commerce in these territories in 1895 aggregated 9,166,933 pesos, as compared with 95,973,864 pesos in 1914. The value of stock, in round numbers, in the National Territories in 1895 was 132,000,000 gold, as compared with $170,000,000 gold, at the present
The Argentine Republic occupies the first place among the number of kilometers of RAILWAYS in operation, and the ninth place among the countries of the world. The total length of the railways of Argentina at the present
time.
countries of South America in the
time
is
1913, or an increase of about 3 per cent.

tively, at the ports of
35,259 kilometers, 917 kilometers of which were constructed in Of the three railways operat-
ing in the southern part of the Republic, with headquarters, respec-
San Antonio, Deseado, and Comodoro Rivadavia, the line running into the latter port, which is the principal center of the petroleum industry of the Republic, has used oil as a fuel for a period
of five years
panies have
with the most satisfactory results. Private railway comnow under construction 832 kilometers of line throughout the country, as weU as a number of improvements of great importo the city of
tance, such, for instance, as the tunnel entrance of the
way
Buenos Aires and the
electrification of
Imes and railways entering the Federal Capital. Railway has been granted permission to extend its lines into the city The total capital of the railways of the nation at of Buenos Aires.
the present time aggregates 742,648, 113 gold pesos ($716,655,429). The Argentine Government is at present constructing fourteen IRRI-
Western Railsuburban The Entre Rios
GATION
projects, consisting of canals, dams, etc., the most important of which are the Neuquen Dike, the Upper Negro River Canal, and the Tercero River works. Three large Government irrigation
works are now under exploitation, two of which were completed last In 1913 the AREA UNDER CULTIVATION in the Argenyear. tine Republic amounted to 24,091,726 hectares, or 1,104,000 hectares The Pacific Steam Navigation Co. has extended more than in 1912. its freight, passenger, and MAIL SERVICE from Liverpool to Panama, via the Atlantic and Pacific Coasts of South America, with stops at Montevideo, from which place connection is made with Buenos Aires and River Plate ports. A fleet of nine vessels is to be used in this
319
320
service.
The Orcoma, the first steamer engaged in this traffic, reached Montevideo from Liverpool early in June last, sailing from Montevideo on Jmie 6 for Port Stanley, Punta Arenas, Coronel, Talcahuano, Valparaiso, Coquimbo, Antofagasta, Iquique, Arica, MoUendo, CaUao, Salaberry, Pacasmayo, Iten, Paita, and Panama, at which port it was scheduled to arrive on July 3 last. At Panama connection will be made with the Tagua, Thames, and other vessels engaged in the The FOREIGN COMMERCE of service from Colon to Europe. the Argentine Republic during the first quarter of 1914 amounted to $0.9647), made up of 217,101,295 Argentine gold pesos (gold peso imports 95,152,179 gold pesos, and exports 121,949,116 gold pesos, or an excess of exports over imports of 26,796,937 gold pesos. In this commerce the imports from the United States amounted to 11,853,756 gold pesos, and the exports to the United States, 13,824,275 pesos, or a total commerce of 25,678,031 gold pesos. The exports to the United States were 140 per cent more than those of the same period of 1913.
The
EXPORTS OF TIN
from Boh via
to Great Britain in 1913,
according to figures compiled from Enghsh sources, aggregated 35,211 tons, valued at 3,457,253. The exports of tin to Great Britain, credited to other South American Repubhcs, during the same period, were as follows: Chile, 9,690 tons, valued at 805,198; Peru, 504 tons, valued at 46,539, and Argentina, 411 tons, valued at
38,463. The total exports of tin from South America to Great BritEl Norte, ain in 1913 aggregated 45,816 tons, valued at 4,327,450. an important daily newspaper of La Paz, in commenting upon these
figures, states that in reality all of this tin
livia, credit
probably came from Bobeing given in the English statistics to the other countries because the exports were made through Chilean, Peruvian, and The legation of BoUvia in Buenos Aires has Argentine ports informed the Department of Foreign Relations of the Argentine Government that the Government of Bolivia adheres to the conventions and resolutions of the FOURTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE held in Buenos Aires in July and August, 1910. The Department of Foreign Relations of Argentina has notified accordingly the other Governments which took part in said conference. Three
.^
WIRELESS TELEGRAPH stations have recently been installed in the Bohvian Chaco (northeast Bohvia) at Fort Balhvian, Fort D'Orbigni, and Caiza. Two other stations are being erected, one at Esteros and another at Magarinos. A tariff for the transmission of
BRAZIL.
wireless messages, in connection with the regular telegraph
321
system of be issued under the approval of the^Department of War. It is proposed at a later date to establish wireless stations at Trinidad, Riberalta, Abuna, and other frontier towns, as well as at Santa Cruz and Puerto Suarez. ^The first Bolivian AERIAL CLUB was recently organized at the Mihtary College in La Paz. The municipal board of Viacha has taken steps to increase the supply of POTABLE WATER for that town. Manuel Vicente BalUvian and Arturo Posnansky have been appointed by the President of Bolivia chairman and secretary, respectively, of the Bolivian organizing committee of the Nineteenth International CONGRESS OF AMERICANISTS which will meet in La Paz in November of the present year. The Eighteenth International Congress of Americanists, which met in London in June, 1912, selected Washington, D. C, and La Paz, Bohvia, as the places where the Nineteenth Congress of Americanists is to be held in October and November, 1914. During the sessions of this Congress in La Paz, the celebrated Bohvian ruins of Tiahuanacu will be visited.The municipal council of the city of Potosi is negotiating for the purchase of the ELECTRIC light and power plant of that city. The price asked for the plant is
the Repubhc,
is
to
900,000 bolivianos ($350,000). A most interesting illustration of the improved RAILWAY FACILITIES now enjoyed by Bohvia
was recently shown when there arrived at the port of Arica from the United States a shipment of 460 tons of flour for La Paz and 200 tons for Corocoro. This shipment was discharged on Monday afternoon and loaded on 23 cars; the following day it started for Bolivia, several trains being used on account of the heavy grades of the railway, and by Wednesday all of the cargo had arrived in La Paz or was on its way to destination. The local newspapers comment on the quick service and contrast it with the long and tedious transportation methods that prevailed only a few years ago.
According to a recent MESSAGE of the President of the Republic railway construction increased in Brazil in 1913 to the extent of 2,303 kilometers, making the total number of kilometers now built 24,589. There was a decrease in the deficit of the Central Railway in 1913 of 6,000 contos ($1,945,200), and the expenses of construction during the same year were 18,500 contos ($5,997,700). A loan of 11,000,000 ($53,460,000) has been negotiated through the Rothschilds, thereby providing funds to be used in September next to redeem the paper
322
currency.
The foreign debt in 1913 amounted to 103,772,780, and the internal debt to 726,747. The imports in 1913 amounted to -The alumni 1,007,495 contos and the exports to 972,730 contos.
law school at Rio de Janeiro designated Pedro Rio Apa and Pedro Galvao to represent them at the Fourth CONGRESS OF STUDENTS which was to have been held at Santiago de Chile in SepThe AVIATION school of the Government of Brazil in Rio tember. de Janeiro is equipped with seven monoplanes of from 25 to 50 horsepower; three 50-horsepower biplanes, and two hydroplanes. At the opening of the naval and war colleges in Rio de Janeiro on June 11, public exhibitions were given in aerial navigation by experienced The Congress of the State of Parana has authorized the aviators.
of the
to contract for the establishment of a CREDIT BANK The with a guarantee of 6 per cent on 4,000,000 for 30 years. Academy of Medicine of Rio de Janeiro has presented Dr. Oswaldo Cruz, an eminent Brazilian physician, vdth the medal awarded him In by the Medical Congress recently held in Bello Horizonte. commemoration of the anniversary of the abohtion of slavery in Brazil,
Government
the corner stone of the
MONUMENT
13
last.
to
Joaquim Nabuco was

wireless
laid at
Pernambuco on May
Brazilian
telegraph
operator has invented a WIRELESS DETECTOR, by the use of which a more perfect wireless communication has been estabHshed between Press Rio de Janeiro and the north and south of the RepubHc. reports state that the Government of Brazil has decided to increase the subvention of the Amazon Steam Navigation Co. for the purpose of enabling that corporation to continue its service in the Amazon The minister of Uruguay in Rio de Janeiro has advised the River.minister of pubhc works of the
of
Government
of Brazil that
new
lines
RAILWAY TRAFFIC
countries.
soon be inaugurated between the two The Congress of Brazil has approved the WIRELESS
will
conclusions of the
subscribed in London in 1912, the held at The Hague in 1911, and the recommendations of the Agricultural Congress held in MontePaul Pestana, a Brazihan economist, has just video in 1912.
TELEGRAPH CONVENTION
Opium Congress
published statistics showing that the POPULATION of Brazil increased from 1,150,000 inhabitants in 1822 to 23,000,000 in 1912. The immigration into Brazil in 1854 was 1,682, as compared vdth
180,182 in 1912. In 1894 there were 14 kilometers of railway in the Repubhc, as compared vdth 24,589 at the beginning of 1914. In 1870 there were 1,450 kilometers of telegraph lines, as compared with 33,962 in 1912. The maritime traffic of Brazil in 1840 was 1,417,491 The exports of tons, as compared with 52,926,225 tons in 1912. coffee in 1822 were 13,515 tons, as compared with 724,818 tons in 1912. The exports of rubber in 1827 were 31 tons, as compared with 42,286
in 1912.
Miss Hedy Racema, a Brazihan a gold medal by the Bavarian Government.
artist,
has been awarded
In 1912 the pieces of domestic IVIAIL handled in the Kepublic 67,541,902, as compared with 69,977,737 in 1913. The pieces of foreign mail dispatched abroad in 1913 numbered 5,459,312. The gross receipts from the domestic mail service in 1913 aggregated 3,498,144.04 pesos, and those of the foreign mail service 830,239.85 pesos. In 1913 international parcel-post packages to the number of 311,478 were received in the Eepublic. The domestic money-order business in 1913 amounted to 54,261,861.73 pesos. The Chilean postal deficit for last year was 627,928.42 pesos. The Government of Chile has ratified the WIKELESS TELEGKAPH conven-
numbered
tion subscribed to in
London
in July, 1912.
Wireless telegraph sta-
tions at Antofagasta, Valparaiso,
opened
to public service.
and Punta Arenas are soon to be The sums of 13,066,219 pesos, paper
currency, and 3,443,109 Chilean gold pesos are to be disbursed in
Santiago de Chile for works contracted for the purpose of increasing the POTABLE supply of the Federal capital. Negotiations are also under way for increasing the supply of potable water at Valparaiso and Vina del Mar. Since July, 1910, the paving of the streets of the Federal capital has been carried on to the extent of 415,206 square meters, at a cost of 8,594,014 pesos. During the present year the new Santiago SLAUGHTERHOUSE was opened. The plant, when completed, wiU represent an investment of about In 1913 there were inscribed in the civil 4,500,000 paper pesos.
WATER
registration offices of the
RepubUc the following

111,255
DEMOGRAPHIC
and 139,974 In 1913 there were 2,454 students matriculated in the UNIVERSITIES of Chile. Of this number 548 were the School of Fine Arts, 517 in the law schools, 386 in the schools of medicine, 316 in the pedagogic school, 292 in the school of engineers, 115 in the pharmacy school, 100 in the school of architecture, 91 in the school of dentistry, and 89 in the school of midwives and nurses. In the schools of secondary instruction there were 11,455 males and The number of pupils in attendance in the 11 com8,060 females. mercial schools of the Republic in 1913 was 2,600. A number of PULLMAN cars have been ordered from the United States for use on the National Railways in the southern part of the Republic. According to a report just pubhshed in the Commercial Bulletin of the Department of Foreign Relations of the Government of Chile, the output of the mines and smelters of the Repubhc in 1912 represented products valued at 372,662,774 Chilean gold pesos ($136,21,341
STATISTICS:
births.
marriages,
deaths,
323
324

and
In 1912 there were 23,1 17 workmen engaged in mining in Chile. Nitrate, which is one of the great mineral exports -of the country, is being Press shipped abroad in increasing quantities year by year. reports state that the IRON SMELTER at Corral has made a satisfactory settlement with the Chilean Government, under the terms of which the smelter renounces its claims for guarantee and amortization of capital, and agrees to return to the Federal treasury the amount the Government has advanced it on account of the guarantee The budget for PUBLIC of the and amortization fund. Government of Chile from 1914 to 1923, inclusive, amounts to E. Miigier & Co., 174,583,800 Chilean gold pesos ($63,723,087). of Santiago, have taken the necessary preliminary steps toward the establishment of a factory for the manufacture of COTTON products in the Federal capital.
021,912), or an amount larger than that of the agricultural industrial products of the country during the period referred to.
WORKS
In accordance with the requirements of the law, the great electoral met in Bogota on June 27 last to pass upon the vote for PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC for the term beginning August 7, 1914, and ending on the 7th of the same month in 1918. The result showed that Dr. Jose Vicente Concha was elected Chief Executive, he having received 300,735 votes, or over At the STOCK SHOW, 90 per cent of the entire vote cast. which was held in Bogota on July 20 last, premiums to the value of The Executive officially $2,500 were awarded by the Government. opened to pubhc traffic 23 kilometers of the TOLIMA RAILWAY at the close of July of the present year. The National Government has established a superior BOARD OF PUBLIC HYGIENE
council of Colombia
in
Bogota composed of the following members: Juan David Herrera, Nicolas Buendia, Gabriel Camero, Francisco Tapia, and Jose Barberi.
The Government proposes to bring a bacteriologist from Europe or the United States in order to comply with the provisions of the law concerning the inspection, etc., of ports. The recent
of
property in Bogota, according to the report of showed that the value thereof amounted to $40,566,900. On July 19 last a SHOOTING MATCH for the championship of Colombia was held at the proving ground in Bogota. Each contestant was allowed six shots with Mauser rifles of the 1912 model, two shots while standing erect, two lying down,
real
CENSUS
the census
board,
COSTA RIGA.
325
and two kneeling. The WIRELESS telegraph station at San Andres y Providencia, wliich is being erected by the Government The enlargement of at a cost of 4,200, will soon be completed. the FILTRATION PLANT for the Barranquilla Aqueduct, the contract for which has been let to an American company, will cost, in round numbers, according to the estimates and plans, The department of posts and telegraphs of the Gov$100,000, ernment of Colombia has furnished complete data to a Swiss company concerning the navigation of the Magdalena River for the purpose of considering the construction of strong and rapid vessels to be used in estabhshing a weekly MAIL SERVICE between Barranquilla and Bogota. A party of FRENCH SCIENTISTS has arrived at Chaco with the object of studying the mineral and agricultural resources of the country. The party represents a FrenchColombia mining syndicate and has the support of the French Government. The STOCK industry in the Department of Santander is in a flourishing condition, there being in that Province 73,543 head of horned cattle, 13,487 mules, 12,382 horses, 4,512 asses, 13,436 In 1913 there were 18,388 sheep, 23,295 goats, and 29,678 hogs. cablegrams transmitted in Colombia, which produced a gross revenue of $105,380.73, as compared with 14,700, producing $85,308.87, in 1912. The telegrams sent in 1913 numbered 1,926,616 and produced $463,754.05, as compared with 1,964,660 and $380,958.03 in 1912. During the first quarter of the present year the telegrams transmitted in Colombia amounted to $123,652.22. The expenses of the telegraph department in 1913 were $1,010,278.38. The ELECTRIC LIGHT plant in CaU is to be enlarged to double the present capacity, and active work on the same is progressing satisfactorily. Officials of the Buenaventura to CaU RAILWAY announce that by the first of August, this year, the road wiU reach a point 15 kilometers from Cali, and that a station will be built at the latter point, which is in the rich Yumbo Valley, a section offering
considerable quantities of freight.
The Cabinet of President Alfredo Gonzalez Flores is as follows: Manuel Castro Quesada, Secretary of Foreign Relations; Juan Rafael Arias, Secretary of Interior (Gobernacion) Mariano Guardia, Secretary of the Treasury; Alberto Echandi, Secretary of Fomento (Promotion) and Federico Tinoco Granados, Secretary of War.
; ;
Luis Felipe Gonzalez has been appointed Assistant Secretary of Public Instruction; Fernandez Guell, Assistant Secretarv of the
326

and Ricardo Goto Fernandez, Assistant Seclias been appointed private secretary President Gonzalez is a lawyer and agriculturist
;
Interior (Gobernacion)
retary of War.
to the President.
Ruben Goto
from the Province of Heredia, who served as a Deputy to the Gongress and Vice President of the same under the administration of President Ricardo Jimenez. The President of the Congress is Lie. Don Leonidas Pachecho, and the second and third designates to the presidency are Don Domingo Gonzalez and Don Francisco Aguilar Berquero. The concession granted to Francisco Quesada for the opening of a port on Tortuguero Bay, the construction of a railway from Tortuguero to Sarapaqui, and the planting of 25,000 hectares of land in cacao and bananas, also includes the establishment of a new LINE OF STEAMERS from Gosta Rica to Europe to sail under the Gosta Rican flag. The area of BANANAS under cultivation m the Republic is 11,439 hectares. The exports of bananas in 1913 aggregated 11,170,812 bunches, 8,354,722 of which went to the United States, 2,763,111 to England, and 52,979 to Holland. In 1913 the exports of ORANGES from Gosta Rica consisted of 2,865 boxes, and of GRAPE FRUIT 1,102 boxes. In the inaugural message of
President Alfredo Gonzalez, who took the oath of office on May 8 of the present year, the Executive recommends the establishment of an
AGRIGULTURAL MORTGAGE BANK
in
order to protect and
encourage in a practical manner the development of agriculture in the Republic. The fiscal REVENUES of the Government of Costa Rica in 1913 amounted to 9,612,533 colones, or 712,533 colones more than those estimated in the budget. The expenditures during the period referred to aggregated 10,184,261 colones, or 974, 980 colones more than those fixed in the budget. The difference between the receipts and expenditures is 571,727 colones, which, plus 119,555 colones paid for real property, makes a total deficit for the year of 691,282 colones, which amount was Uquidated from the reserve fund of the previous fiscal year. During the fiscal year referred to the payments on account of the national debt amounted to 122,196 colones. A bill has been mtroduced into the Gongress of Gosta
Rica for the establishment of a NORMAL CENTRAL MIERICAN INSTITUTE in accordance with the provisions of the convention signed in the city of San Salvador on February 2, 1910, ratified by the Congress of Costa Rica on July 14 of the same year, and ratified later by the Governments of Honduras, Nicaragua, and Salvador. It is proposed to found the school at Barba, Costa Rica, in buildings to be erected on lands acquired by the Government and in accord with the plans approved in the convention of 1910. The school is to be of a capacity sufficient to accommodate 250 stud ants, or 50 from each Republic. A four year's course is prescribed for the normal school. To matriculate, students must be at least 15 years
CUBA.
327
elebill,
An of age, in good health, and with the necessary education. mentary course of two years is provided for in the plan. The
230,000 colones
in.
as introduced, authorizes the President of the Kepublic to dispose of
the establishment of the school.

for the
A society has
The Commercial
of
been organized at San Jose
PROTECTION OF ANIMALS.
Bank
The president of the society is Walter J. Field. of San Jose has been authorized to issue
BANK NOTES
different denominations, payable to bearer, for the
colones, to take the place of deteriorated

culation.
sum of 150,000 bank notes now ia cir-
The cornerstone of the new MUNICIPAL HOSPITAL, which is by the city of Habana on Carlos Third Avenue, was laid by Mayor Freyre de Andrade, the originator of the project, on July 7 last. The hospital is planned to cost $200,000 and is to have The secretary of public works of accommodation for 300 beds. the Government of Cuba has ordered the chief of the STREET CLEANING bureau to flush all the streets of the city of Habana, where the pavement is in good condition, twice daily for the purpose The Asturianos Club, of Habana, of removing dirt and refuse. has bought the Albisu THEATER for $300,000. The home of the club is to be erected on this site, and $100,000 is to be spent in rebuilding the theater, which is planned to be exploited by the club -The Habana Motor Omnibus Co., an English coras a side line.
to be erected
poration, will operate a line of
ELECTRIC BUSSES
in the city.
Land has been purchased for the erection of a large garage. new busses will have routes covering a distance of about 1,200
in the Federal capital
The
miles
and suburbs.
A DOCK
warehouse 24 by 60
feet are to be built at Jucaro
on the
will
100 feet long and a Isle of Pines
by the Government
for the
of Cuba.
The construction
be done under
the direction of the department of public
appointment of a commission has been passed by the Senate. The Cuban Senate has also approved a bill granting a subsidy of $6,000 and $12,000 per kilometer for the Acconstruction of a RAILWAY from Placetas to Fernandez. cording to press reports the United Fruit Co. will begin on September 1 of the present year a new biweekly STEAMSHIP SERVICE between New York and Habana, employing steamers of a displacement of not less than 12,000 tons.The new SUGAR MILL erected at Dos Caminos by a Cuban syndicate of which Sr. Echevarria, of Santiago de Cuba,f|is an active member, is expected to be
works.A bill providing to CODIFY the Cuban laws
328
ready for grinding in December next. The new mill is one of the most modern now existing on the island and has a capacity of 70,000 bags of sugar per season. The Cuban Congress has appropriated $141,000 to cover sundry expenses in the STREET CLEANING department of the city of Habana, and $10,000 for the expenses of
which was held in Habana in August of have been taken by Cuban capitalists to introduce the cultivation of RICE on the island. Arrangements have been made to plant the first field in the Province of Pinar del Rio. The undertaking is said to have the enthusiastic support of the President of the Republic. The Preston PAPER MILL, which was established in the Province of Oriente in April last, is, according to a report of Engineer Jimenez Alfonso, producing an excellent quality of wrapping paper out of bagasse. The capacity of the mill is 3 or 4 tons per day, but owing to a shortage of competent labor the output at the present time is only 1 ton daily, which quantity is made from 2 tons of bagasse. The mill has ordered machinery for the manufacture of fine paper, such as writing paper, book paper, etc., as well as for the manufacture of crepe paper. The Cuban bagasse is said to be superior to that of Louisiana, where efforts to make paper from this material, with the exception of cardboard, were not a commercial success. According to press reports a number of paper mills of a similar character and capacity will be established at different plantations in the Republic. 'A shipment of 1,000 bales of Cuban TOBACCO was recently consigned via the North German Lloyd from Habana to Bremen. This is the first of a series of large shipments of tobacco to Germany to meet the demands of the markets there. Steps have been taken for the establishment of an AMUSEMENT PARK, to be known as Magic City, in Habana. Ernest Gaye is one of the chief promotors of the enterprise. The BUDGET for the fiscal year 1914-15, as amended by the Cuban Senate, has been passed by the House of Deputies of
the
the present year.
Âctive steps
LABOR CONGRESS,
the
Cuban Congress.
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
Statistics published a recent edition of "El Tiempo," an unportant daily newspaper of the city of Santo Domingo, show that the
EXPORTS of the Dominican Republic for the first quarter of 1914 exceeded the exports of the same period of last year by $1,300,000. If sugar had maiatained the prices of the previous year the increase
in the exports
would have risen
to $2,000,000.
The
total exports
DOMINICAN BEPUBLIC.
329
of the Dominican. Kepublic during the first quarter of 1914 were,

in
round numbers, $3,700,000, as compared with S2, 400,000 during the same period of 1913. The four principal items were as follows:
Cane sugar and molasses, $2,200,000; cacao, $800,000; tobacco, $310,000; and coffee, $130,000. Steps have been taken for the installation of modern LIGHTHOUSES at dangerous and frequented points on the coasts of the Dominican Kepublic. This is an improvement which is urgently needed for the safety of navigation, and the movement for placing in first-class condition the
old lighthouses along the routes of travel of the coast line of the
of new lighthouses where needed, is meeting, according to press reports, with the hearty support and cooperation of many persons interested in maritime shipping and in the growth and prosperity of the foreign commerce
Dominican Republic, and the erection
of the Republic.
The
cross
of the
LEGION OF^HONOR
of
France has been conferred upon Monsenor Dr. Adolfo A. Nouei. The ceremonies took place on the 1st of Jane last, when the representative of France in the Dominican Republic, M. Rene Delague, presented Monsenor Nouel with the diploma and cross accompanying same. Dr. Nouel, who is head of the Catholic Church in Santo Domingo and one time President of the Republic, is one of the most distinguished, talented, and lovable men of the Dominican Republic. The new BRIDGE at Azuanas, constructed in accordance with plans approved by the Department of Public Works of the Dominican Republic, was opened to public traffic on May 31 last. The plan initiated by Sr. Don Victor M. de Castro, mmister of the Dominican Republic ui Caracas, to send a certain number of DOMINICAN STUDENTS to study in some of the higher institutions of learning in Peru has received the enthusiastic support of Dr. V. M. Matirtua, the minister of Peru in Caracas, who has communicated with his Government concerning the matter and reports that the project has been received with favor by the Peruvian Government, and there seems to be nothing in the way of its adoption. The plan proposed by Sr. Castro provided for the sending of two young Dominican lieutenants to take a practical mihtary course in the army of Peru for a period of two years; three young men not over 18 years of age to complete their studies in the military academy of Peru; two young men to take the agricultural course provided by the Peruvian Government; one young man to study in the school of engineering and mines; one in the school of arts and crafts; and one in the school of political and administrative sciences. If this plan is adopted the principal expense the Dominican Government will have to bear will be the transportation of the students to and fi'om Peru. New plans have been made for the construction of a BRIDGE in the city of Santo Domingo over the Ozama River. 11 52611Bull. 214
330 The estimated
cost of the structure is $150,000. According to these plans the bridge will be 30 feet above the water and will permit the passage under it of all kinds of craft engaged in river traffic. Steps have been taken to lay the corner stone in August, 1914.
ECUADOR
The superior board of public instruction of Quito has issued rules and regulations providing that each SCHOLARSHIP STUDENT of the Government of Ecuador studying the plastic arts in Europe shall forward annually to the Department of Public Instruction of the Government of Ecuador at Quito two samples of his work in the branch of art to which he is assigned under the contract granting him a scholarship. In the case of students studying in Italy these samples are to be deposited in the consulate general of Ecuador at Genoa or Rome until June 1 of each year, and shall be forwarded by the consul general to the department of public instruction in Quito not later than the first of August of each year. These samples are to
be exhibited in a special section of the Exposition of Fine Arts held in Quito on August 10 of each year, and a report shall be made on same to the superior board of public instruction by a committee of experts appointed by the director of the National School at Quito. The Treasury Department of the Government of Ecuador wiU provide funds for the transportation of the samples from Europe to Quito and for reimbursement to the students of the value of the material used in completing the samples or works. The department of public
instruction will take the necessary precautions to satisfy itself that
referred to.
in the
the samples sent are the works of students holding the scholarships On the arrival of the works of art in Quito they shall
of the nation and shall be placed on exhibition gaUery of the National School of Arts of the Federal capital. Art students holding scholarships from the Government of Ecuador who do not comply with these requirements shall forfeit their scholarStudents who are not able to remit their samples during the ships. present year at the time specified shall be granted until December 1, The 1914, in which to comply with the provisions of this order. arrival of the first engine at Ambato for use in construction work on the Curaray RAILWAY on June 12 last was enthusiastically cele-
become the property
brated by the people of that town and vicinity. The building of this railway is being rapidly pushed forward, and in a short time a considerable area of rich territory will be placed in railway communica-
GUATEMALA.
tion with the port of Guayaquil
331
and the capital of the Republic. M. Estrada Coello and Darlo Moral have been chosen to represent the Province of Guayas at the First Ecuadorian MEDICAL
Drs. J.
to be held in the city of Guayaquil in October, 1914. Representatives from aU of the provinces of the Republic and the medical profession in general in Ecuador have been invited to participate in the proceedings of the Congress. One of the important subjects that will be discussed is that of sanitation of cities and towns. The municipal council of the city of Quito has authorized its attorney to open negotiations for the making of a LOAN of
CONGRESS
100,000 sucres ($50,000) for the use of the municipahty. The tentative contract made by the Government of Ecuador with a firm of German contractors on May 7 of the present year for the survey and construction of a from a point on the coast of
RAILWAY
Esmeraldas to Quito has been
ratified
by aU the
parties in interest.
The contracting company proposes

of
to begin at once the survey of

^The
the road in accordance with the terms of the contract.
town
Machachi, canton of Mejia, has contracted for the installation of
light and power plant at that place. The plant is working order within a period of twelve [months. ^The National Society of Agriculturists of the Republic of Ecuador has arranged to hold an AGRICULTURAL FAIR Quito in December, 1914, and to hold a fair of the same kind each year thereafter at places and dates to be determined at some future time.
an
ELECTRIC
to be in
The BUDGET of the Government of Guatemala for the fiscal year July 1, 1914, to June 30, 1915, inclusive, amounts to 50,620,617.38 paper pesos ($3,163,794.77), distributed among the different departments as follows: Government and justice, 4,945,020 paper pesos;
foreign relations, 2,178,997.29; Treasury, 3,128,490; public credit,
25,211,244.80; fomento (promotion), 2,694,064.75; war, 7,609,764.58; public instruction, 4,269,942.64; and sundry expenditures, 583,192.32 paper pesos. (An American gold dollar is equal, approximately, to
The Congress of Guatemala has 16 Guatemalan paper pesos). enacted a law making the 12th of October of each year a NATIONAL HOLIDAY to be celebrated in honor of Christopher Columbus, the discoverer of America. The Retalhuleu ELECTRIC CO. of San Francisco, Cal., has been authorized by the Government of Guatemala to do business in the Republic. Its legal representative in the city Decree 905 of the Congress of of Guatemala is Jose Linares.

332
THE
PAN"
AMEKICAN UNION.
of the Kepublic,
Guatemala authorizes the President

recess of the assembly, to contract
during the
and negotiate
loans, establish
imposts, and take such other measures as he may deem desirable toward the establishment of better economic conditions in the country and the definite settlement of the public debt.
session of
to.
The decree
its
requires the President to render an account to Congress at
next
any action taken by him under the authorization
referred
Â
month
as the
recent executive decree provides 500 pesos ($31.25) per maximum charge for a LICENSE for the sale of liquor
^The Republic of
in the Kepublic.
Guatemala was represented at London from the 18th to the 24th of June last, by David Bowman. The same gentleman represented the Republic of Guatemala at the Third International Congress of Tropical Agriculture, held in London from the 23d to the 30th of June of the present year. The Government of Guatemala will be represented in the Seventh Universal POSTAL CONGRESS, which will be held in Madrid on September 10, 1914, The Congress of Guatemala has by Juan Prichard Delgado. authorized the department of telegraphs of the Government of Guatemala to purchase MATERIALS and supplies abroad to the The Guatemalan Government amount of $5,280 American gold. has established a CONSULATE at Dunkirk, France. The new conThe telesulate is under the direction of Sr. Juan Andres Fortin. graph and telephone department of the National Government has
the Fourth International Congress of the Blind, held in
been authorized to establish a
tariff for
the transmission of telegraph
and telephone MESSAGES to private parties in sealed envelopes. The full Spanish text of the PEACE TREATY between Guatemala and the United States, signed in Washington on September 20, 1913, and ratified by Guatemala on May 15, 1914, is published in the official newspaper of the Republic of June 2 of the present year. The Government of Guatemala has officially recognizad the TRADEMARK of the Government of Cuba adopted for the purpose of guaranteeing the genuineness of Cuban tobacco exported from the
Ân Executive decree of May 31, 1914, suspends the export duty of 1^ cents American gold per pound imposed on exports of RUBBER until November 31, 1914.
Republic.
Prince, the
According to the data pubhshed in "Le NouveUiste" of Port au COFFEE CROP of the present year is estimated at 87,660,000 pounds, distributed as foUows: Jacmel, 15,000,000; Petit Goave, 12,600,000; Port au Prmce, 12,000,000; Cayes, 10,800,000;
HONDURAS.
333
Cape Haitien, 10,000,000; Gonaives, 8,500,000; Jeremie, 8,000,000; Port de Paiz, 4,800,000; Aquin, 3,000,000; St. Marc, 2,000,000; and Mole St. Nicolas, 960,000. From October 1, 1913, to April 21, 1914, the exports of coffee from Jacmel consisted of 89,160 sacks weighing 14,691,269 pounds. On the date last mentioned it was calculated that there were on hand in the Jacmel market 8,000 sacks, representing 1,000,000 pounds of coffee, which, added to the quantity already mentioned as coming from Jacmel, makes the production of that Province nearly 16,000,000, or considerably more than the amount
estimated. The secretary of public instruction has issued a decree authorizing the use in the schools of the Republic of a OF HAITI prepared by the brothers of the San Luis Gonzaga Insti-
MAP
The receipts of the Plaine de Cul de Sac RAILWAYS during the second half of 1913 amounted to 329,575.47 gourdes. The number of passengers carried during the period referred to was 573,753, of which 408,387 were first-class and 165,366 were thirdclass passengers. According to statistics published by the customs administrator at Jeremie from October, 1913, to February, 1914, there were imported through that port 2,090,985 tons of merchandise, valued at $293,585.18; more than two-thirds of this came from the United States. The EXPORTS during the same period consisted of 43,953 sacks of coffee and cacao, weighing 9,948,476 pounds, which produced duties amounting to $190,932.54. It should be borne in mind that these exports do not include the total production of the Grand Anse and Tiburon districts, nor 20,500 sacks of coffee and cacao harvested in the Dame Marie and other districts, the weight of which aggregates 3,501,847 pounds. The GENERAL REVENUES from imports and exports during the period referred to amounted to 120,395 gourdes and $235,601.62, as compared with 153,031.78 gourdes and $176,849.32 during the same period of the fiscal year 1912-13, and 157,681.16 gourdes and $215,134.57 in the corresponding period of 1911-12.
tute.
A recent issue of the Official Gazette of Honduras contains information concerning the plans of the
its
main
fine of the
TELA RAILROAD,
which have been approved by the Government of Honduras. The original concession for this construction was granted to Hillyer V. Rolston on November 14, 1911, was approved with some modifications by the National Congress (decree 113) on April 8, 1912, and later, with the approval
all of
branches, and the railway wharf at Tela,
334
of the
Government of Honduras, was transferred to the Tela Raikoad The plans submitted by the latter company were approved in The main line of this railroad, according to the plans, July, 1913. runs from Tela in a southwesternly direction to the Ulua River, after
Co.
it follows generally the course of that stream to its terminal point at El Progreso, department of Yoro, a distance of 87 kilometers. The Santiago branch starts at a point on the main line 14^ kilometers from Tela, and extends to Rio Santiago, a distance of 10 kilometers. The Mesapa branch commences at a point 45 kilometers from Tela, runs in a southwesterly direction, and terminates at Progreso, a distance of 30 kilometers. The Colorado branch begins at Tela and runs in a southeasterly direction to Lisama, a distance of 20^ kilometers. The wharf planned to be built at Tela is to be 1,550 feet long, 40 feet
which
wide, and will be constructed in Tela Bay to the east of Micos lagoon. The total length of the main line and branches planned to be built is
^The Government of Honduras has contracted 147^ kilometers. with Jos6 Antonio Torres to reconstruct and put in first-class condition for public service the at Amapala for the sum of 10,858 pesos, silver ($3,691.72). The Tela Railroad Co., a corporation organized under the laws of the State of Delaware, has made proposals for furnishing the city of Tela with ELECTRIC hght and power, potable WATER, and artificial ICE. The full text of the proposal is published in the Official Gazette of Tegucigalpa of May 5, 1914. ^The IRON BRIDGE constructed over the Ulua River at a cost of 300,000 pesos ($130,200) has a length of 200 yards. The completion of this bridge, which was commenced over two years ago^ enables the Northern Railway to extend its line into the interior of the country. The Ulua River is one of the largest and most rapid streams in Central America, and drains a large extent of rich territory which in many parts is practically undeveloped. The continuation of the Northern Railway over the route already surveyed will place new mining zones in easy communication with the coast and the industrial centers of the nation, and an era of great activity in mining, stock raising, and agriculture is being predicted by the press of the Republic. Dr. Francisco Bertrand, President of Honduras, has, during his administration, enthusiastically favored the construction of the Ulua bridge, inasmuch as the extension of the railway into the interior of the country is essential for the development of the agricultural and mineral wealth of that section of the Republic. The funds used in the construction of the bridge were obtained exclusively from the revenues of the part of the railway already in exploitation. Â recent law regulating the CONDEMNATION OF REAL PROPERTY for Government uses has gone into force in Honduras. The new law takes the place of the condemnation law enacted in 1910. Col. Julio Mendoza has been granted a concession
WHARF
MEXICO.
335
in the
to establish a factory for the manufacture of town of Aramecina, Department of Valle, with the right to
GASEOUS WATERS
import free of duty for a term^ of five years the machinery and material necessary for the equipment and exploitation of the factory.
A group of Mexican capitalists have made preliminary arrangements for the exploitation of rich IRON MINES recently discovered
in the State of
Cohma.
The plans thus
far
made
public contemplate
the investment of 5,000,000 pesos ($2,500,000) in the enterprise and will necessitate the construction of a narrow-gauge railway from the mines to the terminal station in the port of Manzanillo, an approxi-
mate distance
zanillo
is
of
100 kilometers.
The terminal
station at
Man-
be built on a promontory jutting into the bay opposite the entrance to the port, from which point a smaU railway is planned The harbor construction to connect with the customs wharves. work now under way at Manzanillo will cost 14,000,000 pesos ($7,000,000), of which sum 8,000,000 pesos ($4,000,000) has aheady been spent. The port of Manzanillo is at present the most important port of the west coast of Mexico, inasmuch as it is in direct rail communication with the city of Mexico and with the great railway system of the Republic extending for thousands of kilometers to every part of the country. The port works at Manzanillo will give a protected water area of about 300 acres, with an average depth of 50 feet. Seven large concrete wharves and a large coaling station are to be constructed at this port, and the most up-to-date loading and unloading facihties for vessels anchored alongside the wharves are to be provided. The development of the iron industry as contemplated will greatly add to the importance of this port and will doubtless at some future time cause an iron smelter to be erected there.
to It
estimated that the VALLEY OF AGUASCALIENTES in the of the same name receives annually a rainfall equal to 1,400,000,000 cubic meters of water, which filters into the ground and forms immense deposits at varying depths. Of this quantity it is calculated that 31,536,000 cubic meters are brought to the surface by means of springs and artesian wells which have been opened in the valley. The reports of scientists would indicate that artesian water is to be found in great abundance over what may be considered practiThe Congress of Mexico cally the entire valley of Aguascahentes. has enacted a law authorizing the President of the Repubhc to issue
is
State
336
THE
PAIsr
AMEEICAlsr UNION.
amortizable bonds of the INTEpayable in Mexican gold, to the amount of 60,000,000 pesos. The proceeds of these bonds are to be used in paying interest on railway bonds due from July 1 to September 30 of the present year; interest on the 3 per cent interior consoHdated debt and amortization and interest on the five series of bonds of the 5 per cent interior amortizable debt to December 31, 1914, and the coupons now due and those which will fall due during the next six months on bonds issued by the Caja de Prestamos (Loan Bank) for irrigation works and agricultural development. Should any surplus remain from the proceeds of these bonds, it is to be apphed to the payment of expenses authorized by the budget or by prior laws. The interest on the new The issue of bonds is payable on January 1 and July 1 of each year. amortization of this issue of 60,000,000 pesos of gold bonds is provided for out of the proceeds of the stamp tax at the rate of 6,000,000 pesos per annum. ^Doctor Ulises Valdes has been appointed director of the National SCHOOL OF MEDICINE of the city of Mexico.
6 per cent 1914 interest-bearing
RIOR DEBT,
NICARAGUA
By
ment
order of the Department of Public Instruction of the Governof Nicaragua, the PUBLIC SCHOOLS of the country were The lumber firm of opened on July 1st of the present year. J. M. Scott & Bros., of Mobile, Ala., recently sent a representative to the eastern coast of the Republic to look after its LUMBER purchases Large quantities of timber in rafts in that section of the country. have recently been floated down the rivers of Nicaragua to the coast. Recently the barriers, constructed at Malopee by the Belanger Co., gave way, allowing a steady stream of mahogany logs to float down the Escondido River. Fortunately most of these were diverted into the lower river and lagoon and were saved. The main rafts of the company referred to consisted of about 3,500 logs, only 1,500 of which went adrift when the break occurred, the other 2,000 remaining intact. Considerable activity is noted in lumber transactions in Bluefields, the center of the lumber industry of the east coast of the Republic. San Antonio SUGAR from Corinto is being shipped via the Isthmus of Panama to the east coast of Nicaragua. A consignment of 900 sacks of sugar from Corinto has just reached Bluefields in perfect condition. Arrangements have been made to ship not only sugar but hats, corn, cheese, starch, and many other domestic products of the west coast of Nicaragua, via the Panama Canal or the
PANAMA.
337
Zacarias Isthmus, to points on the east coast of the Republic. Guerra, a Nicaraguan philanthropist who recently died at Managua, left a fund of $70,000 with which to start an ORPHAN ASYLIBI in the Mr. A. O. Wallace, representing the Bluecapital of the Republic, fields Fruit & Steamship Co., has petitioned the Government of Nicaragua for permission to EXPORT SUGAR, LIMES, and other products free of duty, basing his request on the ground that other commercial Steps have been houses of Bluefields have the same privilege. taken by private business interests to estabhsh a TELEGRAPH and long-distance telephone line between Bluefields and Prinzapolka. The estimated cost of construction is S10,000. Judge Inocente Fletes of Bluefields is one of the principal promoters in the enterprise. Before the adjournment of the Nicaraguan Assembly on
June 5 last, a bill was passed to establish a FOREST TAX of 3 cordobas ($3) on each thousand kilos of building and cabinet timber exported from the Pacific coast ports of the Republic. The law beAccording to press reports a comes operative on March 11, 1915. number of CONCRETE BUILDINGS are to be erected by American
contractors in the business section of Bluefields to take the place of
some
of those destroyed
by fire
a few
months
ago.
The completion
Island and
of the
new WIRELESS
telegraph stations at
Swan
New
Orleans will place Bluefields in direct wireless communication with the United States. Press reports state that a large reduction in the rates between Bluefields and New Orleans are to be made. cutters at Prinzapolka have fixed a rate for 1914 for catching, rafting, and towing to the boom on the Prinzapolka River,
MAHOGANY
of SI per log.
boom
Unidentified logs will be sold and the proceeds, less expenses, will be given to the Prinzapolka and Bluefields
hospitals.
Alfred Kirkland has denounced a GOLD MINE on Government lands on the Tunky River near Prinzapolka. Frank Moody has also denounced a gold mine at Wawa near the Wawa River.
R.
W. Hebard,
chief construction engineer of
the
CHIRIQUI
RAILWAY
has, in conformity with the recommendations of the
Government of Panama and with the approval of the secretary of fomento (promotion), commissioned a group of expert engineers to investigate and make a special report concerning the advisability of modifying the course of the original survey so as to make the route pass through Potrerillo instead of
consulting engineer of the
338
THE PAN AMEEIOAN UNION.
Dolega, as at first planned. Should this plan be adopted the Hne be lengthened 2 miles and the crossing of the David River will be avoided. Should the original survey be adhered to the crossing of the David River, which is said to be expensive and difficult, will have to be made. The modified route will cause the construction of the line in the vicinity referred to to pass through an exceedingly rich agricultural section of the country, and will necessitate the construction of a bridge or trestle over the Cochea River. Construction work on the Chiriqui Railway is progressing rapidly, grading having been done from Pedregal for a considerable distance, and the rails were being laid over a part of this section in July last. Large quantities of construction material are at hand for use in building the road, houses for workmen have been erected at Pedregal, and much activity is noted over the whole line of survey. A TELEGRAPH and telephone line has been established between Pocri and La Palma. The new installation will be of great convenience to the people and commercial interests of that district. The Panama Tramways Co., in compliance with its contract with the Government of Panama, has made a special HALF FARE RATE for pupils and persons connected with the schools traveling over its lines in the city of Panama to and from the public schools and Government colleges of the Federal Capital. For this purpose books of 100 nontransferable tickets are sold to persons entitled to same at $2.50 per book. These tickets are good for passage over the tramway lines on days in which the schools are in session and during the hours necessary for going to and returning from the schools. Negotiations are under way with the object of extending this reduced rate to pupils attending private schools.
will
of the American Institute of ELECTRICAL monthly meeting in July and listened to an important paper by R. H. Whitehead, on "Hydraulics of the Locks," which dealt with the filfing of the lock chambers and the resultant
The Panama section

held
its
ENGINEERS
currents as effecting vessels, etc. The meeting took place in the control house of the Pedro Miguel locks and practical demonstrations
the discussion most interesting. A meeting of leading merchants of Panama City was recently held for the purpose of forming a CHAMBER OF COMMERCE. Several committees were appointed which will investigate and interview the business men generally and report at a later meeting the prospects of such an organization. The SAN BLAS INDIANS, a tribe that inhabits a large section of country bordering the Atlantic side of the Panama Republic, will be represented at the Panama National Exposition next year. One of their leaders recently visited Panama and made arrangements with the committee to bring a number of Indians to the fair. They will be housed in a building specially erected for the purpose, the style of which will conform as near as possible to that of the Indians.
made
El Diario, development
ports
all
of Asuncion, in of the
FRUIT INDUSTRY
how
the
commenting on the prospects of the in Paraguay devotes con-
siderable space to showing
the
way
to
Buenos
Aires.
demand is growing in the manyThe Paraguayan product brings
good prices, and with greater attention paid to the industry the newspaper mentioned sees much revenue that will come to Paraguay planters. PARAGUAYAN STUDENTS in the colleges and uniyersities_"of Italy are doing good work, according to press reports. Upon their return to their homeland these young men will take with them many of the most modern European ideals and customs and thereby aid in developing the arts and professions in Paraguay. Ten car loads of PETERIBY LOGS were recently shipped to Buenos Aires for commercial purposes. This wood is excellent for building railway cars, as its worth has been demonstrated on Argentine roads, ^The GOVERNand the present order will be put to that use. MENT PRINTING DEPARTMENT is reported to be in need of more modern facilities f or^carrying on this establishment, and pr )bably monotype machines wiU be introduced at an early date. The local papers speak of activities in this line of work and indicate a good market for at least some modern machinery. The increase in the number of immigrants to Paraguay is gratifying to the officials and special measures are being taken for their protection and comfort.
The
financial estimates for the present year include a

of a
sum
for the
buUding
HOTEL FOR IMMIGRANTS,

may
be
where they wiU be kept
until arrangements
made
of
the country.
1,448.
The number
to send them to various sections of immigrants last year reached a total of
Âsuncion, with its 100,000 inhabitants, offers a field for a
MODERN LAUNDRY, as no such convenience exists and all laundry work must be d )ne by hand. A local paper suggests that not only
Asuncion, but also many river cities and those along the railway to Buenos Aires, should offer sufficient work for the establishment of an enterprise of this nature. Such plants have been promised by a number of business men, but for one reason or other nothing has been done. -The four German MILITARY OFFICERS contracted for by the Government of Paraguay have arrived at Asuncion and were cordially received by the President and other officials. The Germans will act as instructors for the army, and will doubtless add much to its efficiency by perfecting the tactics and otherwise improving conditions. The new officials are from the various branches of the German army and are highly recommended by their superiors for scholarly attainments and excellent records as ofi&cers.
339
It
is
reported in the Peruvian newspapers that Capt. Beasley,
who
led an expedition into the wilds of eastern
Peru
last year, will
return to the country within a few weeks and, with several former WILDS for the purpose members of his staff, START INTO
THE
and exploration. It will be recalled that a large amount of picture film which was secured last year under many disadvantages was stolen while en route to the United States and never recovered.
of study
The present expedition

in the interior
will retake will
many
of the interesting scenes
and these
be reproduced in moving pictures in
various countries of the world.
AS IT IS) is the title of a book Sr. Don Carlos B. Cisnero, the
"El Peru tal cual es" (PERU soon to be issued. The author is well-known Peruvian writer. In
addition to the usual chapters on commerce, industry, etc., the author will devote considerable space to social questions, laws, hygiene, health, soiu-ces of information, etc.
in
It will be published both English and Spanish and, so the author states, will not be a story of adulation but a sincere attempt to portray the Republic as it really exists to-day. Officials of the Borax Consolidated Co. of London have been in Peru recently in connection with more active work in the BORAX REGION near Arequipa, where this company has an original investment of more than half a million dollars. Congress will be asked for certain measures and if the same are granted the company will probably invest an additional million dollars in the Arequipa region and start actively into marketing their product. The origmal property was acquired about 15 years ago and covers ai^proximately 7,000 hectares; the borate is found rather deep in the ground and it is believed that several thousand laborers will be required to work the various plants that are likely to be started at an early date. The West Coast Leader of June 25 contains a report of the Company Administradora del Guano, covering the operations of the company for the past year. It states that "the
high-grade
GUANO EXPLOITED
has been extracted in greater
part from the Centro de Chinch a Island.
Other deposits of minor importance have been exploited, * * * the small islands to the south of MoUendo, figuring among those which have been worked The for the first tune, produced 296 tons of high-grade guano." entire year was productive of 31,486 tons of high-grade guano, or about 7,000 tons more than the product for the previous year. The demand continues far in excess of the amount put upon the mar^Between 5,000 and 6,000 TONS OF BENZENE, valued ket.
340
SALVADOK.
341
approximately at $175;000, were recently shipped from Peru to Europe. This was the first large shipment of this product ever sent from the Kepublic to European markets and marks the beginning of an industry that may reach much larger proportions. A highly interesting set of post cards illustrative of Peruvian scenery has been put upon the market in Lima. The SEVERAL PORTFOLIOS are from photographs taken along the various railways and graphically portray the mountains in all their grandeur, as well as the engineering work of putting the iron rails to their summits.
to have a new and MODERN MARKET which have abeady been raised by contribution from the municipality and by the generosity of two capitalists, Senores Meardi and Llach, respectively. The edifice will cost $40,000 or more and will be fitted up with modern appliances and sanitary conveniences, and will be a model of its kind. Work will begin as soon as the Chief Executive approves the contract, which the local newspapers state will be at an early date, The National Assembly of Salvador has promulgated a series of regulations governing
Santiago de Maria
is
building, the funds for
the teaching of
ARTS AND TRADES. Heretofore considerable complaint has been caused by the relations existing between master and apprentice, and the new law prescribes the rules that must govern in the future. They cover the various phases of service between the parties, the full text of which is published in the Diario del Salvador in a recent issue. The Society of JOURNALISTS of Salvador held a meeting in the capital city and elected new ofiicials for the coming year, and also discussed leading questions which affect the welfare of the country and the part the newspaper fraternity is to take in such matters. Santa Rosa, in the Department of La Union, is to have an improved SCHOOL BUILDING and apparatus for teaching in accordance with more modern ideas, several thousand dollars having been appropriated for such purposes by the National Assembly. Usulutan also is to have a new school, funds for the same having been appropriated. Acajutla is soon to have ELECTRIC LIGHT service, work upon the plant having been in progress for many months. The hotels and public buildings will first be supplied, after which private residences, stores, etc., will be illuminated by this modern light. The occasion of the inauguration of the service will be of general interest and the local newspapers are lauding the enterprise. The minister of fomento has signed
342
THE PAN AMEEIGAN UNION.
a contract with Federico Searing for the construction of a RAILfrom San Salvador to La Libertad. The studies must be completed in six months and actual work is to start within a year from the signing of the agreement. The estimated cost will be $25,000 gold per kilometer, the gauge will be 3 feet, and all materials needed for construction will be admitted to the coimtry free of duty.
ROAD
The
full
contract will be published
Assembly.
capital.
Bonds
will
[in the Boletin of the National be issued in order to raise the necessary
URUGUAY
''THE
HUMAN RACE
IN SOUTH AMERICA"
is
the
title of
lecture recently delivered in Montevideo
by Mr. Herbert Gibson.
large and the subject matter was of such importance that the Montevideo Times published the address in full in installments in several editions of that paper. The Pan American RAILWAY CONTRACT was approved in general by the House of Deputies early in June by a large majority of members. The Monte-
The attendance was
video Times of June 4 gives a full account of the discussion, in which the project was opposed by some and urgently advocated by other members of Congress. The contract refers to certain railway concessions granted to North Americans by the Uruguayan Government, and which will now doubtless be carried to consummation. The Brazilian TRAINING SHIP, Benjamin Constant, visited the port of Montevideo and the officers and men were received with much ceremony and cordial greetings. The minister of war and marine gave a banquet in honor of the officers and many addresses were made pledging friendship between the two nations. Â RECORD VOYAGE has been made from Lisbon to Montevideo by the Lutitia, a vessel belonging to the South Atlantic Navigation Co. The distance was covered in 12 days and 10 hours, a time that if made practicable will permit a hurried voyage from the Uruguayan capital to Europe and return within a month. The local papers speak of the voyage as being rather too fast when it is recalled that so many wrecks have occurred within recent years, caused mainly by the speed mania, and suggest that record time should be given secondary consideration. Plans have been prepared for a NATIONAL STADIUM to be erected at Punta Carreta, Montevideo. Sr. Juan A. Smith, president of the Commission of Physical Education, is interested in the estabhshment of such an institution, which, it is believed, would greatly stimulate physical culture and thereby benefit the community in general.
VENEZUELA.
343
meeting of leading journalists was held in Montevideo for the purpose of initiating an educational crusade against the ravages of TUBERCULOSIS. Newspapers will devote space to giving advice as to how to avoid contracting the disease and literature will be widely circulated bearing on sanitation, rules of health, best manner of living, etc. The ladies of the city will offer assistance in many ways, and the active campaign in behalf of better health will be a most important movement. The various rural societies of the Republic have been invited to send delegates to a meeting in Montevideo in August for the purpose of bettering RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Among the subjects to be discussed will be such as the following: Methods to be adopted for promoting the cattle industry, regulations against cattle diseases, methods that should be adopted for exporting better stock, the promotion of dairy and kindred industries, discussion of practical methods of reform along many lines of agricultural life, etc. El Dia, of Montevideo, under date of June 9, pubhshed a map showing the location of a PROPOSED CANAL to bring water to the city from the Santa Lucia River some miles northeast of Tala. The plan contemplates supplying water to various towns along the course of this canal, which is called Zabala. Studies already made show that the water of the river is quite [pure, owing to the scanty population in the section mentioned, and that by a gravity system the city of Montevideo, as well as many other places along the route of the proposed canal, could be supplied with an abundance of pure water.
,
of Caracas, under date of June 15, published the exportations and importations for the year 1913, which are stated as being very satisfactory, showing as they do the large amount of business the country has enjoyed during the period
El Universal,
STATISTICS of
covered.
a great increase over the business done in 1909.
Figures are also given for the last five years, which show In the case of the
United States the value of the exports in 1909 to Venezuela amounted to less than one-half of those in 1913, while the purchases from that In construction country have increased several millions of dollars. and street improvement work, which are more or less active in several
sections of Venezuela,
sively used
REINFORCED CONCRETE
is
now
exten-
and
against iron
MOBILE
to
by engineers and contractors as The FIRST AUTOculverts and other ironwork. pass over the highway from Macuco to Guarenas arrived
is
preferred generally
344
THE
PAN"
AMEKICAN UNION.
recently at the latter place, and the two occupants were heartily applauded and praised for then* arduous journey. This demonstra-
most unfavorable conargument for further extending their use in VeneThe machine was manufactured in the United States, and zuela. this trip has been an important advertisement for the agency, which AVIATION has been attractwas recently established in Caracas. ing attention in several sections of Venezuela, and the airman, Peoli, made a number of successful flights. El Universal, a daily paper of Caracas, published a number of pictures showing the scenes at Caracas, Macuto, etc., where large crowds of people assembled to witOther issues of the same paper devote space to the ness the flights.
tion of the practical use of automobiles under
is
ditions
a strong
proposed around- the-world

offered
flight
by aeroplane
for the great prize
Panama-Pacific Exposition. The body of the late minister to the United States, Dr. Pedro Ezequiel Rojas, was received at La Guaira and transferred to Caracas, where The diplothe official funeral and interment took place on July 6. matic corps, the President of the Republic, and many leading citizens The rearrangement of DIPfollowed the remains to the grave. LOMATIC POSTS of Venezuela in foreign countries makes the minister to the United States also the minister to Cuba and Mexico; another minister will be assigned to Chile, Argentina, and Uruguay; another to Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia; while the diplomatic mission to Brazil and Colombia, respectively, includes only those countries. In Europe the headquarters of the diplomatic representative of Venezuela wiU be in Paris, and this official will be accredited to England, France, Spain, and Germany, Secretaries in the several capitals will act as charges d'affaires in the absence of the minister, who wiU spend some time in each of the countries to which he is assigned.
by
the
officials
of the
?\RGeNTIN?\- BOLIVIA- B^î^XlL -CJniUt^-OULfcJ>AVtJlJ\ V r r r . . 1914o
SEPTEMBER
'
jSf>
TIN OF THE
AMERICA
UNION
John Barrett,
Director GeiVERAL. Francisco J.Yanes, Assistant Director.
PAN
PATS] A^^vVA-SNICATÂGrUA-A\&X
ICO
MOAJOURAS
GOVELRNINGB O ARDOFTHE
BULLETIN
OF THE
PAN AMERICAN
UNION
SEPTEMBER
1914

:
: :
D.C.,U.S.A.
" PAU,"
WASHINGTON
'
SUBSCRIPTION RATES FOR TH]

English edition, in " Spanish edition, Portuguese edition,
countries of the
BULLETIN
$2.00 per year. 1.50
1.00
.75
American Union,
French edition,
'
An ADDITIONAL
CHARGE of
50 cents per year, pn each edition, for
Pan American Union.
WASHINGTON
Page.
The opening
of the
Panama Canal
345
Iguazu, Niagara's Mate
364
commercial
traveler in
South America
IX
379
Prominent in Pan American Affairs
400
Pan America
in the magazines
408
Bogota- The Athens of South America Medehin Through the highland wilderness of Western Brazil Railway expansion in South America Chilean Nitrate industry Plea for a
constructive
Pan American quarantineThe
world's oldest tree Origin of the
banana
The Indian
as a hunter.
Pan American notes

Pan American commerce
by the war Death of President Roque Saenz Peiia Diplomatic Representation of Chile raised to rank of embassy Special Argentine office in New Yorlc Commercial cruise to Latin AmericaThe Clarke lectures on Mexico An engias affected
444
first prize A monument to Columbus International Dry Farming Congress Congress of Americanists postponed A Boston exposition American City Bureau sends exhibit to Chile International Congress on Home Education "A Commercial Traveler in South America" Spanish course of great interest " South America as an Export Field"- A correction.
neering firm of the United States wins
Subject Matter of consular reports
463
Commerce
of
Guatemala
for 1913
465
475
Argentine Republic
Buenos Aires census Sales
of real property Paraguayan tea plants Sugar-cane plantationsSlaughterhouses Electric tramwaysIrrigation worksWine production.
Bolivia
Discovery of coal Railroad activity Stage line Flour mill Agricultural products Filtration plant Bolivian Exports Musical instruction in army.
476
Brazil
478
of
Loan statue
Baron Rio Branco Electoral voteJerked beef exportsDiscovery of petroleumCoffee valorization Tour of North American professors Wireless station Legation of Uruguay.
Chile
Revised customs tariffValparaiso port works Araco Railway Lighthouses in Straits of
479
of Flax.
Magellan Cultivation
Colombia
Cabinet Bay of Cartagena Hospital' at Santa Marta Port of Buenaventura Colombian Railways & Navigation Co. National telegraph system Wireless activity.
480
Costa Rica
Budget
for
481
1915 Cacao exports Commerce
in
1913 Railway exploitation.
Cuba
Electric-lighting
483
plant Postgraduate courses
for military officers Attractions
planned
Ill
for
tourists Steamship service.
IV
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Page.
Dominican Republic
Cabinet Coast lights Bed Cross organization Celebration
of
484
Independence Day.
Ecuador
Flour mill Artesian wells Trained nurses International telegraph system Map of city
of
485
Riobamba.
Guatemala
Instructive motion-picture films Exposition of
486 mines Telegraphic ofHcesAeronavigation-
Contract with theatrical company.
Haiti
Duties on flour Bond issue Rank of Catholic
488 Church Municipal

council appointments.
Honduras
National School of Automobilists Economic conditions of Honduras.
489
Mexico
Exploration and exploitation of petroleum lands Petroleum production Railway concessionManufacture of explosives Radiographic stations.
490
Nicaragua
Municipal tax on sugar University of Managua Improvements of water supply Gasoline street-car service German diplomatic representative Public instruction.
491
Panama
Consular appointments Mail contract Educational notes Public
493
park- Cuban palaceoffice.
Orphan asylum printing
Paraguay
Street railway electric
494
cars Paraguay exports Paraguay immigration Launch service Colonization Steamship service plans.
Peru
Cabinet Huancayo
Alpas Railroad
electrical
495
plantInspection
of
Madre de Dios River region Peace treaty
Cuzco
electrical plant.
Salvador
Railroad developments Stamp
497
tax House
of
Correction- Aid to education.
Uruguay
Investigation of high cost of living Athletics for girls Utilization of
cultural credit.
498
cornUruguayan
agri-
Venezuela
Changes in church officials Diplomatic appointment Educational notes Treaty tionNew constitution Paper factory Steamship service.
of arbitra-
499
VOL. XXXIX.
SEPTEMBER,
1914.
No. 3
THE OPEIING OF
PANAMA CANAL^
August
15, 1914, will
"
always remain one of the notable dates of Panama Canal was opened to the commerce of the world. The steamship Ancon of the Panama Railroad Co., which is in reality the property of the United States, made the ocean. first complete voyage through the canal from ocean to Carrying upon her promenade deck distinguished guests and friends of Gov. George W. Goethals, governor of the Canal Zone and master builder of this mighty waterway, and having in her hold cargo for the Pacific side, she made the passage from Cristobal to Balboa, from Colon to Panama, from deep water of the Atlantic to deep v/ater of the Pacific, without a hitch, accident, or unpropitious incident of any kind. So quietly did she pursue her way that, except for the plaudits of the multitude who thronged the locks and hills along the route, a strange observer coming suddenly upon the scene would have thought that the canal had always been in operation, and that the Ancon was only doing what thousands of other vessels must have done before her. The invited guests aboard were so awed by the meaning and solemnity of the occasion that they alm.ost forgot to shout deserving applause to Col. Goethals when he showed himself, not upon the ship itself, but here and there at the various locks, modestly watching and directing the operation. The waters of the canal, not only in its Atlantic and Pacific approaches but in its upper reaches of the Gatun Lake and Culebra Cut, bordered on all sides by tropical vegetation, would have given the impression that they had existed from the time of Balboa and even before him, were it not that the eye, by noting the tops of dying trees in the lake and the fresh earth and broken rock of Culebra Cut and Cucaracha Slide, discovered that they were impounded in recent
history.
On
that day the
By John
Barrett, Director General of the
Pan American Union.

345
THE OPENING OF THE PANAMA CANAL.

days.
347
The
effect of the tropical climate
the gigantic locks, while doing

color of age.
upon the concrete work of them no damage, has given them the
So well did every man perform his duty in the opening massive gates of the locks and in the moving of the electric towing locomotives, commonly called "mules," that it seemed to expert and layman alike as if they had been sending other Ancons day after day from Cristobal to Balboa. So well done in fact was the whole working of the canal on this memorable opening day that too much credit can not be given Gov. Goethals and his able and devoted assistants for the work which they have accomplished and are now finally completing with success beyond all expectations. Perhaps the most lasting impression, which everybody who had the honor of passage on the Ancon gained, was the smoothness, system, and precision with which the canal was operated. The towering gates of the locks swung shut or open with the trueness of the pendulum of the old clock on the stairs. Their ends met in silence and with the delicacy of a micrometer and hardly a suggestion that they weighed hundreds of tons. The electric locomotives or "mules" towed, held back and controlled the great bulk of the Ancon with the ease that well-trained and real mules tow an average canal boat along the old-fashioned country canal. Though small in size compared with the boat they directed, they were always its masters. We were indeed astonished but gratified when we saw the Ancon climb the triple flight of locks from the level of the Atlantic Ocean, 85 feet, to the level of Gatun Lake in only 1 hour and 10 minutes, and as easily as a small lock of the old Erie Canal would be negotiated by the barge that pursued its way from Buft'alo to Albany. As she steamed away from the Gatun Locks out upon the broad expanse of Gatun Lake and followed the channel for 24 miles to the mouth of the Chagres River and the beginning of the Culebra Cut, I was reminded of the inland sea of Japan and of Puget Sound of the Pacific Northwest of the United States. Were it not for the dying tree tops already mentioned, I would have said that I was sailing over a lake that had always graced the interior of Panama. The steaming along the 7 miles approach from the Atlantic to the Gatun Locks and the 1 mile through them had filled us with admiration and awe, but when we realized that a great vessel of 10,000 tons was actually steaming at fair speed through a sea artificially made by the hand of man in order to take her over and through the Continental Divide, we had difficulty in finding words to express our pent-up feelings. With green hills forming a restful background and with picturesque islands dotting the waters here and there, it was not easy to realize that we were crossing, as it were, a great water bridge between the Atlantic and the Pacific. It seemed as if we must be sailing over ancient waters as natural as those of Lake Champlain.
and shutting
of the
350
Presently the lake began to narrow and we knew that we were approaching the mouth of the Chagres River and the approach to the world-famed Culebra Cut. Opposite Mamei on the north shore the reconstructed railway, which formerly ran far beneath the waters of the lake and which had left us at the Gatun Locks, reappeared, and excursion trains carrying excited passengers watching our course passed us in order to reach the Pacific side and see us descend into the waters of that ocean. At the thirty-first mile of the canal we looked through the Gamboa railroad bridge where the Chagres joins the canal, and beheld its waters backed up for many miles, and deprived of all its ancient danger and power which made a sea-level canal impracticable and proved such a torment to the first French constructors. Now the Ancon bore straight into the first reaches of the Culebra Cut, and, for the first time, this wonderful waterway seemed to be a real canal. The banks are cut almost perpendicularly and the width averages 300 feet for nearly 9 miles. Continuing her course with the banks gradually growing higher, she came nearer and nearer the manmade canyon at the summit of the Continental Divide which is the real Culebra Cut. Big as the Ancon was, she seemed to grow small as she came nearer to towering Gold Hill and its sister peak on the opposite bank. As she steamed by the place of the deepest cut and as we craned our necks to look up to the point where the excavations had been begun long years ago by the French, and noted the mark
where the Americans had renewed the work ten years ago, we rubbed
our eyes, almost with a sense of doubt, in our efforts to believe that once those two high peaks had been an unbroken mountain and that
man had actually cut his way down nearly 400 feet in order that the passage from ocean to ocean, which Columbus, Balboa, and other early navigators had sought in vain, could actually be achieved.
further on the Ancon, with abundant seaway on either passed that terror of the canal, the destructive Cucaracha slide Other slides, some of them quite large, we had noted the passage
little
side,
but they all seemed pigmies compared with that of Cucaracha. Acres upon acres of disturbed and loosend dirt and shale seemed to be mtent upon fiUmg the canal and overcommg man in the struggle for the supremacy of the Isthmus. The battle, however, has become too much for even mother earth. Tnis slide is recovering its equilibrium and a fleet of powerful dredges are at work deepening the channel, now at 30 feet, to 45 feet^ and in widenmg it to 300 feet. So rapidly is this work forging ahead that in the late autumn, I was told, the biggest vessels of the American Navy, mcluding the new dreadnoughts, should be able, if it were necessary, to pass from one ocean to the other. Just beyond the Cucaracha slide was moored to the bank the great pontoon bridge across which rmi the railroad trains from Pedro Miguel and Panama to Culebra and Empire. This
of the cut,
352
THE PAN AMEEICAN
UNIOlf.
unique structure can be swung across the canal and returned to its moorings within a few minutes, and works with the same ease as the gates of the locks. It adds to the constantly growing impression that man after all is the master of nature, especially when the man takes the form of Gov. Goethals and his army of engineers and constructive
strategists.
As the Ancon emerged from Culebra Cut and approached the single Pedro Miguel, we looked back and saw on one side of the canal the summit of Culebra Hill where are perched the office headquarters of the construction department of the canal, and where Gov, Goethals and many of his assistants have had their houses during most of the time of construction. These are soon all to be moved to the picturesque side of Ancon Hill overlookuig Balboa, the Pacific terminus. On the other hand, as we looked at the opposite bank and noted the hills back of the Cucaracha slide, we were told that they are being washed away by means of hydraulic sluices so as to remove the back pressure on the sides and help restore their equilibrium. These views we noted in looking back and to the northwest. Turnmg about and lookmg south we saw Miraflores Lake
flight of locks at
lying below Pedro Miguel Lock, then the Miraflores Locks 2 miles distant, connecting this little lake with the tidewater of the Pacific; and, finally, in the dim distance, Ancon Hill and the Pacific Ocean
met our wandering gaze, and we realized that we were about to descend 85 feet to the Pacific sea level after having climbed that
height from the Atlantic.
Another crowd of admiring spectators welcomed the Ancon at the entrance to Pedro Miguel Lock. Among them were 100 women school teachers from London who had come all the way from England to see this mighty waterway. Their unique party, however, did not draw the eyes of the passengers on board the Ancon as did the figure of Col. Goethals as he stood at the entrance of the lock
and carrying Before he realized that he was the center of all eyes and could make his escape, the passengers spontaneously gave him a rousing cheer of appreciation. With characteristic modesty he made no response but hastened down the lock to make sure that the next step was taken with the precision of all the preceding ones. The Ancon was lowered through the one flight of locks at Pedro Miguel with the same ease that she had been raised through the locks of Gatun, and hardly 30 minutes were required to empty the lock and lower her into the waters of Miraflores Lake. She steamed on through Miraflores Lake in a direct line, and as we looked back at the hills of Culebra we could hardly believe that we had just passed through them on a navigable waterway. These hills seemed to be so precipitous and interlocked that there
in shirt sleeves, wearing a characteristic small straw hat
in his
hand
his ever present umbrella.
THE "AXCOX" STEAMIXG THROUGH MIRAFLORES LAKE AND Ari'JiUACHlXG THE MIRAFLORES LOCKS.
THE "ANt'ON" LEAVING MIRAFLORES LOCKS AND FOR THE FIRST TIME ENTERING THE WATERS OF THE PACIFIC.
355
could be no channel through them. Glancing over the lake we were impressed with its smallness compared to its big sister, the Gatun Lake, but also with its remarkable scenic beauty, surrounded by rolling hills, having Culebra in the background and Ancon in the
distant foreground.
fact that in the
entered the upper lock of Miraflores and grasped the two flights of this lock we should descend into the actual waters of the Pacific Ocean, we became more and more
thrilled
When we
the realization of what the canal meant to the United Panama, to South America, and to all the world. Only 8 miles away was the deep water of the Pacific Ocean and the gateway to its mighty commerce of uncounted millions of dollars and population. The cables of the electric "mules" were quickly connected with the Ancon, four ''mules" on either sidia of the lock, the four forward ones towing her and the four rear ones steadying her and holding her in proper position. They performed their duty so faithfully that she was always under perfect control. In less than one hour the Ancon's broad hull was being washed by the waters of the Pacific, and the barnacles on her bottom were being treated to the unique experience of being washed by the salt water of two oceans and the fresh water of two inland lakes, all on the same day.
States, to
mth
Another great crowd of people on the walls of the lock shouted Godspeed as, under her own steam, the Ancon headed out into. the Pacific Ocean! In 4 miles more, we passed Balboa with its great new shops for the repair of ships, its mighty dry dock in course of construction, and then on we moved past the old Panama Railroad wharves where were lying steamships bound for Peru and Chile and for California and- the Orient. On the other side of the channel were several
vessels loaded with Pacific coast cargo bound for the east coast of the United States and waiting their opportunity on the morrow to have the honor of following the example of the Ancon in passing through the canal. These vessels were thronged with thousands of spectators who had not been able to greet the Ancon at other points along the line of the canal. And the way they cheered and cheered expressed the sentiments of everybody who rejoiced in the triumph of building this water bridge across the Isthmus. Whistles shrieked from ships, from shops, and from launches until it seemed as if bedlam was veritably let loose, but the greater the noise and clamor the greater the happiness of all concerned. The Ancon did not stop at Balboa, as did the Cristobal, her sister ship, when two weeks before she made a slow trial trip through the canal to test the locks, but with increased speed plowed her course along the channel past the long breakwater, past the fortified islands of Naos, Perico, and Flamenco, and majestically stuck her nose into the deep waters of the Pacific Ocean.
357
she had steamed beyond the last buoys marking the present entrance to the canal, and everybody on board had experienced the glorious sensation of victory and achievement for which the world
When
has waited through centuries, her huge hulk seemed to shake itself with animated joy and then swung gracefully around and headed back to Balboa to disembark prosaically her passengers and unload her cargo. In about 10 hours the Ancon had accomplished a wonderful journey which, without the canal, if she had undertaken to have steamed around South America, would have taken 35 days. These 10 hours, however, did not represent the low limit of the time in which the passage could have been negotiated. She could have done it in 8 hours but, as she was the first in history to try the experiment, her progress was intentionally made slow and conservative. But it was not the passage of the Ancon alone that was to demonstrate the complete success of the canal, for during the next three days, the 16th, 17tli, and 18th of August, during which time it was my privilege to remain on the Isthmus, seven other vessels, ranging in size from a 90-foot private yacht to great freighters, went tlirough the canal from ocean to ocean without hitch or hindrance, and all their captains, officers, and passengers joined in applauding the success of its operation and the demonstration of its usefulness to the world. The first private yacht to negotiate the waters of the canal was a 90-foot gasoline boat belonging to Morgan O. Adams, of Los Angeles, and having on board as passengers Mr. and Mrs. Eugene Overton, Donald McGilvary, and Harold F. Chase. It was my privilege to be a guest on this beautiful little yacht when she was at the Pedro Miguel Lock, and I sincerely congratulated the owner and passengers on the honor and experience which had come to them. The Pleiades, of the Luckenbach Line, loaded with lumber from the Pacific coast, was the first unofficial vessel to carry cargo through the canal from the Pacific to the Atlantic, bound to New York. The Arizonian, of the American-Hawaiian Line was, correspondingly, the first regular unofficial cargo vessel to pass through from the Atlantic to the Pacific after the Ancon. She was bound for San Francisco and was closely followed by the Missourian of the same line bound for Los Angeles. The Pennsylvania and NebrasTcan, also of the same line, followed shortly the Pleiades from the Pacific to the Atlantic and should have reached theh destination shortly
after the Pleiades.
The Government of Peru has the unique distinction of sending the war vessel through the canal. One of the smaller ships of its navy passed from the Atlantic to the Pacific on the 17th bound for
first
Callao, the principal port of Peru.
In this way, therefore, the canal demonstrated at the very start its usefulness to the South American Repubhcs as well as to the United States. When I said good-by to 2 54904Bull. 314
360
Col. Goethals
Tuesday afternoon before sailing for the United States on the United Fruit Steamer Tenadores, Wednesday the 19th, he
expressed satisfaction that the canal had already commenced to earn money, for nearly $100,000 had been paid in for tolls on vessels which had already passed or were about to do so. The honor of being one of the passengers on the Ancon in this history-making voyage from ocean to ocean was a privilege and pleasure which I deeply appreciated, and I am profoundly grateful to the Secretary of War, Hon. Lindley M. Garrison, for the invitation
to
make
the
trip,
and
to Col. Goethals for his permission.
Secretary
Garrison, in extending to
fitting that I, in
me
the invitation, paid a compliment to
the Latin American Republics by stating that he thought that it was my capacity as the executive officer of the Pan
therefore, an officer of the
American Union, and,
South American
countries as well as the United States, should be present upon the Ancon and, in my official personality, link up, as it were. North and
South America to Accompanying me

official
whom
the canal should be equally beneficial.
in the positions, respectively, of secretary
and
photographer were W. P. Montgomery, of the regular staff of the Pan American Union, and J. W. Barrett, temporarily engaged for Under my direction Mr. Montgomery made elaborate this trip. notes upon which is based this narrative, while Mr. Barrett took a large number of photographs which will be on permanent exhibition in the Pan i^merican Union. For special courtesies and attentions shown me during my stay on the Isthmus for this great event, I make sincere acknowledgments to Hon. Lindley M. Garrison, Secretary of War; Col. George W. Goethals, governor of the Panama Canal; Sr. Dr. Belisario Porras, President of Panama; Sr. Dn. Ernesto T. Lefevre, minister of foreign relations of Panama; Sr. Dn. Eusebio Morales, minister of Panama to the United States; Hon. Wm. J. Price, LTnited States minister to Panama; Mr. W. P. Cresson, secretary of the United States legation; Mr. Alban G. Snyder, United States consul general to Panama; Mr. Wm. H. Gale, United States consul at Colon; Mr. F. L. Herron, United States vice consul at Colon; Sr. Ladislao Sosa, subsecretary of the Panaman ministry of public works; Sr. Leopoldo Arosemena, assistant engineer of the department of public works; Capt. A. Hasbrouck, in charge of fortifications at Fort Grant; Capt. W. R. Holloway, Capt. J. G. Gowen, and Mr. G. S. Whitmer, of Pedro Miguel Locks; Sr. Dn. Carlos Arosemena, former minister of Panama to the United States; Maj. P. G. Eastwick, of Brandon Bros., bankers; Mr. Buchanan, manager of the Central and South American cable office; Mr. C. H. Motsett, superintendent Panama Railroad Co., Colon; Sr. Miguel de Zarraga, special correspondent of newspapers in Madrid and Havana; W. M. Lowrie, of the United Fruit Steamship Co.,
MAtoblVE COiNCKETE
LAMP STANDARD OF THE LOCKS. COL. FIGURE AT THE RIGHT WITH UMBRELLA.
)KrHALS
IS
THE
363
New
Zone.
Tenadores;
York; Capt. L. H. Porter, and Mr. E. Hallen,
of the
official
United States Fruit Steamer photographer of the Canal
of record there are appended below the names of many on the Ancon as far as they could be obtained by my secretary: President Porras and Mrs. Porras, the members of the President's cabinet and their wives; United States Minister Price; Secretary of Legation Gresson; Consul General Snyder; Consul and Mrs. Gale; Vice Consul Herron; and the diplomatic and consular representatives of Portugal, England, France, Nicaragua, Cuba, Guatemala, Mexico, Argentina, Costa Rica, China, Bolivia, Peru, and Italy; Col. and Mrs. and Miss Hodges; Commander and Mrs. and Miss Dismukes; Col. and Mrs. Mason; Mr. J. M. Nye, of the United States Secret Service, and Mrs. Nye; Col. Fiebeger; Judge Frank Feuille; Supt. C. H. Motsett, of the Panama Railroad; Dr. Carlos M. Mendoza; Capt. and Mrs. F. W. Coleman; Capt. J. B. Gowen; Lieut, and Mrs. F. C. Siebert; Capt. A. Hasbrouck; Mr. Samuel Boyd; Judge B. F. Harrali; Mr. L. M. Kagy; Judge J. D. Arosemena; Sr. Dn. Pablo Arosemena, ex-President of Panama; Judge and Mrs. W. H. Jackson; Mr. John O. Collins and Miss Collins; Mr. and Mrs. John Baxter; Mr. A. E. Wallace, International Press Service; Mr. Collins, of the Illustrated Animated Weekly; Maj. Rhodes; Lieut. Commander and Mrs. D. C. Nutting; Mr. Samuel Lewis; Mr. Ricardo Arias; Mr. Frank E. Hall, of the Panama Morning Journal; Mr. Sidney A. Cook, of the Star and Herald; Commodore G. E. Sukeforth, of the Ancon; Chief Officer A. J. Colcord; Capt. Corning, of the Panama; Capt. and Mrs. Smith; Capt. and Mrs. Harmon; Maj. Wildman; Sr. Dn. R. F. Acevedo; Ensign and Mrs. Elder; Col. and Mrs. Blowelt; Capt. and Mrs. Ingram; Maj. and Mrs. Clayton; Capt. and Mrs. Rogers; Capt. and Mrs. Jones; Col. and Mrs. Deshon; Maj. Cole; Capt. Ecker; Capt. and Mrs. Collins; Lieut, and Mrs. Archer; and Mrs. Mary L. Kerrnish. In conclusion there is reproduced below as a matter of interest a copy of the wording of the ticket issued by Gov. Goethals to Director General Barrett for his trip through the canal on the Ancon. Every passenger was required to present a similar card in order to make the trip. This wording is especially interesting because it contains the following sentence: ''This will be the first ship to make the complete
As a matter
of the guests
passage of the canal."

No. 119.
THE PANAMA CANAL, CANAL ZONE.

Pass Hon. the
John Barrett on
to
S. S.
Ancon on the
make
trip inaugurating the
opening
of
Panama Canal
m.
commercial use August
15, 1914,
leaving pier No.
9,
Cristobal,
at 7 o'clock a.
This will be the
first ship to
the coviplete
passage of the canal.
Special trains will leave
Panama and Empire
direct to the pier at 5 o'clock a.

is
m.
This pass
is
good also on
all trains
on that date and
not transferable.
Geo. W. Goethals, Governor.
going South America had not even heard the BEFORE Iguazu. What would have thought a South American
to
I
of
of
ignorant of the existence of Niagara ? Niagara's alluring mate is half Brazilian, half Argentine,
queenly of stature, virescent of gown. the world to make her acquaintance.
It is
worth a journey across
Buenos Aires, Argentina's dazzling metropolis, is the starting point for the tropical wilderness where the Iguazu River makes its daring leap over vine-hung cliffs on its way to join the majestic
Parana, ''Motherof the Sea." Before the building of the railroad which now links La Plata River ports with Asuncion, capital of Paraguay, the journey from Buenos Aires to the falls was made altogether by river steamer, a month being required for the round trip. The journey can now be accomplished in about a fortnight, and when railway and steamer lines make better connections, travelers visiting Montevideo and Buenos Aires will be able to complete the side trip to the falls in a week. Two of Argentina's most fertile provinces, Entre Rios and Corrientes, are crossed as we travel north. This country's varied products amaze the North American who has clung, somehow, to the childhood-geography idea of a vast treeless pampa. Mammoth wheat ranches and boundless cattle ranges are replaced by smiling fields where the vine and the orange grow. From the snows of
Tierra del Fuego to the tropical jungle on the Paraguayan border.
Mighty Argentina stretches its 2,500 multifarious miles. Reaching the progressive little town of Posadas on a shore of the Alto, or upper Parana River, the traveler bound for Asuncion ferries across stream and railroads on through Paraguay; but the Iguazu is our destination, and we board a river steamer. Few rivers in tropical America rival the Alto Parana in beaut}". Its sister, the Paraguay, is a muddy, shifting stream which often devastates the low banks on its shores; but here we steam up a clear
1
By
Harriet Chalmers
Adams,
F. R. G. S.
364
//
IQUAZIJ, NIAGAEA^S
swift current bordered
MATE.
367
by high wooded cUflfs, where bamboo, 60 feet waves its Titanic plumes. A tree, ablaze in scarlet blossom, flares from the dense verdure. White butterflies, like a shower Gray birds, ruby winged of confetti, drift over the steamer's prow. and white-throated, flit by. A pre-Colombian canoe, hewn from a The steamer's shrill toot is a tree trunk, glides out from the shore.
in height,
discordant note here in Arcadia. On our left now is Paraguay, on our right the Argentine territory of Misiones, destined, with its fertility and equable climate, to play Yerba mate, an important role in the Republic's development. known to the English-speaking world as Paraguayan tea, is its most important product. On fire-scarred clearings on the cliff's face are
bamboo, down which the mate bags slide steamerward; and back in the woods are the yerhales, where the laurel-like leaves and twigs of a tall, graceful, forest tree are gathered, smoked, and then beaten into bits before being packed into hide bags for shipment. At night the yer})a pickers bring out their guitars, and folk-lore melodies ring through the silent forest under the spangled canopy
chutes, built of
of the southern heavens.
Huge
bronzed
rafts of
men and hardwood

fall,
linked cedar logs voyage down-stream, carrying At a logging camp an as passengers.

is
exquisite
river
50 feet in height,
utilized to hurl timber into the
from a branch stream. Behind this fall swallows dart, and below in the foam whirls an unfortunate tapir who ventured too near
the edge.
]\iisiones is historic as the headquarters of seventeenth and eighteenth century Jesuit missions. Banished long ago, vine-clad ruins mark the site of their thriving settlements, and the forest has reclaimed the land where their orchards bloomed; but in the industry of the GuaranI Indians of Paraguay lies the imperishable imprint They taught the men to till the soil of the old Christian fathers. and the women to weave and sew. Spider-web lace, known as NandutI, is made to-day by the women of Paraguay. The orange, brought by the Jesuits from Europe, has overspread the country, and the cattle ranges which they stocked now form an important
source of revenue.
In their wake other colonists have settled on the shores of this A Polish colony is engaged in rice culture, and there Tobacco, sugar-cane, and is a prosperous German contingent. peanuts are grown, and 15,000 colonists, consisting of about 3,000 families, have taken up 450,000 acres of land. At the Iguazu Eiver, which separates Argentina from Brazil, we leave the Parana, having voyaged 217 miles above Posadas. Opposite the Iguazu's mouth is Paraguay, and all three Republics can be viewed from the steamer's deck. Two hours up the border
stately river.
,w
^^f^'4mihim--iT\-^
SJ2
TJ ft
03
5^.
370
river
we come to Puerto Aguirre on the Argentine shore, where we dissembark for the falls. In the melodious Guarani tongue, still spoken over a large area of interior South America, the words "I-gua-zii" (pronounced "Uhwah-zu") mean ''Big Water." This is indeed the land of rushing About 125 miles above the River Iguazu, the Alto Parana waters. is blocked by the seven tremendous Falls of La Guayra, and there are many lesser cataracts which would be renowned in other lands. Rising in the mountains of Serra do Mar, only 30 miles from the Atlantic coast in southern Brazil, the Iguazu River turns its back on the near-by ocean, which it must now travel 1,500 miles to reach, and serpentines its westward course through a hilly, forested country. Navigation on its upper reaches is difficult even for small craft owing to reefs and rapids, and 12 miles above its junction with the Parana it adventures its mighty leap from the great plateau of Brazil. Landing at Puerto Aguirre, we find a small wooden building perched on a steep bank, serving as a hostelry for occasional travelers. This wonderland is not yet on the tourist circuit. To-morrow we To-night let us listen will drive through the forest to the falls. The dignified old Basque, who is to guide us, is the to jungle tales.
story-teller
in the forest, Senores, and they are the enemy See the skeletons which I preserve of the two locked The great cat sprang on the tapir's neck, but it in death embrace. died with its victim, dashed against a tree trunk on that mad, midnight flight. "There are black jaguars here and evil-eyed snakes which glide across the trail; but you need not fear them, for it is they who fear man. The huron creeps through the thicket, and the carpincho hides by the river bank, and there are big blackbirds which talk like
"There are jaguars
of the tapir.
if you will only cut their tongues. "There are fishes in the river, and guava trees in the woods. With banana plants at my very door, what more do I require ? But this land holds wealth in abundance for those who care to gather it, hardwood and wild yerha, and earth fit for tobacco and cane. Some day a hotel, which is a palace, wiU rise on the cataract's brink and the peoples of the world will come to see God's masterpiece or my name is not Pedro Val." All the guide's jungle kin save the birds are invisible on the daylight trail, and all are quiet but the parrots who quarrel noisily over palm nuts. A wagon road has been hewn through 11 miles of majestic wilderness where nearly 300 difi'erent kinds of wood have been listed. One tree, quite common here, has a supply of fresh water always on hand for the thirsty traveler who has only to cut a near-by bamboo for a tube and tap its hospitable trunk.
parrots
RUINS OF SAN IGNACIO.

'Misiones
Mstoric as the headquarters of seventeenth and eighteenth century Jesuit missions. Banished long ago, vine-clad ruins mark the site of their thriving settlements, and the forest has reclaimed the land where their orchards bloomed: but in the Industry of the Guarani Indians of Paraguay lies the imperishable imprint of the old Christian fathers." (From "Iguazu, Niagara's Mate," by Harriet Chalmers Adams.)
is
372
Young palms
salad.
are felled for their tender heart which makes a delicious This is the sportman's paradise, for, besides the animals already noted, deer and peccary abound and there are several varieties of doves, ducks, and pheasants. At the falls a cabin, built of cedar logs, provides shelter where the Long before we reach it, palatial hotel of the future is to stand. the roar of great waters resounds through the forest, and a halo of
mist floats on high, crowning Niagara's mate. In Jesuit records of over one hundred and fifty years ago, we find the first authentic account of the Falls of the Iguazu: ''Of so strong a current is this River Iguazu that it may not be navigated; and the reason thereof is that at a distance of 4 leagues from its mouth, it is cut from side to side by a precipice of exceeding
height where the waters are hurled in such tumult that they may be heard 3 leagues away. And, moreover, this cliff has been to the Indians that dwell there, as it were a natural defense, so that the
bold assaults of Spanish valor have never penetrated to their retreat; nor indeed had any stranger set foot in the land until it was conquered to the service of Christ by the arms of the Evangehst. And such is the force of this fall that from its single leap there arises a fair cloud which is its perpetual crown, and which may be discerned even from the banks of the Parana." After the expulsion of the Jesuits the falls reverted to oblivion, and it is only in the present century that they are becoming known. Each year travelers are attracted here in greater numbers, and within your lifetime and mine Iguazu will come into its own. Let us look at it first after sunset, as it gleams through the deep twilight woods, a tall palm, like a sentinel, in the foreground, a crescent moon in the sky. And now again at sunrise, when rainbow tints glint its magic waters, and hundreds of parrots like a string of
is
emeralds, circle around and around in its wreath of mist. from afar. The Iguazu is a siren who lures us on.
But
all this
A broken trail leads down to a nearer view. water in the Southland, and the semicircular
It
is
the time of low

are broken into
falls
275 distinct cascades, separated by a maze of verdure. They make double leaps to the gorge below excepting the largest, which unites Argentine and Brazilian territory and has a sheer drop of 213 feet. In width the distance around the entire circle, from the beginning of the Brazilian to the farther edge of the Argentine Falls, is 6,000 feet; but measuring around the broken contour of the cliffs, it is nearly In rainy season, when the river is swollen, all the small 10,000 feet. islands are submerged, and, with the exception of a large central
island, the waters
form one huge roaring cataract. Niagara's height varies from 158 to 169 feet, its width in greatest contour, including Goat Island, being 4,770 feet. Thus we see that
A PARAGUAYAN TAPIR.
Photos by Harriet Chalmers Adams.
A SOUTH AMERICAN JAGUAR.

'There are jaguars in the forest, Senores, and they are the enemy of the tapir. See the skeletons which I preserve of the two locked in death embrace. The great cat sprang on the tapir's neck, but it died with its victim, dashed against a tree tnmk on that mad, midnight flight." (From "Iguazu, Niagara's Mate," by Harriet Chalmers Adams.)
54904 Bull. 314-
MAP OF IGUAZU.
'In
entire circle from the beginning of the Brazilian to the farther edge of the Argentine Falls, is 6,000 feet; but measuring around the broken contour of the cliffs, it is nearly 10,000 feet. In rainy season, when the river is swollen, all the small islands are submerged, and, with the exception of a large central island, the waters form one huge roaring cataract." (Harriet Chalmers Adams in "Iguazu, Niagara's Mate.")
width the distance aroimd the
Is
376
Iguazu
is higher and wider than its North American fellow, if less daring in its leap. The estimated flow over Niagara is 18,000,000 cubic feet per minute. The volume of Iguazu has not as yet been
very carefully calculated. At low water it probably carries only about one-third the flow of the North American Falls, but is greatly
influenced
by
torrential tropic rainfall, while Niagara's flow
is
com-
paratively steady.
It is difficult to compare the two mammoth falls of the Americas. Niagara is most impressive as King of Winter, with a sparkling background of ice-coated pines. Iguazu personifies Summer in a fascinating forest gown. The one is cyclopean in its united power and stupendous drop. The other, in spite of greater dimensions, is so
setting
softened by tropical garb as to captivate rather than awe. Iguazu's is more like that of the Zambesi Falls in South Africa, which completes the world's great trio.
The branch
railroad,
toward Iguazu, has already
completed, it with Argentina through Paraguay. Another line is eventually to be built northeast across the Territory of Misiones from Posadas. The Argentine Government is planniug to purchase an immense
building east from Borja, on the Paraguay laid 37 miles of rail. When will bring the falls in direct railway communication
line
now
tract of land adjoining the falls for a national park. An imposing hotel is to be erected near the cataract and the town of ''Iguazu"
founded, with parks and boulevards.
Agricultural, meteorological,
and forestry stations, and a great military post at the junction of the Iguazu and the Parana, are a part of the gigantic scheme now being outlined in Buenos Aires. The finest view of Iguazu, perhaps, is from a point on the Brazihan shore, which necessitates a journey back to the Parana and a voyage on to the Brazilian port of Vos de Iguassu; then a saddle trip of 11 miles through the untamed wilderness. As yet, Brazil's vigorous life throbs far from this border river, but in time the persistent rails, which are creeping inland from all points on the Atlantic seaboard,- will encroach even on this fairyland. Now and then, on the way through life, we meet a man or a woman with an individuality which grips; and now and then, on the trail around the earth, we find a scene of dominant personality. So it is with the Falls of Iguazu. Forever they will allure us. The Iguazu is feminine, lovely and elusive. The Niagara is masculine, vital and virile. Niagara is Hercules, chained to the Avifl of man, a giant in a gigantic civilization. Iguazu is Hebe, unfettered and untamed, a goddess in a god-like wilderness. But the day is coming when carefree Iguazu must leave her play to fill her destined place among the Amazons of the world. We prophesy the time when these falls will enact an important role in the development of two great Kepublics.

A COMMEECIAL TEAVELEE IN SOUTH AMEEICA.
377
The
Alto Parana River steamer ah-eady sounds the up on the north, and Progressive Argentina looms up on the south, leaders among the new nations of the
wliistle of the
call.
Colossal Brazil looms
earth.
In Argentina's plan for the future exploitation of the Falls of the

Iguazu, a great electric plant forms the most important feature. Already, engineers are estimating the power that will be harnessed.
Brazil, too, will in
of
time utilize the energy of the 13,000,000 cubic feet water pouring over the Falls of La Guayra in this same region. Here on the verge of the prehistoric Pampean Sea, where savage man hunted the monstrous fauna of his day, civilized man, with mentality evolved through countless ages, will inaugurate a new
industrial era for
men who
are to be.
a commeicial t1ae1
iimeiica;
Peenambuco
(Recife), State of
I certainly felt blue
;.
Peenambuco, Brazil.
Dear Mr. Editor:

letter to
when
wrote
my
last
you from Eio. You can understand the reason, I hope, for my peevishness. I had already been several months away from the States; I was looking ahead to Rio as almost the last stop, certainly the most important stop, on my way home, and was actually speculating on what steamer I should catch northbound, when along comes the cable to follow the coast, perhaps to go up the Amazon, to come out at Barbados, and probably to postpone my arrival a good two or three months more. But such is the fate of the traveling man. He is not always his own master, and, especially if he is in the foreign field, he will meet many a misadventure like mine. Here again I must pause to give warning to those who may be making a trip similar to this. Beware of homesickness. How it did nearly get the best of me, in spite of myself, when I saw my trip stretching still farther ahead than I had anticipated. How strong was the temptation to chuck the whole thing and catch the first steamer home. Every man I have met suffered from the same thing, and a good proportion of them yield, too. Those who skip the northern part of the trip whether going up the west coast across Peru and Ecuador, or up the east coast through parts of Brazil are in that case sure to miss something and to find their notebooks
The ninth
commencing
in the January
number of the Bulletin.
-^
GU 1 A.TS[
4-
SCALE
THE NORTHEAST EXPANSE OF BRAZIL.

Although almost all of Brazil appears on this map, great prominence is given to the eastern elbow of the continent of South America. The State of Minas is outlined and can be compared with Rio de Janeiro and Espirito Santo, to show how small they are. The northern States also, those first settled, are small.
The
large interior States, least populated, are the last to be accessible to the traveler.
A STREET IN A BRAZILIAN CITY.

While
as
happens to be a scene in the Avenida Rio Branco in Rio, it can he taken, as far to he almost typical of the character of street architecture most prevalent in the cities where modem improvements are going on. This style is displacing the earlier Portuguese buildings, and making all cities more cosmopolitan in aspect.
my experience goes,
this pictiire
380
incomplete.
THE PAN
AMEEICAlSr UNION.
In fact, I have a letter in my pocket from a good friend, writes that he can see nothing worth while in Uruguay (he planned to stay there a week) and is catching the next steamer, after
who
only two days in Montevideo, for home.
Homesickness has no part
in a business trip, so I fought it off and conquered, congratulating myself on having the opportunity to visit a part of Brazil of which I
knew
I
little
and which
had not
hitherto taken into account.
am
glad, however, that I left out several items in that last letter,
because they will be more appropriate to say after I have had more experience in Brazil. I fiiid that relatively few travehng men pay much attention to anything north of Pernambuco, and even neglect that city and port nowadays, since through steamers are sometimes scheduled to go direct to Europe or New York from Bahia. I am looking ahead with some curiosity concerning what I shall find between here and Para, and I shall therefore sum up Brazil only when This letter must be devoted to my travels I leave it finally behind. into the interior, beyond Rio, and along the coast as far as here,
Pernambuco.
My one big trip away from the coast was to the city of Bello Horizonte, the capital of the State of Minas Geraes. There are a dozen other towns, I feel sure, within the reach of Eio, but I confess that I could not spare the time to visit them, and can not therefore give advice about them. Bello Horizonte, on the other hand, It is the new, made-to-order capital. I now know personally.
Twenty years ago
it
the location was a

to
field,
but to-day
it is
an active
city of 40,000 people, almost all Brazihans.
was a good business proposition
Somebody told me that go there, so away I went, and
glad I did. The Central Railway has a through train leaving Eio at 7 p.m., and I decided to travel by night, because for a good part of the way it follows the same line as that to Sao Paulo, which I had already seen by day. Besides, there is a sleeper, and the night would thereI
am
fore be comfortable.
The porter on my train, however, must have been a novice, for he made up the berths ready for occupancy the moment the train left, and I had to tumble into bed by 8, whether At 6.30 the next morning we reached the or not I wanted to do so. end of the standard-gauge line, changing to a narrow-gauge track,
and therefore
entire
lost the sleeper.
The Government plans
to
make
the
road of standard gauge sometime, and then such inconveniences will be avoided, but after all there was no discomfort about it, because I had had enough sleep, the morning was fresh and If one enters into it with a sympacool, and everybody was polite. thetic spirit, traveling in Brazil is delightful; but if trivial differences from what is customary at home no matter where that home may be annoy one and get on one's nerves, it may be made a torment.
THE STEAMER, THE CITY AND THE COUNTRY.

(1)
is the main vehicle of travel along the coast of BrazD. The highway is the sea. Some of the best boats of the company are as comfortable as ocean liners, and most of them were, in fact built in Europe. (2) A Brazilian coast town is usually attractive, and always has a pretty park or so close to the water front. While each differs in some respects from the others, there is a resemblance traceable, which shows their nationality.
Lloyd Brazileiro steamer
382
THE PAN AMERICAN UNION,
is
then, any one looking for trouble and opportunity to find fault mucli better away from South America, or Europe, for that matter. He ought to stay at home, where his fault finding will hurt nobody but
But
himself.
While I am about it, I want to tell one other adventure in which was an actor, just before I reached Pernambuco on the train from Macei6, for I came here overland instead of by water, as I shall I am used to the Tropics and explain later on. Lord, it was hot. I like hot weather, but on a little interior road, with dust blowing in at the windows during the middle of the day, I felt it might be cooler if I took off my coat, as we men do in the good old summer Of course I knew that Brazilians are particular time at home. against such infractions of their rules of conduct, and I respect them all books of travel in Brazil mention the custom and even therefor
I
the law against taking
off one's
coat
sometimes ridiculing
it,
some-
times approving it. But the temptation was overwhelming, and off the coat came, exposing a freshly washed and perfectly clean patterned shirt (made in U. S. A.) beneath. I had scarcely drawn a deep gasp of relief, when up came the nice little conductor of the
touched his cap, touched me, touched my coat, and then that I was oh, I understood his Portuguese well enough violating the rule, and would I please conform to the custom of the country by replacing my coat and trying to be comfortable in some other way. Now, he was what you call polite. He apologized to me. He didn't order or threaten or insult me. He treated me like a gentleman, and before I knew it we were deep in conversation over the customs in various parts of the world, and for the remaining five hours of the trip we exchanged ideas in quite a friendly way. Along about noon there entered the car from some small station a Brazilian family of father, mother, three small children, a nurse maid, and a six-months-old baby. They were nice people, I could As there was no what we call see from their dress and their manner. parlor car on the train, they of course took seats in our day coach and made themselves comfortable. Pretty soon the baby began to They knew fret and all the efforts of the maid failed to quiet it. what the matter was, and probably so did others in the car. Certainly I did. I don't know whether you, Mr. Editor, have had your experiences, but I have had two of 'em walked the floor nights, and watched over about all their worries from mumps to grammar school. So I said wisely to myself, "that baby is hungry," and undoubtedly the mother knew it, too. (This began to happen shortly after I had put on my coat again.) But there was no hiding behind shawls, no scurrying into corners as if it were a shame for a baby to be hungry. No, sir. Everything was arranged in a comfortable, domestic way. Well, the baby got his dinner easy enough and naturally, right there
train,
explained
THE LANDSCAPES OF MINAS GERAES.

(1)
Minas GeraesmeaBs abundant mines, the name given to the State from its early foundation. In all parts are mines of iron, some gold, and precious metals or stones. The mountains are not high nor solemn, but they are rugged and picturesque. (2) Even where miaerals are found there are many miles of rolling meadows and gently slopiag wooded hills, which give promise for great richness agriculture and cattle. The State therefore can advance with both industries and thus prove one of the most productive in all Brazil.

A COMMERCIAL TKAVELEE IN SOUTPI AMERICA.
in front of us
all,
385
conductor
coat.
who had
but the conductor never said a word, the very requested me to obey the law and put on my
It is altogether a
But why
not, Mr. Editor?
matter of custom,
and if looked at rationally the approval of the custom ought to lean toward the warrant to feed an infant in public, rather than toward permitting a man to loll around with his coat off. Perhaps you may not print this story, but I write it with a purpose. Many a time, in a relatively crowded Pullman at home, I have seen big, fat men and others, too strip off their coats during a hot summer's day; even their collars and shoes, and sit, unwholesome in their negligee, while delicately sensed passengers, both women and men, were com-
pelled,
by tacit recognition of the custom, to endure the discourtesy. immodest, to use no harsher word. But judged by natural standards it surely is not immodest to give nature's nourishment to It is only our silly custom to consign such practices a nursing baby. Unto the dark. I am not arguing for a change of this custom. doubtedly it is best to observe it in northern lands where the AngloSaxon interpretation of life prevails. Yet it is not just or politic or profitable to carry this attitude of mind, or any criticism associated with it, into the Latin world. We must not relate the anecdote as a The slur upon the habits or morals of our truly worthy neighbors. traveling man who can not take this point of view, and who returns to the "States" with tales of the social inferiority of those he meets in South America, ought never to have gone there, and certainly ought never to be allowed to go again. That's all. But to return to Bello Horizonte. It is really a wonderful city, built on a plan from the very beginning, and much better fashioned, equipped, and organized than many of our ''boom" towns in the West. And it is all Brazilian, too, no foreign money and no foreign brains going into the making of it. I do not remember to have seen in the Bulletin much mention of this pretty and modern city, and therefore I am going to give a few details concerning it. On March 1, 1894, a Brazilian engineer began his work on an open plain, about 100 kilometers (say 60 miles) to the northwest of the original capital, Ouro Preto. The place selected was what we would call a prairie, surrounded by gently rolling hills, in which were minerals enough to satisfy the name of the State (abundant mines) but indicated well by the name to be bestowed on the new capital, beautiful horizon.
It is
The elevation is a The prairie was
bit over 2,500 feet (800 kilometers).
practically untiUed
10 miles, say (14 kilometers), from the
and uninhabited. It lay some main line of the Central Kailway
and the first thing to be done was to construct a branch spur of track to connect this spot directly with Rio de Janeiro, 375 miles
(600 kilometers) away.
Incidentally
it
should be added that on
THE PRETTY CITY PARK
IN
BELLO HORIZONTE.
Quite close to the center of the city is a wide expanse of park, cultivated in many places and left attractively natural in others. As the vegetation is in part subtropical, in part that of the temperate zone, there is a charm about it that will increase as the city grows older. In all probability this park will sometime be
J^
a great pleasure place for the people.

388
completion of this branch the State was reimbursed by the Federal Government for the cost, thus ending a good business transaction Within a year and a half in which there was profit for all concerned. all clearing and grading had been done, streets laid out, sewers and other underground improvements laid, some public buildings begun, and trees planted, so that licenses were given for the erection of That's going some, isn't it, for an interior Brazilian private houses.
town
When
saw Bello Horizonte,
it
was most
attractive.
On
leaving
the railway station

straight, laid out
my
carriage crossed a pretty park which hid the
itself. The streets were broad and on the rectangular principle, but with diagonal avenues named, in most cases, from the States, just as is done in Washington. As one of my acquaintances said, "By following the streets of Bello Horizonte, you can travel all over the map of Brazil." In fact, the best comparative illustration of the city I can call to mind is Washington, even to the shaded streets. The great difference is in the governmental district, which, in Washington, is supposed to lie along Pennsylvania Avenue, but is in reality scattered, while in Bello Horizonte, having been made to order with the experiences of other cities, they have had the wisdom to segregate all official working buildings on a fine public square. Everything is modern. The hotel was ordered constructed by the Government. The trolley system goes to most parts of the city and can be extended indefinitely, as the future may dictate. The water supply is adequate for a population of 200,000. There is a municipal cemetery, a city hospital, a market, and what I especially admhed, a public printing office, where a daily newspaper is published in fine style. One day while I was there a prominent visitor delivered an address on some subject of general importance, and the paper had it, letter perfect, in its next morning's issue. I can't begin to mention all the civic improvements to which my attention was called, but the city deserves study by some expert in municipal government who knows how to distinguish between the solid and the ephemeral in the city's growth. One thing, however, I enjoyed thoroughly, in my walks about the streets after dark a custom I cultivate wherever I may be, whether in the Tropics or not and that was a large cinema theater, evidently run for profit but conducted for the laboring people. It was in the working part of town, away from the private residence quarter and the Government square. It was a very large building, thoroughly well ventilated and lighted, apparently with ample fire protection, and would hold, I guess, over 1,500 persons. The films were fine, among them being a series of views of certain wild animals in their natural conditions, showing them at play and evidently ignorant of the presence of the camera man. They were distinctively educational, and the spectators just common people all of them
tracks and yards from the city
BELLO HORIZONTE CLUB.

On
the
main
street,
which leads
to the
Government square,
is
the social club house.
in Latin America,
it gives popular entertainments to which ladies are invited. always brings out the best of the local society, and is a very pleasant spectacle.
Like most clubs dance at the club
W^Bt
390
men,women, and children, were absorbed in the lessons conveyed by the films and the accompanying texts. I want to call particular attention to Bello Horizonte, because it But few immigrants, and these is so thoroughly a Brazilian city. mostly Italians and Portuguese, have settled there. It represents the
flower of Brazil, and the Mineros (the people of the State of Minas Geraes) are justly proud of it. Just now the Government is making
earnest effort to attract into Minas Geraes a proper portion of the general immigration movement to Brazil, and if I were an immigrant I certainly should be tempted that way. Although the State has
been known for generations as a great mineral producer, it is, like and Colorado, blessed with abundance of land suitable for agriculture and cattle raising, and the climate, in most parts and covering most seasons of the year, is a quite healthful and stimulating one. Business is good here, and the people welcome the visit of a foreign commercial man because they are willing to buy independently of Rio if they can, and as yet have not been overwhelmed by a flood of agents whose sole purpose is to sell and to get away, without the observances of some of the niceties of trade. There's a chance all over Minas Geraes, if we only know how to take advantage of it. Railroad building is encouraged, there being already connection into Sao Paulo as well as to Rio, with lines running westward and extensions northwestward, although that rich northern area of the State has not yet been tapped by the railway. It will soon be more accessiMinas is an interior State, having no ble, however, than it is now. seaport. This is by some considered a misfortune, but it seems to work no hardship, as exportation and importation goes on smoothly through Rio de Janeiro, while there is every prospect that within a few months an independent line will connect Bello Horizonte with Victoria, the capital and chief port of the State of Espirito Santo. When I left Bello Horizonte the direct railway to the coast at Espirito Santo was not opened, so that I was obliged to return to Rio for a steamer northward, unless I had felt warranted in crossing on mule back the gap between the ends of the line. I was personally inclined for this adventure, and it would have given me an opportunity to visit on the way some good towns altogether ignored by the traveling public, and I would have felt myself in the saddle again (that's almost a pun), repeating in South America what I have frequently enjoyed in Central America. However, the same old question of time pushed itself to the front. The commercial traveler always feels in a hurry in South America, confound it, so I crushed my impulse and yielded to the exigency of the case, thinking it wiser not to get too far away from the tourist's path. I therefore took a night train back to Rio, spent a couple of days there cleaning up and waiting for a steamer, bought a through ticket to Para on the Lloyd Brazileiro, which gave me the privilege of stopping off as I pleased
California
THE GRAN HOTEL.

Of course there are other hotels the city of Bello Horizonte, but this is most centrally located and has the unique distinction of having been constructed by order of the municipality in conformity with other buildings, although its management is in private hands. It has a semiofficial character, however, as it can be used very suitably for public functions and receptions.
THE CENTRAL POLICE OFFICE.

Bello Horizonte has a fine police force, and has adopted the latest scientific developments of criminology. Beginning afresh as the capital of the State of Mlnas Geraes, it can begin and continue a system which will be of decided interest in the future.
392
at regular ports
THE PAN AMEEICAN" UNION.

on the way, and embarked for new experiences about
2 o'clock one afternoon.
Very few foreigners travel on a Brazilian Lloyd coasting steamer, and the stories I heard of them from the few I met who could talk of their own knowledge, were not enlivening. But you know the foreigner in Latin America, Mr. Editor. He is seldom satisfied, and is usually complacently critical, so I discounted their tales and made up my mind that I would have something to say on my own account before I got through with it, and that I would find something to
enjoy.
to
I
do not
like to
be eternally discontented with the
trivial
accidents of the day, a habit that unfortunately seems to add zest
many persons' narrative of travel and investigation. Judging, therefore, from what I have myself discovered, it is worth while to give here an outline of the travel along the coast of Brazil, Rio de Janeiro to Para, at the commercial mouth of the Amazon River. From Rio as far as Bahia, and in some steamers as fai* as Pernambuco, most travelers take a European steamer British, Frenchj German, Italian, Spanish, or some other less known. These make no stop between Rio and Bahia, 730 miles (1,175 kilometers),
or between Bahia and Pernambuco,
and consequently
selves, so that
offer
no opportunity
400 miles (644 kilometers), to visit intermediate ports.
Coastwise steamers touch at all ports, dividing them up among themnot all steamers have exactly the same itinerary. There are several Unes, the principal ones being a Companhia Navagacao and the Lloyd Brazileiro, bearing somewhat the same relations to the Government as does the Central Railway, but operated in a more independent way. If a traveler wants to go to Aracaju, for instance, he must either go first to Rio or Bahia, and then transfer In my own case, as it to a local steamer under the Brazilian flag. was my duty to visit the whole coast, I had no choice (I must say that I was rather glad of it), and welcomed the chance to be completely
Brazihan for the time being. In some ways steamer habits in, local waters differ from those accepted as more suitable for a cosmopohtan cabin hst. For example, no early morning meal is served in the dining saloon, the passengers rising as they please, take a bath when they please, and getting coffee, with dry biscuit (crackers) and butter, served in the stateroom or in the corridor into which it opens, at any hour from 6 to 9.30 a. m.
The
real breakfast (almofo)

bill of fare,
meal, with a
comes at 10 a. m., and is a substantial wine for those who hke it, and almost the
formaUty of a dinner. But BraziUans, among themselves (at least, such is my experience), are not formal in the European sense. Courteous always, and conversational as a rule, they like their meals without ceremony when it comes to travehng. At about noon, and again at 3.30 to 4, a tea is served; that is, crackers and cake, with perhaps a jam or other sweet, is placed on the table, and the steward
tX
THE
Among
l>El'AKTili:NT
OF FINANCE, LIBERTY SîrAKE.
the several buildings on the Government square, devoted to the oflQcial work of the departments of the State of Minas Geraes, that of Finance is prominent. Each building is distinct from the others, both in style and in character and each has an individuality so that once seen it is always remembered.
,
Iftii,
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR. A side view of the home of the Interior Department shows in equally good light its solid structure and its
dignity. building.
The
inside
is
practically adapted for
work and has
all
modern requirements
for
an
office
THE LAW SCHOOL, BELLO HORIZONTE.

The best-known law
schools of Brazil are in Pernambuco and'Sao Paulo. In Minas Geraes a relatively school has been founded, and it is now housed in this commodious building. Undoubtedly it is destined to become one of the most popular professional faculties in the State.
new
A COMMEECIAL TEAVELEE
will bring, a
IIST
SOUTH AMEEICA.
395
mirabile dictu) as required.
meal of and elaborate than the breakfast (or shall I say luncheon), but, At about 9 p. m., nevertheless, without great ceremony or dress. another tea is offered, which few seem to attend, and thereafter the stiUness of the night falls upon the passengers, most of them going to bed about 10. The deck and music room were always well occupied during the day, and I heard a great deal of piano playing, because Brazilians are fond of music and give great attention to the study of it. The smoking room, on the other hand, was seldom crowded. Sometimes I had it all to myself, at others there would be a game or so of cards, or chess or dominoes, but with nothing like the animation we know The entire trip north of Rio so well on a trans-Atlantic vessel. being in the Tropics and on gentle seas, there was seldom occasion for For the seasickness, nor dread of rough and unsmiling weather. two weeks I was along the coast, at least, I saw only a few clouds in the sky and not enough rain to do any damage, and the captains told me that this south Atlantic was a model of gentleness compared to the north Atlantic. Day and night we had pleasant, cool breezes, so that it was comfortable all along, my thermometer systematically registering so close to 80 F., going to 74 F. during the early morning hours, that I soon ceased to keep a record; but I can assure anyone who has the trip ahead of him, either by necessity or for adventure, that as far as the temperature is concerned he has nothing to dread. The great charm about this coast trip along Brazilian shores, assuming that the grouchy Anglo-Saxon is not spoiling everything by useless criticism and complaints, is the varying scenery as the shore appears or disappears, and, above all, the opportunity to visit many of the ports, the names of which have been long on the maps in our geographies, but the actualities of which are dim and far away to us northerners. It is a perfect panorama. On leaving Rio the steamer passes slowly out through the narrows, with the Sugar Loaf on the right and the wave-dashed fortress across the channel. Turning then toward the north, it soon comes close enough to Cabo Frio, that mysterious ice box east of Rio, which chills the air in that neighborhood. It really is no joke. It gets cold, right there in the Tropics, and for a few hours an overcoat is grateful by day or a
some steamers cocoa also, not coffee, At 5 p. m. there is the second regular the day, the dinner (jantar), which is still more abundant
cup
of tea
(in
But it is not my purpose or province to give a description of this beautiful part of South America. It is to be regretted that so little about it is said in books of travel, and that it
blanket by night.
is
so little known to tourists, even in comparison to the west coast; but I must leave for better pens (typewriters) than mine to draw attention to this coast line of Brazil, both north and south of Rio, so that when closer relations between the continents are established,

this region
397
may
be popular to those who love travel in the Tropics.
My
task
is
a simpler one
The
first
^to give a hint or so as to how to get there. port touched after leaving Rio de Janeiro is Victoria, the
capital of the State of Espirito Santo.
we made
it
early the following morning.
The entrace is a deUght, as It is Rio Harbor over again,

rocks, almost mountains, are
but condensed and elongated.

to the south; green
liills
High
A tortuous channel winds in sometimes beneath a towering crag on which is perched an inaccessible monastery resembhng some of the old castles on the Rhine; again in open water, which appears to be an inland lake, so obscured is the passage by which the steamer made its way. The town of Victoria is as picturesque as can be imagined, clear at the inner end of the bay, crowded on several hillsides, and busy with shipping along the water front. It is no longer as isolated as it once was, because there is now railway connection with Rio, and the railway and dock company are building a huge pier at the north of the harbor, on which trains can be well accommodated, and when the commerce of Minas Geraes is diverted to this port there is promise of greatly improved and facilitated business for all this part of Brazil. At present Victoria has only about 20,000 inhabitants, but there are electric trolleys, with some fine modern public buildings. I was satisfied with my own prospects, at least, so have the town on my map as something for the future, not only in my own activities, but I hope also for other Yankee travelers who may follow me, I laid over only between steamers, but as the next one happened to come along in three days I took it to go as far as Maceio. From Victoria the next important port north was Bahia, about 36 hours' direct steaming. I dare not repeat what others have said of Bahia, except that it is on a pleasant bay, where there is accommodation for abundant shipping, and where I was just too early to see the actual use of the new harbor works, which are soon to modernize the shipping here. In Bahia I stayed a week, but felt that I might have given more time to it. Then I took another steamer, going on this trip as far as Maceio, 280 miles (450 kilometers), about 24 hours
to the north.
and
out,
of travel.
But, Mr. Editor, I must leave Maceio and the overland trip I happened to make to this place, Pernambuco, till another letter. I have just discovered that a mail goes out this afternoon, and this letter must go with it. Down in this part of the world all correspondence depends upon steamer departures, and as there are not so many of them a month, one is compelled to plan accordingly. I don't know what will become of my own mail, now probably waiting for me on the other side of the Equator, nor how you can reach me, nor do I expect to see a BuUetin for some weeks to come. Ate logo, however.
I'll
write again soon.
VlAJERO.
PIOMINENT
I
IN PAN
ri
ElICAl
AFFAIIS
Sincere expressions of sorrow were general in all Cuba at the announcement of the death of Sr. Antonio Carrillo de Albornoz^ which occurred in Habana a month ago. Sr. de Albornoz was a distinguished personage of his native country. He had an elevated and refined character, and was both respected and loved by all who knew him. A simple gentleman, he combined with a deep culture in things intellectual and spiritual an extensive knowledge of the world, but his sympathies were never weakened thereby. At one time Sr. de Albornoz was secretary of the Cuban legation at Washington, where he made many friends, but at the date of his death he was (introductor de ministros) diplomatic secretary in the ministry of foreign affairs in Habana. Cuba has lost a patriotic son, and the
society of
Habana an honored
leader, in Sr.
Antonio de Albornoz.
(Para), Brazil,
is
The Goeldi Museum,
in the city of
Belem
one of
the interesting places to visit in South America. It has undoubtedly the finest collection of Amazon plants in the world, and has attached
a zoological garden of
Amazonian hfe which
is
almost unique in
its
due to Dr. Jaques Huber, whose death was announced as having taken place in Para, February 18, 1914. Dr. Huber was a native of Switzerland, where he began his studies and where he was graduated with a teacher's diploma from Basel in 1890, receiving his doctorate degree (cum laude) in 1892. Meanwhile he had worked at his chosen study of botany in Montpellier (France), and later in Geneva (vSwitzerland), becoming assistant at the botanical museum there. In 1895 he was called to Para, Brazil, and in the following year he became director
excellence and character.
of the credit for this
is
Much
museum
his
Museum. From that date till death he was constantly busy at his life work, travehng through Brazil, improving his botanical gardens, writing reports of his investigations, attending conventions and extending the usefulness of the museum. He made it a storehouse of Imowledge, as weU as a popular resort for the people of Para. He issued many scientific reports,
of the botanical section of the Goeldi
on rubber, its cultivation in the Amazon valley and its place as a product of other countries. In quest of material for the publication of his works, he not only traveled far and wide over the Amazons and into the Ucayali, but also went over the Island of
especially
Marajo and up to the frontier of French Guiana. He also visited the Federated Malay States, Ceylon, Sumatra and Java, and made
398
ANTONIO CARRILLO DE ALBORNOZ.
DR. JAQUES HUBER.
SENOR DON ARISTIDES ARJONA,

Judge
of the
SENOR DON
E.
DIEZ DE MEDINA,
Supreme Court
of
Panama.
Assistant Secretary of Foreign Relations of Bolivia.
400
untiring, his energy ceaseless.
authentic reports on rubber conditions in these regions. His zeal was To his habits of industry was probably
due his death. Dr. Huber was well knovvn, respected, admired, and loved both in his adopted home, in his native land, and in many other parts of the world. As a tribute to his memory, the Society for the Economic Defense of the Amazons recently uncovered an oil painting
of the late Director at the Museum, and then, marching in a body to the cemetery, decorated his final resting place with beautiful floral
pieces.
Sr. Aristides Ar.jona, one of the judges of the
the Republic of
Panama, has had
busy
life
active in behalf of his native country. represent the Province of Los Santos in the constitutional assembly
Supreme Court of and has constantly been In 1884 he was elected to
that convened in the then Colombian State of Panama in January, 1885. In the same year he was made secretary of the prefecture of
Los Santos; in 1886 he was appointed principal judge; in 1890 and 1891 he was in charge of the principal prefecture; and in 1892-1894 he occupied a seat in the Congress of Colombia as a delegate from the Province of Los Santos. As vice president of that body he at times acted as presiding officer. In 1898 Sr. Arjona was appointed secretary of finance, and for the next six years he was constantly in the service of Colombia, but always loyal to his own Province of Los Santos. On November 3, 1903, the council of government called a convention to meet in 1904, and in this convention Sr. Arjona had part as chief deputy from the Province of Los Santos, and he placed President his signature as such on the constitution of Panama. Amador appointed him to take charge of the treasury, and he estabIn 1905 he was lished the present monetary system of the RepubUc. made civil magistrate in the supreme court, and in 1907 he became secretary of foreign affairs. Under President Obaldia, Sr. Arjona was appointed secretary of government and justice. He was then named as a judge of the supreme court, which place he occupies to-day.
enter the service through an interOthers combine with its active fife a keen literary Both of talent which leads them to fruitful production in letters. these fields have been well occupied by Sr. Don Eduardo Diez de Medina, at present subsecretary of foreign affairs at La Paz, Bolivia. He began his diplomatic career on the staff of the minister of foreign affairs, and was soon appointed secretary of the Bolivian legation at Buenos Aires. Returning to La Paz he became chief of the diplomatic division in the ministry of foreign affairs, leaving his country again to become secretary of the legation in London. He was then transferred to Madrid, first as secretary and then as charge d'affaires,
est in
Many Latin American diplomats

journahsm.
Photo by Harris-Ewing.
SENOR DON CESAR

Consul
of
A.
BARRANCO,
has been transferred to will establish a new
cine of
DR.
OSWALDO CRUZ,
Cuba
at Baltimore,
who
Director of the Oswaldo Cruz Institute, who recently received a gold medal from the National Academy of Medi-
Pforzheim,
consulate.
Germany, where he
Rio de Janeiro.
UCTAVIO ESCOBAR VARGAS

Commissioner General
of
i.Ii-Fijlii.
l<.
ilAii,
Venezuela to the Panama-Pacific
Collector General of
Customs
at
Managua, Nicaragua.
International Exposition, San Francisco, Cal., 1915.
402
and thereafter
d'affaires in

to
Japan.
Tokyo, where he was consul general and charge He returned to South America and was in the
Bolivian legation at Santiago, Chile, as charge d'affaires there, being recalled to his own capital to take the post of subsecretary of the war department, and afterwards subsecretary of foreign affairs. Durlife he had found time to write books, poems, essays, and pamphlets, some of pure imaginative quaUty, others of poUtical import in the interests of his native country. Sr. de Medina is only 30 years old, and he has therefore a long life of usefulness for Bolivia ahead of him.
ing this busy
With the transfer to Pforzheim, Germany, of Senor Don Cesar A. Barranco, for many years one of the energetic consular officers of Cuba in the United States, his numerous friends extend best wishes for the successful establishment of the consulate at that point and for
official duties in his new environment. Sr. Barranco was born in Camaguey, Cuba, thirty- two years ago, and is a graduate of the New York Military Academy and the New York University, of New York. In 1904 he entered the consular service of his country as acting secretary of the consulate in Tampa, Fla., and later was acting consul at Mobile, Ala. He came to Washington in 1906 as Chancellor of the Cuban legation; was promoted to vice consul in 1911, and in 1913 was made Consul of Cuba in Baltimore. As special commissioner of his Government Sr. Barranco has conducted a number of investigations. Sr. Barranco is a member of several important societies here and has been honored with the Golden
the fullest enjoyment of
Cross of the
Cuban Red Cross Society
for valuable services rendered.
When the National Academy of Medicine of Rio

to
de Janeiro presented
Dr. Oswaldo Cruz the gold medal awarded him at the medical, congress of Bello Horizonte, it gave fitting recognition to the remarkable services which that physician has rendered in improving sanitary conditions in Brazil. The vigorous campaign he conducted to exterminate the mosquito and other disease-breeding insects from the Federal District and the splendid health conditions which he succeeded in bringing about at Rio and other points, have won for him a foremost
place
among
health officers of the world.

for
of
is
The establishment
of the
Oswaldo Cruz Institute peutics at Manguinhos, research work which it
Experimental Pathology and Serumtherawhich he is the director, and the advanced
sighted health policy laid
down by
pursuing, are striking instances of the farDr. Cruz in his capacity as director
general of public health. Dr. Cruz assumed charge of the health division under the adminis-
and he immediately inaugurated a fever from the capital city. Commencing operations with a staff of about seventy-five physicians.
tration of President Alves, in 1902,
for the extinction of
campaign
yeUow
PEOMINENT IN PAN AMEEICAN AFFAIRS.

and a host
of students,
403
he directed that every house in the Federal by the strong support of the administration, this laborious work was carried out. In addition not a single open tank, gutter, fish pond, puddle, or other deposit of stagnant water escaped the attention of the health crusaders. In a single year nearly one and a half million reservoirs, tanks, and other such breeding places of insects were cleaned up and kept clean. A feature of Dr. Cruz's vigorous campaign was the founding of a special service for the prophylaxy of yeUow fever. He also efl'ected
District be thoroughly disinfected, and, aided
the isolation of yellow-fever patients and in other ways succeeded in bringing about satisfactory health conditions in that country.
portrait of Sr.
with pleasure that the Bulletin publishes the accompanying Don Octavio Escobar Vargas, appointed by his Government to serve as commissioner general of Venezuela to the Panama-Pacific International Exposition at San Francisco, Cal., 1915. Sr. Escobar is well kno\vn in Venezuela as a man of public spirit and integrity. He has been identified with various movements organized to promote the good and welfare of that nation. His designation to this responsible position has been favorably comIt is
mented upon by the press and the public. Prior to his leaving Caracas, a number of receptions and banquets were tendered in his honor, some of an official nature and others of a private character. At these functions were assembled the notable men of Venezuela, together with prominent North Americans resident in that country, and in cordial speeches renewed assurances were given of the friendship and regard between them.
Mr. Clifford D. Ham, at present collector general of customs at Managua, Nicaragua, was born in Detroit, Mich., but spent his boyhood in Dubuque, Iowa, where he attended the public schools, and went to Yale university for his degree. He became private secretary to Gov. Boies, of Iowa, and subsequently editor of the Burlington (Iowa) Herald. Joining the Forty-ninth Iowa Volunteers in the Spanish-American War, he was made lieutentant colonel, was transferred to the Philippine Islands, and was made collector of customs of Iloilo and Cebu, being later appointed surveyor of the port of
From that post he retired to accept the position of collector general of customs at Managua. The office of collector general was created in 1911, and the nomination of Mr. Ham was made by the
Manila.
.
President of Nicaragua on November 23, 1911, and meeting the approval of the Secretary of State of the United States, Mr. Ham
assumed office on December 16, 1911. Since that time he has been constantly occupied in Managua, allowing himself only slight leisure to visit his home in Waterloo, Iowa.
ALFRED
L. M.
GOTTSCHALK,
MAX
J.
BAEHR,
United States Consul General at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Recently transferred from post as United States consul at Cienfuegos, Cuba, to Berne, Switzerland.
DR. CLINTON D. SMITH,

"Well-known educator who has recently returned to the United States from Brazil.
IRWIN
F.
SCHEELER,
Who
recently sailed for Bolivia to take photographs of the interesting sections of that country.
PROMINENT IN PAN AMEEICAN
AFFAIRS.
405
Mr. Alfred L. M. Gotts chalk has just been changed from his
position as consul general at large to that of consul general at Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil, replacing Mr. Julius G. Lay,
Berlin.
who
is
transferred to
Consul General Gottschalk has had a long experience in the service, having begun his work as collector of customs at Monte Christi, Dominican Eepublic, from there being appointed, after examination, as consul at San Juan del Norte, Nicaragua, in 1902. The following year he was transferred to Callao, Peru, and two years later, when the post was raised to a consulate general, he was correspondingly promoted. In December, 1905, he was transferred to Mexico City, where he remained tiU March 6, 1908, when he was designated one of the five consuls general at large. His district then embraced European Russia, the Balkan States, Greece, Asia Minor, Persia, India (as far as the western frontier of the Straits Settlements), and Africa. It will be seen, therefore, that he has traveled over almost the entire world, and brings a ripe experience to his new duties. Mr. Gottschalk was born in New York City, and received his early education at private schools there, going for his degree to Kenyon College and to the University of the City of New York. He has been a newspaper writer and contributor to magazines, and at one time was a sugar planter in the Dominican Republic.
pleasant and rather unusual honor was conferred upon Consul

transferred in the service
to that at Berne, Switzerland.
Max Joseph Baehr, who has recently been

from the post at Cienfuegos, Cuba, He was proclaimed by the residents
of that city "Hi'o Adoptivo de Cienfuegos" (adopted son of Cienfuegos), in token of his long and admirable performance of his duties, and for 'she respect and even love in which he was held by all branches of society. Many patriotic societies were represented, and the municii)al officers formally, in the name of the municipality, conducted the ceremony, which was equivalent to what in Europe is the honor of giving the keys of the city to a distinguished guest. Mr. Baehr was born in Germany, but came to the United States in his youth. He was educated in the public schools, Avas employed as a bookkeeper and traveling salesman for 3êars, and moved to Nebraska for business reasons. In that State he held public office until he was appointed (on examination) July 21, He was appointed for Santos, 1898, consul at Kehl, Germany. Brazil, but did not serve, being transferred to Magdeburg in 1900. The consulate at Cienfuegos he has occupied since June 6, 1902. As the numerous evidences of gratification at his work in Cuba will show, Mr. Baehr is a warm friend of Latin America, and will carry this spirit with him into his native land.
An
educator
who has done much

from
5
to increase the sympathetic relais
tions between the United States
and Brazil
who returned
last 3êar
five years of a
Dr. Clinton D. Smith, busy and productive life
.54904 Bull.
314
406
at the agricuUural college of the State of Sao Paulo, the Luiz de Queiroz Escola Agricola of Piracicaba. Dr. Smith was born at Trumansburg, New York State, attending the academy there and later obtaining his degree in science and arts at Cornell University. He studied botany and chemistry thereafter, and though at one time admitted to the bar, he gave his attention chiefly to his farming
interests
and
to his
teaching work in Cornell.
Called to the direc-
torship of the Arkansas (State) Experimental Station, he later,
from
1890 to 1893, was professor of dairy husbandry in the Minnesota (State) University, founding special courses in that bianch of agriculture and adding materially to the working facilities of the school. In 1893 he was professor of agriculture at the Michigan (State) Agricultural College, and then dean and director, the number of students growing during his stay there to 1,000. In 1908 Dr. Smith was called to Brazil to reorganize and to put on an American basis the school already mentioned, and was so liked in his duties that the number of students increased to 176, with others on the waiting list In 1913 Dr. Smith refor which entrance could not be provided. turned to the United States, but has continued his interest in Brazil and the school at Piracicaba, devoting much of his time in lectures and addresses on South America.
Mr. Irwin F. Scheeler, who is now on his way to Bolivia for the purpose of carrying out in that Republic some of his artistic methods of photography, has had an intimate acquaintance with South America. For several years he traveled in that continent, and while there he began to see the unsurpassed natural beauties of many places too little known to artists and travelers, and to note the admirable municipal improvements which the cities were carrying on, but of which the people in the United States were unfortunately uninformed. Mr. Scheeler therefore devoted himself to photography for the purpose of preser\dng these impressions, and so perfected himself that he soon made a unique name as an artist with the camera in ambitious landscape work. He has taken photographs of many cities His most amin South America, and of not a few interior scenes. bitious accomplishment probably was a series of panoramic views of Buenos Aires, Montevideo, Santiago, Panama, Bahia, Sao Paulo, and Rio de Janeiro, the last being taken from the top of the ''Sugar Loaf," after prolonged effort and a persistence that would have discouraged many another man. To get the best results he devised an apparatus especially for the purpose, the film from which was almost 12 feet long, but which gave a comprehensive picture of the city that went beyond earlier photographs of that beautiful harbor. Many of these views are on exhibition in the photograph room of the Pan American Union. On Mr. Scheeler's return it is hoped that the collection will be further enriched by views of some of the wonderful
landscapes of the Bohvian highlands.
PAN AMEl
MAGAZINES
South America, by Lillian E. Elliott, in for July, 1914, is one of several excellent The author, articles dealing with Colombia appearing in the issue. in two preceding articles, describes her journey up the Magdalena River from Baranquilla to Girardot, and thence to Bogota by railway. The following excerpts, covering a few of the main features of her detailed and interesting description of the capital city of the Republic, will give some idea of the general character of the story:
Bogota
The Athens
of
The Pan American Magazine
Bogota, capital of the Department of Cundinamarca and of the Republic of Colombia,
has a natural position, which
is at
the same time one of the loveliest and one of
the strangest in the world

It is beautiful
because
it lies at
the foot of noble mountains, on a high and fertile
plateau,
which
is itself
8,600 feet above the level of the sea;

it
the lower slopes, and behind

tain road winds
the peaks of the Cordilleras

frigid
where crystal water flows down from
climb up into deep opening, heights and where an enchanting mounits streets
fall
away
in a
away to virgin vales that in three days' riding lead to the tributaries of the mighty Amazon. Lying thus upon the extreme east of the plain, Bogota looks out upon a wide and The rich country 60 miles long north and south and 30 miles wide east and west. soil is rich and practically every inch of it is put to some purpose; there are miles of grazing lands where sleek cattle wander cropping the sweet herbage at their pleasure, endless fields of potatoes, brilliant acres of wheat and barley. And the whole plateau is dotted with little farmhouses, with white walls and brown roofs, neat and comfortable houses, where the sturdy Colombian children show rosy faces at the door.
Funza, site of the old capital of the Chibchas, Ues in the middle of the plain, a little town forgetful of its past. ^Mien the Conquistador Carlos Jimenez de Quesada reached this plain at the end of a terrible journey that lasted for two years, he and his little band were charmed
with the aspect
of
it.
and travel-worn Spaniards were content to stay; this was at last the "land which puts an end to our troubles," land of gold, land of plenty, where one could make a permanent home, a land of large
that in this land of plenty the brave
No wonder
populations, where the people
went clothed, the blessed land, serene and beautiful. Quesada's victory over the Zipa, the king of kings of the Chibchas, was a fairly easy one, for although he was resisted until he actually reached the great city on the
plain,
fled
where 20,000 Indians are said to have lived, yet on his approach the chieftain and the invaders were able to take possession without much trouble. The Indians were, indeed, valuable to the Spaniards, and Quesada preferred that they should continue to occupy under orders their city, for the reason that he did not wish to molest them, and to remain at a safe distance from their overwhelming numbers he founded his new city, not on the Indian site in the center of the plain, but at the foot of the hills at the east, below the shoulders of Montserrate and Guadaloujie.
* 407

I said
409
and strange; no words can convey the first, and the camera and brush fail as completely as the pen to do justice to it, but its peculiar geographical place in the Spanish colonies can be more readily
described.
that the position of Bogota was both beautiful
The Bogota Plateau lies a little aside from the direct line of the great valley of the Magdalena River, 700 miles from the sea. At the time of the Spanish foundation both seashore and river banks were entirely uninhabited by white men, with the exception of the new cities of Cartagena and Santa Marta, on the Atlantic, and the frightful perils of the upriver journey were enough to make the stoutest heart sink. The only access to this upland plateau was overland thi-ough Venezuela or Peruvian territory, or by way of the Magdalena, and all of these routes entailed terrible risks. Federman took three years to arrive from Coro, and Quesada's journey endured for two years. The Spaniards knew exactly what difficulties separated them from all connection with the outer world, their homes, and all that a man of the day counted
as fame.
Yet, without hesitation, these lion-hearted men set about making a city in this remote mountain vale, surrounded by thousands of enemies as they were, a handful but 170 strong, and without any chance of succor if their experiment came to grief. They were justified, for within a few years Santa Fe de Bogota was a thriving place. Undeterred either by danger or difficulty, men struggled up the river or across from Maracaibo or Quito journeys at which travelers hesitate to-day, but which the Spaniards faced Avithout a second thought and joined the new settlement. It was rich in gold, in emeralds from the ancient and famous mines, and, best of all reason, for the establishment of those "permanent homes" of which Castellanos sang, the climate was brisk and enlivening, and food abundant. The Indians must have contributed largely to this end, for they accepted the conquest, and lived beside their conquerors with what I suppose was the same kindly spirit that is so marked in the people of their race to-day. Nowhere in the world has it been my fortune to encounter such pleasant, smiling service as that of the working classes of Colombia, and I can not but believe that these agreeable manners spring from a fundamentally amiable
racial spirit.
With independence not only the name of Santa Fe was dropped, but that of New Granada; the Gran Colombia, Bolivar's new Republic, comprising Cundinamarca, Quito, and Venezuela, with vice presidents in Caracas, Quito, and Bogota, with the
latter erected into the capital of the unified
Republic.
The
federation
fell to
pieces in 1885, the three departments becoming independent
republics of Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela, and from that time Bogota remained the capital of the United States of Colombia. * * *
Before visiting the capital, the writer was repeatedly told that Bogota was backward,
But experience proved exactly an intellectual activity, and an interest in international events which is not always found in supposedly advanced cities. There is, too, a kind of intellectual freemasonry among the cultured Bogotanos that makes life a very pleasant thing in that nook among the high hills, and the writer will never forget the kindness, and what is more, the marked interest, shown again
the reverse.
I
out of the world, not in touch with modern progress.
foimd in Bogota a mental
alertness,
and again during a visit all this upland city of Bogota.

Bogota's
life of
too brief.
It is the paradise of the writer
and the
artist,
own
sons are responsible for
by
far the greater part of the
modern
industrial
She has worked out her own salvation, neither suffering nor gaining from outside influence, as have the towns As a result, European ideas have prevailed in Bogota more than of the sea border. those of the North American continent. The intellectvial tendencies of Bogota and many of her industrial activities owe more to Paris and London and Madrid than to any part of the American continent.
the city, another result of her removal from the coast.
410
All this is but a logical consequence of the association for three hundred years with Spain, and in more recent years with France and Great Britain during the struggle for independence. * * *
Of Bogota's remarkable climate she writes:

a place of perpetual spring, the temperature varying between 60 and 65 F. year round. Roses and lilies are in constant bloom, the baskets of orchids hanging about our upper balconies show here and there a delicate spray of exquisite
This
is
all the
pink and white odontoglossum or fantastic stanhopea, the violet beds are scented with masses of blue and white flowers. Strawberries are ripe all the year, and the market is never without a wealth of Tropic and Temperate Zone fruits, apples and pears and peaches, as well as pineapples and bananas. * * *
Of the importance
aspects she states:
of the city
and
of its
commercial and social
The principle business section, the commercial heart of Bogota, lies on Carreras 7 and 8, between Calles 11 and 15. In this part of the city are the largest banks, the most important business houses and stores. There are many fine stone buildings, some with artistic decorations, and all of solid and handsome construction. Several of the
excellent stores cUsplaying ladies' clothes contain costumes of the most recent Parisian
and those imported can be distinguished at a glance by the fact that they are crushed and creased. This creasing is the hall-mark of style, and many a pretty Bogota lady of fashion wears her clothes with this stamp of the packing case upon them. To eliminate these marks with the pressing iron would be to destroy the cachet of new Parisian importation. The streets are thronged with people all day long. The men are nearly all dressed in black, many of them in long coats and silk hats. A straw hat and light suit is the rarest sight on Bogota business streets. The ladies, too, who walk about freely at any hour, generally in pairs, are more frequently clothed in black than in color, even
style,
when they adopt European styles. One may lay down a fairly general
of the
ride that the ladies of wealth
and
of
modern
tendencies wear European hats in the street, suits, and gloves; but a larger percentage
maidens with lovely rosy complexions seen daily on the streets wear a black edged with broad lace, coquettishly draped over their pretty little heads, drawn tightly over the left shoulder and as tightly crossing over the right of the waist; with this a black skirt is worn. * * * On Sundays nearly every lady, whatever she may wear in the way of gay Parisian clothes on week days, goes to mass wrapped in the inantilla. and very becoming it is to her. No woman who is without Spanish blood in her veins can wear that garment properly, I am sure, and nothing suits the piquant face and abundant hair of the Bogotana so well. On Carrera 7 is the Bazar Veracruz, the lower part occupied by an extensive printing establishment, and the upper divided into 30 suites of offices. I believe that this is the first of Bogota's office buildings specially erected for that purpose, and all the rooms are well ventilated, light, and, in fact, excellent for their purpose. Many of the businesses in the city are almost sumptuously housed; they do a conservative, steady business, for the most part, and while there are several foreign names conspicuous among them, the great part of Bogota trade and industry is in the hands of Colombians born and bred. As one walks the streets of the capital, getting an insight into the life of the place, one realizes presently what a big place it is. Its population is reckoned at 140,000, but the list is probably much longer if the suburbs are all included. Many streets are well paved with asphalt, while others in the less busy sections retain their pa^dng in the old Spanish style, the streets covered with cobblestones and drained in the center.
silk mantilla,
412
Macadamized lengths of street are also found; steam rollers are at work constantly, and quantities of fine granite are brought down from the neighboring hills for the
bettering of Bogota roads.
The educational
features are dealt with as follows:
Education ranks high in Bogota. For nearly tln-ee centuries learning was in the hands of the religious orders almost without exception, and a classical education predominated. To-day, while the arts are still widely taught, there are several technical schools, and the Government has done much to encourage the advance of liberal
education.
* * *
There is a national university in Bogota of old-standing reputation, with departments of modern sciences as well as classics, while the institution of perhaps greatest classical fame is the College of Nuestra Sefiora del Rosario, founded as long ago as The College of San Bartolomeo and the School of Commerce each count over 1654. 600 students, the Art School is excellently equipped and attended, and the Conservatory of Music is not only popular but turns out musicians of high rank. The Convent of the Sacred Heart is perhaps the finest school for girls and mostpopular.
academy is conspicuous in Bogota, a building where the young officers of the Republic are well housed and well taught. You may meet these cadets frequently upon the streets, their erect figures clad in smart uniforms. Both soldiers and police are excellently uniformed, and the courtesy of the latter to the inquiring
military
foreigner
is
The
a thing to
remember.
of the soldiery are
recent instructors of the Colombian
markedly German in style; the more and these were in their turn trained by German officers; the rifle in use is of the most excellent modern pattern, and the machine and field guns last purchased are from the finest European
The caps and helmets
Army have been Chileans,
makers. The astronomic observatory of Bogota was established in 1803, and is the highest in the world after that of Quito. Among other points of interest in Bogota are the Biblioteca Nacional, well equipped,
housed well, and most courteously at the disposition

in the Pasaje Rufino Cuervo, * * visit.
itself
of vistors; the Biblioteca
Pombo,
a fine
new
building, is also well worth a
Many
other interesting facts are brought out and the author conthe city
cludes the story with the following paragraphs anent the railway
facilities of
Three railways run out of Bogota. The most important to-daj', because it links the capital to the Magdalena River, is the Ferrocarril de la Sabana, running across the plain to Facatativa, and there transferring its passengers to the Girardot Railway, where steamboats connect for the upper river journey. This water trip extends to Beltran, where another railway takes the traveler to La Dorada, whence the lowerriver journey is made to Barranquilla, and yet another railway from that point conducts to Puerto Colombia on the Caribbean Sea.
The
Sibate,
Ferrocarril del Sur runs out in a southerly direction across the plain as far as
station at
where there are valuable salt mines and access to a fine coffee region. A Chusaca connects with a shuttle train for the famous falls of Tequendama.
The third fine, the Ferrocarril del Norte, also operates to salt mines, connecting with those of Nemocon and Zipaquira. These are the most important of the plateau and were worked for many a century before the Spaniards dragged their weary bodies over the wall of mountains and looked down upon the pleasant spread of grassy plain.

Upon
this
413
same grassy plain the traveler looks out to-day when leaving the city of Bogota, endeared to him by its own charm and the bondad of Bogotanos. Scores of white farmhouses, trimly fenced, dot the plateau; hundreds of cattle graze on verdant pasture, and beyond Ues the wall of the Cordilleras. Look back at Bogota, nestled among willows and eucalyptus, her crowded houses a splash of white among the trees; behind are the twin mountains, crowned with their churches, the rocky scars and clefts clothed with a kindly mantle of green as they march away into the clear distance.
Hasta
la vista, tierra
de benedicion!
is
Medellin, one of the chief cities of Colombia,

descriptive article in the July
zine.
the subject of another
number
of the
Pan American Magathis enterprising
So
little is
known
in the
city that the following excerpts
may
United States of be of interest:
The
city of Medellin, capital of the Colombian
Department
of
Antioquia, like
many
other important places of Spanish foundation in Latin America, occupies a position far inland and high up among the moimtains. The town is biiilt on a plain
nearly 5,000 feet above sea level, almost entirely surrounded

heights of from 2,000 to 4,000 feet above the city.
by mountains
rising to
The
history of Medellin from the time of its foundation
by
the Spanish conquista-
and importance of the city are due to the natural advantages it possesses both as a location for a town and as a center for a fertile agriciiltural district and a wonderful mining region. The valley, called by its original inhabitants Aburra, was discovered by Jeronimo
dores to the present day shows that the growth
Luis Tejelo, a lieutenant
of Jorge
Robledo, in 1541.
discovery the valley, christened San Bartolome by the Spaniards, was neglected for over 30 years, until in 1574 the conquistador Gaspar de Rodas, seeing
After
its
splendid situation, its fertility, and agricultural possibihties, requested the council Antioquia to give him 4 leagues of land for the purpose of raising cattle and crops. This reqiiest was, with the approval of the governor of Popayan, granted to him, though the space was reduced to 3 leagues. This farm settlement was the real beginning of the present city of Medellin such an ideal position was not likely to be left for long without attracting attention, and land in this choice spot was eagerly
its
of
sought after
by Spanish
settlers.
Growing in size and increasing in importance, the town received in 1675 a royal charter from Spain and was granted a coat of arms, the name being changed to Medellin, on account of the great interest he had taken in the foundation of the town. At the same time an architect, Augustin Patino, was intrusted with the work of planning out the town and straightening, as far as possible, the old and crcoked streets. Continuing in prosperity, Medellin, then with 6,000 inhabitants, was in 1826 made capital of the Department of Antioquia, a dignity of which she has, by her rapid expansion and increasing commerce, shown herself to be well worthy; to-day she numbers 75,000 population.
Medellin is, according

instead of being
history,
to
numbered have been given names well known
the usual custom, laid out in regular squares, but the streets in Latin American
ness section of the city has
such as Maracaibo, Bolivar, Peru, Junin, and Argentina. The principal busiits center in the vicinity of the Plaza de Berrio, a fine square
on which stands the old cathedral, as well as a number of handsome office buildings. Banking houses and commission agencies seem to comprise the chief business of the city, and it is very noticeable that nearly all of these, as well as the wholesale and retail stores, are in the hands of Colombian firms. Two reasons may be given to account for this first, Medellin's inland position, but principally the enterprise and acute business instinct of the Antioquenos themselves, who leave little opportunity for foreign
firms to obtain a footing in the
commerce
of
the
district.
PORT OF AMBALEMA, ON THE MAGDALENA RIVER, COLOMBIA.
L;xi\KKÛi ui MEDELLIN, MEDELLIN, COLOMBIA.
415
The active state of trade in the city is obvious from the number of people to be seen moving about the streets and from the trains of pack mules and carts carrying jiroduce from the agricultural districts in the vicinity. The newly opened railroad from Medellin to Botero is kept fully employed with passengers and freight to and from *he Magdalena River, and the recent inauguration
of
the motor-bus service between various
parts of the city is a sure sign that, although Medellin
may be separated from the

deal with
outer
world by
its location, its
people are fully aware

* *
of
modern needs and
them
by modern methods.
Descriptions of the streets, the environment of the city, the

cathedral, etc., are given in interesting detail.
new
and
As
to climate
means
to
of transportation the author says

of Medellin,
(it is
The climate
the Equator
on account of the altitude and the proximity of the city in latitude 6 north), is both temperate and even, never being
extremely hot and varying very little throughout the year, the mean temperature being 23 C, which equals 73 F. The nights are comfortably cool without being cold, the surrounding mountains sheltering the city from high winds, and so helping to a great extent to keep the temperature steady. People from abroad residing in Medellin for any length of time are apt to find the climate monotonous in its regularity and welcome a holiday if only for the sake of getting a change of weather, though any change may
be for the worse. As Medellin owes its present position as a commercial city to its importance as a trading center, and in particular as a point of access to the gold and coffee regions for which Antioquia is famed, so does its futm-e growth depend on its means of communiThe roads of the district, good as they are, hardly serve modern requirements cation. and the increasing trade of the Department. The completion of the section of the Ferrocarril de Antioquia between Cisneros and Botero will clear the way to the Magdalena River and so to the Atlantic. The reduction of freights and the saving of valuable time in transit is of great importance to the trade of the district, and when this section is in operation a work of benefit to the whole community will have been accomplished. Another line at present constructed and in operation as far as Amaga, about 16 miles south of Medellin, has been planned to run along the Cauca Valley to Call (connecting with Manizales by a branch line giving an outlet for Antioquenean produce at Buenaventura on the Pacific coast, a route that will have the advantage of being entirely by rail and avoiding the necessity for transshipment. With these two routes open the trade of Antioquia will receive an impulse with a corresponding effect on the trade of Medellin, a city whose recent rapid growth will be as nothing compared with what lies before it.
).
of Western Brazil is the subtitle (August) of Col. Roosevelt's A HunterNaturalist in the Brazilian Wilderness series, running in Scribner's magazine. The topography of the country through which the journey lay, its adaptability to agricultural development, the varied character of its vegetation, etc., are described in considerable detail, as may be
Through the Highland Wilderness
of the fifth installment
gathered from the following excerpts:

From Tapirapoan our
land wilderness
ally
course lay northward
up
to
and
across the
Plan Alto, the highis
of Brazil.
From
the edges of this highland country, which

of
geologic-
very ancient, the affluents of the Amazon to the north and flow, with immense and devious loops and windings.
the Plate to the south
Photo hy Mr. Leo Miller
CROSSING A BRAZILIAN STREAM ON A PONTOON FERRY.
Photo by Mr. Leo
Miller.
"THROUGH THE HIGHLAND WILDERNESS OF

"A
train of
BRAZIL."
things.
pack oxen
left,
loaded with provisions,
tools,
and other
Photo by Mr. Leo
Miller.
CAMPING ON THE PLAN ALTO OF BRAZIL.

'We were on the Plan Alto, the high central plain of Brazil, the healthy land of dry air, of cool nights, of clear nmning brooks." (From "Through the Highland Wilderness of Western Brazil," by Theodore Roosevelt, in the August number of Scribner's Magazine.)
Photo by Mr. Leo
Miller.
COLONEL ROOSEVELT
Illustrating
IN CAMP.
Magazine
for
"Through the Highland Wilderness
of Western Brazil," in Scribner's 1914.
August
CAMPING ALONG THE TRAIL.

'
Fires were lit, and after a fourteen hours' fast we feasted royally on beans and rice and pork and beef, seated around ox skins spread upon the ground." (Col. Theodore Roosevelt, in "Through the Highland AVildemess of Western Brazil," in the August number of Scribner's Magazine.)
418
On January 21 we ourselves started, with the mule train. Of course, as always in such a journey, there was some confusion before the men and the animals of the train settled down to the routine performance of duty. In addition to the pack animals we all had riding mules. The first day we journeyed about 12 miles, then crossing the Sepotuba and camping beside it, below a series of falls, or rather rapids. The country
was level. It was a great natural pasture, covered with a very open forest of lowtwisted trees, bearing a superficial likeness to the cross timbers of Texas and Oklahoma. It is as well fitted for stock raising as Oklahoma; and there is also much fine agricultural land, while the river will ultimately yield electric
power
It is a fine
country
for
settlement.
The heat
is
great at noon; but the nights are not uncomfortable.

of
We
were supposed to be in the middle had been fine, varied with showers.
toes.
The
the rainy season, but hitherto most of the days astonishing thing was the absence of mosqui-
the Sepotuba Rapids our course at the outset lay westward. The first day's river lay through dense tropical forests. Away from the broad beaten route every step of a man's progress represented slashing a trail with the machete through the tangle of bushes, low trees, thorny scrub, and interlaced creepers.
From
march away from the
There were palms of new kinds, very tall, slender, straight, and graceful, with rather short and few fronds. The wild plantains, or pacovas, thronged the spaces among the
trunks of the tall trees; their boles were short, and their broad erect leaves gigantic; they bore brilliant red-and-orange flowers. There were trees whose trunks bellied into huge swellings. There were towering trees with buttressed trunks, whose leaves made a fretwork against the sky far overhead. Gorgeous red-and-green trogons, with long tails, perched motionless on the lower branches and uttered a loud tlirice-repeated
whistle.
We heard
the calling of the false bell bird, which
is
gray, instead of white
like the true bell birds; it keeps
among the very topmost branches.
Heavy
rain fell
shortly after
at a level of
we reached
our camping place.
at sunrise we climbed a steep slope to the edge of the Parecis Plateau, about 2,000 feet above the sea. We were on the Plan Alto, the high central plain of Brazil, the healthy land of dry air, of cool nights, of clear-running brooks. The sun was directly behind us when we topped the rise. Reining in, we looked back over the vast Paraguayan marshes, shimmering in the long morning lights. Then, turning again, we rode forward, casting shadows far before us. It was 20 miles to the next water, and in hot weather the journey across this waterless, ehadeless,
Next morning
sandy stretch of country is hard on the mules and oxen. But on this day the sky speedily grew overcast and a cool wind blew in our faces as we traveled at a quick running walk over the immense rolling plain. * * * The following day we again rode on across the Plan Alto. In the early afternoon, in the midst of a downpour of rain, we crossed the divide between the basins of the Paraguay and the Amazon. That evening we camped on a brook whose waters
ultimately ran into the Tapajos. The rain fell throughout the afternoon, now lightly, now heavily, and the mule train did not get up until dark. But enough tents and flies
were pitched to shelter all of us. Fires were lit, and, after a 14 hours' fast, we feasted royally on beans and rice and pork and beef, seated around the oxskins spread upon the ground. The sky cleared; the stars blazed down through the cool night; and wrapped in our blankets we slept soundly, warm, and comfortable. * * *
The approach
discussions as to
to the
its
course,
headwaters of the Rio Duvida led to various and Col. Roosevelt writes
Col. Rondon and Lieut. Lyra held many discussions as to whither the Rio Duvida flowed and where its mouth might be. Its provisional name "river of doubt" was given it precisely because of this ignorance concerning it; an ignorance which it was one of the purposes of our trip to dispel. It might go into the Gy-Parana, in which
MOTOR VANS
'
IN
THE BRAZILIAN WILDERNESS.
It was strange to see these motor vans out in the wilderness where there was not a settler, not a civilized except the employees of the Telegraphic Commission." (Col. Theodore Roosevelt, in "Through the Highland Wilderness of Western Brazil," in Seribner's Magazine for August. 1914.)
man
Wg
::Bî^S^^^'-'--r'~.Photo by Mr. Leo

Miller.
COL.
ROOSEVELT READY FOR THE DAY'S RIDE.
Pliotd by
A NATURALISTS' CAMP.
The airy shelter imder which Cherrie and Miller, the naturalists of the expedition, prepared their specimens and slept at night. (Illustrating "Through the Highland Wilderness of Western Brazil," by Theodore
Roosevelt, in Scribner's Magazine for .'Vugust, 1914.)
FATHER ZAHM STARTING ON A DAY'S JOURNEY.

Upon concluding
their stay at the Utiarity Falls,
Father
Zahm left the party and returned
to Tapirapoan,
thence to the United States.

case
its
421
might flow. into the Madeira low down, in which or, which was unlikely, it might flow into the Tapajos. There was another river, of which Col. Kondon had come across the headwaters, whose course was equally doubtful, although in its case there was rather more probability of its flowing into the Juruena, by which the Tapajos is known for its upper half. To this unknown river Col. Rondon had given the name Ananas, because when he came across it he found a deserted Indian field with pineapples, which the hungi-y explorers ate greedily. Among the things the colonel and I hoped to accomplish on the trip was to do a little work in clearing up one or the other of these two doubtful geographical points, and thereby to push a little forward the knowledge of
it
course must be very short;
case
its
course would be very long;
this region.
Among
the
many
original features of the narrative the following
excerpts descriptive of the Parecis Indians and
the
game which
to delight,
might be termed "head"

are of unusual interest:
football, in
which they seemed
The Parecis Indians, whom we met here, were exceedingly interesting. They were to all appearance an unusually cheerful, good-humored, pleasant-natured people. Their teeth were bad; otherwise they appeared strong and vigorous, and there were plenty of children. The colonel was received as a valued friend and as a leader who was to be followed and obeyed. He is raising them by degrees the only way by which to make the rise permanent. In this village he has got them to substitute for the flimsy Indian cabins houses of the type usual among the poorer field laborers and back-country dwellers in Brazil. The houses have roofs of palm thatch, steeply pitched. They are usually open at the sides, consisting merely of a framework of timbers, with a wall at the back; but some have the ordinary four walls, of erect palm logs. The hammocks are slung in the houses, and the cooking is also done in them, with pots placed on small open fires, or occasionally in a kind of clay oven. The big gourds for water and the wicker baskets are placed on the ground or hung on the poles. The men wore shirts and trousers, but the women had made little change in their clothing. A few wore print dresses, but obviously only for ornament. Most of them, especially the girls and young married women, wore nothing but a loin cloth in addition to bead necklaces and bracelets. The nursing mothers and almost all the mothers were nursing sometimes carried the child slung against their side or hip, seated in a cloth belt, or sling, which went over the opposite shoulder of the mother. The women seemed to be well treated, although polygamy is practiced. The children were loved by everyone; they were petted by both men and women, and they behaved well to one another, the boys not seeming to bully the girls or the smaller boys. Most of the children were naked, but the girls early wore the loin cloth; and some, both of the little boys and the little girls, wore colored print garments, to the evident pride of themselves and then- parents. In each house there were several families, and life went on with no privacy, but with good humor, consideration, and fundamentally good manners. * * * The children played together, or lay in little hammocks, or tagged around after their mothers; and when called they came trustfully up to us to be petted or given some small trinket; they were friendly little souls, and accustomed to good treatment.* * * But the absorbing amusement of the men was an extraordinary game of ball. These Parecis Indians enthusiastically play footballs with their heads. The game is not only native to them, but I have never heard or read of its being played by any other tribe of people. They use a light hollow rubber ball, of their own manufacture. It is The players are divided into two sides and circular and about 8 inches in diameter. stationed much as in association football, and the ball is placed on the ground to be put in play as in football. Then a player runs forward, throws himself flat on the
54904Bull. 314
THE FALLS OF UTIARITY, BRAZIL.

'I
doubt whether, excepting, of course, Niagara, there is a waterfall in North America which outranks (Col. Theodore Roosevelt in "Through the Highland if both volume and beauty are considered." Wilderness of Western Brazil," in the August number of Scribner's Magazine.)
this
'Wii
M
^
^hoto
))y
Mr. Leo Miller
THE SALTO BELLO FALLS, BRAZIL.

'The falls themselves are very lovely.
Just above them is a wooded island, but the river joins again before it races forward for the final plimge. There is a sheer drop of 40 or 50 yards, with a breadth two or three times as great; and the volume of water is large." (Col. Theodore Roosevelt, in "Through the Highland Wilderness of Western Brazil," in the August number of Scribner's.)
PARECIS MOTHER.
Of the
women of the Parecis Indians Col. Roosevelt writes: "Most of them, especially the girls and young married women, wore nothing but a loin cloth in addition to bead necklaces and bracelets. The nursing mothersand almost all the mothers were nursingsometimes carried the child slimg against their side or hip, seated in a cloth belt, or sling, which went over the opposite shoulder of the mother." (Illustrating "Through the Highland Wilderness of Western Brazil," by Theodore Roosevelt, in the August number of Scribncr's Magazine.)
424
THE PAN AMEEICAN"
UNION".
This
first
ground, and butts the ball toward the opposite side.

is
butt,
when
the ball
on the ground, never lifts it much, and it rolls and bounds toward the opponents. One or two of the latter run toward it; one throws himself flat on his face and butts the Usually this butt lifts it, and it flies back in a curve well up in the air, and ball back. an opposite player, rushing toward it, catches it on his head with such a swing of his brawny neck and such precision and address that the ball bounds back through the If the ball flies off to one side or the other it is air as a football soars after a drop kick. brought back and again jjut in play. Often it will be sent to and fro a dozen times, from head to head, until it finally rises with such a sweep that it passes far over the heads of the opposite players and descends behind them. Then shrill, rolling cries of good-humored triumph arise from the victors, and the game instantly begins again with There are, of course, no such rules as in a specialized ball game of civilizafresh zest. There may be 8 or 10 or many more players on each side. tion, and I saw no disputes. The ball is never touched with the hands or feet or with anything except the top of the head. It is hard to decide whether to wonder most at the dexterity and strength with which it is hit or butted with the head as it comes down through the air or at the reckless speed and skill with which the players throw themselves headlong on the ground to return the ball if it comes low down. Why they do not grind off their noses I can not imagine. Some of the players hardly ever failed to catch and return the ball if it came in their neighborhood, and with such a vigorous toss of the head that it often flew in a great curve for a really astonishing distance. * * *
The author
also describes a
unique dance of these Indians and gives
many
entertaining details of their customs and
manner
of living.
side trip to the Falls of Utiarity gives occasion for a description of this
wonderful cascade. The rainy season had come on and the reader is given some idea of the discomforts incident to exploration in the
Brazilian wilderness.
Railway Expansion
in South
America
is
the
title of
a series of articles
now running in Moody's Magazine (New York). In ber may be found Mr. Fredrick M. Halsey's article
the August
num-
dealing with the
railways of Chile and Bolivia. Omitting the descriptive matter relative to the countries, the following excerpts give a comprehensive
review of the various systems of the two countries

Following the coast of Chile southward from the Peruvian line, the first port reached This town boasts of a fair harbor. Two railways, the Arica & Tacna Railway and the Arica-La Paz Railway, have their terminals at the port. The former runs through a barren country to Tacna, some 40 miles away, the outlet for a rich valley. This railway was to have been extended to La Paz, Bolivia, but the opportunity has been lost, owing to the construction of the Arica-La Paz Railway. The company,
is
Arica.
however, pays a nominal dividend to its British stockholders. The Arica-La Paz Railway is owned by the Chilean Government, although Bolivia is paying, by means of a 3 per cent annual sinking fund, for the portion of the line within its boundaries. The railway, 248 miles in length (129 miles in Chile), is the shortest of the three lines from the Pacific to La Paz. It cost over $15,000,000 to build and is spoken of as a railway of a thousand wonders. From Arica the line strikes off northeasterly and soon begins its climb through a barren, waterless waste, toward the top of the Andes. So rugged is the country traversed that the engineers when surveying the line were frequently compelled to blast a trail out of the solid rock, in order to advance up the mountain side. Innumerable hardships were suffered by the builders of the road. No drinking water, food, or fuel could be found. These had to be brought from a great distance. Engineering diflo.-
426
culties

were met with everywhere.
Many
tunnels had to be bored through mountain
spurs and numerous bridges thrown over ravines.
Where the grades
are the steepest
the rack system was put into use.
The railway
crosses the divide at an altitude of
about 14,108
feet.
The
last
spike was driven in 1913, and the running time from
La Paz
to the sea has
been shortened by half a day.

ation early in 1914.
will be bettered shortly.
A weekly passenger train in each direction was in opertraffic,
Sleeping cars are carried, and

Freight
recently constructed to
road.
it is expected that train service though light, is increasing. A branch the Coracora mining district will bring new tonnage to the
Southward from Arica are the three nitrate ports, Pisagua, Iquique, and Pattilos, which are terminals of the Nitrate Railways, a prosperous British -owned system, operating about 377 miles of main track and spurs, traversing a large portion of the nitrate belt. Iquique, the principal port, is a town where rain never falls. The place * * * is quite up-to-date, however, boasting of tramways, electric lights, etc. The next ports worthy of mention are Mejillones and Antofagasta, the tidewater terminals of the Antofagasta & Bolivia Railway, the most important privately owned railway in Chile and Bolivia and one of the best paying lines in South America. From the two above-mentioned ports over one-fourth of Chile's nitrate production is annually exported. Mejillones, although it has an excellent harbor as compared with the open roadstead (Morena Bay) at Antofagasta, is outranked in importance by the
all of
latter place.
The Antofagasta & Bolivia Railway affords access to some of the finest mountain scenery in South America. The railway itself is but 2 feet 6 inches gauge, and yet its trains run at very fair speed over a well maintained roadbed.
The main line starts at Antofagasta, which is 590 miles north of Valparaiso. A semiweekly through passenger train carrying sleeping and dining cars is operated, making La Paz, Bolivia (about 720 miles), in about 45 hours. Mixed trains are also operated. The fi-eight cars used by the company will carry The railway's climb begins as soon as it leaves
first
a 20-ton load.
18 miles.
the Pacific, rising 1,800 feet in the After crossing the Longitudinal (Government) Railway, 60 miles from
the sea, the main line enters the gi-eat nitrate belt, tln-ough which it extends for over 30 miles. A total of 873,212 tons of nitrate and nitrate earth were carried by the rail-
way
in 1912.
Climbing ever upward the railway crosses the Loa River and reaches Calama (148 miles from the sea) where the altitude is 7,400 feet. Tliis ancient town has been a great copper mining center since the days of the Incas. At Conchi, about 32 miles beyond Calama and at an altitude of nearly 10,000 feet, the Loa River is recrossed by a viaduct, said to be the highest in the world. The viaduct is composed of six steel lattice girder spans of 80 feet each, supported on steel trestle towers, the track being 336 feet above the torrent. At San Pedro, 33 miles beyond Calama, the Antofagasta & Bolivia Railway has constructed a vast system of reservoirs, costing about $5,000,000 to supply freshwater (about 6,000 tons daily) to the nitrate fields and to Antofagasta, 193 miles away. Climbing along the mountains past the great snow-capped volcanoes San Pedro and San Pablo (the former active), cutting its way at one point through a bed of lava over
500 yards in width, the railway reaches Ascotan, the summit of the divide, 13,000 feet above the Pacific. As the line descends toward the Bolivian frontier, it passes a lake of borax, 24 miles long, the largest of its kind in the world.
From Ollague, 270 miles from Antofagasta, a 60-mile branch extends to the Collahuasi copper mines, reaching the altitude of 15,809 feet, which is 28 feet higher than the summit of Mount Blanc, the apex of Europe.
Entering Bolivia, 5 miles beyond Ollague, the railway runs northward over a vast plateau to Uyuni, Rio Mulato, and Oruro. At Uyuni a 20-mile independent railway,
''f^.:
BRIDGE OVER THE RIO MAURI IN
]50L1VIA.
VIEW OF SAME BRIDGE FROM ABOVE, SHOWING A SECTION OF THE ARICA-LA PAZ RAILWAY.
428
which runs
to the

short line was a most costly one to build, as a tunnel 2 miles in length
The
Huanachaca silver mines, meets the Antofagasta & Bolivia Railway had to be
driven through the mountains before the right of way could be laid out. From Rio Mulato, 445 miles from the Pacific, a branch line owned by the Bolivia Railway (an American company) which is leased by the Antofagasta & Bolivia Railway, runs to Potosi, 108 miles away. To reach this ancient city, which flourished long before John Smith landed on the shores of Virginia, tracks had to be laid up to as high an elevation as 15,814 feet the second liighest altitude reached by any railway in the world. The Potosi section, over which a semiweekly mixed train service is maintained, has been surveyed to Sucre, the former capital. The Antofagasta &Bolivia Railway's main line continues northward, passing the mysterious Lake Poopo, 50 by 30 miles in size, and navigable for steamers, which receives 212,000 cubic feet of water per minute and discbarges only 2,000 cubic feet during a similar period. The terminal Oruro, a city of 20,670 inhabitants, is soon reached. Here the passengers en route to La Paz, 145 miles away, change to the broader gauge Bolivia Railway (leased by the Antofagasta & Bolivia Railway), whicli continues on to Viachi (126 miles). The last stretch of 19 miles is covered by the Guaqui-La Paz Railway, owned by the Peruvian corporation. The Antofagasta & Bolivia Railway had practically completed at the time of writing a line of their own between Viachi and La Paz. * * *
The famous
old city of
La Paz (population
75,000)
is
located in a valley more than
12,000 feet above the sea.
It is the highest capital in the world, overtopping Lhassa,
the far-famed capital of Tibet, in Asia, by several hundred feet. The Bolivia Railway was incorporated in the United States in 1907, and holds a perpetual concession from the Republic of Bolivia for the construction of lines of railway in that Republic, in all about 773 miles. This mileage includes the line from
Oruro, the northern terminal of the Antofagasta & Bolivia Railway, to Viachi, 126 miles (see above). There had been expended $6,237,345 on the Oruro- Viachi line to
December
31, 1913.
The Bolivia Railway has

;
also
completed building
or has pro-
jected lines as follows: (1) From Oruro to] Cochabamba (132 miles), on which $10,820,900 had been expended to December 31, 1913 (2) from Rio Mulato to Potosi (106 miles),
on which 18,052,575 had been expended to December 31, 1913; (3) from Uyuni (on the Antofagasta & Bolivia Railway) to Tupiza $2,564,944 expended to December 31, 1913; (4) from La Paz to Puerto Pando; (5) from Potosi to Sucre (the capital), etc. These various lines, when completed, will give a comprehensive railway system to Bolivia, and will greatly aid in opening up the resources of that Republic.
The author concludes the article with a brief description of the Chilean Transandine Railway, which has heretofore been the subject of various Bulletin articles.
The Chilean Nitrate Industry, by Lester W. Strauss, is the title of by the Mining and Scientific Press of San Francisco, Cal., in which are set forth in a very comprehensive manner the details of this important industry. Among other
a series of articles recently published
features of interest to those interested in nitrate, the following excerpt, dealing with the
manner
in which nitrate bearing land
may
be
acquired,
may
be of value
Nitrate ground is not obtainable by the usual methods of denouncement. Every year certain areas are advertised for sale, by auction, at a minimum bid price of a certain number of centavos (of the gold peso of 18d. (36 cents) per quintal (metric) of salitre producible, the highest bidder obtains the tract offered. The ground has been previously reported on by Government engineers, who state a minimum pro-
429
duction of a certain number of million (metric) quintals of salitre possible. With this as a basis, and taking into consideration the economic situation of the property as regards railroad facilities and more especially water supply, the price per metric quintal of salitre recoverable is arrived at. The yearly auctions are limited to properties
220.46 pounds) of nitrate, and to be
not having a greater total output than 14,000,000 metric quintals (quintal equals made up in lots of over 7,000,000 quintals "output
;
where the ground does not permit of this minimum, less may be offered The transfer of title is under the responsibility of the state. Entry to the bidding must be accompanied by a deposit, to the order of the director of the treasury, for an amoimt equal to 10 per cent of the minimum price. This deposit is presumably returned to the nonsuccessful bidders. The deeds of sale must be signed within 30
capacity"
days after the day of sale, and the balance of the sale price then paid in first-class 90 days' drafts on London; failure to appear within the time specified, or if the time The state does not hold itself set is ignored, means the forfeiture of the deposit. responsible for the quantity of nitrate said to exist in the ground on the statement
and plans
of the Delegacion] Fiscal
de
Salitreras.
lished in the newspapers of Santiago, Valparaiso,
The date of the auction is puband Iquique, and abroad in London,
York, Paris, Berlin, and Hamburg. The Government donates money from time for works beneficial to the industry. For example, it gave 3,800,000 pesos of 18d. gold, or 11,378,000, for a water Ime for Iquique, and also grants a subsidy to the Nitrate Association of 40,000 yearly.
New
time
to
nitrate industry
Comparatively few people know that iodine is a by-product of the and that Chile practically supplies the entire world with this well-known pharmaceutical article. Mr. Strauss gives the
following brief description of the
method
of production:
Iodine to the extent of 1,010,186 pounds was produced and exported in 1912; it is a product derived from the nitrate and is an additional source of revenue to the Government, the export tax being 10.4d. (21 cents) per pound. Its exportation is limited by the "Iodine Combination" so as to keep up prices, so only a small proportion Those oficinas (40 in 1912) which have caliche high of the possible output is made. in sodium iodate are the favored producers. The Domeyko oficina in the Antotagasta district has a capacity of 400,000
pounds of iodine per year. The method of manufactm-e consists in treating the mother liquors from the nitrate crystallizing vats or tanks, which contain iodine principally as sodium iodate, witl a mixture of sodium bisulphite, and is carried out as follows: The bisulphite of soda is prepared by burning a mixture of nitrate of soda and coal "fines," the soda so formed is leached out, decanted, and sulphurous acid gas (made by burning native sulphur in iron stoves) To a given quantity of mother is passed thi'ough in excess, thus forming bisulphite.
liquor a sufficient
amount of the above mixture of bisulphite of soda is added until the temporary brandy coloration (due to free iodine) has disappeared, and the solution is clear, then about 20 per cent of its volume of fresh mother liquor is added through which the iodine is precipitated; the requii-ed proportions being determined by tests made beforehand. The iodine is allowed to settle, is filtered, pressed, and the cakes so formed, containing about 75 per cent iodine, are placed in one ton charges in h-on retorts connected with condensers, made of earthenware drain pipes about 30 inches diameter, placed on a gentle incline. The retorts, after careful luting with clay, are gently fired until the iodine is all driven over. The apparatus is allowed to cool for several days, after which the pipes are opened at night when the temperature is cooler, and the crystallized iodine, 99.6 per cent pure, is shoveled out and packed in 100-pound barrels, ;that are afterwards^sewed in rawhide for transportation.
Plea for a Constructive Pan American Quarantine is the title of a very timely editorial by Dr. John A. Hornsby in the Modern Hos-
430
August. The subject is one of such grave importance, and the suggestion offered, the creation of an international quarantine commission, seems to be such a practical and feasible solution that the editorial, with the exception of the introductory paragraphs, is herewith reproduced
pital (St. Louis, Mo.) for
In the days before we knew the cause, course, and pathology of the communicable any country or^port.was he who could raise and maintain the highest, strongest, and most formidably "hog high" barrier against intercourse of any kind with an afflicted, helpless, and needy neighboring State or port. That time, thanks to our present-day scientific knowledge, as well as our humanitarian ism and common sense, has gone by, and we know now that scientific quarantine contemplates the largest possible measure of uninterrupted intercourse, the freest possible interchange of commodities, the greatest measure of^helpfulness to the afflicted people, and at the same time the employment of the most highly developed methods of prevention of the spread of disease. Unfortunately, we have not been cured of our habit of panic the]face of danger, and if there is any one thing more dangerous than the danger itself it is the blind, unreasoning panic that accompanies it. In the case of an epidemic this habit of panic takes the form of a declaration of quarantine long before it is definitely determined that such a course is necessary. We go on the principle that it is best to tie up everything first, and make a proper inquiry afterwards to determine whether there was really something to be frightened about. That principle is all right if we believe that "self-preservation is the first law of nature "; but there is a pretty general feeling abroad nowadays that we owe our brother something, even at theprice of a little risk
diseases, the best quarantine officer of
to ourselves.
Is it generally
known
that a declaration of quarantine against a South or Central

financial ruiii of the coiuitry
American port very often means

is it
dependent on
it?
And
generally
known
that very
many
of these quarantines are false alarms,
and that
the dreaded disease was not present at all, or, if present, was also present in quite as aggravated form in the ports which cut off communication? And is it generally appreciated that a little mtelligent cooperation with the afflicted people would have stamped out the trouble in its incipiency, before it got to be a menace? A case in point: Three cases of plague developed in New Orleans within the month; the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service was on the ground and at work before the public knew about the cases. If those cases had occurred in a Venezuelan port, quarantine regulations would have closed the door of every port in the world against the already afflicted people, and it would take years for them to recover, although not another case of the disease were to develop. Then, why not go about this quarantine business in an orderly fashion, and as though all the people in this hemisphere were indeed fellow human beings entitled to thoughtful consideration, one of another? How would it do to create by govermnental initiative an international quarantine commission, with a representative from each independent state, nation, and island? This commission would operate something like our own Interstate Commerce Commission. It would have an expert in diagnosis of the quarantinable diseases in every port on the American Continent. A school would be maintain?d for the training of these experts, or arrangements would be made for that purpose with existing schools. No expert would be qualified for appointment except after a thorough examination. Under such a scheme each port or country participating would send, say, two men from each port to be examined, and, if not qualified, to be trained trained not only in diagnosis and treatment of these special diseases, but schooled in the prescribed methods of procedure in case of an outbreak. It would take perhaps a year or two to

create a chain of experts competent to handle
its
431
any situation. The commission would permanent headquarters at some central or desirable point, and the moment its expert reported by wire the presence of an outbreak anywhere, it would take charge of the situation, direct a comprehensive program, and send proper help if
have
necessary.
In such a system every country would want
to participate,
because failure to do so
would render
it liable to
all.
the infliction of the outrageous quarantine regulations that
now
operate against
Costly?
Certainly, but not 1 per cent as costly as the present financially ruinous
and humanly ruthless system.
The World's Oldest Tree, in the July number of American Forestry (Washington, D. C), is a reproduction, in part, of Prof. Daggett's article which appeared in a recent number of the California Outlook. The discovery of this most remarkable specimen of venerable vegetation, preserved for 100,000 years in the asphalt-laden soil, is noteworthy, and the following excerpts tell the gist of the story:
What is, with good reason, claimed to be the oldest tree in the world may now be seen at Los Angeles, Cal., having recently been unearthed from the fossil beds at Rancho La Brea, Cal., together with bones of the saber-toothed tiger, the giant ground How old the sloth, the dims wolf, and other animals of the distant Tertiary period. tree is scientists can but estimate, but there is little doubt that it is fully 100,000 years
since
was buried and preserved in so wondrous a fashion that it is in existence to-day. was found by men working in the pits under the direction of Prof. Frank S. Daggett, director of the Museum of History, Science, and Art, at Exposition Park, Los Angeles. Prof. Daggett, in the California Outlook, describes the excavations and the
it
The
tree
discovery of the tree.
He
says:
were opened and bones exposed to view, interest left the field As unusual finds began to show up, as a whole and centered on these little spots. these pits began to be designated by some descriptive name. For instance, pit 3 soon became known as the "tree pit," owing to the discovery of a fine specimen of tree in it. This find soon became well known and was watched by scores of local scientists with great interest. It was an education, or otherwise, to listen to the learned discussions carried on as the men slowly exposed the tree from day to day by the removal
different pits
of the
"As the
surrounding asphalt-packed bones.

3 feet
from the surface a stratum of fossil bones was encountered. Owing water had been admitted to the mass and the bones were too soft Beneath this layer, after passing through a couple of feet of clay, the to be saved. men came upon a more or less worm-eaten stub. As the bones were removed from the bottom of the pit more of the tree was constantly exposed. One day a magnificent skull of a mastodon was taken out, followed by that of a camel. Saber-toothed Not so, howtigers and wolves came with such frequency as to cause no comment. ever, when a skull of a lion of the African type, of monstrous size, came to view.
"About
to several gas vents,
This was found crowded closely beneath a big fork of the tree. " Now we began to feel sure that this 'tree was no drifting log end up in a vent. Great caution was taken to save and note every detail which might have a bearing on its occurrence. Fragments of bark were saved; masses of leaves and twigs matted in the asphalt were examined with microscopic eyes to see if they were mere drift, or the stomach contents of herbivorous animals. Bushels of loose material were washed in gasoline through sieves for seeds, insects, and the thousand and one minute forms
'
otherwise
lost.
"At
bones
15 feet a network of large roots was encountered intermingled with skulls

of bison,
and
camel,
tiger, wolf,
and
sloth.
Working around
to the north, the roots
SB is ^3
li
433
were found firmly embedded in a bank of oil-soaked clay, proving that the tree had grown where found. All sorts of conjectures have been made, some wise and some otherwise. Out of it all we may conclude that the tree once grew on the bank of a small run or depression, the roots on one side firmly embedded in the bank. On the other side they extended into a soft, perhaps muddy basin. The ever-shifting gas, under heavy pressure, in its effort to reach the sm'face, probably followed the root
of
commenced and the

until the tree
the tree as the point of least resistance. Once at the surface, the asphalt deposit trap began its work, slowly, over hundreds of years of time,
was completely covered
as the surrounding country gradually filled.

fall
"
We
One wonders why know that all its
the tree did not decay and
before these long years elapsed.
smaller branches did decay, as the worm-drilled ends attest,
leaving only the ponderous trunk, 18 inches in diameter, and one
main
fork.
There
seems to be only one probable solution of the question. Certainly the tree must have been killed soon after the oil penetrated its root area, and it seems almost as certain that as the sap left the tree it was replaced by the penetrating asphalt-laden oil, the wonderful preservative of Rancho La Brea. That it did its work well is certain, for the wood is sound enough to make into furniture to-day. An authenticated sample of the tree was sent to the Biological Survey at Washington for analysis, and the microscopic slides were made of transverse and cross sections, showing that the tree was a
cypress (Cupj-essus macnabiana).'"
Origin of the Banana, by the editor of The Journal of Heredity (Washington, D. C), is an interesting and informative article in the June, 1914, number of that publication. The following excerpts will be of interest not only to those directly connected with the production of the delectable and nutritious fruit, but to many who know it only as a staple article of food which has become as generally and widely distributed in the markets of the United States as the indigenous
apple
There seems little reason to doubt that the banana was one of the first foods of man and that it was one of the first fruits cultivated. "Wild bananas and their botanical relatives," says O. F. Cook, "are natives of the rocky slopes of mountainous regions of the moist Tropics, where shrugs and trees prevent
the growth of ordinary herbaceous vegetation." It is probably in a similar region "Everything leads one to that the first appearance of man is to be looked for.
region where
believe," as Beccari says, "that the principal cultivated fruits originated in the man first acquired a high grade of civilization." Primordial man of the
Tropics was undoubtedly an agriculturist rather than a live-stock breeder. He lived on the resources most readily furnished him by nature, and among these few would be
more readily available than the banana. It is permissible, then, to suppose that the banana was one of the first fruits that attracted his attention; that he soon brought it under cultivation, and that he at once began to submit it to that long processof improvement which has continued for perhaps some hundreds of thousands of years and is more
active to-day than ever before.
If man appeared in the Indo-Malayan region, as is widely believed at present, it seems natural to seek the origin of the banana in the same region and such a location This primitive banana probably did not differ for it is accepted by most botanists. widely from the wild bananas found to-day in many parts of the Tropics, although none Becof the latter can be confidently pointed out as representing the ancestral type. cari, indeed, considers that all the wild forms known to-day are merely cultivated forms which have escaped from cultivation at some time in the past. He found in Borneo four new species which grew only in regions deforested by man. Whence were
;
Courtesy of The Journal of Heredity.
CLUSTER OF WILD, SEED-BEARING BANANAS.

The
fruit is concealed by huge bracts, part of which have beea raised to show the "fingers." This was probably the original habit of the plant, although these bracts have disappeared in the cultivated forms, so commonly seen in fruit stores. The above photograph (by the Bureau of Agriculture, Philippine Islands) is of the species known_as Virgen. Natives o the
i.
ji,
Philippines propagate
it
only by seed.
Courtesy of The Jouri
Photo by Bureau of Agriculture
P.
A
Although the seeds are numerous and
HAND OF WILD BANANAS.
fully developed, they are much fewer in proportion to the amount of pulp than in the African species. This fruit is from Cavite, Philippine Islands, where it is colloquially known as Alinsanay.. Botanists regard it as a once cultivated form that escaped from cultivation long ago and has regained fertile seedsthrough cross-polination with some distantly related type.
436
they brought? He asked himself, and was obliged to conclude, after a survey of the whole problem, that probably each region develops its own well-characterized species a conclusion which finds support in the fact that no species yet known has a of Musa very wide geographical distribution. At present the genus seems to be dependent on man for its possibilities of development. It can not make its way in the primitive It is one of the many crops which have been so changed by man forest, he concludes. to meet his own needs that they are no longer able to hold their own in the free com-
petition of nature.
The original form of banana must have been of little value as a fruit.
fore concluded that it
of
Cook has there-
was
first
a root crop, the roots being used even yet
by the natives
was doubtless also an article of food, as it is to-day in Abyssinia. Cultivated for its roots, the banana began to produce better fruits, by chance, or as a result of asexual propagation, and at a very early day must have become more prized for the latter than for the former. "The wild varieties are almost wholly seeds," Beccari obsex'ves, "but what pulj) It therefore only requires some agent to inhibit the exists is sweet and agreeable. gi'owth of seeds and promote that of pulp to produce good bananas. Effective causes are sterility produced by hybridization, and improvement by asexual reproduction." Both of these means may have been used by the prehistoric plant breeders of the Tropics. Cross-pollination between cifferent species would easily take place, and would result in at least pai'tial sterility of the product. These hybrids, asexually propagated either by man or by nature, would retain their sterility, and a "horticulBeccari's own idea is that all the bananas of tural variety" would be established. to-day are, in fact, the results of hybridization of various original wild forms which have now disappeared. This in itself would be sufficient to explain the seedless condition of the fruit of commerce; while the numerous seed-bearing species found wild at present are accounted for by Beccari's hypothesis that they represent the product of one of the normally sterile forms pollinated from some species sufficiently distinct * * * to cause the production of normal seed.
some
regions, while the tender heart
origin of the present seedless varieties is explained by many writers as a matter simple selection rather than of hybridization. The knowledge which we are gradually acquiring of the results of plant hybridization, however, makes it seem plausible that some cross was the starting point from which the tropical native began his process The little knowledge we have of the agi-icultural skill of primitive of selection. man gives abundant reason to believe him intelligent enough to propagate choice
The
of
strains of his staple crops
by offshoots. In the banana natm-e herself showed him the way; for in addition to seeds, which must always have been the normal way of reproduction, the banana could propagate itself rapidly by suckers unless the primitive types were very different from those we know to-day. Around the base of the plant numerous small suckers are thrown up; these, it is believed, finally separate
themselves from the parent by the formation of a layer of abscission cells and roll down hill (when the plant is gi'owing on a slope) until their progi'ess is arrested by some obstacle; then they take root and reproduce their parent form. To sum up, we find the banana established as an important crop as far back as we can see. Beccari, indeed, does not hesitate to suggest its cultivation in the Pliocene epoch, although there is by no means agreement of paleontologists as to whether man existed as a distinct species in that epoch. In the Miocene, Beccari recalls, we find a wide variety of strange forms; in the Pliocene, we meet forms similar to those we know to-day. "It is only in the Pliocene that we find forms of mammals identical with those of the present. * * * It is possible that it was in that epoch
that man, clearly established as a species with the characteristics he
now
shows, had
begun
crop,
to domesticate plants
and animals," and
if so,
we must
certainly put the culti-
vation of the banana in that epoch: First, perhaps, as a root crop, and then as a fruit when man seized and perpetuated in the plant the variations favorable to his
needs, which chance interspecific hybridization
may have
offered.
3i
THE WAY BANANAS GROW.

In the patio of the Pan American Union, Washington, D. C, is a banana plant bearing blossom and The above picture shows the bunch of bananas only partially filled out, while at the lower end fruit. may be seen the large blossom.

From the Indo-Malayan
must have
carried the
region, according to the generally received account,
439
man
banana on his migrations, both eastward and to the islands The plant is admirably adapted for of the Pacific Ocean, and perhaps to America. transportation over long distances, because its suckers can be dried and carried without difficulty in that condition for several months, to take root at once when placed inthedeeprichsoil which they love. * * * This circumstantial account has always failed to satisfy a certain number of botanists, whose belief that the banana was found here long before the arrival of Columbus is based partially on tradition, more on the belief that it could never have spread so rapidly in the years following the conquest as to account for its abundance in the many localities where it is reported by early writers; partly on the large number of distinct varieties to be found in the tropical parts of America, and partly on the findingof leaves resembling those of the banana in pre-Columbian graves in South America The first consideration seems to have weighed hea\-ily with von Humboldt, who did not hesitate to declare the fruit a native of America, saying, " It is a constant tradition in Mexico and on all the mainland that the platano arton and the Domenico were cultivated there long before Europeans arrived." Most of the botanists who have studied the subject have not considered tradition a sufficient ground for judgment. De Candolle contented himself with a verdict for "a prodigious antiquity of cultivation, in consequence a primitive existence in Asia and a diffusion synchronous with that of the races of mankind or even earlier." As to the evidence afforded by the exhumation of leaves, those who uphold the Asiatic origin of the banana contend that knowledge that these leaves were really Musa is lacking, and that they were more probably leaves of some such plant as Heliconia, a South American relative. 0. F. Cook has brought the case prominently forward during the last few years by championing the theory of American origin, but the majority of writers are still on the other side. Wliether the Musa, as we know it to-day, was actually cultivated by the natives of the Spanish Main when Columbus found them, there seems reason to believe that it or a closely related plant existed on this continent several millions of years ago. Researches of paleontologists in North America have resulted in the identification of a genus which has been named Musophyllum, and bears extraordinary resemblance to the bananas, although of course there is not sufficient evidence available to decide the exact degree of relationship. The best known of these finds in the deposits the Eocene epoch are from the vicinity of the Yellowstone National Park.
of
The Indian as a Hunter, in a recent issue of Outdoor World, deals with the Indian of to-day, the semicivilized descendant of the free,
wild tribes that erstwhile roamed the forests and plains of North America. The author, Mr. Edwin L. Sabin, describes him as he actually appears to those who know him now as hunter and guide,
with rifle and knife instead of bow, arrow, and tomahawk, and compares his qualities as a hunter of wild game with those of the white
man.
In considering the
modem
Indian as a hunter and comparing him with the white
his lack of ammunition Taking up the latter situation first, on few reservations is rifle game (the Indian does not hunt with the shotgun) to be found in any quantity, and to leave the reservation the Indian must have a permit. Thus his opportunities for practice are kept down. Moreover, he carries a rifle only by permission
man we must remember

his lack of liberty.
that two facts militate against him-
and
of the authorities.
HP*^^!
Courtesy of Outdoor World Publishing Co.
CHIEF TWO-GUNS.
fine
type of the North American Indian.

As
to
,
441
ammunition its cost is another serious problem for him. Even in the old days the ammunition of the whites, powder and ball, was superseding the bow and arrow, and the Indian's keenest desire was to secure one of these wondrous death
when
Aside from whisky and trinkets, powder dealers, ammunition was difficult for him. and lead were the trader's chief asset. To hoard the powder the Indian was prone to underload his gun; to obtain lead he would commit any theft, explore any region. The lead deposits near Dubuque, Iowa, were first exploited by the Indians, who dug
out the metal for their bullet molds.
The Indian naturally

all
is
a hunter, as naturally he
is
a warrior;
of
his instincts direct
him that way.
The general consensus
opinion among Army men, pioneers, Indian agents, and white hunters The is that he is the game finder and the meat getter par excellence. general verdict is that the modern Indian is inferior to the white man as a rifle shot at long range, and in facing of dangerous game;
he is superior, however, as a
trailer, as a game finder, and in endurance and general ability to take care of himself in the open. The Indian rarely attempts a long shot at game. In the old days 30 or 40 yards was the killing distance of the arrow although peneThus early tration was considerable even at longer distances. the Indian was accustomed to approach his game close; the value of ammunition, later, made him continue the habit, and his great anxiety to secure what he sighted, for meat and pelt, influenced him
yet more. Despite the improvement in guns the Indian hunter of to-day is the short-range shot that his father was. He wants to be sure of his
meat (for he needs it) and he does not like to miss. He will go to any exertion or pains rather than run the risk of a fruitless attempt. In the pursuit of dangerous game the Indian's hereditary caution asserts itself. When every warrior in the tribe was a unit of the tribal
unnecessary exposure was deemed foolish. The Indian war tactics have been ''the greatest damage at the least expense;" and for that reason the Indian is a poor fighter at near quarters. Taught in such a^schoolhe avoids the dangerous beast in preference to seeking him. To kill the grizzly bear may be glory but to be killed by him is extinction, quite the opposite of distinction, and was and is a serious loss to the tribe. The Indian takes no unnecessary risks.
strength,
Where
a white hunter will crawl into a bear's
den after the animal,
him for an opportunity more favorable to himself. But on the trail the Indian shines. To pick out a trail and to follow Also he instinctively knows where it is an Indian art, born in him. game should be. The white man learns; the Indian already has
the Indian will leave
learned.
north an Indian guide is preferable to more persistent on the trail than the white hunter. He has the more endurance, and he will not quit. He is not out for sport; he is out for business and for material results.
the
of the
By
men
a white guide.
The Indian
is
PAiSr
AMEEICA IN THE MAGAZINES.
443
white man, Mexican, and Chippewa Indian was known once to follow seven elk for five days. Two Cree Indians were on the trail of a bear from 7 o'clock one morning until the next day at noon, when they overtook and killed him. Many such instances of endurance could
will follow a trail indecipherable to a
to a dog.
He
sometimes
be cited. The Indian has the intuition of locating game. He seems to think This faculty, as the game thinks, and he makes no mistaken moves. together with his extraordinary aptitude in picking out direction, form almost a sixth sense. He is naturally a plainsman and woodsman. It is the white man, and not his Indian companion, who is surprised when the game is suddenly sighted and it is the white man who loses the direction of the camp and gets lost, not the Indian. To-day he is hampered by environment, but physically he excels His fathers were yet tougher than he. the white man in breeding. In his lineage there have been no weaklings to vitiate the strain. He yet is exposed to wind and weather in his childhood, and thus hardened to exposure, and he can go longer on less food and wear less clothing in cold weather than any white man possibly can. Taken altogether, therefore, the Indian, unskilled shot that he is
;
at long range, and timid as he is in taking chances, by his patience, endurance, craft, and by his inherited instinct, is the white man's superior as a hunter of mid game.
PAN AMEIICAN MOTES

PAN AMERICAN COMMERCE AS AFFECTED BY THE WAR.
THE
effect of the great
European war upon Pan American
trade relations has been brought in a most direct way to the attention of the office of the Pan American Union, and has
emphasized almost as never before its practical usefulness to both North and South America in the dissemination of information. As a result of this sudden change in the economic conditions of the world affecting demand and supply, both the export and import markets of North and South America have been thrown into a position of mutual dependence which has attracted the attention of the business interests of both continents. It is no exaggeration to state that the Pan American Union has been literally overwhelmed and flooded with letters, telegrams, and calls of individuals, representing inquiries of every kind, from both North and South America, in regard to the new demands of commerce between the United States and the principal countries of South and Central America, as affected by the war. Every effort has been exerted by the members of its staff to take care of this sudden increased interest in Pan American trade and in the progress, development, and possibiUties of each of the Latin American countries. The staff has realized, moreover, the very fact that such a centering of inquiries upon this office is evidence that the world regards the Pan American Union as a practical international bureau of information, which is always ready to do what it can, in the supply and spread of knowledge which will be beneficial alike to all the countries of the Western Hemisphere. In discussing this new situation and the effort made to meet it successfully, the Director General takes advantage, moreover, of this opportunity to give particular credit to the diplomatic and consular representatives of the Latin American countries in Washington and New York and elsewhere, and the Departments of State and Commerce and the diplomatic and consular representatives of the United States, for what they have done and are doing to supply information and take steps which will be practically useful to both the United States and the Latin American countries concerned. It would seem as if they had left no stone unturned in caring for the crisis and providing ways and means for passing it successfully. Remembering the old saying to the effect that it is an "ill wind that blows no good," it is interesting to note a special phase of this
situation. It is most regretable that a great international war in Europe should be required to promote a general appreciation of the
444
PAN AMEEICAN NOTES.
445
commercial, economiic, and general importance of the countries of South and Central America, but it is none the less true that the information which is being given out by the Latin American diplomatic and consular representatives, the United States Departments of State and Commerce, and the Pan American Union, is exerting a great and wide-reaching influence in this direction. Although previous to the war there had been a vastly increased interest throughout the United States and Europe in the commercial possibilities of the countries of South and Central America, and the Pan American Union was kept constantly busy caring for the rapidly growing demand for its data and Publications regarding these countries, the war has given a peculiar and new impetus to the call for comprehensive information. The numberless requests pouring into the Pan American Union have included letters from such varieties of occupations as Members of
Congress,
bankers, manufacturers, exporters, importers, shipping brokers, editors, special writers, newspaper correspondents, tourists,
and almost every kind of man. One pleasant feature of the majority of these letters and the acknowledgment of the information sent to them is the sincere crecUt which they give the Pan American Union for the data it supplies and for the willingness with which it attempts to comply with such requests. In all the answers, moreover, that the Pan American Union has sent out, it has not failed to point out and
hbrarians, college professors, students,
professional
give credit to the other sources of information already mentioned, namely, the Latin American diplomatic and consular representatives, and the Departments of State and Commerce of the United States. In discussing the situation in its special memoranda and bulletins, the Pan American Union has invariably emphasized that the commercial and financial interests of the United States should think not alone of building up their export trade with Latin America, but they should prepare just as earnestly to provide a market for the exports of Latin America. Lasting commerce, backed up by the good will of nations, can only be based on a fair and just exchange of products. In other words, the business man of the United States should think of Pan American trade from the standpoint of South America as well as from the standpoint of North America. If this poUcy is pursued. North American imports will be welcomed to South America and, in turn. South America will send its products in increasing quantities to the United States. The Pan American Union has also pointed out another fact to be borne in mind in discussing the South American commercial opportunity. It is this: The majority of these lands are far from being dependent upon their commerce with the United States. While they are anxious to sell in increasing quantities what they have to export and to buy what they may need, provided the United States can offer
THE URUGUAYAN HERO, GEN. JOSE ARTIGAS.

This marble bust of Gen. Artigas, the national hero of Uruguay and one of the most brilliant soldierstatesmen in South American history, is to be placed in the Gallery of Patriots in the Pan American Union Building. It is the work of Senor Jose Belloni, and a gift from the Government of Uruguay.
PAN AMEEICAN NOTES.

them what they want,
it
447
are
all self-
must be remembered that they
sustaining as far as fundamental supplies, especially those of food, are concerned, and even if they were cut off for many years from the
by a great international war, they could easily mainon their own products. What South America requires largely from the United States are the products of its great manufacturing plants, for manufacturing in a largely diversified form is only partially developed in the majority of them. Growing rapidly, as most of them are, they are naturally wanting numerous varieties of the manufactured exports of the United States in greater quantities, until now the United States is selling to them neraly 100 per cent more than it did 10 years ago. Correspondingly, their own production of raw and other products has grown, and they are selling larger amounts to the United States and the world. The trade relationship of the United States and South America should not be considered as a mere material and business opportunity, but rather as a responsibility which, directed in the right way, will be appreciated by the Latin- American countries. It is not a case by any means, however, alone of the United States helping them; it is In other words, the also a case of their helping the United States. South American opportunity to-day, in its broadest terms, should mean opportunity for South America as well as for the United States. Just as it is among individuals. North and South America may help each other when conditions of distress or embargo arise, and the present war situation presents a remarkable opportunity for unselfish reciprocal appreciation. It is necessary that the average American manufacturer and business man, who is contemplating the South American field, should have a true realization of the actual material and economic quality and political importance of these southern countries. If he looks upon them in a patronizing way or without fuU recognition of their own wealth, resources, potentialities, and progress, he may labor in vain. Considering in exact figures what is the bearing of the war on South America proper, it is weU to note some of the figures which have been compiled in the Pan American Union. These refer to the South American continent proper and do not include the 10 LatinAmerican countries reaching from Panama north. The 10 countries of South America proper, including Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela, annually import products from abroad valued at approximately Of this, there comes from Europe a valuation close to $960,000,000. Of this total Great Britain supplies approximately $660,000,000. $273,000,000; Germany, which is almost completely cut off by the war, $180,000,000; France, $84,000,000; Italy, $54,000,000; Belgium $47,000,000; Austria-Hungary, $8,000,000; Netherlands, $8,000,000;
rest of the world
tain themselves
PROFILE OF THE BUST OF GEN. ARTIGAS.
PAN AMEEICAN NOTES.
449
Switzerland, $6,000,000; and other European countries lesser sums. Compared with these figures it can be noted that the United States
sells
to
these
10
countries
products
valued
approximately
at
$155,000,000. It thus can be seen that
if
the manufacturers and exporters of
the United States meet the situation in the right way, with an
unselfish appreciation of both responsibility and opportunity, they should succeed in materially adding to this total of $155,000,000 by supplying to South America the products which originally came from Europe but are cut off by the war. Equally important is what South America sells. The average annual exports of the 10 countries of that continent to foreign lands amount to the vast total of approxi-
mately $1,170,000,000. Of tliis nearly $700,000,000 go to EuropeGreat Britain takes approximately $270,000,000; Germany, $157,000,000; France, $104,000,000; Belgium, $60,000,000; Netherlands, $44,000,000; Italy, $27,000,000; Austria-Hungary, $22,000,000; with the remaining amount divided among different countries. To the United States these countries annually sell products valued at about $250,000,000. With, therefore, several of the principal markets in Europe for the products of South America temporarily closed against the latter, the United States has a remarkable opportunity to provide the market for the disposal of the accumulated stores of its sister Republics; and if the importing interests of the United States, especially the manufacturers of raw materials, can meet this situation by increasing theh purchases they may win the gratitude of South American business interests, and in the future be in a much better position to promote Pan American exchange of commerce.
DEATH OF PRESIDENT EOQUE SAENZ PENA.
A cablegram from Buenos Aires,

the death of Dr.
dated August
10, 1914,
announced
Argentina.
Roque Saenz Pena, President of the Republic of He had been in poor health for several months and his
death, news of which shocked the entire nation, was not unexpected.
lost
In his demise the country of which he was the honored head has one of its ablest and most famous citizens, and all Latin America one of its foremost publicists and statesmen. Not only a nation, but an entire continent will mourn, and Pan America experience a
distinct loss.
He was an American in the broadest sense of the word and a humanitarian whose sympathies extended beyond the limits of even a hemisphere and embraced the world. It has been said of him that he broadened the phrase America for Americans" to the still nobler cry ''America for humanity." Dr. Saenz Pena was born in Buenos Aires on March 19, 1851. He belonged to a family whose name has been associated with the history
'^
MONUMENT TO MANUEL CANDAMO
IN LIMA, PERU.
In the Parque de Colon, at Lima, stands this statue to one of the presidents of Peru, Manuel Candamo, who was born at the capital city in 1842, and died in 1904, seven months after he had assumed the presidency, in 1903. His short term of office had shown him to be a statesman of admirable qualifications. The statue was designed by a French sculptor, M. Mercier.
PAN AMERICAN NOTES.

of Argentina for several generations.
Peiia,
451
of
His father, Dr. Luis Saenz was one of the foremost men of the nation and became President the Repubhc. In this connection it is of interest to record a unique
occurrence in the poUtical history of the country. When Dr. Saenz became the candidate for the Presidency at the instance of one political party, another powerful faction insisted upon nominating his son to run against him. This the son refused to
Peiia, the elder,
and declined the nomination. Roque Saenz Pena entered public life early in his youth. For a time he served in the army. In 1881 he held the post of subsecretary of foreign affairs. He also entered the journalistic field and together mth Dr. Pellegrini founded Sud America, one of the most influential publications of its day. Later he was sent as minister of Argentina to Uruguay, and from there went to Washington as a delegate from his Government to the Pan American international conference held in 1889. Subsequently he became minister of foreign affairs, then Argentine minister to Spain, and after that was made a delegate to the Hague conference, where his marked ability and strong personality played an important part in the determination of momendo,
Dr.
tous questions affecting world problems.
country as minister to Italy he was nominated was triumphantly elected, and assumed the duties of his office October 12, 1910. Few men have had such a brilliant career, and to few men has it been possible to be of such service to the world. Well may Argentina be proud of her distinguished citizen and his noble work, and The Bulletin takes this occasion to express its sympathetic appreciation of his great merit and his loyal Pan Americanism, while in behalf of the executive officials and staff of the Pan American Union it extends its sympathies to the sorrowing nation that claimed him as a beloved son.
While serving
his
for the Presidency of the Republic,
DIPLOMATIC REPRESENTATION OF CHILE RAISED TO RANK OF EMBASSY.
The following cablegram received by the Director General of the Pan American Union evidences the cordiahty and promptness with
which the Government of Chile responded to the recent action of the United States in raising its legation in Chile to the rank of an embassy:
John Barrett,
Union, Washington: informing you that to-day there has been promulgated by His Excellency the President of the Republic the law raising to the rank of embassy the diplomatic representation of Chile in the United States. This resolution, accepted with special demonstrations of approval by the Chilean Congress, shows that the
Director General
I
Pan American
of
have the pleasure
cordial attitude of the Chilean

fully national opinion
Government toward the United
States reflects faith-
Enrique Villegas,
Minister of Foreign Relations.
PAN AMERICAN NOTES.

Thus have the
Governments
interests.
453
additional strength
of
two countries been given on the part of both the constantly growing importance of their mutual
cordial relations of the
by
this diplomatic recognition
As it is generally understood that the present minister of Chile in Washington, Seiior Don Eduardo Suarez Mujica, will be made the first ambassador of that Government to the United States, the staff of the Pan American Union takes advantage of this opportunity to extend to him its sincere congratulations. Mr. Suarez stands as one of the foremost diplomats and statesmen of Chile, and it is particularly appropriate that he should be the head of the first embassy which that progressive Republic of South America establishes abroad. As a member not only of the governing board of the Pan American Union but of its supervisory committee, he has always taken great interest in its work and generously cooperated with the director general and the assistant director in the administration of the office for the best good of all the countries concerned. The part he played, moreover, in the international mediation of the Mexican question was a distinguished and influential one and helped
Since the European war started and brought about new economic conditions in South America, Minister Suarez has been indefatigable in his efforts to readjust conditions between Chile and the United States and facilitate financial and commercial operations between the two countries.
materially in the success of the negotiations.
expected that the minister will in the near future present his At the present writing, September 1, he is located with his family at the Hotel New Monterey, Asbury Park, N. J., where he will remain until the heated season in Washington is over.
It
is
credentials as ambassador.
SPECIAL AEGENTINE OFFICE IN
NEW
YORK.
One
of the interesting
tion as affected
phases of the Pan American economic situaby the European war is the establishment in New
S. Na6n, minister of the Argenbranch office of the Legation of Argentina, for the purpose of rreeting the unique financial situation that has arisen The work of this office has been so practical since the war started. and useful that the minister has received the special praise of manufacturers, bankers, exporters, and importers in the United States who carry on extensive business in Argentina. In this connection the Philadelphia Public Ledger, in its issue of -August 31, published an interesting interview with Dr. Naon, from which we have great pleasure in making the following quotation:
York City by Senor Dr. Don Eomulo

tine Eepublic, of a
to the
Argentina has already passed the necessary legislation creating an ambrssadorship United States, and Dr. Naon, whose efforts as an A. B. C. mediator won the
54904Bull. 314
ri
XI
5i
-<5
Ê2
!i
aJ
1
"s
a 3 M '^S s a
a"a
PAN AMEEICAN NOTES.

gratitude of our people as well as the high appreciation of his
455
own
,
be the first to Meanwhile this accomplished scholar and diplomat has established a temporary office for the embassy in New York, where, in addition to his other duties, for the present he is performing the functions of an international banker, a necessity growing out of the war situation and the lack of direct banking facilities between the two countries. "With the establishment of the branch bank at Buenos Aires by the National City Bank of New York, Dr. Naon will be relieved of these emergency duties.
is
to
receive this distinguished honor at the hands of his Government.
Dr. Na6n believes that the establishment of direct business relations between the two countries at this time is most opportune. He regards it as an efficient factor in bringing the people of the two great Republics together under auspicious conditions,
increasing their knowledge and regard for each other because of a better comprehension of their ideals
*******
and purposes, and affording opportunities
for
the cultivation of
mutual good
feeling.
"From
bank wiU undoubtedly perform a genuine international service, the more to be established in a country where the general sentiment of the country
favorable to the closest relationship possible.
"The European war undoubtedly has brought about an awakening

of
*******
is
that standpoint," continued Dr. Na6n, "the establishment of a branch

so as
it is
already
to the peoples
both Argentina and the United States, warning each to'take advantage of an opportunity for reciprocal trade relations, which up to the present time has been most
*
* * * *
.
unfortunately neglected. * *
In view of Minister Naon's approaching elevation to the position of ambassador, the staff of the Pan American Union unites in extending to him sincere fehcitations. Mr. Naon is recognized as one of the leading statesmen of Argentina, and he has so distinguished himself in the service of his country, both at home and abroad, and especially during the recent mediation negotiations, that he is most fittingly
entitled to this
new
honor.
COMMERCIAL CRUISE TO LATIN AMERICA.

The Director General
of the
Pan American Union
is
in receipt of
the following self-explanatory communication from Joseph J. Keegan of the American Trade Tour Company, of New York City, under
date of August 24, in regard to the proposed trade tour of the steamer Kroonland:
This is being written to advise that, in view of the intense interest being developed within the last few weeks regarding South American trade, we have determined to make an early announcement of a new sailing date for our cruise,
either
by the Kroonland
or another suitable vessel.
THE CLARKE LECTURES ON MEXICO.

Mr. F. H. Clarke, who has had ripe experiences in travel, has announced an illustrated lecture for this coming season on Mexico. He will be under the charge of William B. Feakins, whose bureau is
456
active in bringing before the public interesting

topics.
men and
interesting
Mr. Clarke has given serious study to Mexico itself, its people and its internal problems, and has, by his legal training, a recognized claim to form a calm opinion upon its international problems. Mexico of To-day and To-morrow ought to be a distinct contribution toward better acquaintance with this wonderful Republic across the border.
AN ENGINEERING FIRM OF THE UNITED STATES WINS
FIRST PRIZE.
About a year ago the Chilean Government advertised for bids and plans for a system of shops for its national railways. Naturally, the plans were to embody the latest and best ideas of construction conducive
to
economy and
efficiency.
Engineering firms
of eight
different countries
specifications.
entered the contest and submitted plans and

of these,
None
All were rejected and a second call
however, proved entirely satisfactory. was issued, the date for closing the
1,
competition being set for
May
1914.
An
enterprising firm of the
United States entered the contest and, without revealing its identity, submitted plans and specifications. So perfect in detail and so exactly in line with Chilean wants were these that they were adopted, the bid accepted, and the first prize of $20,000 awarded to the firm. As a result the State-owned railways of Chile will have a system of shops which will be up to date in every particular and will compare favorably with those of the great railroad systems of the United
States.
A MONUMENT TO COLUMBUS.
Mr. Wniiam E. Pulliam, who for some years was the receiver general of customs in the Dominican Republic, has had a sympathetic understanding with the Government of that Republic by which he
is
encouraged to hope that he can be instrumental in having erected on the southern shore of the country a suitable monument to the immortal discoverer of the Western Hemisphere. The idea is pracIt is proposed to collect funds from tical as well as sentimental. all the Americas to the amount of $500,000, by which there can be built a splendid monument to the discoverer almost on the spot where he made his home, where he has left so many permanent records of himself, and which he undoubtedly loved, as a material proof of his achievements. Crowning this monument will be a powerful beacon, to be known as the Columbus light, which will be in every sense of the word a lighthouse and a guide to those at sea in this vicinity. There can be no doubt but that the idea will meet the cordial approval of everyone, both in Latin and in Anglo-Saxon
America.
TOMB OF CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS
IN
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC.
THE CATHEDRAL AT SANTO DOMINGO,
458

INTERNATIONAL DRY FARMING CONGRESS.
Two-thirds of the arable land of the world in which agriculture by the factors of rainfall and evaporation. Therefore two-thirds of the acreage of the world must be interested in the problems presented by the principles of dry farming. This applies as well to many parts of Latin America as to the United States, No wonder, then, that the international dry farming congress which is to be held in Wichita, Kans., October 7 to October 17, 1914, will attract the attention of the agricultural interests of civilization. Three classes of products will receive special notice this year those grown where the rainfall is 23 inches or less annually, those where the rainfall exceeds 23 inches, and those grown under irrigation. The transactions will be published in their monthly bulletin "Dry Farming and Eural Homes," and should be read by all who can not be directly in attendance. This note will reach many, it is to be hoped, where the practice of the principles of dry farming will add to their prosperity and happiness.
is
regularly practiced are limited
CONGRESS OF AMERICANISTS POSTPONED.

of the Nineteenth International Conannounced that the session which was to be held in Washington, D. C, October 5 to 10, 1914, has been postponed on account of the European war. The new date for the session will be decided upon and announced as soon as conditions will permit. In this connection it has been suggested that by putting off the congress until the summer of 1915 arrangements might be made to hold a joint meeting with the Pan American Scientific Congress, which is to meet in Washington at that time. This plan would have the advantage of enabling foreign members to attend both congresses and afford an opportunity to the visitors to attend the two California expositions.
The organizing committee
gress of Americanists has
A BOSTON EXPOSITION.
There is to be held in Boston from October 5, 1914, to the end of that month, an interesting exposition which has something of an international character, as the Republic of Cuba has been invited and has agreed to take an active part in it. Technically the name is the Boston Domestic Science and Pure Food Exposition, and as the name imphes its principal purpose will be to offer a practical demonstration of whatever pertains to wholesome and clean living in every walk of life. The Mechanics Building, a permanent structure in Boston and the largest of its kind in the world, is to be utilized.
460
child^welfare
Besides the pure-food section, the departments of domestic science, and education, food analysis, model kitchen and cookery, there are to be a women's department, exhibits from the States
of Alabama and Georgia, as showing especially what a great farm movement is taking place in the South, an exhibit by the United States to show what the Government is doing to benefit the rural communities, and the Cuban national exhibit, at which the municipal band of Habana wiU be a most decided attraction. Cuba appreciates
the importance of encouraging the agricultural activities of its people, and the Republic realizes that by adding to this far-reaching exposition a practical display of the advances made during the last 10
years, the opportunities for
permanent progress, particularly
in the
home making which
follows agriculture, will be widely recognized.
AMERICAN CITY BUREAU SENDS EXHIBIT TO CHILE.

Evidence of the growing interest throughout Latin America in municipal development and improvement is shown by the fact that Mr. John E. Lathrop, the director of the American City Bureau, New York City, sailed for Santiago, Chile, on August 4, in accordance with the invitation of the Chilean consul general, Sr. Ricardo Sanchez. Cruz, of New York City, to make an exhibit in Santiago, the capital of Chile, of city planning. The American City Bureau has already accomphshed remarkable work and the results it has achieved have
attracted the^âttention of South American municipalities.
It
is
probable that after Mr. Lathrop has made his exhibit in Santiago he will display it in Buenos Aires, Montevideo, and Rio de Janeiro.
INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON HOME EDUCATION.
The Fourth International Congress on Home'Êducation, scheduled

convene in the city of Philadelphia, under the auspices of the International Commission on Congresses on Home Education and ParentTeacher Unions, September 22-29, 1914, has been temporarily postto
poned. The date will be determined by the central committee, a meeting of which will be called by Dr. Martin G. Brumbaugh, president of the congress, as soon as events may warrant. While this announcement may be disappointing, it is to be hoped that benefits may yet result from this postponement, because it will give the Latin American Governments still further time and opportunity to show their enthusiastic participation in the congress. The date originally set for the Philadelphia meeting was too early to plan a personal delegation from many of the centers of Latin America, but now, with more time for preparation, it is well within probability that the Republics w\\\ play an interesting part in this educational congress.
PAN AMBEICAN NOTES.

A COMMERCIAL TRAVELER IN SOUTH AMERICA.
461
The Bulletin does not always seek to meet any popular taste, nor to present every phase of all subjects pertaining to Latin America which may be of interest. It is a magazine of progress, doing what it can to advance the knowledge of Pan America among its readers. Occasionally an article ofâ gossipy, practical nature is admitted to Of this nature is the series written by a commercial its pages. traveler signing himself "Viajero," in which he attempts to describe his experiences in South America, without dwelling upon the technical matters, such as credits, exchange, customhouse regulations, etc., which are rather the subject of exact reports than of letters. That these letters have been received with approval in the United States is proved by the fact that they have been copied, either in part or as a whole, by several publications; and one of the most widely distributed magazines, devoted to the interests of commercial travelers, has asked permission to reproduce the entire series. They thereby Should the future warrant, receive the hall-mark of the learned.
they may be revised and reprinted as commercial situation.
a simple guide in the present
SPANISH COURSE OF GREAT INTEREST.
The
following excerpt from an account in the
(Knoxville, Tenn.) will be of interest to those of our readers

realize the
Summer School News who
importance of the study of Spanish in the educational
institutions of the United States:
Among the courses of particular interest in the Summer School this year is that of elementary Spanish, given from 11 to 12 daily, under the direction of Dr. G. L. Swiggett. The special interest in connection with this course is due to the emphasis put upon the imperative'need for Spanish in the preparation of teachers in the South, who may be able thereby to assist in the great movement now being undertaken by the Pan American Union, the Southern Commercial Congress, and the United States Department of Commerce at Washington, who are undertaking to arouse and acquaint the people of the South, the business men largely, with their splendid opportunities This feature has for establishing trade relations with the Latin American countries. been emphasized for the past two years in the course in Spanish at the University
of Tennessee, the first southern university to lay stress
upon
it.
Dr. Swiggett
is
intimately connected with this
movement and has been
member
on various occasions of several important bodies directly concerned therewith. It was through him that the Southern Railroad had their attention called to the importance of it. He was a member of the organizing committee of the first Southern Panama Canal Congress, held in Atlanta in December, 1912, of which the late President Finley, of the Southern Railway, was chairman.
That the propaganda

history and economics
is
for the study of Spanish
and Latin American
bearing fruit throughout the South is further attested by a recent communication from Mr. C. L. Chandler, South American agent of the Southern Kailway, which states that the
University of Georgia and also the University of North Carolina^ are arranging courses in these branches for" the coming year.
462

''south AMERICA AS AN EXPORT FIELD."
The Bulletin appears a concise review of a recent publication of the United States Department of Commerce, Bureau
In
this issue of
and Domestic Commerce, entitled ''South America as an export field," special agents' series No. 81. It is by no means claimed that the reference is commensurate with the practical value of the compilation, but the limited space at the disposal of The Bulletin prevented as extended a review as the book deserves. It is with pleasure, however, that The Bulletin calls especial attention to the publication, coming from the press so opportunely when increased interest in Latin American trade is being manifested, and commends its careful study to those who hope to profit by the present and future opportunities to extend their activities to this field. It is replete with useful information and good advice, and covers the ground thoroughly in regard to exports, the consuming markets, steamship and railway facilities, and trade customs. It shows the products as well as the needs of the several sections, and gives much valuable statistical information.
of Foreign
A CORRECTION.
In a recent article appearing in The Bulletin for July, 1914, pages 47-48, the statement was made to the effect that the writer met poor success in his efforts to sell in the territory called in broad terms ''south Brazil," because transportation rates from the United States to, for instance, Paranagua, were a handicap for him in trying to compete with transportation rates and accommodations from Europe. As should be weU understood, the Pan American Union must not be held responsible for such personal statements, and it is to be regretted if the writer of that article, in telling of his personal experiences, has been so unfortunate as to mislead, through the pages of The Bulletin, others who may be planning to try to seU American-made goods in south Brazil. Careful and personal investigation of this essential problem in such commercial expansion is the only way to test a market. In this connection, therefore. The Bulletin takes pleasure in stating that a letter from a large shipping agency has been received, calling attention to what they state is an error in that article, and asserting that transportation rates from New York to south Brazil are not higher than from Germany. "The real facts are," so the letter says, "that the rates of freight from New York to Paranagua, Rio Grande do Sul, and Porto Alegre are exactly the same as those current in Europe, the same tariff of rates being in effect." As The Bulletin gave pubhcity to the one statement, it is only just that equal pubhcity be given to the other, and it is to be hoped that further experience wiU prove the inaccuracy of judgment of " Viajero"
in that regard.

REPORTS RECEIVED UP TO AUGUST
Title.
28, 1914.
464

Reports received
up
to
August
28, 1914
Continued.
Title.
WGII.
FOl 1913
THE
credit,
foreign trade of
Guatemala
for the year 1913, compiled

J.
from the report
of Sr.
Don
Jose
Sanchez, director general
of statistics, attached to the report of Sr.
Don Joaquin
and public and presented to the National Congress on March 5, 1914, amounted to $24,512,253.82 United States gold, of which $10,062,327.68 were imports, and $14,449,926.14 were exports.
Torres, assistant
and acting secretary
of finance
The
figures for the year 1912
were: Imports, $9,822,462.33; ex-
ports, $13,156,537.66; total, $22,978,999.99.
There was, therefore, an increase for the year 1913 as compared with 1912 of $239,865.35 in imports, and of $1,293,388.48 in exports, or a total increase in the foreign trade of $1,533,253.83. The balance of trade in favor of the Republic was $4,387,598.46.
IMPORTS.
The imports, by
countries, for the years 1909, 1910, 1911, 1912,
and
1913 were as follows:

1909
GUATEMALA
Commerce 1913
IMPORTS
*10,06Z,32S
TOTALS 24, 5ie,254
EXPORTS
*14-,449,926.
ITALY 4113,578
SPAIN
$ 111 ,475
IVIEXICO* 121,543
BELqiUM*125,316'
PAhJ AM/SlCAN UNION"
..
. . .
COMMEECE OF GUATEMALA FOE

The imports, by
as follows
articles, for
1913.
467
the years 1911, 1912, and 1913 were
Cotton textiles and manufactures Iron and steel manufactures Food products
Railway material
Wheat
flour
Agricultural and industrial machinery Wines and liquors
Drugs and medicines Silk textiles and manufactures Woolen textiles and manufactures Linen, hemp, and jute textiles and manufactures
Petroleum
Lumber
Paper and stationers' supplies Manufactures of leather Manufactures of glass, china, and earthen ware Manufactures of wood or of wood and iron
Manufactures
Miscellaneous
of lead, tin, copper,
626,425.32 419,817.86 311,384.56 354,154.66 196,421.64 223,285.81 217,635.26 267,279.00 277,600.09 272,266.86 43,879.25 59,855.91 138,402.29 135, 198. 26 87,246.63 169,230.43 33,812.39
39, 459. 73 792, 414. 22
6,
$1,926,423.39 730,330.79 713, 122. 82 290,222.74 512,354.66 280,698.38

340, 675. 76 276, Oil. 34
$1,734,832.69 685,548.08
566, 856. 48 426, 826. 96
328,999.57 213,543.07 73,454.75 88, 415. 69 178,818.84 157, 779. 40 89,844.20 135,207.03 47, 225. 30 44,352.96 1,054,642.24
7,781,984.92
394,931.78 350,366.60 347, 752. 30 268,523.07 263,448.22 253, 107. 38 222,320.65 184,936.97 179,880.20
179, 798. 43 156, 688. 96 106, 825. 88 88, 852. 97 45, 417. 91
and
alloys.
'.
.
37,637.57 1,464,772.52
3,325.62
Total
514,
42L
In the table above the imports through the frontier are not included nor is the 25 per cent for freights, commissions, insurance, etc. The imports by articles and countries for the years 1912 and 1913 were as follows:
Cotton textiles and manufactures: United Kingdom United States

.
Food products Con.

Netherlands
,
$246. 45
$136. 50
118. 00
Germany
Italy
France
Belgium Mexico
Spain China and Japan Switzerland Netherlands Central America Austria-Hungary
Total
Iron and steel manufactures:
.
301. 40 580. 39 965. 17 933. 01 709. 66 999. 11 619. 00 272. 60 462. 05 048. 00 306. 00 227. 00
,278.06 920. 59 181.06 861.45

445. 16
65.16
19, 225. 71
40.10
566,856.48
Total.
13,122.82
175.04
528. 00
063.86 710.00
Railway material: United States. Belgium
424,235.96 2,591.00
Germany
Total.
. .
Wheat flour:
United states.
Agricultural and industrial
1,926,423.
United States
Germany United Kingdom

Belgium
France Austria-Hungary Spain Mexico South America Central America China and Japan.
.'
.
,
..
Switzerland
Total.
353,093.62 221,844.61 123,064.24 21,444.60 9,394.40 230.00 181.38 84.00 915.04 21.00 47.90 10.00
730,
384,094.46 181,538.44 97,434.78

20,45.3.21
machinery: United states United Kingdom
130, 915. 13
. .
Germany
France
Italy
62,891.65 76,255.60
3,32L00
1,020.00 275. 00
1,914.25
Belgium
Mexico
Central America.
175,683.12 86,456.60 78,711.52 5,612.20 2,643.00 751. 80
210.00 5,810.00
46.94 46.00 20.00
Wines and
liquors:
.79
France United states.

Spain United Kingdom
Italy
Food products:
United States.
480,900.49 82,210.36
44,969.77 27,540.89 15,428.32 15,468.02 14,734.57 11,828.92 504.16
South America... United Kingdom Central America.. China and Japan France Spain
Italy
Mexico Belgium China and Japan. Canada

Portugal Netherlands
Total.
110,762.52 67,414.58 82, 185. 76 29,031.29 32,465.39 13,455.39 1,646.39 1,848.00 918.80 876. 64
102,838.15 73,752.18 73,415.78 40, 120. 90 33,126.67 13,440.37 7,434.00 1,885.95 1,040.80 475. 00 222. 50
71.00
340,675.76
Belgium

468
.. . .
.. .. . . .
Drugs and medicines: United r

France.
Germany
United Kingdom.
Spain.... Italy
Belgium
Netherlands
Central America..
$115,979.69 64,722.44 72,296.80 17,588.23 2,244.93 2,112.20 184. 40

508.65 38.25 95.00
240. 75
$99,359.64 73,613.14 62,375.49 17,856.81 4,923.99 4,265.03

3, 770.
Manufactures of leather United States
Germany
United Kingdom France Belgium China and Japan Spain Mexico
Italy
89 788. 82 765.00
150. 00
South America... Mexico China and Japan.

Total.
Silk textiles factures:
530. 26
South America
Total
124.00
276,011.34
268,523.07
Manufactures
china,
and manu
204,775.31
58, 109. 98 38, 620. 09 14, 135. 15
ware:
Germany.
193,790.02 35,614.55 18,573.05
7, 539.
China and Japan.
Germany
France United States United Kingdom Spain
Italy
"ielgi
10
9,443.21 2,220.22
1, 526.
81
168. 80
5,070.50 1,897.00 934. 00 30.00
United r Belgium. United Kingdom China and Japan France Spain Austria-Hungary
Total.
Total
328,!
.57
263,448.22
Manufactures
or of
of
wood
iron:
Woolen
textiles
and
116,915.28 89,847.82 28,329.26 29,477.60 25,203.69
manufactures:
wood and Germany
Germany
United Kingdom United States France
Italy
.
Belgium
Spain Austria-Hungary...
Total...
7,69L19
2,025.50 371. 65
299,
J
111,866.90 64,635.68 30,938.57 26,695.98 14,359.93 4,151.42 286. 40 172. 50

253, 107. 38
United States France United Kingdom Belgium China and Japan

Italy
. .
74,016.62 47,589.50 776. 00 3,359.40 6,717.30 1,142.06 670. 00

733. 15
40,982.06 37,199.65 3,782.40

2, 669.
75
1,974.28 1,112.33 1,002.50 130.00
Denmark
Spain Aiistria-Himgary
. .
South America Mexico Central America

Total.
80.00 53.00 40.00 30.00

?,
Linen, hemp, and jute textiles and manufactures:
852. 97
Germany
United Kingdom United
. .
Belgium China and Japan. Spain South America..

Italy Central America.
104,567.48 71,668.36 27,312.32 5,295.40 2,444.59 1,419.72 768.20
111,141.72 80,954.51 20,788.58 4,695.20 1,737.97 1,482.26
United States.
Manufactures
tin,
45,417.91
lead,
al-
of
copper, and
loys:
United States
Germany
572. 80
67.00
250.00
213,543.07
Belgium United Kingdom. France

Spain Austria-Hungary
Italy
.
Total.
18,790.15 15,398.44 2,507.26 5,324.07 1,404.00 551.66

205. 68 171. 76
17,534.18 9,212.54 6,470.10 2,676.37 1,568.70

118.00 30.00 27.68
Petroleum:
United
73,454.75
184,936.97
China and Japan

Total
Lumber:
United States United Kingdom.
44,352.!
37,637.57
978, 857. 68
Germany
Total.
88,162.69 200.00 53.00
Miscellaneous: United States
Paper and
supplies:
stationers'
France China and Japan . Belgium

Italy
566,947.17 318,277.16 71,663.59 32,854.15 18,076.39 30.882.28

2, 128.
356,020.32 44,953.23
35, 305. 17
31
United States
Germany
United Kingdom. Spain France Belgium
Italy
Mexico China and Japan

Netherlands
South America Central America.

Total.
60,918.31 77,827.60 12,985.90 14, 388. 50 6,804.71 2,149.05 3,032.57 95.00 503. 20 84.00 30.00
87,420.32
60,49L87
11,772.35
10, 279. 71 7, 843. 95
Mexico Spain
Cuba
Central America India
. .
559. 00 5,648.69 3,728.00 1,043.25 680. 00

'.
17,584.38 12,414.60 6,037.55 4,922.00 4,489^47 2,097.00 1,031.00
778. 394. 386. 330.
93 80 50 00
Netherlands Denmark... Austria-Himgary South America Jamaica

Portugal Switzerland
Total
232. 76
220. 976. 847. 110.
00 50
25
60.00 40.00
179,798.43
50
192.50 90; 00 75.00 6o;oo 50:00

,
1,054,642.24
464, 772. 52
COMMERCE OF GUATEMALA FOR
1913.
469
The following statement shows the imports for 1913 of all articles the total imports of which amounted to $15,000 or over, and also the proportion from the leading countries:
Accessories
and
parts
for
car-
United States
470
Barley, in the husk or
THE PAN AMEKICAN
UNIOIST.
Matches, wax and

$21,482
84,362
$43, 567
malted (all from the United States)
wooden Germany
Belgium
Cotton flannel
$40, 922
$34,968
4,964
31, 16,
7,
Beer
Germany
United States United Kingdom ... Mexico Ribbons, pure silk
454
20,378 12, 064

7,406
16, 11,
1,
United Kingdom ...
728
Germany
Italy
487
17,
5,246
629
Cotton blankets
950
Germany
Spain China and Japan... United Kingdom ...
Preserves of
all
314 897 538
Germany
United States United Kingdom ...
Fireworks China and Japan.
. .
12,
902
508
17,
2,942
1,
1,800
1,
970
kinds, in
103, 751
40, 859
15,
545
receptacles other than
United States
1,281 1,093
wood
United States
Germany Guano and other

zers
fertili-
Germany
United Kingdom ... France Spain China and Japan.
. .
28,610 14, 840

7,991 6,464 3, 396
103, 737
51, 173
21, 20,
7,
Germany
United States United Kingdom. Wheat flour (all from the United States) Ornamental ironwork balustrades, stairs, and the like United States
. .
157
328
711
394, 932
Cognac,
whisky,
and
48,915
32,653
. .
other spirits
France United States United Kingdom.
84,
222
10,
773
41, 471
Germany
Spain....
6,892
2,949
259, 800
Germany United Kingdom ...

Tools, farmers'
orers'
26,203
7,
683
108, 827
Cotton
and
lab-
drill
United States
106,536
66,698 51, 023

Italy
United Kingdom.
. .
49, 759
35,
Germany
United States Tools, mechanics' United States
25^
857 375
. . .
20, 127 18,

13,
24,958
Confectionery and sweet
152
meats
of all
kinds
8,552
4,
. .
121
Germany
United Kingdom ... Iron and steel for the
trades
3,032
2,
United States
093
33,
Germany
United Kingdom.
.^
740
4,
146
002
Italy
3,700
2,307
United States
25,
335
France
Articles imported
Germany
Structural iron
7,382
23,
by the
222
947
Government
its
under sanction, by munior

33,
cipalities or charities
163
United States Cotton thread on spools United Kingdom
22,783
59,
50,
7, 1,
. . .
091 949 579
United States France
25,831
Germany
United States Cotton yarn, bleached or unbleached United Kingdom ...
4,318
2,814
94, 173
Germany Stearin, unmanufactured
122,563
92,
240
Germany
Belgium
83,103 11,070
Germany
France
26,646
3,200
COMMERCE OP GUATEMALA FOR

Cotton yarn, red
$58, 778
1913.
471
Germany
United Kingdom.
. .
$35,221 23, 557

25,
Cotton yarn, other colors
993
United Kingdom...
15,276
Germany
Soap, ordinary, in bars
or cakes
9,638
17,
9,
007
United States United Kingdom...
832
546
5,501
1,
Germany Ham, bacon, and sausage in wooden receptacles
16,
186
United States
Germany
United Kingdom. Toys
. .
12,584 1, 488
1,
193
20, 627
Germany
Belgium
France China and Japan. Galvanized sheet iron
.
13,385 3,739 1,219 1, 052

134, 805
95,
23, 14,
for roofing
United States United Kingdom ...
Germany
Printed books, bound
468 069 415

15,
453
United States
Germany
France Spain
9,230 2,659 2,034

1,356
Lumber
in logs
(all
from
the United States) Building lumber (all
from the United

States)
Indian corn South America United States Lard (all from the United
States)
77,
400 904
Machinery operated by
animal,
water,
or
steam
parts
power,
and
96, 192 86,026 82, 636
United States
Germany United Kingdom ... Machinery operated by

crank, pedal, or
lever,
hand
10,380 4,432 1, 867
and parts United States
Germany
United Kingdom
.
472
Chemical and pharmaceutical products

Cotton tissues, dyed
$238, 012
|62, 526 |32, 171
. .
187,075
70,800 52,476 15, 848
15,008
18,
391
165, 372
Germany
Cotton prints
9,683
90,

Cheese United States
United Kingdom ... United States
290
46,968
20,258
5,088
4,
Germany
Cotton
960
tissues, figured or
Germany
Italy
404
3,929
steel
20,
twilled
48,508
. .
Hardware, iron or
United Kingdom.
34,
369
Germany
United States Belgium France United Kingdom
Underclothing,
knitted
12,749
Germany
Italy
6,879
4,
4,052
1,343
438
852
Cotton
tissues,
plain
98,
1,154 1, 040
"^ 94, 605
weave United Kingdom..
78,361
cotton,
Germany
43,568 35, 021
5,270
4,
11,795 5,490 2,732

20,
Germany
United States Spain United Kingdom France
Bags,
Wool mixed
textiles
823
United Kingdom..
13,712
812
Germany
United States Pure silk textiles China and Japan.
4,515
1,514
21,
. .
2,322
174, 387
empty,
of
jute,
675
pita, or
henequen
93,016
.
13,
913
Germany
United Kingdom United States
(all
.
Germany
France United States
3,579
69,
864
2,297
1,721
26,
10,243
Raw and rendered tallow

from the United
55,299
States)
Desk supplies
United States
11,561
779
Germany
France United Kingdom. Wines, red, table France Spain United States
Italy
. .
10,094
3,061
1,
Silk twist, all colors (all
from China and Japan)

Hats,
felt,
34,
413
344
550
37,
777
vicuila,
or
41,
23,
imitation thereof
14,885
9,002 8,197
United States ......

Italy
224
11,395
Germany United Kingdom ...

Iron tanks
(all
4,690
2,
009
Germany
Wines, white, and
bodies
15,
2,698 2,265
full
from the
460
251, 569
61,375 16,947
United States) Unbleached muslin United States 180,628 United Kingdom.. 41,879 Mexico 16,080
Spain France
Italy
United Kingdom...
Germany
203, 092
Germany
12,728
Bleached muslin United Kingdom.. 166,112 United States 19,828
United States Wines, sparkling France
13,148 9,675 8,612 7,812 3,411

30, 861
Germany
Belgium
Germany
13,
896
19,198 9,167 1, 276
COMMERCE OP GUATEMALA FOE

IMPORTS BY PORTS.
1913.
473
The imports by ports
for the last
two years were
as follows:
Ports.
474
The following statement shows the exports of the principal articles, by quantities, for the year 1913, and also the proportion to the leading
countries
Quintals.!
Coffee, clean
Quintals.
707, 491
Germany
United States United Kingdom South America Austria-Hungary France Netherlands Coffee, in parchment
418, 393
190, 479
62,
18, 15,
1,
208 060 431 423

699
209, 807

Austria-Hungary United States Netherlands Bananas: The entire export of bananas (2,209,765 quintals) went to the United States.
Cattle hides
113, 935
44,
26,
457 622 21, 406 385 3,
22,
773
Germany
United States Sugar (inchiding panela) United Kingdom United States
Central America
21, 967
762
116, 349
South America
907 22, 250 17, 639 2, 551

73,
4, 955,
2,
1,
Woods
British Honduras.
091, 209
559, 390 024, 380
170
Mexico United States
1,
Germany
South America United Kingdom
Chicle
(all to
207, 883
62,
9,
800 508
3,
British Honduras)
Rubber Germany
United States
Skins
2,
878 006
950 802
822
315 172
United States
Germany
EXPORTS BY PORTS.
The exports by ports
for the last
two years were
as follows:
Ports.
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC
The
CENSUS
of the city of
Buenos
Aires, according to figures
published in "La Nacion," a daily newspaper of the Federal capital, was, on June 1 of the present year, 1,560,163 souls. This is an increase of 328,465 inhabitants since the previous census taken on October 16, 1909, and an increase over the census of 1904 of 615,069 (Later advices to the Pan American Union state that several souls. wards were omitted in the foregoing enumeration and that corrected returns will give the city a population of 1,700,000.) The city covers an area of 18,584 hectares, and has an average population of 84 inhabitants per hectare. Of the 20 subdivisions of the city the most thickly populated are the tenth, eleventh, and eighth wards, which In have, respectively, 358, 338, and 315 inhabitants per hectare. 1913 the SALES OF REAL PROPERTY in the States and Territories of the Argentine RepubHc aggregated 6,621,705 hectares, valued at 296,937,604 pesos Argentine currency (Argentine paper
peso equals $0.43).

real property in
In the 10 years from 1904 to 1913 the sales of
the Argentine Republic aggregated 101,517,473 The hectares, valued at 2,660,893,242 pesos Argentine currency. Bureau of Agriculture of the Argentine Government has authorized the sale of 420,000 Paraguayan
TEA PLANTS (Yerba mate)
in pots.
Of
this
number 120,000
are 2-year-old plants in the Lore to nursery
in Misiones Territory.
These plants are to be sold in small
lots at
public auction, and wiU be used in extending the Paraguayan tea In 1913 there plantations in the northern part of the Republic.
were 42 SUGAR-CANE PLANTATIONS in the RepubHc, 38 of which were in operation. On these 38 plantations there was ground in 1913 sugar cane to the amount of 3,151,018 tons, which produced 276,140 tons of sugar, or an average yield of 8.8 per cent. In 1912 there were 2,121,560 tons of sugar cane ground, which produced
tations in the Republic in both years
147,249 tons of sugar, or a yield of 6.9 per cent. The number of planwas the same, the increased
production in 1913 being attributed to improved methods of cultivation. The sugar production, in tons, of the Argentine Republic during the last five years is as foUows: 1909, 123,322; 1910, 148,509; In 1913 there 1911, 180,092; 1912, 147,249, and in 1913, 376,140. were kiUed in the SLAUGHTERHOUSES of the city of Buenos Aires, for the consumption of the Federal capital, 638,118 head of During the year the Liniers cattle, 692,901 sheep, and 111,224 hogs.
slaughterhouses in Buenos Aires received 1,073,257 head of cattle, nearly all of which came from the provinces of Buenos Aires, Santa The Southern ELECTRIC, TRAMFe, Cordoba, and Entre Rios.
475
476
THE
PAN"
AMERICAN UNION.
of the municipaUty of Buenos Aires is subject to a tax of 6 per cent on their gross receipts for the benefit of the municipality. By mutual agreement the amount of this tax was calculated at 4,000 pesos ($1,720) per month during the years 1909 to 1913, inclusive. A large number of citizens of the Central Pampa Territory have petitioned the Federal Congress to organize the Territory into a PROVINCE. The Territory now has a population of over 110,000 Extensive IRRIGATION works have been planned inhabitants. The outlay for these works, which wiU for the province of San Luis. be begun during the present year, amounts to 107,404 pesos. The total cost of the works projected in this province at the present time ^The production of WINE in is 412,000 pesos (peso = $0.43). the Argentine Repubhc in 1913 amounted, in round numbers, to 5,000,000 hectoliters. Of this quantity the province of Mendoza produced 4,000,000 hectoHters; San Juan, 750,000; Entre Rios, 80,000; Salta, 40,000; Catamarca, 33,000; Cordoba, 30,700; LaRioja 23,000; Buenos Aires, 24,000, and the rest of the Republic 19,300. This is an increase of 20 per cent over the production of 1912. In 1913 wines were imported into the Republic to the amount of 352,022
WAYS
hectoliters.
The prefect of the department of Chuquisaca appointed Sr. Benigno Serrano to collect samples of Bolivian minerals to be exhibited at the Panama-Pacific Exposition at San Francisco in 1915. In carrying out his instructions Sr. Serrano was fortunate enough to discover in
the Province
of
Yamparaez a
which
is
large
deposit of
BITUMINOUS
is more than a league in width. The discovery of this coal at a distance of 17 leagues from Sucre at the foot of the Mandinaga cordillera caused considerable excitement among local capitalists and business men of the com-
COAL. The
deposit,
exposed at the surface,
munity.
Analyses are being
way
large
for the organization of a

scale.
Hispanic-Bolivian SANATORIUM has been the direction of Dr. Querol and other Âccording to data prominent physicians of the Federal capital. just published conce^^ning the RAILROADS of Bolivia, there are at present in the Republic 1,292 kilometers of railway lines in exploitation, 605 under construction, 776 surveyed and ready for the commencement of construction work, 2,123 planned for survey and 440 kilometers projected. Â STAGE LINE is to be established beestablished in
^The
made of the coal, and plans are under company to exploit the deposit on a
La Paz under
BOLIVIA.
477
The
principally in the transportation of passengers
line will be employed and mail between the two places and in the handling of small packages and parcels. A steam FLOUR MILL with modern machinery from the United States is in operation at La Paz, and is turning out an excellent quahty of flour for consumption in the local markets. The wheat used in manufacturing this flour is imported from Peru, but it is thought that BoHvian wheat produced on the tablelands of the Republic in
tween La Paz and the city
of Acliacachi.
the vicinity of the Federal capital will soon be obtainable in sufficient quantities to supply the demands of the mill. The mill is equipped for grinding over 300 bushels of wheat per day. still is also run
in connection with this mill for the manufacture of alcohol.

still is
The
manipulated with steam and electricity and is fitted up with modern machinery. The alcohol produced is made from raw sugar and is said to be of superior quality. -Sr. Adolfo BalHvian, consul general of Bolivia in New York, has requested the Bolivian Government to send him samples of some of the principal AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS of the tablelands of Bolivia for use in propaganda work in the United States. Among the articles of which samples are
desired are quinua, chuno, etc.
Bolivian coca
is
also a product, the
which might largely be increased in the United States. The Bohvian Rubber & General Enterprise Co. has proposed to the municipal council of La Paz to install a FILTRATION and sterilizing plant in the Federal capital with a capacity for handling 21,000 cubic meters of water per day from the Milluni
consumption
of
River, at a cost of 309,500 bolivares, plus 10 per cent for the transportation of the machinery from Paris to La Paz. The proposal
has been referred to the municipal engineers for consideration. Owing to the increasing volume and importance of the MAIL interchange between the Repubhcs of Bolivia and Paraguay, the Governments of these two countries have established a direct mail service for sealed correspondence. La Paz, Oruro, and Tupiza are the
principal transfer stations in this service in Bolivia.
'The ex-
according to figures published in El Norte, amounted to 93,721,513 bolivianos (1 boliviano=$0.389). The exports of five animals in the year referred to, such as cattle, horses, sheep, etc., were valued at 117,310 bolivianos; food substances and beverages, 27,760 bolivianos; raw materials, such as ores, etc., 90,000,808 bolivianos; cloth, hats, and other manufactured goods, 621,199 bolivianos. The remaining exports consisted of articles of gold and silver, including coin. Â recent Executive decree provides for the establishment of a school for MUSICAL INSTRUCTION in the army. The object of the school is to train musicians for the military bands of the country. The school is under the direction of the director general of bands of the Bolivian army.
ports
of
Bolivia
in
1913,
The Brazilian Congress has authorized a LOAN of 25,000,000 to The STATUE to be erected at Curityba be placed in Europe. in honor of Baron Rio Branco is 3.2 meters high and weighs 3,000 The revision of the ELECTORAL VOTE, cast in^March kilos. last for President of the Republic, showed that Dr. Wenceslao Braz, the Conservative candidate, obtained 310,660 votes, and that Dr. Ruy Barbosa, the Liberal candidate, received 8,410 votes. With the
exception of the State of Bahia, Dr. Braz carried all of the States of The exports of JERKED BEEF from the State of the Union. Rio Grande do Sul in 1913 aggregated 69,574 tons, valued at 31,751 A Noite, a daily newspaper of Rio de contos ($10,319,075). Janeiro, states that Jose Bach, a noted geologist who has been making investigations in Brazil, has reported the discovery on the
of
coast of the State of Alagoas of large deposits of an excellent quality PETROLEUM. Samples of the oil have been sent to London
for a complete analysis.
Press reports state that with the object
of taking the place of the
COFFEE VALORIZATION
which has terminated
its
mission, a consulting commission
committee, is to be
organized in London to take charge of the sale of stock representing that product. The Government wiU give the financial protection necessary for the conservation of Brazilian coffee stored in European
ports.^The delegation of North American PROFESSORS, who on a tour through South America, visited the schools, colleges, and scientific institutions of Rio de The Janeiro, Sao Paulo, and of other cities of the Republic. WIRELESS telegraph station of the Department of War of the Government of Brazil in Rio de Janeiro has been experimenting with a mineral found in the State of Matto'Grosso, which it is reported
recently stopped at Rio de Janeiro
will successfully take the place of the
German
glass detector
now
in use in that station.
Further experiments are to be made in order to completely test the value of the new mineral for the purpose Dr. Acevedo Diaz, minister of Uruguay near the alluded to. Government of Brazil, has purchased a house in Carvalho Street, in Rio de Janeiro, to be permanently used as the LEGATION of Uruguay in the Brazilian capital. The inauguration of the legation The ambassador of the referred to took place on August 25 last. United States recently gave a banquet to the Brazihan NAVAL OFFICERS who have been commissioned by the Brazihan Government to study in the North American Navy. Prof. Adolfo Lutz has planned to lecture before the principal scientific societies of the Old World concerning the results which he obtained in his recent
478
CHILE.
investigations
479
MERGIBLE BOAT
vers in the
SUBthrough the INTERIOR OF BRAZIL. No. 3 of the Brazilian Navy has recently been received at Rio de Janeiro from Europe, and underwent trial maneubay
at that place.
A large quantity of land situated in the department of Ancud, on the island of Chiloe, was recently sold at public auction in order to The sale is of special interest from the fact that on close an estate. the property is situated the Eaesulguhr mine, from which comes a
species of white clay, one of the principal
components in the
MAN-
UFACTURE OF DYNAMITE. Many experts believe

contains one of the richest deposits of this clay that
that the mine
The is known. A magwhole property was bought for the small sum of $1,000. nificent AUTOMOBILE was presented to Admiral George Montt, who recently retired from the navy, by his many Chilean and English
friends in recognition of distinguished services to the
Chile.
'According
Repubhc
of
to
the South Pacific Mail, of Valparaiso, the
REVISED CUSTOMS TARIFF

ton, with
puts a tax on coal of $1 gold per
an additional 10 per cent. On petroleum the duty is $2 per ton plus 10 per cent; on Oregon pine, which heretofore has paid 18 cents per square meter of 25 centimeters thickness, the duty is 30 cents per square meter. The coal imported in connection with the
nitrate industry represents 25 per cent of the total cost of production,
and the various operating companies, through the Nitrate PropaThe ganda Association, are seeking to have the duties curtailed.
Valparaiso
PORT WORKS
continue to progress in a satisfactory
manner, as shown from a recent report on the subject submitted by the director of works, Senor J. R. Nieto. About 640 laborers are at work at Sahnas and in the bay, and although some accidents have happened the greater part of them have been of minor consequence. Iron and steel constn.iction parts are on the ground in abundance; 1,400 tons of cement, exclusive of that already used, are available; the rock quarries are producing sufficiently for all purposes; and othNewspaper reports erwise the great undertaking is advancing. state that a proposal has been advanced for the Government to purchase the ARACO RAILWAY, a line connecting Curanilahue with Lota, Coronel, and Concepcion. The movement is not new, but recently further pressure has been brought to bear, as it is believed that the rich section adjacent to the road would enjoy better transportation faciHties
if
the
Government owned the property.

at night
is
Through the STRAIT
OF MAGELLAN
now made
safer
480
THE PAN AMEEICAN
UNION".
by
18 lighthouses that stand at intervals along the

to the eastern entrance,
main
it
ship course
from the western
and make
possible for a
ship to be in sight of one light or another during the entire voyage. Of the^l8 lights 9 are lighted with acetylene gas; the luminous buoys
are seven in
number and
are also illuminated with acetylene gas.
The
been in the hands of Mr. John Slight, chief of the lighthouse department, who has personally superintended the construction and installation of the various lights. The CULTIVATION OF FLAX is rapidly becoming a more important
work
of lighting the Straits has
industry in southern Chile, especially so in the territory surrounding
Lake Llanquihue and Port Montt.

climate,
The abundant
soil,
rainfall, the
moist
and in many cases the virgin
all
unite to favor the
growth of this valuable plant. Last- year approximately 162,800 pounds were exported to Europe, and if present prospects are fulfilled there will be a shipment of more than 440,000 pounds.
Dr. Concha took the oath of office August 15, 1914, and appointed the following cabinet Minister of Interior, Sr. Miguel Abadia Mendez; Minister of War, Sr. Isaias Lujan; Minister of Finance, Sr. Bernardo Escobar; Minister of Treasury, Sr. Daniel J. Reyes; Minister
:
of
Sr.
PubHc Education, Sr. Carlos Cortes Lee; Minister of Public Works, AureHo Rueda Acosta; Minister of Commerce and Agriculture,
Jorge Enrique Delgado
;
Sr.
Minister of Foreign Affairs, Sr. Marcos
Fidel Suarez. Co. of
The department of pubUc works has contracted with the Pearson London to deepen and widen the Bocachica entrance to the
BAY OF CARTAGENA
and to open a channel so that vessels of deep draft can go as far as Machina. The contractors will also make a report on the works necessary for the sanitation of the port and the defense of El Cabrero Beach, the cost of which will be $50,000, gold. ^The United Fruit Co. has established a HOSPITAL at Santa MARTA which, according to the newspapers of that place,' is completely fitted up with aU modern apparatus used in surgery, anesthesia, etc. The net earnings of the SABANA RAILWAY in 1913 amounted to $175,000, gold, as compared with $150,000, gold, in 1912. In 1913 the number of tons hauled over this railway aggregated 90,000, and the number of passengers transported 466,000. The English company of Pearson & Son have made a report on the
extension, sanitation, and
improvement
of the
PORT OF BUENAthe National
VENTURA
in accordance with a contract
Government.
^Due
made with
to the dissolution of the partnership of the
COSTA EICA.
481
of the latter
has become a CO., a corporation organized in London. The new company will continue to give the same service as that rendered heretofore by the old company between the ports of Cartagena and Calamar on the Magdalena River.According to data published by the department of posts and telegraphs of the Republic of Colombia, the extent of the
Colombian Navigation Co. the property

part of the
COLOMBIAN RAILWAYS & NAVIGATION
NATIONAL TELEGRAPH SYSTEM on August 7,

kilometers.
1910,
was 17,370
Since that time 1,740 kilometers, costing $123,930, have been constructed. Service on 243 kilometers has been discontinued as not useful, so that the total kilometers now in operation in the Republic aggregate 18,863. During the last four years 56 new offices In July, 1911, the have been established and 7 discontinued.
to the United Fruit Co. to establish a telegraph station at Santa Marta and to exploit the same for a period of^20 years. In May, 1912, the Government authorized a German wireless telegraph company in Berlin to install a wire-
Government gave permission
WIRELESS
less station at
Cartagena for a period of 30jyears.
In 1913 a con-
was made by the Government of Colombia with the latter company to install a wireless tower on the San Andres Island for the sum of 4,200. This^tower is almost completed and will be used to communicate with Cartagena. In September, 1913, a tentative contract was made with the Marconi Wireless Telegraph Co. to equip wu'eless stations at Buenaventura, Medellin, and Bogota, and in February of the present year this contract was approved by the parties in interest, and the Marconi company was granted the usufruct The staof the business of these stations for a period of 30 years. The Marconi company tions are to be completed within two years. will report upon the advisability of establishing similar stations at Bucaramanga, Cab, Cucuta, Mazinales, Tamalameque, Tumaco, and Riohacha. The Government has agreed to purchase from the same company the wireless stations at Arauca and Orocue at the rate of Â BASE BALL club has been organized in Bogota, 3,988 each. with a membership of 20 Colombians and foreigners. H. W. Clevetract
land
is
president of the club.
The
BUDGET
for 1915 estimates the receipts of the
Government
Rica at 9,662,000 colones and the expenditures at 9,661,089 colones, or 'an excess of receipts over expenditures of 911 colones The estimated collections and disbursements in (colon = $0,465).
of Costa
colones
in
detail
are
as
follows:
Collections:
Customs revenues,
482
THE
PAIT
AMERICAN UNION.
5,600,000; liquors, 2,438,000; sealed paper, 70,000; stamps,lj70,000; posts and telegraphs, 355,000; public lands, 3,000; Pacific Railway, 772,000; Government printing office, 12,000; public and civil registry,
34,000; exportMuties on bananas,''233,000; and miscellaneous, 95,000.
Disbursements: Treasury, 3,130,112; foreign relations, 170,913; war,

1,546,718; worship, 30,000; fomento (promotion), 1,477,747; justice, 387,236; charity, 147,280; marine, 31,420; and legislative power, 168,223. A bill has been introduced
1,441,459; public instruction
into the
House
of Deputies providing for the levying of 5 colones per
head on imports of horned cattle, the funds to be used in constructing a railway from Culebra to Santa Cruz de Guanacaste. Teachers of the graded schools of the Republic have organized a SOCIETY for the purpose of giving intellectual and material aid to its members. Senor Brenes Mesen, minister of Costa Rica in Washington, is the
founder of the society. The exports of CACAO for the five years 1909 to 1913, mclusive, consisted of 918,344 kilos, valued at 962,922 colones (colon = $0,465). During the last few years there has been a considerable increase in the area under cacao cultivation throughout the country, the largest number and greatest extent of new plantations being on the Atlantic coast, in some sections of which there is a tendency to substitute cacao for banana cultivation. The. TIMETABLE of the Pacific Railway between Punta Arenas and San Jose has been changed, the train which leaves Punta Arenas at 8 a. m. daily, reaching San Jose at 1.30 in the afternoon, breakfast being served at 10 o'clock at Orotina. On the return trip a stop is made at Rio Grande for breakfast. The COMMERCE of Costa Rica in 1913 amounted to 40,874,573.77 colones (colon = $0,465), of which
ports.
18,677,652.77 colones were imports and 22,196,921 colones were exOf the imports, 51.44 per cent came from the United States, 15.44 per cent from Germany, 14.03 per cent from Central America,
3.5 per cent from Spanish America, 1.96 per cent from Italy, 1.83 per cent from Spam, 0.54 per cent from Belgium, and 1.95 per cent from other countries. Of the exports, 11,270,524 colones went to the
to the United Kingdom, 1,084,690 to GerFrance, 128,433 to Spanish America, 83,049 to Centra] America, and 138,521 colones to other countries. Expressed in terms of percentages, 41.83 per cent went to the United States, 4.89 per cent to Germany, 0.93 per cent to|_ France, 0.58 per cent to Spanish America, 0.38 per cent to Central America, and 0.62 per cent to other
United States, 9,286,034
many, 205,670
to
nations.
The four
principal articles of exports, according to values,
coffee, 7,752,750 colones; gold and silver bulUon, 1,827,553 colones; and cabmet woods, 304,003 colones. There are at present in exploitation in the Republic of Costa Rica 402 miles of railways, of which 191.8 belong to the Costa Rica Railway, 98.3 to the Northern Railway Co., and 112 to the
wereasfollows:Bananas, 11,170,812 colones;
CUBA.
Pacific
tric
483
tramway
Railway Co. A railway to Sarapaqui is planned, and an elecis to be constructed between San Jose and San Ramon,
in the Province of Alajuela.
LIGHTING
of Pines, is soon to have an EIjECTRIC which it is believed will eventually be enlarged and supply other towns of the island with electricity for lighting and power purposes. The projectors of the enterprise are Charles F. Fetter and Benjamin Haigh, who are owners of the ice factory in the same place, and the electric Hght project means the consohdation of the two interests. The plant wiU have a capacity of 1,200 Hghts, with one-tenth that amount of arc lights; crude oil will be used as fuel and wiU be shipped at first from Havana, and later from Texas in tank steamers if business justifies its importation on a large scale. Three Cuban military officers are to be sent to the United States to take POSTGRADUATE COURSES in several institutions. This arrangement is in accordance with Cuban congressional action to have native students enjoy educational advantages in other countries, and the officers selected have been on duty at the Cuban Mihtary Academy at Morro Castle for some months past as instructors. The Isle of Pines is soon to have its annual "GOOD ROADS day," in order to promote the improvement of highways. The enterprise follows in the footsteps of the people of Missouri, who some time ago turned out en masse and worked on the pubhc highways of the State. This wiU be the second event of its kind in the island, and the people are taking 'great interest in making it a success. Four hundred POOR CHILDREN of Cuba are spending the months of July and August at Triscornia for the benefit of their health. Twelve nurses have charge of the colony and they are assisted by a number of mothers who give their services to the good cause. Many wealthy citizens and several business firms contributed to the funds for making
Isle
Nueva Gerona,
plant,
TOURIST" is the ''HOLDING the outmg possible. subject of a long editorial in a recent issue of the Daily Post, of Havana, in which strong contrasts are drawn as to how other counCuba always tries aim to attract and retain the tourist trade.
enjoys a large tourist business, but those who come rarely remain a great while in the coimtry. A plan is on foot to estabfish a ''magic city" at Havana which would overlook the GuH of Mexico, have a number of theaters, European cafes, a jai alai court, and various
THE
484
It is further stated that the subject is
other kinds of amusements that would be interesting for all visitors. worthy of study, as Cuba has
tourists.
tobacco, and some systematic effort is made the tourist business to Cuba may be expanded to enormous proportions and that every hne of trade would be favorably affected, just as is the case in Europe from the great throng that annually At a recent celebration at Miraarrives from the United States.
practically
three great sources of revenue Progressive citizens beUeve that if
sugar,
many Cubans, 1,100 UNITED which indicates the large number of foreigners who are within a short distance of the Cuban capital. On August 26 the United Fruit Co. announced that commencing with Thursday, September 3, 1914, the company will operate a DIRECT WEEKLY SERVICE from New York to Santiago, Cuba, thus insuring ample facilities for aU cargo offering.
mar
there were present, in addition to
STATES CITIZENS,
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
Provisional President
Ramon Baez
has appointed a cabinet as
Juan Isidro Jiminez; Minister of Finance, Dr. Salvador Gautier; Minister of War, Sr, P. A. Ilubere; Minister of Public Works, Sr. Osvaldo Baez; Minister of Justice, Sr. J. B. Peynado; Minister of Foreign Affairs, Sr. Ignacio Maria Gonzales; Minister of Agriculture, Sr. Pedro Maria Mejia. The director general of pubhc works of the Dominican Republic has awarded to the lowest and most favorable bidder, the Safety Car Heating & Lightmg Co. of New York, the contract for the supply of 10 (COAST) LIGHTS. So far, it has been decided to erect a steel tower 150 feet high at Cabo Engano. The remaining 9 towers have not yet been definitely located. These 10 lights, however,
follows: Minister of Interior, Senor
lights are to
proposed to equip with BLAUGAS as the illuminant. These have a continuous life of from 150 to 440 days without the need of inspection or recharging. The success of similar lights has been established in Europe, and the Government of Canada has had 150 of such lights in unimpaired operation for the past two years. It is probable that through the enterprise of Senor Callet, of the department of public works, a saving of about $60,000 may be effected, out of the $120,000^voted by the Government for the installation of
it is
The RED CROSS organization in the Dominican Repubhc has anjiounced its officers as follows: President, Licenciado
these lights.
treasurer,
Horacio V. Vicioso; secretary, Senor Augustin Suazo Garrido; Senor Salvador Parodas; committee, Senores Miguel Angel
ECUADOE.
485
Roca, Ml. de J. Espinol, Pedro Pablo Bonilla A. An appeal has been made to the people and distributed throughout the Republic to aid the society, and to form voluntary corps to cooperate with In the capital of the Dominican Republic especial attention it. was given thisTyear to the celebration of the Fourth of July, in recognition of the lead taken by the United States in the declaration of American independence. It happens also that this day is marked for the Dominican RepubUc as one hallowed to them in particular by^the death of one of their national heroes, Francisco del Rosario Sanchez. On July 5, as weU, similar respect was given to Venezuela, a national holiday in that Republic, and the courtesy was paid it of playing the Venezuelan national hymn, in acknowledgment of the same courtesy from Venezuela, when, on February 27, the national hymn of the Dominican Republic was played
in the plazas of Venezuela.
ECUADOR
Panama Canal was Seiiorita Ecuador, a distinguished poetess of that Republic. She, in company with her brother, has just returned from a visit to Europe. The canal authorities, wishing to pay her some attention, offered her a launch with which to make the passage, and thus she has the honor of being the first woman to go by water across Panama from one ocean to the other, as the event took place some A weeks before the official opening of the canal on August 15, 1914. FLOUR MILL, 'El Censo," has just been added to the modern The machinery was imported industrial plants of the city of Quito. chiefly from Germany and France, and the mill has a capacity of 300 quintals (about 30,000 pounds) daily. All details of this machinery have been selected with regard to the latest pattern and efficiency, and it is hoped that the flour to be made from native-grown wheat ^The municwill be as good as any imported article from abroad.
The
first
woman
to pass through the

of
Maria Piedad CastiUo,
NEW
'
ipality of
Chone is considering a proposition to obtain a satisfactory supply of drinking water from ARTESIAN WELLS, in the hope of securing other advantages from the improvements. It is proposed to make use of an old well, dug in 1907 by the city, and to continue it to 1,200 feet, or perhaps to sink another. When water is struck, the city wfll install pipes and other equipment. If oil is struck, the city will give the contractor either $5,000 or one-half the product of The the well. No contract has as yet been formally drawn.^ AMBATO-CURARAY RAILWAY has recently imported 10 cars for
54904 Bull.
31410
486
service
THE PAN
on the
line.
AMEEIOAlSr UNION.
paign is under
Throughout the KepubHc an energetic camhave established a first-class body of TRAINED NURSES to help the physicians and surgeons of the country in the Dr. Juan Alberto application of the advanced rules of their art.
way
to
Cortes Garcia, of Quito, has given especial attention to the matter, and he hopes to raise funds, from both public and private sources,
for the foundation of a training school for nurses in the capital,
patterned after the best examples that can be found in Europe and An Italian recently reached Bahia de Caraquez the United States. on a walk around the world, which, he says, he is taking for a wager The newspapers of Guayaquil, when he passed through of $40,000. The director general of telethat city, paid him great attention. graphs has sent to all employees in his office an order to adopt the INTERNATIONAL TELEGRAPH SYSTEM of transmission and
to prohibit the use of
any other in the Government
service.
The
Government has
for the
set aside the
sum
of 2,000 sucres (almost $1,000)
PURCHASE OF A SMALL LAUNCH to be used in his official A new MAP the captain of the harbor of Puerto Bolivar. OF THE CITY OF RIOBAMBA, carefully lithographed and with the
duties
by
latest data, has
been published and
stores of the Republic.
is on sale at the various bookThe Society of Artisans in the city of
Ibarra celebrated, on June 19, 1914, the tenth anniversary of its During that time it has been able to collect funds for existence. The struggle to reach this for the construction of its own building. end was not a small one, but at last the society seems to be even more than self-supporting. There are now classes in drawing and music,
and a night school for instruction in several branches. The celebration just concluded attracted to it many of the Government and municipal officials, and loyal support was promised from all classes
in Ecuador.
The
police
to the proprietors of
department in the city of Guatemala has recommended cinematograph theaters that they exhibit when-
ever possible
FILMS APPROPRIATE FOR THE INSTRUCTION
OF CHILDREN,
especially on the performances given in the afternoons and on Sundays. A committee has been appointed to cooperate with these proprietors to the end that instructive and moral films be selected. Senor Don J. Bascom Jones, C. E., proposes to publish a review of the commercial and ECONOMIC SITUATION OF GUATEMALA. The author has recently been in the United States,
GUATEMALA,
487
where he arranged for the appearance of the book in a suitable The Government of Guatemala has commissioned Dr. Salvador Ortega and Dr. Eduardo Lizarralde to go to New Orleans to study the modern scientific methods employed there to combat the bubonic plague. The school festivals of Minerva, which are celebrated in all parts of Guatemala during the month of October, are now to become more important and to take on a practical character as well, for the Government of the Republic has decided to arrange for an EXPOSITION OF MINES AND MINERALS, the purpose of which will be to demonstrate the value of those industries to Guatemala. TELEGRAPHIC OFFICES have reTWO cently been opened to public use. One is in Estrada Cabrera, Department of Chiquilmula, and the other in Zacualpa, Department of Quiche. The newspaper which began its career in the city of Guatemala a short time ago has offered a prize for the best ESSAY ON THE SUBJECT OF ALCOHOLISM, its ravages, and the most effective ways of preventing and overcoming them. The jury in whose charge wiU rest the duty of passing judgment on these essays and on whose decision the selection of the prize essay will depend is composed of the Rev. Don Alfonso Arevalo, Dr. Celestino Guillen, and Senor Don Justo Cordoba. The people of Guatemala are greatly interested in feats of AERONAVIGATION, and on the occasion of a recent visit to the city of a skiUful aeronaut they A CONTRACT has just attended his exhibition in great crowds. been signed in Guatemala city between the municipaUty and the theatrical company of Matilde Moreno. The theatrical company
style.
NEW
agrees to give 15 subscription performances, besides ordinary perfor-
mances and such matinees
On all matinee as may be decided on. days there are to be given free (gallery) entrances to such pupils of the public schools as may have distinguished themselves by their
conduct, diUgence, and study, and 10 orchestra chairs for the teaching bodies of these schools; and on Saturday performances an equal number of gallery and orchestra seats to those workmen in shops in
the city who, in the
judgment
of their employers,
have deserved
this
reward.
The
prices of tickets
must not be more than the
following:
and $0.40, according to location. On its side the Government agrees to give to the company the use of the Colon Theater and all its accessories; the electric hghting for all the illumination needed by the company; the national printing office for such advertisements and announcements as may be advisable; entry of
$1.25, $1, $0.60,
equipment
the
free of
duty through the customhouse
transportation of
company and baggage from the port of San Jose (de Guatemala) and return passage. The company must give, in addition to these
performances mentioned, two extra for the benefit tion to be designated later.
of
some
institu-
With the object
of avoiding the of finance
complaints which are frequently
and commerce of the RepubUc of Haiti concerning the different forms of liquidating the DUTIES ON FLOUR in the various customhouses of the Republic, the department referred to has addressed a circular to all the administrators of the customhouses of the country, indicating to them the manner in
to the
made
departments
which they should make out and pay invoices covering flour. The new method has the double advantage of enabhng the department of finance to benefit by the prompt collection of duties and at the same time to systematize the manner of collecting them. A sample of the invoice in question was published in Le Moniteur, the official newspaper of Haiti, on June 17 last. In accordance with article 69 of the National Constitution and the law of February 28 last, the Executive proposed and the legislative body approved a bill authorizing an issue of 1,500,000 gourdes in certificates or bonds of the National Bank of the Republic at a gold exchange rate of 350, bearing 6f per cent annual interest and issued at 80. The payment of the capital and interest of this LOAN is guaranteed by a certain portion of the duties on tobacco, the Government reserving the right
Half of the proceeds of the loan are immediately and the balance 15 days thereafter. The proceeds of the loan are to be used in paying the expenses of the departments of war, interior government, and foreign relations. A recent decree of the department of public instruction provides that the VACATIONS of the schools shall begin the last Friday in July and terminate the first Monday in October. The decree also enumerates the holidays which shall be observed in the schools during the year. A recent Executive decree amends article 13 of March This decree fixes the rank of the CATHOLIC CHURCH 7, 1913. in official receptions and public ceremonies and provides that the Archbishop of Haiti shall occupy the place in the receptions and official ceremonies immediately following the legislative and judicial corps. These bodies constitute two of the three branches of the Government and therefore precede the clergy. Messrs. Sagesse Dorilien, Horacin Novilsain, and Calixte Avril Etienne have been appointel
to be dehvered to liquidate the loan gradually.
by the President members

Bois,
of the
MUNICIPAL COUNCIL
St. Cyr,
and Messrs. Fefix Saint Louis, Louis

of the
488
of Grand and Joseph Dad-
mus members
municipal council of Mirabelis.
The Kepublic, having only limited railway facilities, is compelled to depend largely upon the cart roads for travel and traffic from place to
place.
Many
of these are of substantial construction, the best
known
and most used being that from San Lorenzo (across the bay from Amapala) to Tegucigalpa, a distance of 135 kilometers (84 miles). This is 10 meters (about 35 feet) wide, and was built by President Sierra and concluded by President Bonilla. The Government expends annually on it about 100,000 pesos (say, $40,000), and is preparing to extend the same system to other parts of the Republic. The existence of this good road has encouraged travel by automobile, and in Tegucigalpa there are already several machines, with the prospect of an increase in this number in the near future. One great difficulty in the way, however, is that of obtaining trained and trustworthy chauffeurs. The Government, realizing the weighty nature
has decided to establish a NATIONAL SCHOOL in the capital, and as an annex to it a workshop where the mechanics can be studied and all repairs made on the spot. The presidential decree reads as follows: ''Tegucigalpa, 4 of July, 1914. (1) There is to be established in the capital a national school of automobilists for the purpose of teaching the theory and practice, the structure, functions, and management of automobiles. (2) In order to be admitted as a pupil in this school, the applicant must satisfy these conditions: He must be able to read and write; he must have references as to his good moral conduct; he must be in good health, of normal physique, and not less than 16 years of age. (3) If these conditions are satisfactory to the ministry of promotion (Secretaria de Fomento), the candidate must first submit to a threeweeks' test, after which, if acceptable to the minister, he will be enrolled as a pupil, but preference will be given, other things being equal, to students of the school of arts and crafts who have shown a talent for mechanics. (4) When a pupil has acquired the necessary experience to manage a machine, practicaHy, notice will be given to the ministry, and his place will be then open to another pupil. Those who pass this apprenticeship will receive a certificate of qualification from the ministry. Approved by the President Bertrand." The economic condition of the Republic can be considered as favorable, for certain phases of commerce show an expansion in general activity. In one instance, that referring to the statistics of the customhouse, there is, in the matter of importations during the first four months of 1914, an increase of about 1,000,000 pesos (say, $400,000) over the same period of 1913. The preceding years indiof the complaint,
OF AUTOMOBILISTS
490
THE PAN AMEEICAN
UNIOIST.
cate that the advance in commercial activity has been steady since 1911. If this advance continues till July 1, 1914, the total of the fiscal year's collections will amount to practically twice the amount collected in the previous year. In the instance of exports also, the
increase for the first part of the present year
is
encouraging.
Rail-
banks are increasing their balances, and the general feeling is one of hope and security for the future. There has been no case of bankruptcy reported in Honduras for a year.
are building,
ways
industry and commerce issued an order, dated embodying the foUo^ving rules covering the EXPLORATION AND EXPLOITATION of petroleum lands within the Republic. First, any company commencing work of exploration must give immediate notice to that effect to the secretary of the department
secretar}'' of
The
April
3,
1914,
mentioned. Second, when this notice is received an inspector of petroleum will be sent to the location designated and will report whether or not proper steps have been taken by the company, and if the rules have been duly observed, this company will be given protection, from the date of the notice required, for the space of 1 kilometer of radius around the place where the well is to be driven, so that nobody will be permitted to carry on a similar work within this area. Third, if work is abandoned and remain in that state for a period of three months, the company mil no longer be given the protection indicated; and the
petroleum
The
same result will take place if a deposit of allowed to be unutilized for the space of six months. world's production of petroleum in the year 1913 amounted to
is
378,000,000 barrels, of which MEXICO PRODUCED 26,000,000 BARRELS. Mexico is the country occupying third place, the United States and Russia, respectively, being first and second. The production in Mexico during 1908 was scarcely 3,481,410 barrels, so that
it
can be seen that within a short six years its importance as an oil producer has increased enormously. The SALINA CRUZ-ACA-
PLLCO was recently authorized by a decree of the secretary of roads (communicaciones) dated November 2, 1913, and
,
RAILWAY
approved by the Federal Congress July 17, 1914. The concessionaire is the Mexican American Co., which is to construct the railway and to operate it for the term of 52 years, as well as a branch line which, leaving the main fine on the Rio Verde will go as far as the city of Oaxaca. This raUway must be finished in six years. Its length is to be 864 kilometers (537 miles). The secretarv of indus-
NICARAGUA.
try and
491
commerce has
issiied
a contract to a
company
for the con-
struction and maintenance of a factory or factories of dynamite and
These factories are to be established in places to be selected by the Government, and must have a productive capacity They are to become the of at least 4,000 tons of explosives a year. property of the Government, when they are finished, and the contractor will be paid by bonds of the foreign debt of 1913 up to half the cost of construction, and the rest from the net returns of the factoAccording to the commercial bureau of Progreso, there were ries. exported from that port 70,184 packages of henequen, during the month of June. In Chihuahua all plans were made to celebrate on July 30, 1914, with proper ceremonies, the festival prepared IN OF HIDALGO, by the schools of first and second grades. This was held in the tower where the illustrious patriot was at one time confined as a prisoner, and in an album prepared for that purpose were written those sentiments inspired by the celebraOne of them read, ''Among the tion, suitable for the occasion. immortals, Washington, Bolivar, and other heroes, pay due respect to the noble Don Miguel Hidalgo y Castillo, the Father of Mexican Independence." Mexico City is soon to have the parts of the
other explosives.
HONOR
10
RADIOGRAPHIC STATIONS
They come from
are to be set
5 kilowats
set
up
in different locahties of the
Republic.
miles).
Paris under a Goverimient contract

in Mexico,
and a radius of 500 kilometers (310 San Luis Potosi, Monterrey, Chihuahua, Hermosillo, Nogales, Guadalajara, Ciudad Juarez, Chilpancingo, and Oaxaca. Besides these, the Government has contracted for 10 portable outfits, which can be moved about on mule back.
and have a power of
They
up
NICARAGUA
The municipality of Grenada has approved the contract with the Nicaragua Sugar States Co., by which the company agrees to pay
as
MUNICIPAL TAX
for the introduction of sugar the
sum
of
In Corinto there were recently FUNCTIONS of an artistic character, initiated by the alcalde, Senor Francisco Chamorro, for the benefit of the park of Corinto. The FOURTH OF JULY was celebrated this year in Nicaragua especially by a telegram sent by the minister of foreign affairs to the Secretary of State of the United States, with the congratulations of one Government to the other on the event. The UNIVERSITY OF MANAGUA, through its
400 cordobas ($400) annually. given several public SOCIAL
492
alumni association,

is
the one hundredth anniversary of its foundation. is gathermg headway to prepare a better
planning to celebrate with proper festivities A great impulse
WATER SUPPLY FOR
There has just arrived in Managua a skilled engineer, Senor Don Luis Matamoros, who for 30 years was director of public works in the Republic of Costa Rica, and who has prepared various plans for the improvement and increase The first of these of supply of water for all purposes to Managua. plans relates to the supply of drinking water according to the latest engineering science. The calculation is for 250 gallons of water to each inhabitant, assuming the population of Managua to grow to There 100,000, although at present it may not be above 40,000. will be in addition a system of pipes and pumps for the fire department. If the plans of this engineer are accepted, he agrees to have the work ready eight months after the signing of the contract. The municipal council wUl then be obliged to pay to the construction company for a period of 30 years a minimum sum of $2,000 monthly, after which the waterworks will become the property of the municipality, imder whose control it will be, however, from the day it There is another improvement promised for begins to operate. Managua, a gasoline STREET CAR service across the city. The extent of the line would be about 5 kilometers (say, 3 mUes), and the price of a single ticket would be at a maximum 10 centavos On May 27, 1914, the newly appointed DIPLO(10 cents). MATIC REPRESENTATIVE FROM GERMANY, Herr Erythropel, who is accredited as charge d'affaires, was formally received Senores J. A. Reyes and by the Government of Nicaragua. Leonardo Argiiello have recently formed in the city of Peon a limited liability company, to be called the ''UNION INDUSTRIAL LIMITADA," which has for its object the manufacture of soaps, The Nicaraguan ConIts capital is $20,000. oils, and candles. gress has passed a law applying to PUBLIC INSTRUCTION, the purpose of which is as follows In all the Departments of the Republic there wUl be imposed a tax of 15 centavos (15 cents gold) on every liter of spirits (aguardiente), 28 cents on every liter of pure alcohol, and of 4 cents on every pound of tobacco withdrawn from the warehouse for public sale. The income of this tax is to be expended in the proportion of 20 per cent for the normal schools
:
THE CITY OF MANAGUA.
of the Republic, 30 per cent for other directions of public instruction,
and 50 per cent

zations as they
for the municipalities, charities,
and similar organi-
be established by Executive decree, which must take into consideration the laws as at present existing. For the same purpose the fines imposed for various misdemeanors are to go to the benefit of public instruction. These tax expenditures are to be administered by committees composed of heads of families,
may
PANAMA.
493
which comniittees will be appointed in the various districts of each Department, and they shall serve without pay, except that the The above treasurer is to receive 2 per csnt of what is collected. new law nullifies all other laws which have reference, locally or nationally, to taxes on spirits and tobacco, and goes into effect on its publication in the Gaceta Oficialthat is to say, from June, 1914 but the application of the law will be made beginning the
1st of July, 1914.
Seiior Dr. Eusebio A. Morales, jr., has been named as CONSUL FOR THE REPUBLIC OF PANAMA AT ANTWERP, Belgium.
In the Province of Panama there have been created by the President

of the
Repubhc
NINE
NEW
SCHOOLS.
The
secretary of profor
motion (fomento) has signed with Senor Eladio Lasso a contract

the construction of the
BUILDING OF COMMERCE
to be erected
of the Panama Exposition. Its cost is estimated to be 49,885 balboas (a balboa equals exactly one gold dollar). Senor Pedro Lopez P. has assumed the CONTRACT TO CARRY THE MAIL bags and Government packages handled on the steamers of the National Navigation Company and of other companies that may be in operation, between Santiago and various points in the Province of Veraguas, and between San Fernando and Aguadulce. The Government pays the contractor for the proper fulfillment of his contract the sum of 190,000 balboas a year. Senor Leovigildo Espino has been appointed CONSUL OF PANAMA in the city of Mobile, United States. NIGHT SCHOOLS have been estabhshed in the cities of David, Penonome, and Bocas del Toro for adults; their sessions will be held five times a week, two hours each night. The President of the Republic has decreed that technical courses in the PROFESSIONAL SCHOOL FOR WOMEN, and the length of time to be given such courses, shall be as follows: Telegraphy, one year; washing and ironing, one year; stitching and fancy embroidery, two years; stenography, two years; cooking, two years; millinery, two years; dressmaking, three years. -In 1912 the National Congress gave to the city of Panama, capital of the Republic, the area on which in former times stood the older city of the same name, with its public and private buildings, its bridges, its churches, and its monastaries. By this cession all these places were declared to constitute A PLT^LIC MONUMENT, worthy to be preserved for his-
on the grounds
494
torical
THE
PAN"
AMEEICAN UNION.
and romantic associations.

to take the best
to
was authorized
and
preserve these ruins,
The (modern) city of Panama means possible and necessary to make them attractive, to clear the ground
to embellish in every practical
way
this national place.
In
fact,
the entire area was, according to this decree, to be turned into a pubHc park. The street railways of the capital are to arrange to
extend their lines up to this spot, which shall have the name Panama It is the hope of the municipality to be able to accomplish much toward this end before the exposition is formally opened on January 1, 1915. If proposed park is made accessible by that time, those passing through the Isthmus will have a wonderful opportunity to study one of the most romantic relics of the early time of On July 22, 1914, there Spanish settlement in the new world. was signed in the city of Panama an act giving to the Kepublic of Cuba, free of charge, a plat of ground on which there will be erected
la Vieja.
CUBAN PALACE for the coming exposition commemorative of the

Panama
cabinet, and
discovery of the Pacific Ocean by Balboa. This will later become the legation of Cuba in Panama. Signatures were affixed by the
minister of foreign affairs of the
minister in
by
the
Cuban
This plat is ceded for a term of 99 years. The gold pen with which the deed was signed is to be given finally to the The Government is now President of the Kepublic of Cuba, arranging for a series of DRAMATIC and other artistic performances The best talent to be given during the entire time of the expovsition. The orphan asylum in the city of available will be secured. Panama is about to found a PRINTING OFFICE in which the orphans in their charge will provide most of the work to be done. In favor of this enterprise the Government has removed the customs duties on 191 boxes recently entered as imports, which contain the
Panama.
presses
and other apparatus
for the outfit of the office.
An
additional supply of
of
ELECTRIC CARS
for the street railway
system
Asuncion has been ordered in England, some of which have already been shipped. Others will follow and by October next it is believed that the whole system will be in a better condition to take EXPORTATIONS care of the increasing traffic than ever before, of raw products from Paraguay for the first three months of the present year indicate an increase over the value and amount for the same period of 1913. The Paraguay customs office has made public
PERU.
495
the following figures: Exports for the first three months of 1914, $1,123,415 (gold); same period of 1913, $1,056,350 (gold); excess for The immigration section of the ministry present year, $67,065.
of foreign affairs, according to press reports, states that
IMMIGRA-
TION
Paraguay has considerably increased within recent months. San Bernardino is now made more accessible by the recently established SERVICE OF LAUNCHES across Lake Ipacarai,
to
connecting with the railway station at Aregua. An increasing number of tourists are visiting Paraguay each year and nearly all of them wish to see San Bernardino, one of the beauty spots of the country, which can now be easily reached by the new service. The director of the German colony at Encarnacion, Senor Mainzutaen, has opened
up 15,000
of
HECTARES OF LAND
and
is
offering the
same
for
colonization purposes.
According to news reports the department
for the use of three STEAMbe leased to a private corporation with the agreement that the latter would engage in buying fruit and other products along the rivers and railways of Paraguay. Such a system of catering to the needs and offering a home market for the farmers would, it is believed, result in an increased acreage in all kinds of crops.
Fomento has asked the Government
SHIPS which would
The President
to accept the resignations of the
who Don MeUton
Republic has reformed his cabinet, refusing members of the former cabinet, therefore retain the posts they occupied, with the exception of
of the
Carbajal, who is now vice admiral, and who was formerly in charge of the portfolio of war and marine. The national Government has approved the contract made with the provincial council of Huancayo for the electric equipment of the city of the same name. The Huancayo electric company agrees to establish in Huancayo an electric plant with sufficient power to supply the needs of the city for both public and private use. Senora Carmen Torres Calderon de Pinillos is preparing to undertake a trip to the United States for the purpose of studying the CUT^TURE OF SILKWORMS AND BEES, about which she will make a report to her Government, in the hope that they may be introduced into Peru. The Government will be represented in the international EXPOSITION OF GENOA, ITALY, and has appointed to attend it Senores Through its Paris office of inforSalvador Soyer and Luis Zino. mation, immigration, and propaganda the Republic has made a
contract for the services of
Don Samuel
Pasquali,
who
will teach as
496
professor of arts in the
SCHOOL OF ARTS AND CRAFTS OF
In consideration of the fact that the name of DON RICARDO PALMA has been indissolubly associated with the national Ubrary of Peru, and that he was the one who restored it and acted as director for 28 years, the Government has designated him honorary director of the national library and consultant to the minister of instruction on matters pertaining to that institution. In a report made to his Government by the former minister of promotion, Coronel PortiUo, after a voyage of inspection in the REGION OF THE MADRE DE DIGS RIVER, he states that in fact there are only two roads in all that important territory, namely, that of Cuzco-Paucartambo-Tres Cruces and that of Tiripata-Astillero. According to this report the Cuzco-Tres Cruces road offers both commercial and strategic advantages. From Cuzco to Itahuania, at the end of the road, and two hours from the mouth of the Manu, merchandise can be sent in a period of six days, and perhaps less. To build a proper road would be of benefit not only to the Madre de Dios region, but also for the provinces of Paucartambo, Calza, and Quispicanchis, of the department of Cuzco. The road via Tirapata, more difficult to keep in repair than the other, is at present the only way over which the commerce with the Madre de Dios is maintained. It was constructed by the Inca Mining Co. to get at the gold mines of Santo Domingo, and was later prolonged to Astillero, a port on the river Tambopata, by the Inca Rubber Co. By this road communication is kept up, the passage from the end of the railway to Huacarani taking eight days, after climbing the Navigation on the Tambopata begins at AstiUero, CordiUera. reached beyond Huacarani. On the river it is three days by canoe The report mentioned gives further data on the to Maldonado. practicabiHty of improving the road so as to stimulate the imporEarly tant commerce of the region of the Madre de Dios River.-
LIMA.
in July there
was signed at Lima a TREATY OF PEACE between Peru and the United States, being in principle the same as other treaties proposed by Secretary of State Bryan with other nations of the world. -The March, 1914, number of the Bulletin of the Lima Society of Engineers publishes an article by Senor J. F. Barreda y Bustamente, which contains interesting data about the ALPAS RAILROAD and the bridge constructed over the river Pativilca. The railway and the bridge were opened to the public in December, 1913. It passes through the northern part of the rich vaUey of Pativilca, the commerce of which has hitherto been compelled to depend upon rough mule trails. The bridge has five sections of iron and has roadbeds for both the railway and carts. The industrial electric company of Cuzco has about completed its
plant for
ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER
for the city of Cuzco.
SALVADOR.
497
Thus that ancient city of tlie Incas will within a short time be equipped mth all modern improvements in the line of lighting and
motive power.
At
a meeting of students of Salvador, held toward the middle of
and alumni of the faculties in jurisprudence and social sciences, called together by the rector of the university, the formal invitation was read to send a fitting delegation
July, graduates of the university
from that body
to attend the
PAN AMERICAN CONGRESS OF

It was decided, however, The reasons given for this decision
STUDENTS
to be held in Santiago, Chile.
not to take part in that congress.

rested on the fact that there
it,
was really too Uttle time to prepare for and that the extensiveness of the program was such that in all probability the students could not be able meanwhile to give it the The RAILWAY BETWEEN LA careful study it deserved. LIBERTAD AND THE CAPITAL, San Salvador, which wiU have such a wholesome influence on the agriculture and commerce of the Repubhc, wiR soon be opened to traffic. Engineers who are to work In order to make on the line have prepared to leave New York.
effective the
STAMP TAX,
by which
its collection will
the Salvador congress has passed a decree be regulated. All business houses and
pharmacies which are engaged in importations from abroad, must pay one-half per cent above the value of their importations, making declarations to that effect in the customs office and in the office of the parcels post. All previous laws on this subject are abrogated by this A great deal of mterest has been excited in the Repubhc new law. by the proposal to establish m the capital, San Salvador, a HOUSE OF CORRECTION for homeless children, or for those who are wayward or incorrigible. The treatment of these poor misled waifs has
been carefully studied in institutions of this character in many parts of the world, and the country is determined to found an institution Taking into considerhere which will be a model in every respect. ation that education will be practically aided by putting within the reach of the people all school books in general, and every kind of book that deals with the knowledge of the schools, in the sciences and the arts, the national congress has passed a law FREEING FROM CUSTOMS CHARGES all such books and treaties in the sciences, arts, and industries, histories, geographies, illustrations pertaming thereto,
maps, wall charts, classical hterature, dictionaries, when nical and special nature.
of a tech-
URUGUAY
A higher standard of MOVING PICTURE FILMS is demanded by the press of Montevideo where, it is claimed, considerable harm is being done by the exhibition of films that are immoral. As in other cities, the moving picture show house is very popular and many families send their children to these shows, where the properly censored film is most entertaining and instructive. Discussion of the property tax occupied considerable attention in the House of Deputies. During the past year the Government has been studying the problem of the HIGH COST OF LIVING and seeking the means of reducing the evil. The Labor Office after diligent study has found that the heaviest of aU the workman's expenses is house rent, and it is beheved that by taxing land values and exempting house values there would be a reduction in rents, both as regards old and new houses, and also stimulate building. THE ATHLETIC GIRL is a subject which is very much in evidence at present in Montevideo. There is a keen interest in sports, and the movement for the physical education of girls has been establishing itself on a sound basis, with
the result that the National Council of Physical Education, organized ago, has become a popular organization. Girls are encouraged to take part in outdoor games, to become athletic, to acquire
some time
flexibility
of
carriage,
and
in
other ways develop sound bodies.
Gymnasiums have been

oftered.
Officials
and there are facihties for the various grades of society to enjoy and profit by the instruction
established
of
the
Central
Uruguay Railway
are
being-
praised for their
work
in connection with
UTILIZING THE CORN
that was more or less destroyed by continued rains. x4.rrangements have been made whereby the corn is carried over the railway's lines at half price, and later converted into alcohol at distilleries. The railway management, the leading planters, and one of the prominent distillers of the country are united in their efforts to save the dam-
aged crop by converting a large percentage into alcohol; otherwise the crop would have been practically worthless, owing to continued
rains in the Republic.
Strait of Magellan recently a call
another British vessel a ill and asking that the Orduna's doctor prescribe for the patient. The doctor asked five questions by wireless, which were answered in 20 minutes, and then the proper relief measures were signaled. Two days later both vessels met at Punta Arenas and the recovered captain sought the doctor to thank him for saving his
As the steamship Orduna was entering the was received by WIRELESS from hundred miles away, saying that its master
was very
498
VENEZUELA.
life.
499
in the
Strait
of
The
several wireless stations
now
Magellan
and vicinity make it possible to reach many ships that round Cape Horn, which until recently were completely cut off from the world A bill has been introwhile navigating in those southern waters. duced in Congress for the establishment of "Uruguayan AGRICULTURAL CREDIT/' the object of which is to foster and protect
agricultural interests in general, the allied industries, the construc-
and of immigration destined to aid in such development. It proposes to tax owners of rural lands to the extent of about $1 per hectare, when the assessment of land is more than S50 per hectare, and if the total property is valued over $5,000, 2 per cent on the value.
tion of roads,
VENEZUELA
The envoy extraordinary of the Holy See in Venezuela has notified Government that His Holiness has withdrawn jurisdiction over THE DIOCESE OF GUIANA from the bishop, Monsenor Duran. In view of this fact the council of Guayana takes over the offices of the
that
church and the President of Venezuela declares vacated the diocese of Guayana, as far as Venezuela is concerned. Dr. Sixto Sosa has been A named Vicario Capitular until the new bishop is appointed. CLINIC for radiology and radiotherapy has been opened in Caracas and many physicians and surgeons are attending the demonstra-
NEW
tions
of
Dr.
Gonzales Rincones.
is
MINISTER TO BRAZIL
Dr.
The NEWLY APPOINTED Emiho Constantino Guerrero, at
Ât the SEVENTH held in Madrid in August, the delegates were Senor Rafael Urdaneta and Senor Federico de la Madriz, secretary of legation and consul general of Venezuela in Spain, respectively. TECHNICAL INSPECTORS for the State
one time president of the Federal court.
POSTAL UNION CONGRESS,
THREE
schools and colleges, similar to those

duties for the Federal district,
who have been carrying on have been created. As far as the educational activities of the nation are concerned, the Republic has been divided into three grand subdivisions. In the official gazette there was recently published the text of the TREATY OF ARBITRATION between Venezuela and Peru. The treaty contains the agreement to submit all matters not to be settled through the ordinary diplomatic channels to arbitration. Of course from these questions are
excepted those of a character that refer to constitutional matters, to Â congress be resolved by the respective courts of either country. CONSTITUTION recently assembled in Caracas prepared a
NEW
500
for the Republic,
THE
PAN"
AMEEICAN UNION.
which was placed in force on the 19th of June, 1914, This constitution is to be found in full in Toward the end the official gazette of the Republic, No. 12,257. of the coming October the PAPER FACTORY at Maracay wiU be opened for practical work. This factory lies in a region well supplied with the raw material for the manufacture of paper; its machinerj^ is of the very best and modern type of its class, and, in fact, is not surpassed by anything of its kind in South America. Its output is calculated at about 10 tons of paper of various grades every 24 hours. The factory building, now completed, is of four departments, one of which,
by
a presidential decree.
separate, has three stories. The SEEBERG STEAMSHIP CO., with a service between New Orleans and the Venezuelan ports of Maracaibo, Puerto Cabello, and La Guaira, has just been placed in operation. Its vessels have a capacity of from 2,800 to 5,000 tons, and three are already on the schedule. The S. S. Invergyle departed from New Orleans in June and touched at Mobile, Colon, Cartagena, Puerto Colombia, Santa Marta, Maracaibo, Puerto Cabello, La Guaira, Curazao, Santo Domingo, and San Pedro de Macoris, the return trip bringing the steamer back to New Orleans on July 12. The Dunning Olga left on the same itinerary June 25 and the Hilding on July 12. With the acknowledged commercial importance of these ports of the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico in the trade of these countries with the United States, it is most probable that a busy future awaits As soon as this service and that other steamers will be demanded. the Panama Canal is opened for commerce, another line of the same company is promised to the west coast of South America.
aLRGENTlNA- BOLIVIA - BF3,AXIL - CHILE - GOLOMBtA
OCTOBER
BUJa^giqÎN
19148
VM ICAN
J.
OF THE
T A R C A
1
M
N
I
G U B A D O
C A N
I
JoHiv Barrett, DrREcxoRGBiVBRAL.

Frat^CISCO
Yajves, Assistant Director.
A7NA^MA-?sIICAR.!2\GUA-A\E*XICO
MOAIDURAS
n>^M.i.iTiT33!gg
â ^
.
. )
^^j^t
^^^^
^^^^naaggjgi^'^PQgin'mTMT
G O VE.FLNIMG B O A.R.D-OF
BULLETIN
OF THE
PAN AMERICAN UNION

OCTOBER
1914

: : : :
D.C.,U.S.A.
" PAU,"
WASHINGTON
THE
PAN AMERICAN
UNION
SUBSCRIPTION RATES FOR THE BULLETIN

English edition, in all countries of the Pa " " " Spanish edition, " " Portuguese edition,"
'
'
American Union,
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of 50 cents per year, on each edition, for
Pan American Union.
WASHINGTON
1914
\ TABLE OF CONTENTS /^
m^t^
Wireless Telegraphy in the Americas
h
Page.
501
The Southern
States
and Latin American Trade
512
532 552
A Commercial
Pan America
With
Traveler in South America
in the
Magazines
a mule train across Nhambiquara land A journey through Argentina Santa Marta Cruising in Cuba La Guaira and Caracas Indian traits The Pampaconas River- Brazil
nuts from tree to the market
The culture of vanilla beans.

604
Pan American Notes

Fifth
Pan American Conference postponed A word of caution A resolution of peace U. S. Ambassadors to Argentina and Chile Tribute from Sr. Barrios, of Guatemala Nicaraguan mixed claims commission Pan American meeting in Boston Decision of Costa RicaPanama boundary question Latin American Trade Conference Trade conference of Richmond, Va. Railroad trade excursion~Sr. Peynado and Las NovedadesHonor to ex-Minister Du Bois Magazine attention to Latin America New Magazine Latin' American Banking S. A. edition Boot and Shoe Recorder D awe's Federalist Bureau of Commercial Economics Scholarships for study of Spanish Improved shipping facilities.
Book Notes
Subject Matter
of
630
Consular Reports
635 640
647
Commerce
Budget
of
Salvador for 1913
Argentine Republic
for
1915 Develop
oil fields- Congress of

for blind.
accotmtants Commerce
months ]914
Wheat exports Asylum

Bolivia
648
of
Maps
ciation
Bolivia Bank profits Cabinet change Potosi Sucre auto service Football assoBequest for education Extend tramways.
Brazil
Veterinary militarj- school Wireless telegraph station Reduce standing army Introduce prize stallion Rubber factory Petroleum fields discovered Currency issued Maritime
registration law.
649
Chile
650
New
cabinet Baiik profits Increase railway rates Tin mine Construct water v,-orks Railroad extensions Customs revenues, 1914Mining maps Ratify wireless convention.
Colombia
Cabinet change Statue to Cuervo Tramway opened Sanitate Riohacha Courthouses at Cartagena Literary contest Press in'Colombia Coffee exports Consular fees Governors of departments Appointments.
652
Costa Rica
Agricultural Mortgage
cipal loan.
653
Bank Provisions of mortgage bank biU Holland dairy Limon rnimi655

military
Cuba
Lay water mainsDiplomatic appointment Propose new
ordinances.
academyInfantile colony
sanitan,-
reportNew steamship serAnce University statistics Statue to Milanes Suspend
IV
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Page.
Dominican Republic
Increasing sugar production Duty regulationMines
656
denounced Tobacco company changes
Ecuador
Report of council of foreign bondholders Develop Panama hat industry Congressional tionsPower plant for Ambato Restrict exports.
elec-
657
Guatemala
Delegates to foreign congresses Bank profits Quezaltenango statistics Chiquimula board of agriculture National exposition to be held.
659
Haiti
Import tax on salt Develop cotton industry To improve ports Improve water serviceNationalize school of surveyors.
660
Honduras
Distribution of school appropriation
661
National
school of automobiles
Banana
exports
Customs revenues New customhouse at Ceiba Public highway
to Lorenzo.
Mexico
Electric
662
tramway work Exploit
chicle lands
Water power concession Congress of primary

contracts.
education San Carlos academy Silk
worm culture Sewer
Nicaragua
Cases pending in court- Consular
ing
664
changeSteamship service Prohibit tobacco culture Minnotes Report mixed claims commission El Nacionalista resumes publication.
Panama
Establish agricultural
665
departmentMarriage law Study tropical anemia Panama expositionCommercial institute Special tramway rates to school children Contract for Almi-
rante
works Santa Ana
school.
Paraguay.
Commerce increaseNational department of engineers organized National dairy establishedGerman school Scientific work by ChodatMinister from Uruguay Agricultural
colonies.
666
Peru
Moratorium declared Cabinet changes Regulate San Martin.
retail
667
prices Bank checksMonument to
Salvador
Pass inheritance tax Demographic statistics Electric light plant Railways extensionSchool of arts and crafts Exports Occidental bank Artesian weUs contracts.
668
Uruguay
Honor
to
670
Marti New banking provisionAviation school Railway
tariff National stock
congress- Trade in meat Arbor decision Police identification.
day Railway tenderArbitration convention Boimdary

671
Venezuela
Budget
regulations New sugar factory Consular cultural board Commerce of La Guaira Carora apueduct.
decrease Mining
appointees Agri-
COLONEL OSCAR
R.
BENAVIDES,
President of the Republic of Peru.
VOL. XXXIX.
OCTOBER,
1914.
No. 4
ff
1 is. La L/a La %J
'
TELEGIAPHY
sail
k'MEKICAS
WHILE
those
who
the seas have long been accustomed
to behold
many
of natmê's marvels,
ice,
such as the aurora,
of St. Elmo, the and many other natural wonders which have terrified or delighted the voyager, it is interesting to note how, in combining forces, nature and man have made it possible to produce other marvels, as, for instance, the making of it possible for the human voice to come forth from the clouds with a message for the land, or by the carrying of strains of music a hundred miles "on the wings of the wind" to a vessel rolling in the deep. And yet these modern wonders are only newer phases of development of the wireless telegraph and telephone; and the recent practical demonstrations between ships on the Atlantic and wireless stations on land serve to call vividly to mind tTie rapid strides which have been made by the wireless telegraph in linking together all the nations of the Western Hemisphere. Moreover, it is gratifying to believe that such development gives assurance of the possibility of even closer communication as the new devices are improved and perfected to
the typhoon, the arctic

tropical sunset,
the
.fire
practical utility.
To-day the rock-bound coasts of Alaska are linked with radio stasouthward as man has ventured to settle. The little hamlet of Ushuaia, where natives of the Fuegian Archipelago have collected, will soon have a wireless station with a range of 275 miles and may talk with ships that round Cape Horn; or this isolated village may call up the new and powerful radio station that surmounts one of the hills near Punta Arenas in the Strait of Magellan. The latter station, in turn, may call Puerto Montt, Talcahuano (1,200 meter wave length), or the island of Juan Fernandez (station nearing comtions as far
By
M'illiam A. Reid, of
Pan American Union
Staff.
501
WIRELESS ON THE EIFFEL TOWER AT PARIS.

Since the breaking out of the European war'one of the busiest wireless stations in the world has been the one on the Eiffel Tower, which keeps in constant touch with the armies in the field.
WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY IN THE AMERICAS.

pletion), or of the
503
many
Pmita Arenas station. the most southern extremity
other stations that he within the 2,000 miles radius This long reach of the wireless brmgs
of
South America withm
aerial
commu-
nication with the
many
stations that dot the coast at Valparaiso,
Coquimbo, Antofagasta, Arica, Lima, or, in fact, that now stand at intervals of a few hundred miles all the way to California and Alaska. On the other side of South America a message may be sent from Punta Arenas to Cape Virgins, at the entrance to the Strait of Magellan, which has a station with power of 275 miles range, thence to Comodoro Rivadavia, and from that station along the Argentine, Uruguayan, and Brazilian coast to North America. Or, within a
very short time,
it will
be possible to use the "jungle route" via Para-
guay and Bolivia the former country having contracted for 10 stato Manaos, and from there to Washington. tions and the latter 7 These two cities are separated by approximately 3,100 miles of land and sea, yet they have been conversing directly, and the opeiator at the great rubber capital answered Washington that signals were ''being read consistently." Another long-distance record is that announced by the Wireless Age, to the effect that the Falkland Islands station had heard the signals of the Lima station, the approximate distance between the two points being 5,700 kilometers, or about
3.500 miles.
Other long-distance talks are those reported in the public press from
the small port of Ilo on the Peruvian coast,
when
the operator talked
with the ship Karnak, at i\\Q time 100 miles south of Coronel, Chile. That distance is more than 1,000 miles. There is nothing especially remarkable in the distance here recorded, but when it is considered that the Ilo station is not equipped for long-distance service it appears that even low-power stations may at times develop a high degree of long-distance efhciency. The same operator reports that he heard the Darsena station at Buenos Akes, which therefore makes another record for the Ilo station that of hearing signals on the opposite side
of the continent.
Five years ago the whole area of Latin America had only about 50
radio stations, including those operated
and others privately owned.

increased.
by the several governments To-day we find the number greatly Argentina alone has more than 120 stations, and 30 or
more new
stations are projected. Brazil has nearly 100 stations, scattered well over her vast territory, of which 34 are the Telefunken
system and more than 60 Marconi and other systems. Chile has about 44 stations; Uruguay has 24; Paraguay is erecting 10 stations; Bolivia started two years ago to erect 7 stations, and considerable progress has been made. The contract provided for an expenditure of $165,000, and an additional appropriation has been proposed for other stations. Bolivia being the heart of the great continent, and with her extremely high natural elevations, should have a vast range
is
WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY IN THE AMERICAS.

of calls
505
Peru has
and
will
be able to talk with
all of
her neighbors.
for several years reached her interior sections stations;
by a
series of wireless
much more powerful and important than any stations now in operation.
but those at San Cristobal, near Lima, and at Iquitos are of the dozen or more
Ecuador proposes to establish a station on Galapagos Islands and at Guayaquil, Quito,' Esmeraldas, and other places. Af^commission is now considering propositions. In Colombia radio stations are already operating at Cartagena and Santa Marta, respectively, and other stations are to be installed at Bogota, Buenaventura, Medellin, etc. Throughout Central America, Mexico, Cuba, and the West Indies the number of radio stations has multiplied, so that it is now possible to communicate by^ means of the aerogram Vith almost every importeither direction from Alaska to Cape ant place. A ship, steammg Horn, if provided with a wireless outfit of a few hundred miles range, need not be out of calling distance of land stations. Likewise in voyaging from any North American port to eastern South America the modern ship now announces on its bulletin board that passengers may talk with land stations, and by land telegraph with their friends at home. As soon as one station drops out of range another is picked up, and thus the news of the day is chronicled on the ship's bulletin, to the interest of the traveler or the guidance of the mariner. Throughout the Carribbean Sea the stations are so numerous that the wireless operator aboard ship is one of the busy men of the vessel, and usually handles a large number of business messages.
Although useful communication
is
the primary factor in the estab-
lishment of aerial service, still there is a picturesque aspect to some of the isolated places that have been selected for stations. The great
hill
at Montevideo that
is
was sighted by Magellan when on
his
famous
voyage, and which
said to have caused the navigator to shout a
name which
the place has borne from that early day, forms the real
its modern steel network, rises to a most commanding height and sends its messages for many miles. This station
tower which, with
now converses with
the Falkland Islands, directly or via the Argentine
world that until recently never had communication with other lands excepting by occasional ships. When the writer visited the Falklands several years ago he found it impossible to send any kind of telegraphic message from the islands, for the reason that no means existed. Very recently the Port Stanley station linked that far-off port with the continent, and passengers of at least one ship have been saved by sending the S. O. S. call to Port
stations, a section of the
Stanley.
The three northern
stations in Chile are located in mining
and
nitrate regions, sections
are familiar with the west coast will recall the picturesque location of the
if
where rain
rarely,
ever, falls.
All
who
town
of Arica
and the frowning Morro that looms high above the
sea.
WIRELESS STATION AT ARLINGTON, NEAR WASHINGTON,

The tower
in the foreground has
D.
C.
an altitude of 600 feet; the two smaller are each 450 feet high. Signals are said to have been exchanged between the Arlington station and the wireless on the Eiffel Tower in Paris, while regular communication is had between Arlington and Manaos, Brazil, a distance of about 3,100 miles. It is also claimed that signals from Arlington have been read at Malta, a distance of 4,800 miles. At Darien, on the Isthmus of Panama, the United States has just completed a wireless station composed of three 600-foot towers, which is in constant touch with Arlington. Other stations will soon complete the chain to California, Hawaii, Samoa, Guam, and the Phillippines.
SCENE IN THE STRAIT OF MAGELLAN.

Even
at
Punta Arenas, the southernmost

found a
wii-eless station
city in the world, located on the Strait of Magellan, keeping in touch with the world.
may
be
TRANSPORTING AN ARMY WIRELESS EQUIPMENT.

For taaccessible regions and difficult trails a compact wireless equipment for field service can be transported on three mules and set up and placed in operation in 20 minutes.
508
It
was here that workmen iii preparing foundations for wireless towdug up well-preserved mummies that from all appearances must have been buried for centuries; so that in this instance the most modern means of communication stands practically on the same ground that was frequented by peoples of bygone ages. Farther southward the great nitrate port of Antofagasta has a station, and those in charge of its operation speak of the ''infinite distance" that must be traversed in order to reach the scene of their daily or nightly labors. The Antofagasta towers stand in a desert of white sand, several miles from the town. Location, of course, was chosen with due regard for scientific or practical results, and these facts, as in many other cases, have placed the operators far from the company of fellow man. Their work is often quite as desolate as that of the light keeper on some far-off island, where the calls of friends or
ers of passing ships are rarely enjoyed.
The
official
opening of wireless communication between Lima,
Peru, and the country's chief city on the upper Amazon (Iquitos) was inaugurated about two years ago on the summit of Cerro de San
This 919 feet above the city, 1,368 feet above sea level, and the wireless tower rises 348 feet above its summit. This wireless station, which uses the Telefunken system, has a power of 10 kilowatts, and although a mountain range 18,000 feet high lies between the two cities only 12 minutes were required to establish communication between them. It is interesting to note that the people of ancient times are said to have used this commanding position for signal fires as a means of communication, while to-day modern; science utilizes the same natural tower to talk with stations at Iquitos,i640 miles away Manaos, 1,425 miles distant, and stations that dot the coast, as well as to keep in touch with ships far out to sea. The Cost of the two stations at Lima and Iquitos was about $150,000. The subject of surrounding the wireless service with safeguards which will prevent the amateur operator from serious interference with the transmission of important messages is being given attention by the various countries, and it is probable that they will all shortly have uniform regulations governing this feature, as, for instance, in Brazil, where authority for the establishment of a wireless station rests with the Government officials, and a corporation or individual wishing to engage in the work must present official plans of the proposed station and show the necessity and advantages for its
hill is
Cristobal, the great hill that dominates the valley of the E-imac.
operation.
Several conferences on radio telegraphy have been held (Berlin, in
and London, in 1912), at which most, if not all, of the nations world were represented. The primary object of these international gatherings has been to secure uniformity of operating service among all vessels equipped with wireless outfits and land stations all
1906,
of the
A SIMPLE WIRELESS IN THE ARMY.

Members
of the Signal
Corps in the United States

as
Army
is
The power,
shown
in the illustration,
using the wireless for field communication. generated by a hand-operated device.
Courtesy of World's Work.
A MODERN TYPE OF FIELD WIRELESS OUTFIT.

This equipment having
its
own power
engine frees armies from the danger of interrupted commimication.
INTERIOR OF THE UNITED WIRELESS TELEGRAPH COMPANY STATION, WASHINGTON.

When
all the telephone and telegraph lines from the National Capital are put out of commission by severe winter storms the wireless telegraph keeps on doing business at the same old stand. This happened upon the occasion of the inauguration of President Taft on the 4th of March, 1909.
INTERIOR OF A WIRELESS STATION.

The
electric
power
for
the wireless stations
is
usually furnished
by
gasoline motors.
WIRELESS TELEGEAPHY IN THE AMERICAS.

over the world.
511
all of the Latm American countries and additional ones are projected, in accordance with the recommendations of these international conferences. It can be readily miderstood that great advantages will result from world uniformity of service and workings, both as regards government service and that conducted by private corporations. In the United States one of the most practical uses to which wireless has been put is its installation on moving railway trains. One enterprising road has erected towers along its lines, and the operator on a passenger train going 50 miles an hour may flash a message from his little booth to various points along the railway. Inasmuch as the working of wireless is greatly influenced by the
In general,
stations,
have established
WIRELESS STATION AND. ENTRANCE TO DOCKS AT BUENOS AIRES, ARGENTINA.

it may be asked how the system has been adapted to the low car of the railway. The solving of this vexing question requhed the brains of many experts, who overcame the difficulty by arranging the wires along and very close to roofs of the cars. The required current is supplied by a small motor driven by a wheel on the axle of the car. At present this raiboad service is capable of communicating 35 miles, but as improvements are being made constantly, it is believed that soon the Then, with towers along any distance can be extended to 50 miles. railway at intervals of 40 or 50 miles, passengers may use the railway wireless service with much more convenience than the ordinary
height of towers and the length of aerials,
telegraph.
is extending its useful and humane service saving thousands of lives upon the high seas; it is bringing the whole world into closer touch; in business its importance can not be overestimated, while as a pleasure in linkmg far-off Its gradual advancefriends and families it is beyond comparison. ment and perfection wiU, without doubt, still further astonish the world. AH honor to its inventors and to those laboring to make it
Thus we
see that wireless

It
is
in all directions.
more
perfect.
THE SO'UTHEll STATES
AND LATH AMElICAl

new factors in the economic and commercial relations between Latin America and the United States are now strenuously emphasizing the opportunities for a greater Pan American trade. The first of these, the opening of the Panama Canal, has been anticipated for 10 years and every possible phase has been theoretically considered, discussed, and written about. Much speculation has been indulged in and many agencies have been at work to arouse the manifold business interests of the Americas to "get ready for the opening of the Panama Canal." To the eastern and southern portions of the United States the creation of this new route meant the probable development of a trade with the 5,000 miles of west coast of South America since the important factors of proximity and easy access were to give them a decided advantage over European competitors. Everyone knew that this would mean much, eventually, in the trade relations between these sections of the two continents, but it was all more or less conjectural and all in the more or less hazy future. On August 15 the Panama Canal threw open its steel gates to the commerce of the world, and the first factor became a present reality. Two weeks before this very auspicious event, however, imexpectedly and unprovided for, almost in the twinkling of an eye, the second factor burst upon the consciousness of commercial America and made of the speculative dreams of yesterday a vivid, startling, compelling fact. Since August 1 six of the greatest commercial nations of the world, all, of course, active competitors of the United States in all of the markets of Latin America, have been plunged Thus the question, ''What into a destructive, all-consuming war. can we sell to and buy from the west coast of South America?" has suddenly been transformed into the larger and far weightier question, "What can we sell to and buy from all of Latin America?" The needs of Latin America are coincident in kind, though perhaps not in degree, with those of all other highly civilized portions of the world. There is not a necessity, a comfort, nor even a luxury which modern civilization knows for which there is not some demand in almost every Latin country south of the United States. Naturally, as is the case in the LTnited States and elsewhere, the greater demand
"mmw: Two
By Edward
Albes, of
Pan American Union
Staff.
512
SEA-ISLAND COTTON IN THE,:SOUTH.

The South has also found out that the longer and finer the staple the higher the price its cotton wUl command. Given the right kind of soil it takes no more land and but little more labor to raise good
cotton than poor. By careful experiment it has been found that the growing be greatly extended in many of the Southern States.
of Sea-Island cotton
can
58476 Bull.
-14
514
is
THE
PAl^ AMEEICA2T
UNION.
The people of the vast rural districts for iiHcsssities and comforts. need food, clothing, and shelter. Many of such wants are supplied by their own j)roduction, while manj^ others can be supplied only by the products of other countries. In the modern capitals and larger cities of those countries the demands are just as diverse and complex as are those of London, New York, and Paris. As a broad proposition it may be stated that all of the Latin Ameri-can countries are producers of primary food products and many of them are rich in all kinds of mineral products, with perhaps the On the other hand, perhaps not one can single exception of coal. supply its own demand for manufactured products. That, in a nutshell, is the economic situation, and that is the basis upon which the commerce between the United States and Latin America must be built. The answer, therefore, to the question propounded may be concisely stated the United States can sell to Latin America, in varying quantities, something of everything it can manufacture; it can buy from Latin America a large portion of all the primary food and mineral products it may need. In commercial competition, other things being equal, the seller who can deliver his goods by the shortest and cheapest route has a big advantage. In the United States the geographical location of the Gulf and South Atlantic States gives these sections this advantage of proximity. A remarkable opportunity is thus offered to such manufacturing interests of these States as are prepared to enter The Gulf ports into the competition for Latin American trade. particularly, from the southern tip of Texas around to Tampa, Fla., should profit enormously from the development of this trade, as should also only in a slightly lesser degree the Atlantic ports of the Southeastern States. Interior transportation facilities to these ports will, of course, play an important part in determining the extent of the zone affected. The most important feature of the problem which confronts these States just now is the diversity and extent of the manufactured products which they have to offer to Latin America. In this connection it may be well to remember that of all the imports of Latin America as a whole, textiles and the manufactures thereof lead in quantity and in value, and that in this classification cotton and its manufactures form by far the largest group. It is in this branch of exports that the southern mills should be able to dominate the market in the future, provided always that they are equipped to supply the character of goods for which there is the greatest demand, and at
prices
which will meet competition. The character of cotton manufactures for which there is a large and general demand throughout all of South America being pretty much the same in all of the countries, an examination of the imports of
AN OPENED COTTON BOLL.
UNMATURED COTTON BOLLS.
516
Argentina may suffice to show in a general way what these countries need and. what they buy. During the year 1913 Argentina imported under the major classification of ''Textiles and manufactures" (including cotton, wool, silk, and other fibers) nearly 90,000,000 pesos' worth. The Argentine gold peso being worth commercially about 97 cents in United States currency, the following figures, originally given in pesos, may be roughly estimated as being equivalent to dollars. Of cotton textiles and manufactures Argentina imported over $40,000,000 worth. Of these imports the following items and values will give some idea of the demand: Piece goods, bleached, $4,800,000; unbleached, $1,200,000;
prints, $4,000,000; dyed, $12,800,000; other colored cotton cloth,
$1,000,000; yarn, dyed, $1,000,000; yarn, undyed, $1,670,000; stock-
handkersewing thread, $427,000; coarse thread, $340,000; bags, $400,000; ribbons, $380,000; towels, $244,000, etc. Surely these figures from only one South American country should interest the cotton manufacturers of the South. One more statement in this connection ought to give them food for thought. Of the $40,000,000 worth of cotton manufactures imported by Argentina the United States, the producer of over 60 per cent of the world's cotton for mill consumption, sold less than 3 per cent. Of the cotton imports of Brazil the United States sold less than 3 per cent; of those of Chile, less than 5 per cent; of those of all of Latin America, including Cuba, Mexico, Central America, and the near-by countries of the Caribbean Sea, a little over a general average of 8 per cent. Evidently the cotton manufacturers of the United States have been unable to iheet European competition. Doubtless they themselves best know the reasons for this state of things. Cheapness of unskilled European labor can not account for it, for the fact that United States products of lower grades of cotton manufactures, such as unbleached piece goods and strong canvas, compete successfully with the European products all over the world, proves that the element of ordinary labor has but little to do with it. On the other hand, in products requiring the highest degree of skill, such as laces, knit goods, ribbons, etc., the European countries monopolize the trade. To the writer it would seem that the chief element entering into the competition for the trade in the higher grades of cotton manufactures is skill, and that it is upon the production of these higher grades that the greatest, and certainly the most profitable, development of the foreign trade of the South depends. In this connection it is gratifying to note the remarkable progress which has been made in various industrial lines in the South during the last few years. The people of that section, having once awakened to the necessity of improving conditions in agriculture, manufacturing.
ings, nearly $2,000,000; counterpanes, nearly $1,000,000;
chiefs, $840,000;
II o
^ M
i
g.
g I
518
THE PAN AMERICAE"
UNION".
and in all industrial pursuits, are responding to the demands of modern The crude and wasteful methods of the past, under the spur of competition, are fast giving way to up-to-date management, better organization, and the introduction of higher skill and training. The industrial leaders of the South, whether in the great steel and iron plants of Alabama, the furniture factories of North Carolina, or the cotton factories of nearly all the Southern States, are laying the greatest stress upon and giving the greatest encouragement to educaIn this feature of tion and technical training in their respective lines. southern develoj)ment lies the hope for the future domination of the United States in the world's markets in several lines of manufactures, especially in those of cotton textiles and products of steel and iron. In the economy of production and marketing of manufactured products transportation of the raw materials as weU as that of the finished product forms a most important factor. Where the raw material is produced, whether from field or mine, there, too, should the highly finished product be de. The South has at last begun to realize this important fact, especially with regard to its greatest agricultural
progress.
product cotton. In this connection the writer ventures to make the statement that the time is not far distant when in not only every important city, but in every little southern town where cheap power may be had, will be located manufacturing plants so constructed that the seed cotton from the fields may be delivered at one door, and the highest grade of cotton prints, piece goods, stockings, and even laces be loaded into In other words, the freight cars for shipment from another door.
raw material wiU enter and the finished article, involving the highest degree of skiU, wiU issue from the same plant. When that state of
has been brought about the country that produces two-thirds raw cotton of the world wiU certainly seU more than 8 per cent of Latin American imports of cotton manufactures. The raw material being at hand, three elements in the production and successful marketing of high-grade manufactures are paramount: (1) Cheap power; (2) skilled labor; (3) convenient transportation
affairs
of the
facilities.
As to the first element the South is wonderfully blessed. The cheapest and best power for manufacturing purposes is water power converted into electrical power. All over the South, from the mountain streams and cascades of the Appalachian system to the ponderous sweep of the mighty rivers of the Mississippi Valley and Gulf regions,
water power in millions of horsepower units awaits development. Much along this line has been done, much more is being projected. To consider this phase of the industrial problem in detail is beyond the scope of this article. Just one of many instances may be cited as an example of what has already been accomplished. This is the
PLOWING COTTON.
Modern
agricultural
implements are decreasing the cost of production of the South's great picture shows a battery of plows attacking a large Mississippi cotton field.
staple.
The
A GEORGIA COTTON
AVhere the raw material
is
MILL.
produced, whether from field or mine, there, too, should the highly finished product be made. The South has at last begun to realize this important fact, especially with regard to its greatest agiicultui-al product cotton." (Edward Albes, in "The Southern States and Latiu American Trade.")
SOUTHEKN STATES AND LATIN AMEEICAN TEADE.
521
development of the water powers of North and South Carolina by the Southern Power Co. This company, whose principal power stations are at Great Falls, Rocky Creek, and Ninety-nine Islands, S. C, transmits a current of 100,000 volts over long distances and supplies electric power for more than 150 cotton mills, furnishes electric light and power for 50 towns, and is operating an extensive system of interurban electric railways. This, besides furnishing power for many minor plants, such as cotton gins, cottonseed oil mills, etc. Thus one concern distributes cheap power over an enormous area, covering almost two great; States, in which manufacturing plants of various kinds have sprung up like mushrooms and have come to stay. Many
'
other hydroelectric power plants are in operation and many more are planned. Notable among these is the anticipated plant which in the near future is to be established at the Mussel Shoals, in the
Tennessee River, in North Alabama. This section of the State of is noted for its fine cotton, while only 86 miles south of the river is the iron metropolis of the South, Birmingham, to which point the contemplated power plant will be enabled to furnish electric power for its great iron and steel industries. These are instances showing that the South is alive to the opportunities presented by the
Alabama
natural resources of this section of the country. The great coal fields of Alabama, Tennessee, Kentucky, the Virginias, and Carolinas furnish cheap fuel for steam power where water power is not available.
The second element,
skilled labor, is also being rapidly introduced
into the manufacturing industries of the South.
Besides taking
advantage of every labor-saving machine and device, curtailing waste, and employing trained foremen and superintendents, skilled artisans are being brought in and labor conditions as to housing, education, and sanitation of factories and villages of the operatives are being improved. As an instance may be cited the Republic Mill at Great Falls, S. C, which began operations in 1911 with 580 looms and 25,200
spindles.
In describing this factory Prof. Edwin Mims writes in the World's Work:
The looms are the latest improvement of the Northrop Draper automatic type, 26 of which may be operated by one weaver; they run while the employees are at dinner. There is, furthermore, a Barber-Coleman drawing-in machine which takes the place of 15 or 20 girls. Excellent provisions for light and ventilation in this mill are supplemented by the Cramer humidifying system. Electric appliances enable the owners of themilltocomputeexactly the cost of power for any department of the mill. * * * The living conditions of the employees are on a par with every other feature of the^ mill; among other noteworthy provisions is that for every cottage, in addition to electric lights and sewerage, pure water is produced by the electric-ozone process.
In regard to the organization and policy of another large company

Prof.
Mims
writes:
Approximately the same conditions prevailon a larger scale to be surein the 12" mills (4 at Columbia, 2 at Greers, 1 at Greenville, etc.) that have recently been merged.
524
THE PAN AMEBIC AN UNION.

The main
idea of
its
into the Parker Cotton Mills Co., with headquarters at Greenville, with a capital stock
of $15,000,000.
president
is
that
by combination the individual

real-
capacities of different
ized.
men adapted
to leadership
and management may best be
has charge of all departments, there are experts in finance, in the operation of the plant, in buying and selling, and in the study of the scientific phases of cotton manufacturing, each one of these experts giving
Instead of each mill having a manager
who
his attention to his particular subject in all the mills.

to
The policy of the president is do for the less progressive mills what has been suggested in the consideration of the Republic Mill as fast as possible to introduce all modern improvements, to manufacture an increasingly high quality of goods, and to cut out the middle men between the mills and the buyers of finished products.
It
may
be seen, therefore, that Southern mill owners fully realize
the necessity for better organization, trained
management, up-to-date
mechanical appliances, and the most favorable environment for their operatives. All of these factors enter very largely into the successful production of any manufactured commodity. Efficiency diminishes the cost of production and improves the output. The one element, however, upon which too much stress can not be laid is that of skill. The factors of England, Germany, Italy, France, and other manufacturing countries of Europe have heretofore practically shut out the United States in the markets of Latin America in those lines of cotton manufactures in the production of which is required the highest skill. Some commercial figures from the Republic of Chile wiU serve as an
illustration.
In 1912 that country bought cotton textiles and manufactures worth over $14,600,000, of which the United States sold less than $900,000 worth. Among other things under this classification we find that Chile bought of spool cotton 1,450,000 dozens, of which 1,179,000 came from England, 170,000 dozens from France, and over 88,000 from Germany; of heavy drills for clothing the total by weight amounted to 1,503,000 kilos, of which about 657,000 came from Germany, 566,000 from England, 155,000 from Italy, 48,000 from Belgium, and 42,000 from France; of plain and twilled cloth, 2,500,000 kilos, of which 2,264,000 came from England, 102,000 from Germany, and lesser quantities from France and Italy; of dress goods and linings, 2,336,000 kilos, of which 1,733,000 kilos came from England, 408,000 from Germany, 91,000 from France, 66,000 from Italy, and 24,000 from Spain. The imports from the United States in all of these high-class products were in negfigible quantities; yet, in cotton bagging, of a total of 1,477,000 kilos imported by Chile, over 1,000,000 kilos came from the United States; of the imports of sheeting the United States sold next to England in quantity, and in cotton flannel the United States came first. All of which would seem to indicate that the factors of the United States have not yet reached that degree of skill in the production of the highest grades of cotton goods which will enable them to compete successfully with those of several European
A PORTION OF THE DOCKS AT MOBILE, ALABAMA.
A BUSY DOCK AT GALVESTON, TEXAS.

Exports
of raw cotton from the United States during the fiscal year endtag June 30, 1914, were valued at $610,000,000, exceeding the former high record by $25,000,000. The value of the exports of this great staple has doubled in the last 12 years.
526
countries.

Perhaps the importation
of a
few operatives possessing
the needed skill and experience and a close personal study of
some
of
the mills turning out these products in the leading manufacturing

centers of Europe would do
much
to alter this situation.
element convenient transportation facilities the South is well supplied with natural waterways and excellent railway systems. In the development of agricultural and manufacturing industries perhaps no section of the United States has received greater aid and more intelligent cooperation from its railroads than has the South. Wherever a community has shown progress, wherever an industry has given promise of success, wherever natural resources have called for them, there the railroads have gone, either with main lines or spurs, to stimulate human endeavor. The South has been fortunate in that its greatest railway systems have been under the
to the third
As
management
of enterprising, progressive, in the
and
far-seeing
men who
have realized that
development
of the country
through which
opportunities, these
they operated lay the future prosperity of their lines. Quick to see men have often led the vanguards of industry
their
and by
encouragement have stimulated flagging

to others
efforts
and
This statement is true of the Southern, the Louisville & Nashville, the Baltimore & Ohio, and many others. Since this article deals with the development of trade between the S)uth and Latin America no undue partiality can be charged if a specific instance of very recent occurrence is mentioned. In connection with this topic it is but fair to refer to the intelligent efforts the Southern Railway is making to stimulate the interest of Southern industries in this trade. Naturally these efforts are not merely altruistic. To build up the foreign trade of the South means the building up of business for the railway company. The seaports of the South Atlantic and Gulf States, as heretofore pointed out, are so located geographically as to give them a great advantage over those farther removed from Latin American countries. The various lines comprising the Southern Railway system are advantageously located with reference to the transportation of goods for export to these ports and for the distribution of such products as may be imported from the countries of Latin America. Hence the interests of Southern industries and of the Southern Railway Co. are identical. Reahzing that the successful construction of the Panama Canal opened new possibilities for Southern merchants and manufacturers, the Southern Railway officials determined to start a practical campaign for trade expansion, not only in the markets that could be reached through the new waterway, but with all of the Latin American countries. As a first step in this direction the management of the system in the summer of 1913 employed a qualified expert to make
failed to see so clearly.
pointed the
way
who
TOBACCO PLANTS IN FLOWER.
FLOWER OF THE TOBACCO PLANT.
SOUTHEEISr STATES
a tour of South America
AND LATIN AMEEICAN TRADE.
529
and to report on the trade possibilities of each of the countries visited. This report contains a vast amount of information as to the market opportunities and as to the commodities each of these countries for which there is a demand in produced the United States. The next step was the creation of a new office, involving the employment of a South American agent. The scope and sphere of usefulness of this office is succinctly set out in a statement made by Mr. Fairfax Harris 3n, president of the company, as
follows
Splendid as were the opportunities afforded by their geographical and economic advantages, the manufacturers and merchants in the territory traversed by the lines
Southern Railway system, with some notable exceptions, had given little it was apparent that intelligently conducted cooperative effort would be necessary for the development of trade in such volume as would be mutually profitable to the railroad, to the communities served by it', and to the Latin American peoples. The first thing necessary to be done was to bring to the manufacturers and merchants of the territory served by the railroad expert knowledge of the trade opportunities in each Latin American country, of the customs, laws, and port regulations of each country, of their credit systems, and of the particular methods of packing desired for particular markets, and to aid those proposing to enter these markets in putting their advertising matter and correspondence in the language of the country with which they were seeking to do business. The Southern Railway has undertaken to do this by the employment of a South American agent. Mr. C. L. Chandler, who has been selected for this important work, is well qualified for it by special training and practical experience. He was a student at the University of Buenos Aires and also at San Marcos, Lima, Peru, and was for several years in the consular service of the United States in Latin American countries. It is the business of this agent to know the character of commodities that are in demand in each of the Latin American markets and to know the products of each of the Latin American countries that can advantageously be imported into the United States through the ports served by this system. It is his business to know the estabof the
attention to the Latin American markets, and
lishments in the territory adjacent to the lines of the railroad that are engaged in the
manufacture of goods that the Latin American people want. As to goods not now manufactured ui this territory, he must know where they can be manufactured adjacent to the lines of the railroad or, lacking that, where in the United States they can be obtamed for shipment through southern ports. Equipped with this information, Mr. Chandler visits manufacturers and merchants and advises them as to where and how they can best develop markets for their goods in Latin American countries. Although less than three months have elapsed since the inauguration of this work, its effects have already been apparent, especially in an increased volume of business through the port of Mobile, Ala., by the regular steamship line from that port to Argentina and Uruguay.
With such efforts as this by the railways of the country, with the constant propaganda for the development of friendly intercourse and commercial râtions between the United States and Latin America
conducted by the Pan American Union, with the systematic efforts of the Department of Commerce of the United States and the Southern Commercial Congress, the manufacturers of the United States in general and of the South in particular can not remain in ignorance 58476Bull. 414 3
SOUTHEKN STATES AND LATIN AMERICAN TRADE.

of the opportunities for the extension of their
531
commerce with Latin America. One of the difficulties hitherto confronting the exporters of the United States has been the lack of direct banking facilities. The National City Bank of New York has very recently taken the necessary steps to establish branches at Buenos Aires and Rio de On September 26 a corps of eleven of the bank's experts Janeiro. left New York for the purpose of at once establishing and placing in operation these branches. Eventually other branches will be established at Santiago, Chile, Lima, Peru, and other financial centers of South America, thus affording American firms engaged in Latin American trade adequate facilities for exchange, establishing credits, making collections, etc., through friendly agencies. The bills recently introduced in Congress will undoubtedly result in the building up of an American merchant marine and added shipping facilities. It remains for the manufacturers of the South to meet the situation by providing those products for which there is a demand in Latin America and in the manufacture of which they enjoy peculiar advantages in competition with other countries. This competition for the present is minimized by the devastating war in which the leading commercial nations of Europe are engaged. With properly equipped salesmen to introduce their products the manufacturers of the South should soon be able to establish their supremacy in these lines in the markets of the Western Hemisphere on a permanent basis. The time is eminently ripe for them to "get in the game."
A COMMEICIAL TIAYELE
ÎIJTH AMEIICA^
Dear Mr, Editor: Here
best to speak of
I
on the Amazon River for after all on the Amazon, rather than to try to be too exact and to place it on the Rio Negro, about 10 miles from the Amazon. Wasn't it a dream of every child in second geography to see the Amazon, that mighty river 3,000 miles long and banks so far away as to be invisible? I am here, after the most absorbing trip I have had in all my restless experience. I can't believe it yet. But I look from my room window upon the extensive city and across to the black ^waters flowing southward; I ask the mogo (hotel boy) what the name of the place is, and I confess to myself that at last one dream has come true I am on the Amazon, and at Manaos. But I must tell how I came here. I have hurried more than I had intended, when I left Pernambuco, so that it has taken me only five weeks to see the coast towns and to reach this wonderful interior. I hurried because I wanted to finish and because I did not find sufficient encouragement in North Brazil to demand indefinite stay in any one place. Steamers call at each port on the average once a week, but it so happened that in two places a delay between steamers meant probably ten days, and in other ports I had to do the best I could during the few hours in which my own steamer was at anchor. One reason for the check in business activity, noticeable especially since I entered this northern territory, was the hurt done to Brazil, and I dare say to all the financial world, by the Balkan war. It was astonishing to me, here on the spot, how much attention was and is paid to European matters, and how carefully its war was followed by the newspapers. It illustrated how vitally interested South America is in Europe, and to how great an extent finances on this continent depend upon peace and hopefulness in that continent. So long as Europe, which is by far the heaviest buyer of South American products, has a fuU purse and the optimism to invest or to lend cash for industrial and other purposes here, the wheels go round happily and almost without friction; but let Europe have use for its money at home, let the people or the governments either refuse to invest or actually to recall money already offered to South America, a shudder goes through financial circles in this part of the
it is
am
Manaos
as
world.
This shock has now been felt to a severe degree in Brazil. There were tremors of it as I approached Sao Paulo, but in the north,
iThe tenth
commencing
in the January
number
of
the Bulletin.
532
sq
-I
-2

534
partly because of
THE PAN
AMEEICAISr UNION.
its geographical isolation and partly because the had become more pronounced by the time I reached there, I can call the conditions I met from day to day nothing less than a crisis. In Bahia and along that coast the tobacco interests im-
effect
portant
among
the other agricultural activities of this part of Brazil
were feeling the tightness of foreign finances. In Pernambuco and this area, over which sugar cane is a great and steady crop, business men, at least those with whom I came most directly in contact, were complaining of hard times. In the rubber region on the Amazon things are at their worst, so they told me. For this reason, discouraging business and the tension of waiting for improvement in the money conditions, and also, let me confess it, because I could not help yielding to my impatience to get nearer home, I hurried toward the end. From Pernambuco I came direct to Para, visiting each city only as long as the steamer remained in port, and stayed on that steamer aU the way to Manaos, after a four days' halt in Para. In Manaos I take a Booth Line steamer direct to Barbados, down the Amazon (through Para, but passengers on outward-bound steamers can not go ashore to do much business), and then northward to that tight little British island. I can not, therefore, report any encouraging results in my tour, and acting on impulse I think I would have said nothing about my experiences in North Brazil. Considering, however, that the suggestions I may make on practical travel conditions will be of service for the future, and that, even if I may frighten a few travelers who have been tempted to include this area on their itinerary, I have at least called attention to the complexity of international relations, I am going to continue the sketch. Remember, please, Mr. Editor, that you can erase anything that seems not to suit the purpose of the Bulletin. Nevertheless, it is well worth while to recognize an occasional cloud, and just now Brazil is in a period of depression. Surely no one is a warmer friend of Latin America than myself and no one has a firmer belief in the richness of the entire continent. Facts are facts, however, and we business men who depend upon sales and orders for success like to keep posted on realities. From present indications also, and I regret to add this conviction, Brazil is going to see harder times
before she sees better ones.
was forwarded from Pernambuco. In it I promised from Maceio, capital of the State of Alagoas, by the Great Western Railway (British) which connects the two ports and, on a northern division, makes it possible to continue all the way to Natal, the capital of Rio Grande do Norte. The distance between Maceio and Pernambuco is 218 miles (350 kilometers), and the through express train makes the trip in just
last letter
to tell of the trip to that city
My
536

is
about 12 hours (there
no night
train.)
It offers a
good oppor-
tunity to see the interior of the country, to notice the characteristics I of the people as well as the agricultural and pastoral resources.
stops on the way, nor did I see any towns large enough to warrant me in so doing. The country is generously populated, however, and I should think that an agent with sugar-mill machinery and modern farm implements would find a market. I want to say a commendable word about the management of the railway. The coaches were comfortable and clean. There was a dining car attached, which served regular meals, but in which at all hours one could get refreshments as desired. The schedule was accurately maintained. Of course I knew that I was traveling during the dry season and that therefore no impediment in tlie nature of washouts was encountered, but gossip with passengers seemed to indicate that delays were
made no
infrequent.
The climate is undeniably tropical and the nothing but an open roadstead in which vessels must anchor and lighter cargoes to shore. But the city itself, of about 40,000 inhabitants, is as pleasant a place as I want to see in Latin America. The streets are clean, the public buildings well constructed and modern, and there is an air of refinement which shows a high Business was slow but not class of people in every social grade. stagnant. When the projected port works permit a more expeditious commerce, I have no doubt but that Maceio will become a betterMaceio
is
a dehght.
is
so-called port
known
center of Brazilian trade.
Of Pernambuco I can not speak with confidence. Recife the city is called on the maps, although nobody speaks of it as such, and the distinction is made for the sake of the State of the same name and because Recife is the strange reef guarding the harbor. The outer city, the commercial portion, has been torn down in the desire for improvement, which is so general at present in all America. The port itself was being transformed, the inner city was dismembered, and a sense of change was everywhere. If the threatening restriction inloans or credits is escaped, Pernambuco will boom and be placed again on the permanent schedule of trans-Altantic steamers, but only the future can successfully solve these expectations.
And for the
Brazilian part of
my story little is left but
the coastwise
voyage from Pernambuco to Para, and my hasty exploration of the Amazon. It was rather a curious feeling of isolation which impressed me as I left the harbor of Recife on a Brazilian Lloyd steamer for a seven days' trip to that port at the entrance of the Amazon. At the south the traveler is not shut off from all contact with the ''States,'* but along this strip of Brazil commerce and other communication northward is almost altogether lost. One sees and hears of things European, but the "Yanqui" world appears to lie below the horizon. I had no opportunity for closer comparison, because the steamer
A STERNWHEEL FLEET OX THE AMAZON.
THE BOWS OF RIVER STEAMBOATS ON THE AMAZON AND

The
ITS TRIBUTARIES.
hulls of these steamboats are of steel; they are flat bottom and very strong, but every inch of space is utilized. The draft is only 30 inches for those of 130 tons capacity, so that even in the driest season navigation continues uninterruptedly.
538
usually arrived in port early in the morning, permitted passengers to go ashore at about 9, but departures were scheduled toward 3 in
the afternoon, so that
it
was unsafe
to fail to
be on board at that hour.
could see at first hand, however, had had only meager relations with North America. Cabedello was the first harbor made north of Pernambuco. The entrance is into a river where the steamer can anchor close to a pier equipped with modern machinery. Traffic is by railway with the
little I
What
interior capital of the State of the
same name, Parahyba,
18 kilo-
meters
(1 1
miles) away.
Cabedello
is
a sand spit covered with palms,
redolent of the Tropics and exotic even to
my
eyes.
Then came Natal,

to its river
is
capital of Rio
Grande do Norte.
The entrance
through a narrow break in a jagged, angry looking reef which, once it gets its fangs on a misguided vessel, never releases it tiU its bones add one more difficulty to the harbor. At present only one vessel at a time can anchor within. It was a fascination to watch the gyrations of our big steamer as she swayed here and there through the current, guided by the skillful hand of the ''pratico" (pilot), who had sole charge of us. A rod more or less and we were aground. This is no exaggeration, really. Only the day before our arrival at the entrance a strange tramp steamer had tried to cross the reef, its captain too impatient to wait for the licensed pilot, but the poor thing had straddled the rock in a calm sea, and there she stood, apparently at anchor, but in all probability doomed to slow destruction. Natal, with perhaps 20,000 inhabitants, is a pretty little city, thoroughly Brazilian aspect and atmosphere. There is rail connection with Pernambuco and Maceio, but most of the commerce is, I judge, by sea. An electric trolley line does a good business, and there are
many
evidences of progress.
Fortaleza, the capital of the State of Ceara and
It has
The next port was
often carrying that name.
no harbor whatever, vessels lying
all transfers of cargo being conducted by lighters. Great planshave been considered to provide the port with better shipping facilities, because the State of Ceara
is
at anchor a mile or so in the open water, and
one
of the
most ambitious and industrious
in all Brazil,
and deserves
all
a safe harbor, but this will cost a lot of money, and at present
effort is
given to the extension of the railway, so as to open large productive areas to agriculture. By the way, Fortaleza is the nearest geographical point in Brazil to Europe, for although it is around the corner westward from Cape St. Roque, the traditional easternmost land South America, nevertheless the more northern situation of Fortaleza gives it the right to claim that advantage. After Fortaleza came Maranhao, the Maranham of our story books,
more exact Brazilian geographers, Sao Luiz, capital of the State of Maranhao. The textbooks give 50,000 inhabitants. There is no harbor, but the water is quieter, and the approach to the
or following the
So
S 8
SI
540
THE PAN AMERICAN" UNION.
wharf in an open boat is less exciting. In such a quiet corner of the world business can not be done in an hour, and I ceased to make any effort for sales, satisfying myself with a few polite inquiries. I gave myself over to enjoyment, allowing my imagination full sway, and playing the tourist every moment of the half day on shore. Maranhao is full of romance and picturesqueness. One of Columbus's comrades, Pinzon, discovered the spot (on an island) in 1500. It has an exciting history from that date down to the present, and its dignified setting, together with its long line of literary men of every age, have given the place the title of the Brazilian Athens. From Sao Luis we steamed
to Para. Mr. Editor, I am off my reckoning as a tourist, and I do not feel warranted in trying to describe any of these interesting and beautiful places I have been so fortunate as to see on this coast. I came to try to do business, but I did not make a great success of it, partly because all orders are choked off by the financial depression, partly because I have made the mistake, against which I guarded myself up till now, of hurrying and attempting to live according to schedule; it can not be done. I ought to have laid over from steamer to steamer at every port, and perhaps to have gone into the interior to smaller towns in each State and made a thorough job of it, but I did not do
so, as
away
us
what we are, what we profess to be, what we make,

We must first get
my
explanation confesses.
This territory knows
little
about
and what we
charge.
acquainted with this part of Brazil before
we manage to sell goods to them, and it is going to demand an expenditure of money and time to reach that happy end. Anyone who
manufactures what these people want can enter their markets, but he must go after them. I saw a few articles from home, but many from Europe, yet I feel sure that careful, persistent, and honest study of the field will yield successful and permanent results. Para and Manaos are the two great rubber marts of Brazil. I have seen them both, but was pursued by the same unkindly fate by which I entered north Brazil. A commercial stagnation was settling over the country. I have in my notebooks the conversations with those whose acquaintance I made, but I must wait for a more favorable opportunity before I can profit by them. Apart from business, however, I have had a wealth of experience, if only my firm doesn't fire me for my expense account. I was figuring it up last night, and have these items to report to you. Brazil may be divided into three areas of expense. South Brazil, where the day costs less, although it runs pretty high. I gave my figures up to Sao Paulo in my letter from Rio de Janeiro as on the average of $9 a day, but ^with no social entertainments and including considerable railway travel. Mid Brazil, from Sao Paulo to Pernambuco, where
living
is
considerably higher, according to
my
experiences, largely
THE AMAZON FOREST.
542
because the two largest cities of the Republic are in the itinerary. I was two weeks in each territory, and, with railway fares, which are high, particularly as baggage must pay almost passenger rates, my expense amounted to 1,008 milreis (that is, 1,008 milreis, at 3 milreis to a dollar, equals $336 United States gold, or almost exactly $12 gold a day). My steamer ticket from Rio to Para cost me, first class, 261 milreis, equal to $87 gold (a two weeks' schedule). I ought to add that in the smaller towns along the coast, living is somewhat less, as might be expected, the average hotel bill a day being from 6 to 10 milreis.
North Brazil is the third zone, and includes the entire Amazon region from about Ceara to Manaos. I was moderate in my own expenses, as I staid on the steamer most of the time, but those who know, told me that it was the most expensive area on earth. A traveling man might get along on $10 to $12 a day, but it would allow him precious little leeway for anything beyond a simple existence. Making a general estimate of living expenses all through Brazil, I should say that for results such as a reasonable man should expect, no less than $10 a day should be estimated, but a more fitting amount would be $12. Even this assumes that only a small amount of baggage is carried not a mass of traveling samples and that a traveler's license is one of the items counted extra, and not reckoned in the
personal account.
But
I shall deal
with this subject when
reach
my
final letter,
This time I tremely foolish for

to indicate,
home. have a surprise for you, Mr. Editor.

if
fate carries
me
safely
me
from
it,
my
It would be exAmazon, or even short and unsatisfactory experience, any course to give
my impressions
of the
for a commercial traveler to follow in this territory.
am full
of the
however, and have been overwhelmed by the solitary grandeur of nature in this wildness. Therefore, I am going to quote pages about the Amazon from a book I happened to run across in Para, and which has seemed to me to reproduce, in a way never before equaled by the pen, the vivid mystery of this great interior of a continent. The book is called The Sea and the Jungle " its author is
of
'
wonder
'
H. M. Tomlinson; it is published by E. P. Button & Co., of New York; it sells for $2.50, and it was written ''hot off the pen," I should guess, by a man who traveled in a tramp steamer from England to Para, up the Amazon and the Madeira River to Porto Velho. He sees things often seen by others before him, but he puts his emotions into words in a way that is a blessed comfort to those who wish to express but can not, what they, too, feel before the mightiness of nature. I saw the Amazon, but I dare not try to describe it. The next best thing
to seeing
it is
to read
approach to the
It
river's
what follows. This is exactly descriptive of the mouth, and the paragraphs beyond picture
one sees or
feels.
the forest, for forest
is all
was not easy to make out before sunrise what it was we had come to. I saw a phantom and indeterminate country; but as though we guessed, it was suspicious
PALACE AT MACEIO, ALAGOAS, BRAZIL.
SCHOOL OF ARTS AND CRAFTS AT MACEIO.

Maceio, the capital of the State of Alagoas, is a fresh, clean, attractive city, ambitious and progressive. Among the more recently constructed public buildings are the Government Palace, which is modem in every sense of the word and the School of Arts and Crafts ( Escola de Aprendizes Artifices) equipped with all the latest machinery and apparatus for instruction.
,
544
THE PAN
AMEKICAlSr UNION.
and observant, and its stillness a device, we moved forward slowly and noiselessly, Low level cliffs were near to either beam. The cliffs as a thief at an entrance. might have been the dense residuum of the night. The night had been precipitated from the sky, which was clearing and brightening. Our steamer was between banks
of these iron shades.
Suddenly the sunrise ran a long band of glowing saffron over the shadow to port, and the vague summit became remarkable with a parapet of black filigree, crowns and fronds of palms, and strange trees showing in rigid patterns of ebony. A faint air then moved from off shores as though under the impulse of the pouring light. It was heated and humid and bore a curious odor. Full day came quickly to show me the reality of one of my early visions, and I suppose I may not expect many more such minates as I spent when watching from the " Capella's " bridge the forest of the Amazon take shape. It was soon over. The morning light brimmed at the forest top and spilled into the river. The channel There it was then. In the northern cliff I could see even the filled with sunshine. boughs and trunks; they were veins of silver in a mass of solid chrysolite. This forest had not the rounded and dull verdure of our own woods in midsummer, with deep bays of shadow. It was a sheer front, uniform, shadowless, and astonishingly vivid. I thought then the appearance of the forest was but a local feature and so gazed at it for what it would show me next. It had nothing else to show me. Clumps of palms threw their fronds above the forest roof in some places or a giant exogen raised a dome; but that was all. Those strong characters in the growth were seen only in passing. They did not change the outlook ahead of converging lines of level green
heights rising directly from a brownish flood. * * *
-x-x-
could never look into for more than a few yards, except where, in some places, habitations were thrust into the base of the woods, as in lower caverns. An exuberant wealth of forms built up that forest which was so featureless from a little distance. The numerous palms gave grace and life to the fagade, for their plumes flung in noble arcs from tall and slender columns or sprayed directly from the ground in emerald fountains. The Vines looped across the front of green, binding the rest was inextricable confusion. forest with cordage, and the roots of epiphytes dropped from upper boughs like hanks
of twine.
Occasionally the river narrowed, or we passed close to one wall, and then see the texture of the forest surface, the microstructure of the cliff, though
we we
could
In some places the river widened into lagoons, and we seemed to be in a maze of Canoes shot across the waterways, and river shooners, shaped very like islands. junks, with high poops and blue and red sails, were diminished beneath the verdure, betraying the great height of the woods. Because of longitudinal extension, fining
*******
a point in the distance, the elevation of the forest,
less
down to
when uncontrasted, looked
scene was so luminous, still, and voiceless, it was so like a radiant mirage, or a vivid remembrance of an emotional dream got from book read and read again, that only the unquestionable verity of our iron steamer, present
much
with her smoke and prosaic gear, convinced

Still
It stands over us, an insistent It is shadow on the mind. morning when I look out from my bunk. I watch it all day, drawn against my will; and as day is dying it is still there, paramount, enigmatic, silent, its question implied in its mere persistence, meeting me again on the next day, still with its mute interrogation. We have been passing it for nearly a week. It should have convinced me by now that it is something material. But why should I suppose it is that? We have had no chance to examine it. It does not look real. It does not remind me of anything
*******
than
it
really was.
The
me
that
what was outside us was
there.
the forest glides by.
riddle, every
A COMMEECIAL TRAVELER IF SOUTH AMERICA.
545
When you sight your first mountains, a delicate and phantom I know of vegetation. gleam athwart the stars, are you reminded of the substance of the hills? I have been watching it for so long, this abiding and soundless forest, that now I think it is like the sky, intangible, an apparition; what the eye sees of the infinite, just as the eye sees a blue color overhead at midday, and the glow of the Milky Way at night. For the mind sees this forest better than the eye. The mind is not deceived by what merely shows. Wherever the steamer drives the forest recedes, as does the sky at sea, but it never leaves us. The jungle gains nothing and looses nothing at noon. It is only a sombre thought It is still at noon, so obscure and dumb a presence that I still, as at midnight.
suspect the sun does not illuminate
it so
much
as reveal our steamer in its midst.
We
advancing into its solitudes, a small, forest does not greet, and does not resent us. It regards us with the vacancy of large composure, with a loftj^ watchfulness which has no need to show its mind. I think it knows our fears of its domain. It knows the secret of our fate. It makes no sign. The pallid boles of the trees, the sentinels by the water with the press of verdure behind them, stand, as we pass, like soundless exclamations. So when we go close in shore I find myself listening for a chance whisper, a careless betrayal of the secret. There is not a murmur in the host, though once a white bird flew yawping from a tree, and then it seemed the desolation had had been surprised into a cry, a prolonged and melancholy admonition. Following that the silence was deepened, as though an indiscretion were regretted. A sustained and angry protest at our presence would have been natural; but not that infinite line of lofty trees, darkly superior, silently watching us pass.
are revealed instead.
sees us
The presence busy, and impudent intruder. But the
One night we anchored
off
the south shore in 20 fathoms, but close under the trees.
At daybreak we stood over to the opposite bank. The river here was of great width, the north coast being low and indistinct. These tacks across stream look so purposeYou go less, in a place where there are no men and all the water looks the same. over for nothing. But this morning, high above the land ahead, some specks were seen drifting like fragments of burnt paper, the sport of an idle and distant wind.
Those drifting dots were urubus, the vultures, generally the
is
first
sign that a settlement
near.
To come upon a settlement upon the Amazonas
is
like a landfall at sea.
And there, at last, was Ita-coatiara or Serpa. From one of It brings all on deck. the infrequent, low ferruginous cliffs of this river the jungle had been cleared, and on that short range of modest, undulating heights which displaced the green palisades with soft glowings of rose, cherry, and orange rock, like a disarray of little white cubes, Serpa was, in appearance, half a basketful of white bricks shot into a portico of the
forest.
and
There the earth is a warm and luscious body. The lazy paths are cool with groves, in the middle hours of the sun, when only a few butterfhes are abroad and the grasshoppers are shrilling in the quiet, you swing in a hammock under a thatch the and gossip and drink coffee. Beyond air has been through some tree in blossom the path of the village there is nobody knows what, not even the Royal GeographiOne heard of a large and myterious lake a day's journey inland. Nocal Society. body knew anything about it. Nobody cared. One old man once, when hunting, saw its mirror through the forest's aisles and heard the multitude of its birds.
There ahead was the Madeira now for us. We were then nearly a thousand miles from the sea, well within South America. But that meeting place of the Amazon and its chief tributary was an expanse of water surprising in its immensity. As much light was reflected from the floor as at sea. The water was oceanic in ampli-
58476Bull. 414
RAILROAD STATIOX AT MACEIO, ALAGOAS, BRAZIL.
LIGUTHOrSE AT MACEIO, ALAGOAS, BRAZIL
NEW OPERA HOUSE AT
NATAL, RIO GRANDE DO NORTE, BRAZIL,
A COMMERCIAL TEAVELEE IN SOUTH AMEEICA.

tude.
547
The forest boundaries were so far away that one could not reaUze, even when we had been on the rlAêr was remembered as a prolonged monotony, that this was the center of a continent. The forest on our port side was near enough for us to see its limbs and its vines; but to the southwest, where we were heading for BoUvia, and to the north, the way to the Guianas, and to the east, out of which we had come,
the time
and
altitude with distance,
where was Peru, the land was but a low violet barrier, varying in and with silver sections in it, marking the river roads. In the northwest there was a broad silver path through the wall, the way to the Rio Negro, Manaos, and the Orinoco. In the south the near forest being flooded, was a puzzle As we progressed they opened out as a line of green headlands. The of islands. Madeira appeared to have three widely separated mouths, with a complexity of intermediate and connective minor ditches. Indeed, the gate of the river was a region One began to understand why travelers here sometimes find of inundated jungle. themselves on the wrong river.
to the west,
An
experience on shore
is
quite as interesting as the marvels of
the river.
We continued along the path, in the way of the vanished children. Among the bananas were some rubber trees, their pale trunks scored with brown wounds, and under some of the incisions small tin cups adhered, fastened there with clay. In most of the cups the collected latex was congealed, for the cups were half full of rainwater, which was alive with mosquito larvae. The path led to the top of the river bank. The stream was narrow, but full and deep. A number of women and children were bathing below, and they looked up stolidly as we appeared. Some were negligent on the grass, sunning themselves; others were combing their long, straight hair over their honey and snuff colored bodies. The figures of the women were full, lissom, and rounded, and they posed as if they were aware that this place was theirs. They were as unconscious of their grace as animals. They looked around and up at us, and one stayed her hand, her comb half through the length of her hair, and all gazed intently at us with faces having no expression but a little surprise; then they turned again to proceed with their toilets and their gossip. They looked as proper, with their brown and satiny limbs and bodies, in the secluded and sunny arbor where the water ran, framed in exuberant tropical foliage, as a herd of deer. There he was, as at I had never seen primitive man in his native place till then. the beginning, and I saw with a new respect from what a splendid creature we are derived. It was, I am glad to say, to cheer the existence of these people that I had put money in a church plate at Poplar. Poplar, you may have heard, is a parish in civilization where an organized community is able, through its heritage of 2,000 years of religion, science, commerce, and politics, to eke out to a finish the lives of its members (warped as they so often are by arid dispensations of Providence) with the humane poor law. The poor law is the civilized man's u'onic rebuke to a parsimonious Only the Creator. It is a jest which will ruin the solemnity of the judgment day. man of long culture could think of such a shattering insult to the All Wise, who made this earth too small for the children He continues to send to it, trailing their clouds of glory, which prove a sad hindrance and get so fouled in the fight for standing room on their arrival. But these savages of the Brazilian forest know nothing of the immortal joke conceived by their cleverer brothers. They have all they want. Experience has not taught them to devise such cosmic mock as a poor law. How do these poor savages live, then, who have not been vouchsafed such light? They pluck bananas, I suppose, and eat them swinging in hammocks. They live a purely animal existence. More than that, I even hear that should you find a child hungry in an Indian village you may be sure all the strong men there are hungry, too. I was not able to prove that; yet it may be true. There are people to-day to whom the law that the fittest must survive has not yet been helpfully revealed.
-1
A COMMEECIAL TEAVELEE IN SOUTH AMEEICA.
549
Again on the
river, the
author yields to
its
fascination:
Here on the Madeira I had a vision of the earth as a great and shining sphere. There were no fences and private bounds. I saw for the first time a horizon as an are suggesting how wide is our ambit. That bare shoulder of the world effaced regions and constellations in the sky. Our earth had celestial magnitude. It was war n, a living body. The abundant rain was vital, and the forest I saw, nobler in stature and with an aspect of intensity beyond what the Amazon forests showed, rose like a
sign of life triumphant.
is no doubt the forest influences our moods in a way you at home could not understand. Our minds take its light and shade, and just as our little company, gathered in the chief's room at a time when the seas were running high, recalled somber legends which told of foredoom, so this forest, an intrusive presence which is with us morning, noon, and night, voiceless, or making such sounds as we know are
There
*******
our
ears,
not
now shadows us, the ])rescience of destiny, as though an eyeless mask with us, a being which could tell us what we would know, but, though it staj-s, makes no sign. This forest, since we entered the Para River, now a thousand miles away, has not ceased. There have been the clearings of the settlements from Para inward; but, as Spruce says in his journal, those clearings and campos alter the forest of the Amazon no more than would the culling of a few weeds alter the aspect of an English cornfield.
for
sat at table
a limitless ocean of leaves,
have seen in the forest do not derange my clear consciousness of its deep billows of foliage rolling down to the only paths there are in this country, the rivers, and there overhanging, arrested in collapse. There is no land. One nmst travel by boat from one settlement to another. The settlements are but islands, narroAv footholds, widely sundered by vast gulfs of jungle.
The few openings
The
forest of the
Amazons
is
not merely trees and shrubs.
It is not land.
It is
they have been fashioned for life in that medium as fishes to the sea and birds to the air. Its green apparition is persistent, In months of travel it is the horizon which the traveler as the sky is and the ocean. can not reach, and its unchanging surface, merged through distance into a mere reflector of the day, a brightness or a gloom, in his immediate vicinity breaks into a
another element.
Its inhabitants are arborean;
complexity of green surges; then one day the voyager sees land at last and is relensed from it. But we have not seen land since Serpa. There are men whose lives are spent in the chasm of light where the rivers are sunk in the dominant element, but who never venture within its green surface, just as one would not go beneath the waves to walk in the twilight of the sea bottom.
Tlie author
*******
makes no claim
things:
to scientific technology,
but he gets
fun out of
many
The solid teak doors of oiu* cabins are now permanently fixed back. Shutting them would mean suffocation; but as the cabins must be closed before sundown to keep out the clouds of gnats, the carpenter has made wooden frames, covered with
copper gauze, to fit the door openings at night, and rounds of gauze to cap the open and with a damp cloth, and some careful hunting each morning, one is able to keep down mosquitoes which have managed to find entry during the night and have retired at sunrise to rest in dark corners. For our care notwithstanding, the insects do find their way in to assault our lighted lamps. The chief, partly because as an old sailor he is a fatahst, and partly because he thinks his massive body must be invulnerable, and partly because he has a contempt anyway for protecting himself, each morning has a new collection of curios, ahve and dead, littered about his room. (I do not wonder Bates remained in this land so long; it is elysium for the entomologist.) One of the live creatures found in his room the chief retains and cherishes, and hopes to tame, though the object does not yet answer This creature is a green mantis or praying insect, about 4 to his name of Edwin.
ports;
THE ORIGIXAL AMAZON RAT, THE PACARAXA-UIXoMYS BRAXICKU

Very
the
little Is
first rat of this
known about the habits of this rodent. He is a rare species, and the pictui-e above represents kiad at the museum at Para, where the authorities are studying its characteristics.
A RUBBER SHIPPING SCENE IN BRAZIL.
A COMMERCIAL TRAVELER IN SOUTH AMERICA,
551
inches long, which the chief came upon where it rested on the copper gauze of his door This mantis cover, holding a fly in its hands, and eating it as one would an apple. is an entertaining freak, and can easily keep an audience watching it for an hour, if the
day
is dull.
Edwin, in
color
and form,
is as fresh, fragile,
and translucent
as a leaf in
spring.
has a long, thin neck the stalk to his mngs, as it were which is quite a He has a calm, human face with a pointed chin at the end of his third of his length. neck; he turns his face to gaze at you without moving his body, just as a man looks
mirth.
He
backward over his shoulder. This uncanny mimicry makes the chief shake with Then, if you alarm Ed^vin, he springs round to face you, frilling his wings abroad, standing up and sparring with his long arms, which have hooks at their ends. At other times he will remain still, with his hands clasped up before his face, as though If a fly alights near him he turns his face in earnest devotion, for a trying period. that way and regards it attentively. Then sluggishly he approaches it for closer scrutiny. Having satisfied himself it is a good fly, without warning his arms shoot out and that fly is hopelessly caught in the hooked hands. He eats it, I repeat, as you do apples, and the authentic mouthfuls of fly can be seen passing down his glassy neck. Edwin is fragile as a new leaf in form, has the delicate color, and has fascinating ways; but somehow he gives an observer the uncomfortable thought that the means to existence on this earth, though intricately and wonderfully devised, might have been managed differently. Edwin, who seems but a pretty fragment of vegetation, is what we call a lie. His very existence rests on the fact that he is a diabolical lie.
Even
*******
the night, after the forest disappears,
makes
itself felt:
Then, almost imperceptibly, the frogs begin their nightlong din. The crickets and cicades join. Between the varying pitch of their voices come other nocturnes in monotones from creatures unknown, to complete the gamut. There are notes so profound, but constant, that they are a mere impression of obscurity to the hearing, as when one peers listening into an abysm in which no bottom is seen, and others are stridulations so attenuated that they shrill beyond reach. A few frogs begin it. There are undulations, wells of mellow sound bubbling to overflow in the dark, and they multiply and unite till the quality of the sound, subdued and pleasant at first, is quite changed. It becomes monstrous. The night trembles in the powerful beat of a rhythmic clangor. One can not think of frogs, hearing that metalUc din. At one time, soon after it begins, the chorus seems the far hubbub, mingled and leveled by distance, of a multitude of people running and disputing in a place where we who are listening know that no people are. The noise comes nearer and louder till it is palitating around us. It might be the Life of the forest, immobile and silent all day, now released and beating upward in deafening paroxysms.
As there is seemingly no end end to the charm of the book.

to brighten
piece.
I
to the river, Mr. Editor, so there

I
is
no
my own
dare not quote more, but I am glad feeble story by adding these few pages as a tail-
hope Mr. Tomlinson forgives me and fame by his Sea and the Jungle.
may win immortal
In accordance with my promise, I shall send you another letter with my itinerary home from Barbados, and the last one I hope to make short, yet with a resume of the whole field of South America, putting into a crowded chapter some practical hints for the inexperienced traveler. Why, come to think of it, I shall soon be talking English again, so I anticipate that event and close this letter by saying "good-by." YlAJEKO.
PAN IMEIICA MAGAZINES

With number
the
of Scribner's
1^
;.
a Mule Train Across Nhambiquara land, in the September
Magazine, is the subtitle of the sixth article of "Hunter-Naturalist in the Brazilian Wilderness" series by Theodore Roosevelt. In this installment the author deals with a wilder section of Brazil than had hitherto been encountered, and his vivid description of the experiences of the party are of absorbing interest. Especially noteworthy is the following detailed description of the Nhanibiciuara Indians:
At the Juruena we met a party of Nhambiquaras, very friendly and sociable, and very glad to see Col. Rondon. They were originally exceedingly hostile and suspicious, but the colonel's unwearied though tfulness and good temper, joined with his indomitable resolution, enabled him to avoid war, and to secure their friendship and even their aid. He never killed one. Many of them are known to him personally. He is on remarkably good terms with them, and they are very fond of him, although this does not prevent them from now and then yielding to temptation, even at his expense, and stealing a dog or something else which strikes them as offering an irresistible attraction. They can not be employed at steady work; but they do occasional odd jobs, and are excellent at hunting up strayed mules or oxen; and a few of the men have begun to wear clothes, purely for ornament. Their confidence and bold friendliness showed how well they had been treated. Probably half of our visitors were men; several were small boys; one was a woman with a baby; the others were young married women and girls. Nowhere in Africa did we come across wilder or more absolutely primitive savages, although these Indians were pleasanter and better featured than any of the African tribes at the same stage ofculture. Both sexes were well ma.de and rather good-looking, with fairly good teeth, although some of them seemed to have skin diseases. They were a laughing, easy-tempered crew, and the women were as well fed as the men, and were obviously well treated, from the savage standpoint; there was nc; male brutality like that which forms such a revolting feature in the life of the Australian black fellows and, although to a somewhat less degree, in the life of so many negro and Indian tribes. They were practically absolutely naked. In many savage tribes the men go absolutely naked, but the women wear a breechclout or loin cloth. In certain tribes we saw near Lake Victoria Nyanza, and on the upper "White Nile, both men and women were practically naked. Among these Nhambiquaras the women were more completely naked than the men, although the difference was not essential. The men wore a string around the waist. Most of them wore nothing else, but a few had loosely hanging from this string in tront a scanty tuft of dried grass, or a small piece of cloth, which, however, was of purely symbolic use so far as either protection or modesty was concerned. The women did not wear a stitch of any kind anywhere on their bodies. They did not have on so much as a string, or a bead, or even an ornament
in their hair.
at ease
They were all, men and women, boys and well-grown girls, as entirely and unconscious as so many friendly animals. All of themmen, women, and children laughing and talking, crowded around us, whether we were on horseback or on foot. They flocked into the house, and when I sat down to write sur-
552
i^^lWw^,
SHOOTING FISH
The Nhambiquara Indians,
like
IN BRAZIL.
many
other Brazilian tribes, catch fish long arrows.
by shooting them with
"
Photo by A.
P. Eogers.
Courtesy of World's Work.
OVERBOARD TO CROSS A STREAM.
TYPICAL FALLS IN A BRAZILL\N RIVER.

'It is
a hazardous thing to descend a swift, ness, " writes Col. Roosevelt, and it was journey down the " River of Doubt.
unknown river rushing through an uninhabited

such
falls as
these
tha'^t
wilderhis party encountered on their
A BRAZILIAN FOREbT TREE.
m the vast sections of the Brazilian forests which are inundated during the rainy season nature makes
this provision to brace the trees
and prevent
their falling
when
the earth
is
softened and partially
washed away.
556
rounded
THE
me
so closely that I
PAJSr
AMERICAN UNION,
push them gently away.
had
to
The women and
girls
often stood holding one another's hands, or with their arms
over one another's
shoulders or around one another's waists, offering an attractive picture. The men had holes pierced through the septum of the nose and through the upper lip, and wore a
straw through each hole.
The -women were not marked

but
it is
or mutilated.
It
seems
like a contradiction in terms,
completely naked women and men cent look or a consciously indecent gesture. They had no blankets or hammocks, and when night came simply lay down in the sand. Col. Rondon stated that they never wore a covering by night or by day, and if it was cool slept one on each side of a small fire. Their huts were merely slight shelters against the rain.
nevertheless a fact that the behavior of these was entirely modest. There was never an inde-
The moon was nearly full, and after nightfall a few of the Indians suddenly held an improvised dance for us in front of our house. TJiere were four men, a small boy, and two young women or grown girls. Two of the men had been doing some work for the commission, and were dressed, one completely and one partially, in ordinary clothes. Two of the men and the boy were practically naked, and the two young women were absolutely so. All of them danced in a circle, without a touch of embarrassment or impropriety. The two girls kept hold of each other's liands throughoutdancing among the men as modestly as possible, and w-ith the occasional interchange of a laugh or jest, in as good taste and temper as in any dance in civilization. The dance consisted in slowly going round in a circle, first one way and then the other, rhythmically beating time with the feet to the music of the song they were chanting. The chants there were three of them all told were measured and rather slowdy uttered melodies, varied witli an occasional half-subdued shrill cry. The women continually uttered a kind of long-drawn wailing or droning I am not enough of a musician to say whether it wâs an overtone or the sustaining of the burden of the ballad. The young boy sang better than any of the others. It wâs a strange and
interesting sight to see these utterly wild, friendly savages
circling in their
slow
dance and chanting their immemorial melodies in the brilliant tropical moonlight, with the river rushing by in the background through the lonely heart of the wilderness.
The Indians stayed with us, feasting, dancing, and singing, until the early hours the morning. They then suddenly and silently disappeared in the darkness and did not return. In the morning we discovered that they had gone off with one of
of
Probably the temptation had proved irresistible to one of their had been afraid to interfere, and also afraid to stay in or. return to our neighborhood. We had not time to go after them, but Rondon remarked that as soon as he again came to the neigliborhood he would take some soldiers, hunt up the Indians, and reclaim the dog. It has been his mixture of firmness, good nature, and good judgment that has enabled him to control these bold, warlike savages, and even to reduce the warfare between them and the Parecis. In spite of their good nature and laughter, their fearlessness and familiarity showed how necessary it was not to let them get the upper hand. They are always required to leave all their arms a mile or two away before they come into the encampment. They are much ^Yilder and more savage and at a much lower cultural level than the Parecis.
Col.
Rondon's dogs.
number and the
others
separate,
finally reached the point where the party was to and the contingent headed by Col. Roosevelt and Col. Rondon was to embark on its perilous journey down the now famed River of Doubt. The colonel tells of their preparation as follows:
The expedition
From Bonafacio we went about

and clumps
of scrub.
by
7 miles, across a rolling prairie dotted with trees There, on February 24, we joined Amilcar, who was camped a brook which flowed into the Duvida. We were only 6 miles from our place of
A BUTTRESSED TREE OF BRAZIL.

Another method by which nature strengthens certain species
country.
of trees in the
inundated sections
of the
A BRAZILIAN TARANTULA.
These poisonous insects frequently attain a huge size, the body having a length of 2 inches, while the spread of the legs is from 7 to 8 inches. They live in the hollows of trees or in biurows in the ground, and are the dread of travelers
in the interior of Brazil.
ANT NEST ON A GROWING TREE

'The ant
hills,
IN BRAZIL.
and the ant houses in the treesarboreal ant hills, so to as conspiouous as ever," writes Col. Roosevelt relative to the insect pests encountered in his journey " With a Mule Train Across Nhambiquara Laad," in the September" number of Scribner's Magazine. The "cupim," whose arboreal nest is pictured above, is one of the most destructive of the many varieties of ants found in Brazil. They barrow into and honeycomb hard as well as soft woods and no timber is safe from their depredations.
speakwere

embarkation on the Duvida, and we divided our party and our belongings. Amilcar, Miller, Mello, and Oliveira were to march three days to the Gy-Parana, and then descend it, and continue down the Madeira to Manaos. Rondon, Lyra, the doctor, Cherrie, Kermit, and I, with 16 paddlers, in 7 canoes, were to descend the Duvida and find out whether it led into the Gy-Parana, into the Madeira, or into the Tapajos. If within a few days it led into the Gy-Parana, our purpose was to return and descend the Ananas, whose outlet was also unknown. Having this in view, we left a fortnight's provisions for our party of six at Bonafacio. We took with us provisions for about 50 days; not full rations, for we hoped in part to live on the country on fish, game, nuts, and palm tops. Our personal baggage was already well cut down. Cherrie, Kermit, and I took the naturalist's fly to sleep under and a very light little tent extra Rondon, Lyra, and the doctor took one of their own for anyone who might fall sick. tents. The things that we carried were necessities food, medicines, bedding, instruments for determining the altitude and longitude and latitude except a few books, each in small compass. If our canoe voyage was prosperous, we would gradually lighten the loa,ds by eating the provisions. If we met with accidents, such as losing canoes and men in the rapids or by Indians, or encountered overmuch fever and dysentery, the loads would lighten themselves. We were all armed. We took no cartridges for sport. Cherrie had some to be used sparingly for collecting specimens. The others were to be usedunless in the unlikely event of having to repel an attack only to procure food. The food and arms we carried represented all reasonable precautions against suffering and stai'vation. But, of course, if the course of the river proved very long and difficult, if we lost our boats over falls or in rapids, or had to make too many and too long portages, or were brought to a halt by impassable swamps, then we would have to reckon with starvation as a possibility. Anything might happen. We were about to go into the unknown, and no one could say what it held.
graphical Society of Philadelphia,
Journey Through Argentina, in the July Bulletin of the Geois a comprehensive sketch by Prof. Walter S. Tower, of the University of Chicago, of the leading cities and the great panipa of Argentina. So many descriptive articles relative to the city of Buenos Aires have been published that this portion of Prof. Tower's excellent contribution may be passed over in order to give space to larger excerpts from his graphic account
of the great plains, or
of the nation really depend,
pampas, upon which the prosperity and progress and whose economic value and agricultural im.portance he so ably analyzes. The following paragraphs embody Prof. Tower's estimate and description of a portion of the
The people
two
of
great agricultural section of Argentina:

Buenos Aires commonly are said to regard the country as consisting and the rest. A phase of this feeling was a strong factor long ago, when the Republic was being formed, in the struggle between the political parties known as the Unionists and the Federalists, but the feeling seems to be disappearing rapidly with the development of the country and the growth of other important cities. Some writers say that Buenos Aires is Argentina, just as it is sometimes said that Paris is France. It is true that one in every five persons in the Republic is a PortefiD, or citizen of the port, yet Buenos Aires is only the evidence of Argentina. Buenos Aires is the Federal capital, it is the center financially, socially, and commercially, and it is the chief seat of institutions of learning, yet it contributes Back of Buenos Aires lies the campo little to the actual production of the country.
of
parts, the city or port,
Iir iii;^li
courtesy of the author and the Geographical Society, of
Pliihidcl|)liia.
A SMALL PORTION OF THE BUSY PORT OF BUENOS AIRES.
ON THE ARGENTINE PAMPAS.
A BOULEVARD IN ROSARIO, ARGENTINA, IN MIDWINTER.
)S47r) ]!nll. 4
562
'
THE PAN AMEEICAN
l^NIOX.
and the other four out of five persons in the Republic the campo with and flourishing grain fields. In front of Buenos Aires is the rest of the world, with its demand for the production of the campo and its desire to sell there the wares from many factories. Buenos Aires in the role of middleman brings the two together. The campo makes the port and supports the Portefio. Every intelligent Argentinian knows this fact well, and takes keen interest in the development of the campo. Anyone who judges Argentina from its chief city alone has just as good an impression of the country as one who judges the United States by visiting only New York, but no better. The Argentine nation is making in the campo. Whoever may be impressed by the capital should save part of his appreciation for the force behind that flourishing city. Almost everything that cosmopolitan Buenos Aires has to interest the traveler may be seen in effect elsewhere in the world. Such regions as the campo, however, can be seen in but few places in the world perhaps nowhere else with the
or country,
its
great grazing lands
significance that
is attached to this part of Argentina. Before describing the campo, it is necessary to recall that Argentina is not a boundless plain, well watered everywhere and covered with waving grass. Within its
1,137,000 square miles there are
any
in the United States.
bringing a single shower.
mountain Provinces containing peaks higher than There are regions so dry that whole years may pass without There is much more land covered with bushes and forest
than with grass. * * * There are a dozen radial lines along which one may go into the campo, for railroads and highways converge on the port. It makes no difference which line is followed, for all, passing through a fringe of suburbs some most attractive, others just as uglylead within a few miles to the open pampa. The word pampa means plain, but there are few plains in the world quite like that of Argentina. All who know the rich lands of Iowa have an idea of the fertility of the pampa. All who have seen the wheat fields of the Red River Valley can imagine its flatness. But one who has not crossed and recrossed the pampa can get but little conception of the lonesomeness, the monotony, the apparently boundless distances, over a surface apparently as flat as a quiet ocean, for thousands on thousands of square miles. Sweep the horizon round the whole turn of the compass and not a hill or hollow appears to mar that perfect circle. It is not strange that Argentina commonly is regarded as a boundless grassy plain, for inland from Buenos Aires nothing else greets the traveler for many miles. About 200 miles south of the city are some low mountains, the Tandil and Ventana Ranges, but with these unimportant exceptions, one may travel inland for 400 miles in any direction and only see pampa. Here and there are long, low swells, like the broad undulations of the ocean bottom, hardly perceptible except when viewed in profile. Large areas look marshy or have shallow bodies of standing water, but it is not easy to detect any real depression in which the water has gathered. Enormous flocks of waterfowl, like ducks and flamingoes, frequent these wet areas and represent the most striking wild life of the pampa. Rivers are few and widely separated, and almost nowhere is there a real valley in the pampa. Such is the landscape which is seen during many hours of travel in even the fastest trains. Wherever the soil is exposed, it is seen to be fine grained and rich, and examination shows that it is deep, thus closely resembling the soil of fertile delta lands. One recalls the deposits that are still being made by the streams entering the estuary above Buenos Aires, and it is easy to imagine that these vast, flat plains were made, at least in part, in much the same way in an arm of the sea far greater than the present Rio de la Plata. These grassy lands are very young in terms of earth's history, as is indicated by the great extent of undrained areas, the absence of river valleys, the unearthing of skeletons of animals which are known to have lived not very long ago, and the discovery of remains supposed by some to be those of human beings.
Till'
IHi.ll
I'l.MN,-
III'
\i '1;|'IH;i;N
VIACiiNi a
same name.
Showing the
city of
Rio Colorado and the river
of the
AN ADOBE HOUSE
IX
THE PROVINCE OF MENDOZA, ARGENTINA.
564

favorable climate
is
A
New
combined with
this flat surface
and
fertile soil to
make
the
pampa one of the best grazing and crop pampa (between 30 and 40 S.) give it
Orleans and Indianapolis.
regions in the world.

Aires,
The
latitude limits of
a position corresponding to the area between
Buenos
on the eastern edge,
is
about half
way between the northern and southern limits, or similar to the position of Wilmington, N. C. The seasons in the pampa, however, are somewhat different from those in corresponding latitudes of this country. The winter is notably milder, largely because there is no expansive land area in higher latitudes from which cold air may be brought in. Snow is rare in most parts of the pampa; unknown in some parts. Plowing may be done at any time, and wheat, for example, commonly is planted in the winter months, June to August. Little of the pampa has more than 40 inches or less than
25 inches of rain annually, but of this moderate amount, 60 to 80 per cent
falls in the March), when it is of most value for crops. Formerly local droughts, cutting down the yield of wheat or corn, affected the commerce of the whole country by reducing the value of exports. But as the cultivated areas are
.
warmer
six
months (October
to
extended and a greater variety of crops is raised, the effects of droughts are becoming the country as a whole. Ravages by locusts have caused heavy losses at times, but the spread of cultivation will reduce that pest there as in other parts of
less serious for
the world.
If
*
for a
one will turn
tating regularity of the horizon
time away from the monotony of the landscape and the irriand think of what this land means, the pampa appears
in a
new light. The total area of grassy plain is not less than 200,000 square miles, or nearly the size of Germany. Land covered with a mixed growth of grass and bushes covers as much more. This whole area is distributed in such a way, with reference
to the
ocean and the great Parana River, that very little of it is more than 400 miles, of it is less than 200 miles, from a good seaport. Over these fiat, valleyless plains, railroads can be built without curves, cuts, fills, or expensive bridges, and
and most
hundreds of miles of such lines are to be found. Level, fertile, with no forest to be cleared, and a good climate, accessible by water and by land, there is little additional that could be desired. Only material for building good roads is lacking to make the pampa approach natural perfection for farming. In parts of the pampa one gets an impression of great crops being raised. This is especially true about harvest time, for then almost every raihoad station has great piles of wheat, corn, or linseed in sacks, waiting for shipment. Bulging corncribs dot the fields, and along the road one encounters lines of carts carrying more sacks of grain to the nearest railroad. These carts, with their- two great wheels 10 or 12 feet in diameter, commonly are drawn by anywhere from six to a dozen horses. Even a single trace attached to the axle nut is sufficient excuse for adding one more horse. Such a mode of transportation may be satisfactory, but it is not economical. Efficient, economical means of transportation is one thing that the country needs. There are some excellent railroads, but 20,000 miles of railroad are only the beginijing of what the country must have eventually, and really good wagon roads are unknown over very large areas. In one goes 150 to 200 miles away from the ports or 15 to 20 miles away from a railroad station, cultivated crops are unimportant, and it appears that the areas used for the grazing of cattle or sheep comprise the greater part of this grassy plain. Official estimates show that less than a third of the pampa was raising crops in 1912, and that more than one-fifth of the crop land was raising alfalfa for cattle. This means that three-fourths of the pampa still is used solely for live-stock. From the other fourth Argentina exports on the average more corn and more linseed than any other country and enough wheat to place it next to Russia and Canada. For the most part there is little or no rotation of crops, and no use of fertilizers, owing to the great natural fertility of the soil and the short time it has been cultivated. Machinery is employed wherever possible. Traction engines hauling 20-disk plows are not uncom-
A GREA.T IRRIGATION PROJECT AT MARQUESADO, SAN JUAN, ARGENTINA.
THE "BUSH CAMP"

The
trees in the far
IN
WESTERN ARGENTINA.
background are quebracho bianco.
566
mon,
for
less

for flat surface
and
fine soil favor their use,
while the most modern machines
other uses are eagerly sought.
Under
existing conditions the yields per acre are
than they might be, yet,
it is said,
the farmer planting 250 or more acres of wheat
may count on a net profit of $5 per acre. Com and linseed give larger returns. Wheat, corn, and linseed now cover about 90 per cent of the pampa land cultivated to crops
other than alfalfa, but approximately five times the present cultivated area
for these crops in
is
available
the
pampa
alone.
Great herds of cattle and flocks of sheep range over the pampa. Australia alone exceeds Argentina in numbers of sheep, and in beef cattle only the United States and Eussia stand ahead. Raising animals for wool, hides, and skins was the chief industry of the country until after 1870, and the animal industries still are the mainstay of most of the pampa. Natural conditions could not be more favorable for grazing. Some of the native grasses, Fertile soil and good climate make luxuriant forage. it is true, are not fattening, but the alfalfa farms easily make the animals flt for the market. Mild winters permit range grazing all the year, and, with few exceptions, remove any necessity of shelter or danger of losses from cold and storms. It is natural, therefore, that the live-stock business is profitable, and that fortunes made on cattle * * * or sheep "estancias" are common.
Republic.
their
The people living on the monotonous pampa are the ones who are making the They are producing the cattle and sheep, the corn, wheat, and linseed
and they are consuming the bulk
of the imports.
It is
for export,
the handling of
commerce which makes Buenos Aires so flourishing and insures it the premiership among South American commercial centers. Buenos Aires, however, no longer Rosario, Bahia Blanca, and a half is able to handle all the traffic of the pampa. dozen lesser ports have sprung into existence to let out the flood of production. Here
is
seen the tremendous advantage of the

Rosario
is
pampa
in having water navigable for ocean
craft along its entire eastern border.
typical of these
new
centers of activity, profiting from
its
location on the
bend of the Parana, where a steep river bank made it easy to load vessels. In 1895 Rosario had less than 100,000 population; now it has nearly 300,000. Splendid new docks with the most modern equipment have been built, and a great volume of commerce in grain, hides and skins and wool has been developed, for ocean-going This vessels, up to 20-foot draft, come regularly to Rosario, 400 miles from the ocean.
big westerly
river port, with the
pampa
at its back,
it
ri^^âls
Rio de Janeiro
for
place as the third
port of South America, and

of
stands far ahead of any of our Pacific ports in the value
commerce carried on. Its average yearly shipments of com are greater than for any port in the United States, and in wheat exports it ranks among the most important The same sort of things, in varying degrees, have been going on at in the world. other places, such as Santa Fe, Bahia Blauca, Campana, and San Nicolas, under the influence of the doAêlopments in the neighboring pampa. No one who has seen the pampa can feel any doubt conceming the future of Argentina; one who has not seen the pampa and its surroundings can get no full idea of how great that future may be. It would be hard to find better land than this grassy It frequently has been said that plain, with almost every acre ready for the plow.
Argentina has 80,000,000 acres suitable for wheat, less than one-fifth of that acreage having been planted to wheat in 1910. There is no reason to regard the estimate as The Provtoo high, for it represents only about 60 per cent of the area of the pampa. ince of Buenos Aires alone contains more than 60,000,000 acres of pampa and the major part of it is good wheat land. Most of the pampa, in fact, can raise good wheat, and some fairly large areas outside of the grassy plains ought to prove suitable for the drought-resisting varieties. It seems certain, therefore, in view of the present acreage and small average yield, that Argentina eventually will produce at least four or five times as much wheat as it does now. This prospect, combined with other conditions, makes it probable that Argentina will be permanently one of the few countries having
a big surplus of
wheat
to export.
fc
IN
THE FOOTHILLS OF THE ANDES. NORTHWESTERN ARGENTINA.
CATTLE HERDERS IN NORTHERN ARGENTINA.

The
large leather shields protect the riders
when pursuing
cattle
through the
forests.

Wheat, however,
is
569
not the only crop for the pamija. Not less than one-third of it (40,000,000 acres) has the right soil and climate to produce good com, and Argentina already is the leading corn exporter, mainly because of (1) cheapness of production, (2) small percentage of water in the ripe grain, and (3) traffic conditions which permit
low freight be sold in

rapidly.
rates to the foreign markets.
New York
Thus, cheaper than Iowa corn.

Aires,
it is
claimed that Argentine corn can Oats are growing very successfully
is
in the Province of
Buenos
and their culture, recently begun,
extending
is the leading exporter, may continue for a long time as the advance guard for other crops. Barley, rye, tobacco, vegetables, fruits, and various other crops also may be grown on a greater or less scale, according is almost which is now unimportant largely because such a high percentage (55 to 70 per cent) of the corn crop readily finds a foreign market. Thus the Argentine pampa can parallel the agricultural activities of the prairies of the United States over an area larger than Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Iowa. The extension of cultivation over this area meano at least a threefold increase in the crop production, a probable increase in population to 20,000,000 or 30,000,000 in the whole Republic, and the basis certainly for doubling the commercial activities of the coun-
Linseed, of which Argentina
to local conditions of labor
and markets.
Increased production of corn
certain to stimulate swine raising, an activity
try.
Here
is
a conservative estimate of what Argentina
may be
in a few decades
hence.
Its significance as a factor in
the world trade
is
obvious.
Santa Marta, by W. W. Rasor, in the August number of The Pan American Magazine (New Orleans, La.), is a most interesting and well-written sketch of this historic fortress city of the Colombian coast. At the outset Mr. Rasor states that Santa Marta was the first city founded on Colombian soil, it having been started in its romantic career in 1525 by Rodrigo de Bastidas of historic fame. The author explains how the Magdalena River with its sand-bearing floods clogged up the tortuous channels leading to the city, which, owing to the better harbor facilities of Cartagena and the rise of Barranquilla, lost out in the commercial race and went to sleep for a time. This was only temporary, however, and Mr. Rasor continues:
Then, 22 years ago, began the banana epoch.
the region would produce fine
of
fruit,
Experimental planting proved that
exportation
commenced and the unused acreage
the warm coast began to give generously of her stored riches. In 1891 a total of 75,000 bunches of bananas were exported; 10 years later the amount had grown to 253,000 bunches, although the country was at the time suffering from the last civil war, a war that endured three years; in 1911 over 4,000,000 bunches were exported, while the record for the year of 1913 was about 6,000,000 bunches. The value of the Santa Marta fruit is high, averaging 35 to 40 cents in the best marketing season; labor also is paid at a good figure, from 60 cents to^|l gold per day, and it is worthy of note that whereas on the coasts of Central America the banana regions are practically all served by imported West Indian negro labor, here in Santa Marta the laborers are principally of Colombian blood. As a consequenceJhe country reaps a direct benefit from the banana development. More than 30,000 acres of banana land sweep back from the coast country to the mountains in a sea of bright green; by far the greatest quantity of fruit is taken by the United Fruit Co., large steamers carrying 60,000 bunches plying between this^littoral and the port of New York, and other shipments are made for the Atlantic Fruit Co., carried in
the boats of the Hamburg-American Line.
559
THE
PAJSr
AMERICAN UNION.
"The railroad is the life of Santa Marta," remarked a business man of that place to the writer, "and bananas are the life of the railroad." The two together have regenerated the
life of
the old city.
There are two routes by which Santa Marta may be approached from other ports of Colombia. The first is to take one of the regular steamers calling at Puerto Colombia and reaching Santa Marta in five or six hours; the second is to go by boat and rail from Barranquilla across the old line of travel following part of the way the channel of the once frequented arm of the Magdalena. Boats run up and down this old channel as far as the flourishing town of Cienaga, or to give it its authentic name, San Juan de Cordoba, which it seems to have exchanged forever for the less imposing appellation * * * of "The Marsh." Leaving the Canal of Baranquilla at about 7.30 in the morning in a double-deck gasoline launch we quickly entered into and crossed the width of the Magdelena, from it attaining the branch called the Rio Viejo; we are at once in the mazy delta of the great river, cross the Cano Clarin (Clarin Channel), the lagoon known as the Tres Bocas, of ill repute for its high winds, the Cairo Sucio, the Redonda Channel, and a network of others sometimes of such intricacy that their traversing must denote the possession of a most excellent memory on the part of the pilot. Our water path is never deserted. It is alive with cayucas, champans, rafts poled by the Indians and carrying the produce of the country to and from Barranquilla. The country is beautiful green as a Colombian emerald, with broad expanses of grazing lands, herds of cattle cropping lazily over them, alternating with woods that crowd down to the water so closely that in the narrower reaches you may catch the sweeping branches of the willows. We run for six hours through this pleasant country, not unlike Holland in stretches. Sixty-five miles of grass and woodland have been threaded when we enter the Cienaga Grande, on whose side stands San Juan de Cordoba, or Cienaga. The water has widened to a limpid, shallow lagoon, nothing but an estuary of the sea now, containing water salt as the ocean itself. Now we encounter a veritable multitude of fishing boats, for here is good and safe fishing all the year round. So plentiful is the catch that a group of enterprismg young men have started a fish-canning industry. I did not sample their goods, but am informed that it is sold all over Colombia and that both the oysters and pompano, etc., are of excellent quality. There is also to be seen at Cienaga another new industry, which I understand is of English origin. This is a cement-making plant, and the outward and visible signs are the immense pipes seen lying at the side of the lagoon employed in sucking up the inexhaustible sands. For some miles before our boat reached Cienaga the mountains of Tairona the snow mountains of Santa Marta ^have marched into sight, their veiled heads pushing upward and forward in green majesty. On a bright morning the snowcaps of the tallest may be plainly seen. * * * Santa Marta lies in a delightful position on a curving bay, backed by the dark-green mountains, faced by the bluest of blue waters. There are about 15,000 people living here, and while there is a section of the town which seems to belong to the sixteenth century, with its quaint streets, narrow, cobble paved, the balconied houses nearly touching each other across the pavements; there are springing up newer districts where modern ideas of building have been employed by the officials of the railroad and of the fruit and steamship companies. Here screened dwellmgs of the airy bungalow type are found, surrounded by charmuig gardens gay with tropic flowers, for Santa Marta is in a moist and hot region tempered by breezes from the Caribbean Sea. It is in this part of the city that the new hospital erected by the Fruit Co. and the Santa Marta Railroad calls for admiration. It is primarily intended for the use of employees of the companies, in order to minimize the tropical sickness almost always encountered in such a climate.
572
THE
PAN"
AMEEICAN UNION.
The use of wire screens on dwellings, the improvement of sanitary conditions, and water supply have all done much to make Santa Marta a healthy residence for foreigner and native. Hot as it is, the dry, sandy soil provides admirable drainage in all the sweep of the bay, and I can not but believe that a place so finely situated as this is a spot where anyone may live healthily with the same reasonable precautions that are necessary all over the world. * * *
Santa Marta has, of course, benefited enormously from the new activity of the fields accessory to her port, for all the fruit grown in the region tributary to the railroad south of Cienaga as well as that nearer to the old city is carried aboard at the port of Santa Marta. Last year about 300 vessels, steam and sail, visited the port, the three most important lines being those of the United Fruit Co., with New York as destination, the Hamburg-American and the Elders and Fyffes, running to Great
banana
Britain.
Another interesting development is the projected regular service to Santa Marta of the Seeberg Steamship Line, of Mobile, Ala., operated by an enterprising company which has for some time visited certain of the West Indian islands with general freight and is now extending its field to include the north coasts of Colombia and Venezuela, This service is as well as the island of Trinidad, the most easterly point yet visited.
especially interesting as creating a new and much-needed link between the ports of the south of the United States and the ports of the Caribbean; it is, I believe, the first time that direct communication has been established between the Mexican Gulf The Seeberg steamports of the United States and those of Colombia and Venezuela.
boats will carry general merchandise only. Santa Marta possesses another agricultural interest besides that of bananas, and one which one would not expect to find closely allied with that fruit of the steamy tropic lowlands; coffee, and coffee of excellent
quality, grows on the mountain slopes above the bay of Santa Marta, the spurs projecting so near to the coast that in less than an hour it is possible to ascend into their cool green folds. * * *
marked advantage in transportation rates over the where shipment by mule and stream is prolonged and costly. Coffee from the Cauca Valley, which chiefly comes first by mule, then by the Cauca River, third by the Magdalena, and thence by rail from Barranquilla to Puerto Colombia before it starts on its final voyage by ship, is calculated to cost 8 cents per pound in freight the New York price remaining somewhere about 18 cents
Planters in this region have a
fine coffee districts in the interior,
Provided that the coffee of Santa Marta is equal in quality to that of the interior, and it has not yet had time to create a reputation and a price upon world markets, it is evident that the planter of this region who has nothing but a road shipment before reaching the vessel that will take his product to Europe or the United
per pound.
States
is
in an advantageous position.
* the city of Santa Marta
An excellent,
broad, and well-made road
now extends from
and up into the hills toward the coffee country; its extension, on which the departmental government is working, will bring thousands of acres within an hour or so of
the port.
*
* *
The following
little
is the author's sympathetic description of the modest cottage where the great South American hero, Simon Bolivar,
died:
Out on a smooth tree-shaded road a few miles outside Santa Marta is the estate belonging to the Mier family, where Simon Bolivar, the libertador, breathed his last in the summer of 1830. An automobile takes the visitor to this spot, sacred to all South Americans, in 30 minutes. We leave Santa Marta rapidly behind, run toward the looming emerald
A COMMON CAKRIER IN COLOMBIA.
AUCA RIVER AT LA BALSA (ABOUT
40
MILES ABOVE
CALI),
COLOMBIA.
674
hills,

and
see before us brilliant fields of green sugar cane, part of the property of
San
Pedro Alejandrino.
This shrine, redolent of the ashes of Bolivar, has been purchased by the Governof Colombia, and is visited by South American pilgrims as the city of Mecca is visited by Mohammedans of piety. Here, embittered by the dissensions of his own people, Bolivar came as a sick and disappointed man to die, already aware that the union of New Granada, Venezuela, and Ecuador that had been sealed in blood had been dissolved in blood. Harassed, accused of inordinate ambition, with a hundred enemies clamoring against him, he landed at the wharf of Santa Marta on one day in August, 1830, and took refuge from his troubles in the hospitable house of the Mier
ment
family.
In 17 days he was dead, but we are told that each day before the end came he was accustomed to walk to the little stream Manzanares and by its gentle murmur, beneath the shade of the hanging willows, live over again in brooding solitude the 20 years of
his public life^the brief military triumphs, the repeated reverses, the final victory,
and then the bitter struggle of world that had not yet found
faction against faction

itself.
under the new order
of things in a
The white
and on
shine,
walls of the house
come
into sight;
we
stop before the gate in the wall,

of
foot enter the courtyard.
low white house
one story stands in the sun-
and some yards in front of the entrance is a life-size statue of Bolivar. Entering we find first a room hung with a mass of memorial wreaths, and on the left the room, almost empty, where the libertador died. In a smaller chamber opening from it is a wardrobe and a table the simple furnishings of less luxurious times. A tablet on the wall, a shadow that seems to speak of vanished ambitions and silence the dreaming silence of the green mountaingirdled valley looking out to sea. That is all. Mementoes of Bolivar are scattered in one and another part of South America here his sword, here a uniform, there spurs. Hardly was this man cold in his grave than the public opinion underwent a change. Dead, his personal ambitions could hurt no one, but he left a priceless heritage of both ideas and ideals which brought him back in the spirit, a purified and immortal Bclivar forever dear and venerated. He was laid to rest in the cathedral in Santa Marta, but presently the country of his birth, Venezuela, asked that his ashes should be taken to Caracas. This was done, and he reposes to-day under a splendid monument in the Pantheon in the Venezuelan capital, with a group of other great figures of South American independence about
him.
Cruising in Cuba, in the August a brief description

into
number of American Forestry, is by E. V. Preston of a journey recently made

Most
of the
in order to examine a large tract of woods referred to are of species but little known in the United States, and for the benefit of those interested in forestry in general we herewith give some excerpts from
Camaguay Province, Cuba,
hardwood timber.
Mr. Preston's interesting article:

spent some time in examining a tract of timber in Camaguay Province, this tract we were obliged to leave the railroad and travel by horseback for a distance of 40 miles. This part of the trip led us over a level country which for the first 5 miles was largely planted in cane fields and grapefruit groves. After that the country became wild, with settlements miles apart and no roads except cart trails through the woods. The timber was all small and of little value except for railroad ties and fence posts. The underbrush and vines were so thick that we could not go through without cutting a way with a machete.
I recently
Cuba.
To reach
PALMS AND TROPICAL VEGETATION IN CUBA.

"The royal palm
also grows plentifully on these lands. The natives use this tree for building their houses, the leaves for roof and sides, and the woody shell of the trunk split up into strips for the frame," writes
of
E. V. Preston in the August number
American Forestry.
576
royal palm also grows plentifully on these lands. The natives use this tree building their houses, the leaves for roof and sides, and the woody shell of the trunk split up into strips for the frame. These trees bear bunches of seed every month, and hogs are fond of them. A little native Cuban told me that four or five trees would supply seed enough to raise and fatten one hog. The natives also find the
for
The
tree serviceable for
inches long.
natives,
The
making beehives, using a section of the outside shell about 30 inside of the trunks of the palms are pithy and soft and easily
removed, leaving the hard, woody shell. The honey business is very large among the many having several hundred swarms. Arriving at the tract of timber we sought, which contained 640 caballarias (a caballaria is 33 J acres), we found a much better class and stand of timber than any we saw on the journey. The royal palms grew thickly and the underbrush and vines had to be cut away before we could leave the cart trails to go into the timber.
The
cedar,
different species of
ocuje (pronounced
(hoo-cay-ro),
hardwood timber found on these lands are acano, Spanish o-coo-he), mahogany, jique (hekev), guaymaro, jucaro sabacu, majagua (mah-hah-gwa), morura, Cuban oak, and a species of
rosewood and ebony. The acano trees grow to a large size, the wood is hard and very beautiful, resembling rosewood. The morura is used for cart hubs. Jique is durable and never decays. Jucaro is a dark-colored wood used for cart spokes. Sabacu is used for felloes and counter tops. Ocuje is used for furniture. Majagua is used for furniture, cart tongues,
etc. All of these species run from 16 inches in diameter at the stump to 48 inches and from 20 feet to 48 feet to the limbs. The mahogany and cedar run from 18 inches in diameter up, but are mostly short bodies from 20 to 30 feet long. The ebony is small, from 8 to 12 inches in diameter and short bodied.
different varieties.
These lands will cut from 2,500 feet to 5,000 feet per acre of good saw logs of the There is also quite a quantity of tie timber and fence-post timber. At least 60 per cent of the standing timber is ocuje, the balance about equally divided
other varieties.
among the
I saw where large mahogany and cedar had been cut and hewn on these lands, I should judge more than 100 years ago. This timber must have been hauled to the seashore, which is 12 or 15 miles to the north. Most of this tract of land is level and fertile, part of the tract, however, is on a mountain side probably 2,000 feet high. * * *
Three varieties of trees are used largely for fence posts the almasaca, cienella, and jobo. All of these posts when stuck in the ground as fence posts take root and branch out into trees, and it is a common sight to see wire fences with growing posts. Taking them ag a whole, the woods of Cuba are wonderful. Their lasting qualities are remarkable. Some varieties seemingly never decay. I saw jucaro and jique wood in an exposed place in Moro Castle, Habana, said to have been there over 300 years, that was sound, apparently, as ever. * * * I found many Americans in Camaguay Province, near the railroad, raising grapefruit and sugar cane. Sugar cane grows here from 15 to 20 years from one planting, requiring no cultivation during that time. The land is first cleared by cutting down all brush and timber and then dry burned. The cane is planted among stumps and logs by using a bar to punch holes in the ground and sticking in pieces of cane. After 15 or 20 years it is ploughed and new cane planted. * * * There are few mills on the island and very little timber. WTiat timber there is, I was told, is in Oriente Province and Camaguay Province. The tracts that I looked at are said to be the best timbered tracts on the island. A railroad has been surveyed near these lands and will probably be built this year. This would give this part of the island an outlet which is greatly needed. The timber could then be handled and the lands, which are the very best cane lands, could be
put into cane cultivation, tobacco, or
fruit.
PAN"
AMEBICA
IN"
THE MAGAZINES.
577
La Guaira and Caracas, in the August number of the Pan American Magazine (New Orleans, La.), is another of Miss L. Elwyn Elliott's, series of descriptive articles dealing with Latin American countries and cities. Lack of space prevents extensive excerpts from that portion of the article which deals with La Guaira and its interesting history, since naturally precedence must be given to the capital. The following paragraphs, however, anent La Guaira's commanding commercial position may be quoted:
position with regard to the capital assures her a favorable trading but she has many competitors and has retained her share in foreign trade by improvements made within the last twenty-five years. Chief among these are the pier and the wharf constructed by the same English company that built the railroad between the port and Caracas. The building of the pier at a cost of $5,000,000 transformed the dangerous roadstead of La Guaira into a peaceful harbor while the wharf enabled passengers to land safely for the first time in history when it was completed in 1891. Visited by Dutch, French, English, Spanish, Italian, and other lines making a total of 10 European-going steamers, as well as the Red D running to New York, La Guaira is well in touch with the world. From this point is the beginning of the submarine cable connecting Venezuela with Curacao, Santo Domingo, and Cuba, and so with all the- world. The port is also in cable connection with the whole of the Venezuelan coast, from Maracaibo an the Colombian frontier to Ciudad Bolivar down position
La Guaira's
the delta of the Orinoco River.
The following account

Elliott's style
of the trip
from La Guaira
is
to Caracas
and
the description of the capital of Venezuela
characteristic of Miss
and
of her
sympathetic appreciation of things Latin
American:
The railway from the
zuela, is
port of La Guaira to Caracas, capital of the Republic of Veneabout 24 miles long, following the track of the road built by the colonial
Spanish governors along the shoulders of the mountain wall. As the railway track winds up in a series of curves the traveler sees a few yards below, all the way, the highway newly built up and splendidly surfaced where automobiles are climbing or descending negotiating the frequent bends with care. No better road could be desired, and this is but one of the excellent systems of public highways which are the pride of Venezuela. Later on, when better acquainted with Caracas, one finds that good roads are the rule and that while many are comparatively new or under construction, the first serious roadbuilding was begun as long ago as the regime of Guzman Blanco, and that to the honor of the country none of the fine highways initiated by that and subsequent Presidents have been allowed to fall into
neglect.
The chief mountains of Venezuela lie near the coastal belt, practically all of the country behind them sloping away to the great watersheds that make this a great grazing country and a great land of graduated forests. To reach the capital of Venezuela we have to rise to the first ridges of this mountain barrier, top them, and thus enter a long and narrow valley, the Valley of Caracas, where the Caracas Tribe of natives once lived. * * * Up in the mountains we get a quick and grateful change of climate with some suddenness; it is not really cool, for Caracas is sheltered by the double range that closes it in on either hand, but it is exceedingly agreeable a perfect soft spring temperature
58476Bull. 414
tliliii
J'tW
THE HARBOR OF LA GUAIRA, VENEZUELA.

Visited
by Dutch, French, English, Spanish, Italwn, and other lines making a total of 10 European-going steamers," as well as the Red D running to New York, La Guaira is well in touch with the world." (L, Elwyn Elliott in the August number of the Pan American Magazine.)
RAILWAY FROM LA GUAIRA TO CARACAS.

'
At points along the line one may look out of the car windows and count five other strips of metal above and below the one traversed at the moment, and the map of the line looks like a puzzle." (L. Elwyn Elliott in the Pan American Magazine.)
Photograph by Underwood
& Underwood.
A STREET IN LA GUAIRA, VENEZUELA.

'
The town climbs about on the

as a consequeace there are
many
can mount or descend them." Magazine for August, 1914.)
face of the mountain spurs reaching down almost to the water's edge, andf streets so narrow and steep that only foot passengers and mules (L. Elwyn Elliott in "La Guaira and Caracas," in the Pan American
580
THE
PAlSr
AMERICAN UNION.
almost equal during the whole of the year and only varied by the seasons of alternating dryness and moisture. The first, and I think the last, impression that one gets of Caracas is that it is very clean, very spick and span, very much "embellicida." It is indeed the most embellished city of the Caribbean countries. Large sums have been spent during several successive presidencies on the adormnent
of this greatly beloved capital city, and there is no Venezuelan who grudges the continuous expenditure that is used in making this a place of pride. To the 20-year regime of President Guzman Blanco were due the first layings of modern pavements, the erection of many modern edifices for public use, the introduction of up-to-date
utilities; his ideas
have been added
to as well as
Caracas has
best
It lies
made
the most of her natural advantages and
maintained, and the result is that is the prettiest, best paved,
managed
of cities.
of the Caribbean coast, separated from it by the mountains Avila and closed in between those heights and a second line of hills, green, softly swathed in tender verdure, mist veiled at sunrise and sundown. The valley in which Caracas lies is about 12 miles in length, running east and west, with amaximum breadth
10 miles south
of
of 4 miles; peaks rise in the sheltering walls of the mountains to altitudes of 5,000 feet above the city and 8,000 feet above sea level; from Caracas the most conspicuous of these is the beautiful Silla, "the Saddle," raising its curiously formed head under a veil of cloud, and looking down upon a maze of hills on one side and upon the sea in the
other direction.
Here, in 1567, came the Spaniard Diego de Losada; he found the Caracas tribe
inhabiting the soft and peaceful valley, and after he had settled accounts with them
he organized a city near the site of a prosperous Indian town. There seems to have been a Spanish colonization of the valley even before the formal settlement of the date named above, but to Losada is due the recognition of this fertile district as a part of the Spanish domains. Nevertheless, among all the fine statues and busts that embellish Caracas, there is none that commemorates the Spanish conquistador; a small but admirable portrait, though probably a fancy one, is, however, to be seen among the paintings in theCapitolio remarkable in that it is the onlyrecuerdo of the Spanish
colonial period that the visitor sees
*.
Caracas
is
laid out in squares intersected
by
a quantity of public gardens or plazas beautifully tended, shrubs and
in the style
common to Spanish America, and a very excellent system of town planning;

is
in the case of the Venezuelan capital each square
fountains are kept in fine condition, the paths are paved with bright
roads leading
Paris.
of
tiles, and the away at each side are macadamized or asphalted, like the streets of The newcomer is always proudly told that Caracas is called the "Little Paris
the
New World," and her people
have certainly done their best
to earn the title for
their capital.
The Plaza de Bolivar marks the center of Caracas, the chief government building being accessible to it. It is a fine square, with an equestrian statue of the Liberator in the middle, flowering trees all about it, and the wann midday atmosphere cooled by fountains; a fine band plays here twice a week. On one side, or rather at the northeast corner, stands the cathedral, the remainder of the side taken up by stores; the post office and Museo Boliviano, together with the Hotel Klindt and more stores, take up another side; the Palace of the Archbishop and certain of the municipal office buildings lie on the south, while the Casa Amarilla, seat of the Department of Foreign Relations, is on the west side. One block west and a block soath of the Casa Amarilla stands the Capitolio, occupying with its airy spaces an entire block. It is sin-rounded with trees and has a beautiful patio, gay with palms and statues and fountains, in the center, while about it are Government ofiices, the chambers where the Senators and Deputies meet, and a magnificent reception salon, which is open to visitors, the walls and ceiling covered
Photograph by Underwood
& Underwood.
VENEZUELA'S TRIBUTE TO CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS.

Upper picture: The towering statue of the Discoverer in the Plaza de Macuro at Caracas. Lower picture: The imposing figure of the noted Admiral overlooking the City of Caracas from
position on Calvario Hill.
a
prominent
584
together with a large
with enormous paintings representing military episodes in the independence struggle, number of portraits of independence notables of varying merit. Among the other public squares ie one dedicated to George Washington and decorated with an excellent statue of the North American; the Plaza del Pante6r is another charming garden, full of flowers, adorned with a statue of Gen. Miranda. The celebrated Panteon stands on the upper side of this park; it i? a building erected
for the reception of tombs of national heroes, and here the body of Simon Bolivar was broaght from Santa Marta, where he died, to be placed in a splendid mausoleum, the work of the celebrated Italian sculptor Tenerani; also responsible for the statue The remains of Bolivar were brought, here ^he was a native of the Plaza Bolivar. in 1852, and those of Paez and other fighters for Veneuelan freedom from of Caracas Spain rest beside him. A beautiful tomb bearing the name of Miranda is empty, the lid slightly raised; it still waits for the discovery of the resting place in Spain of the ashes of that brilliant soldier, notable fighter in France and in the United States as well as in South America. Other plazas which the careful visitor will encoimter are the Plaza de Candelaria, Plaza de El Venezolano (where the flower market is held), the Plaza Ricaurte, Plaza 5 de Julio, Plaza de Abril, and the Plaza Falcon, all with well-tended gardens and
statues.
Among the many handsome buildings perhaps none are more attractive than the National University; on one side a great series of shallow steps run along the front
of a delicate lacy fa^'ade,
rows of pillars shading the

is
cloisters;
the rounded front of
the Capitolio, already mentioned,

fine spacious building.
architecturally fine, and the Yellow
It does not,
by the way,
is
really correspond to the
House is a White
House
at Washington, to
which
it is
often compared, for the President of Venezuela

as Miraflores.
does [not reside here.
The
President's residence
is
opposite the Calvario Hill, and
known
a lovely palace built over a rock * * *
South of the main plaza are the business and largest dry goods storeswhich are not too busy to shut up tight in the middle of the day, when everybody is supposed to be at lunch ^most of the financial houses and important offices; north the shops
many of them two stories in height, crowd the streets. another Spanish-American city, they have deeply embrasured entrances, are painted in gay colors, and decorated externally in a manner only possible in a land of the sun. These residences lie quiet in sunny stillness during most of the day, but toward 4 o'clock in the afternoon they echo to the sound of automobile horns and the hoofs of horses, for now is the hour when the pretty women of the city drive out along the
thin out and big residences,
Like those in
many
beautiful Paraiso.
And there are a great many pretty women in Caracas; not only are they dowered with fine eyes, lissom figures, delicious complexions, but they possess a gift for wearing perfect clothes with grace that the Parisian herself would recognize. The lovely dresses and hats of the Caraquena, indeed, generally come direct from the French capital, where a great many of these charming ladies are educated; the sympathy
between France and Venezuela is an old and strong one. The Paraiso is the neck of valley that runs out in a southerly direction from the capital; there are two magnificent roads, meeting at the valley's head, and with a broad strip of green between where there is an almost continuous series of parks and
residerces.
Delightful country homes deep in trees edge the hillsides of the roads, and as a background stand the emerald heights themselves, velvet with soft verdure, the peaks softly capped with trailing clouds. This drive in the afternoon is one of the pleasures of Caracas that no one can afford to miss; out on these smooth broad roads you meet at every few yards some notable of Venezuela, and if by any chance you are not
CROWD
IN CARACAS
AWAITING A DISTINGUISHED VISITOR.
the;:cathedral, car aCxVs, [Venezuela.

The construction
of this edifice was begun in 1641. It is noted for its great size, and because for many years the remains of Simon Bolivar rested here. It has a wonderful set of chimes and is decorated with fine paintings by celebrated masters, notably an unfinished " Last Supper" by Arturo Michelena, Venezuela's most famous artist. Like most South American cathedrals, this one faces the principal plaza of the capital.
PAN"
587
interested either in politicians, lawyers, soldiers, or brilliant ladies, you may look upward to the rolling hills with a bank of crimson and orange cloud tinted by a sun
dying in a blaze of splendor. Seen from the Paraiso roads Caracas lies embowered in trees delicately spread at the foot of the protecting heights, an enchanting position. If there is another view of the city for which one would exchange this, it is the enchanting scene laid at one's To reach this point we drive out from the feet when seen from the Calvario Hill.
balmy afternoon, crossing the outskirts and approaching a westerly hill dominating the whole of Caracas. Once upon a time this was nothing but a grim height, but now an encircling driveway winds up to the top, a series of stone steps invite the energies of the pedestrian, and on the summit is a botanical garden and a zoo where Venezuelan animals and birds are spaciously housed. A fine triumphal arch guards the foot of the hill, and the park at the top is adorned with statues of Colon and of the soldier Sucre; from the breezy brow one looks down on Caracas itself and on the smiling green strip, hill guarded, which is the Caracas Valley. The care that has been taken to make the Calvario (a church of this name stands, pink tinted, on the lower slopes) a place of beauty is thoroughly characteristic of the manner in which love and money have been lavished upon the Venezuelan capital. No pains are spared, no labor or treasure grudged, which can contribute to make this a beautiful city, a well-equipped city, and a healthy city.
city one
Indian Traits, by Charles Warren Currier, Ph. D., in the September of Lippincott's Monthly Magazine (Philadelphia, Pa.), is an interesting analysis of the traits, habits, and characteristics of the North American Indian. Dr. Currier, now the Bishop of Matanzas,
number
Cuba, is not only a learned theologian and ripe scholar, but also a humanitarian in the true sense of the term. He has ever been a sympathetic, broadminded student of men, ever ready to see the redeeming features as well as the reprehensible in the objects of his study, whether those dealt with civilized or uncivilized races, and his judgments are always characterized by fairness and impartiality,
sympathy and understanding.

In the present instance he gives such a fair and just picture of the North American Indian that we herewith quote the following copious extracts from his article:
such strong friends or such bitter enemies as has the American Both the pen and the sword have been wielded for and against him, yet to-day, centuries after he first encountered the white man, the most varied opinions are expressed and the most diverse sentiments entertained in his regard. The poet, the novelist, and the philanthropist have frequently raised him to an ideal pedestal, upon which he stands a hero, while for the old frontiersman, the man who has actually come in contact with him, who has faced his weapons of death, who has beheld him relentlessly slay women and babes, there exists only the bloodthirsty savage, the squalid, ferocious red devil, of whom it might in truth be said that "his hand is against every man and every man's hand is against him." It is the place of the historian to show the American Indian in a true light, to eliminate exaggerations, and, without palliating his vices, to reveal his redeeming features. In justice to the red man, it must be said that writers who have lived with him, who have shared his wigwam and listened to his fireside tales, are not as a rule found among his worst enemies. Some of his stanchest friends have been Army officers who fought against him. When the first colonists landed on the shores of North America they found numerous Indians there; and as they penetrated farther inland other natives were encountered,
No other race has had
Indian.
: ;
588
and northward far up into the Arctic Roughly, the Indians of that early period may be geographically di\dded into the Algonquins, whose territory extended from Kentucky to Hudeon Bay, and from
Circle.
until they reached the waters of the Pacific,
the Atlantic to the Mississippi; the Iroquois, who lived within the Algonquin regions the Southern or MobiHan Tribesnamely, the Cherokees, Ghickasaws, Choctaws, Creeks, and Seminoles, who dwelt east of the Mississippi, from the Tennessee River to the Gulf; the Sioux, to the west of the Mississippi; the Columbians of the Northwest;
and the CaUfornians, on the

tically destroyed
Pacific to the southwest.
This distribution has been prac-
by the
tide of white immigration that has spread over the land, yet,
of
some ancient city, lingering remnants of tribes mark the and hunted. Many tribes have completely vanished, others are fading before our eyes, while most of those remaining have been moved from their original habitat. The Algonquin race is still represented by the Passamaquoddies in Maine, the Chippewas, Menominees, Sacs and Foxes, and many more scattered throughout Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and other Western States.
like the
crumbling ruins
spots where once their fathers fought
the Mississippi, on reservations, as do their brethren of the Coeur d'Alene, and others. The scattered CaHfomians have still their dwelling places in their ancient regions, while the Mobilian Tribes have nearly all been gathered into Oklahoma. Other Indians of the Southwest, such as the Pueblos and the Navajos, are where they were when the Mexican War ended with an increase of territory for the United States. The descendants of the terrible Six Nations of the Iroquois confederacy live mostly on reservations in New York State, while the Hurons and the Indians of the Atlantic seaboard have almost
of
The Sioux dwell west
far West, the Blackfeet, the Flatheads, the
disappeared.
human
Although the Indians of North America belong to one ethnologic division of the family, 'and have much in common, it is impossible to predicate the same thing of all, so marked and so great are the differences that exist among them. The northern Algonquins differ greatly from the Indians of the plains, while the Iroquois were far from being in all things alike to their neighbors who surrounded them. Still, there were certain characteristic features common to all, or nearly all, of the tribes that have
inhabited, or
still
inhabit, our territory.

is
may be said to have revowhich the Indians developed and which the whites learned from them. They took the horse and the gun from the white man and soon almost equaled him in their management of them. They were superb individual fighters, beautifully drilled in their own discipline. The forest was their castle, their strength was principally in their tactics. Theodore Roosevelt writes "Their discipline in the battle itself was very high. They attacked, retreated, rallied, or repelled a charge at the signal of command, and they were able to fight in open order in thick covers without losing touch with one anothera feat no European regiment was then able to perform." Most Indians had a system of retreating when they were
first
In the
place, the Indian
bom
fighter.
This race
lutionized war.
The approved
tactics of to-day are those
losing greatly,;as they were loath to behold the diminution of their
numbers. The Wyandots were ao exception; with them it was a point of honor not to give ground. The retreat of the Nez Perce chief, Joseph, before Gen. Howard, is regarded as unpar-
alleled in the annals of warfare.
One of the "most 'marked qualities of an Indian is his reserve; a certain apparent coldness and'stoicism, coupled with great taciturnity; a habit inherited, perhaps, from
remote ancestors, but also greatly due to education and training. But this outward appearance is by no means an index of thepndian's true character; on the contrary,
it is
a mask that conceals it. Beneath his assumed coldness he hides the greatest extremes, and the most striking contradictions of character. We find in him the noblest resignation, the purest] courage, absolute self-possession, together with the
basest thirst for vengence, the deepest treachery, the most barbarous cruelty,
and the
589
most unrelenting malice. Ambition, revenge, envy, jealousy are his ruling passions, while an unbounded love of liberty is at the base of his character. The Indian may appear indifferent, yet be consumed by curiosity. In fact, curiosity is one of his marked traits. He wants to know all that is doing, and he knows how You may never find him out, but, to scent it, for he is a good reader of character. as Lummis remarks, if he sits beside you only five minutes, his keen powers of observation will pierce you.
Indian on the warpath can be practically noiseless. The forest may be full of them, yet the silence of the tomb may prevail, save for the sighing of the wind, the creaking of the branches, and the sounds of nocturnal animal life. When an Indian arrives at his village or council with a message of the greatest importance, even with
An
intelligence of the most

sits
imminent danger, he never
tells it at his first
approach, but
down
in silence for a minute or two before he speaks, that he
may not
evince fear
or excitement.
Between individuals great license may be indulged in; but the dealings between nation and nation must be characterized by the utmost dignity. * * * The language of the Indian is filled with metaphors and flowers of speech, for poetry is inborn in him. Nature has strongly affected this her child, and everything affords
a figure or a comparison.
him
Nature, animate and inanimate, speaks to
him the
These metaphors all serve their purpose; they are not for mere oratorical display. When he has finished, he puts a period to his discourse with the sentence, "I have spoken." Another Indian characteristic is the power to endure pain, which is greater, perhaps, than that of any other race. Subjected to the most inhuman tortTires, he reviles his persecutors, mocks them, and boasts of his victories and the pains he himself has inflicted. No infernal ingenuity could break his fortitude, and death alone could If torture and death found him invincible, it must be silence his words of contempt. remembered that time and again he had had similar examples before his eyes, and that he t ad often witnessed the indomitable obstinacy of his own victims. This characteristic still endures, even among the children. If an Indian boy is whipped, tears may be forced from his eyes, but he will make every effort not to cry. * * * Indians have never been laborers, unless they were forced to become such. Among them labor devolves on the females, while the men devote themselves to the chase. The Indians were nearly all a race of hunters, living entirely, or in part, on game. The buffalo when it roamed the American wilds, the deer, the rabbit, and other wild animals constantly replenished their larder. In its classification of the North American languages, the Bureau of Ethnology has enumerated no fewer than 53 linguistic families, while the single dialects run up into the hundreds. The Ojibway of the Algonquin stock was perhaps the one most widely spoken in North America. Three or four hundred years ago one might travel nearly a thousand miles from the head of Lake Superior and still remain within the sphere of this dialect. Kindred dialects were spoken from Hudson Bay down to the Carolinas and from the Atlantic to the Mississippi, while in the midst of theJAlgonquins the Huron-Iroquois family possessed their own dialects entirely distinct. A system of hieroglyphics, or picture writing, also exists among the Indians. The pictures are conventional and full of meaning. By means of these pictures an Indian could send a communication to another and render himself as well understood as we can by letter, and they serve as a channel through which traditions are handed down from one generation to another. The chiefs were the depositories of the history of their ancestors, while the approbation of the oldest chiefs and wise men was one of the criterions for the veracity of traditions. It is remarkable that for more than 60 years the Cheyennes and Arapahoes were firm friends, living in the same camps, their children playing, fighting, and hunting together, yet not 1 in 10 of the members of the tribes could hold even the most ordinary conversation in the language
in its use.
of
language of metaphor and has trained
him
the other.
690
In religion, if there really be a such a thing in the forest life of America, the Indian seems to have been a dualist, believing in two opposing forces, good and evil. Some of them, like the Ojibways, believed in a good spirit, an evil spirit, and a host of other deities. The good spirits were by the Hurons named Okkis, and by the Algonquins Manitous. Dodge says that the Indians appear to have no knowledge of the moral law and of conscience. According to some travelers, they have in their primitive condition scarcely'
any notion
of
of chastity.
It is likely that the truth of the
matter
is
that the
women
one tribe
may be
chaste, while those of another
may be
Many
of
of loose morals.
Intimately connected with the religion of the Indians

their tales
is
their folklore.
have been collected by Schoolcraft and others. These vary according The Ojibways possess a vast fund of stories and to the race whence they spring. legends, the relating of which affords much amusement winter evenings in the wigwam. Nearly every lake and mountain, every beast and bird, has some legend attached to it. Necromancy and witchcraft, men transformed into beasts and beasts into men, animated trees and speaking birds, form the subjects of Algonquin tales. Kah-ge-ga-Bowh, who treasured them from childhood when he heard them in the wigwam of his fathers, writes: "Some of these stories are most exciting, and so intensely interesting that I have seen children whose tears would flow plentifully and their breasts heave with thoughts too big for utterance." Characteristic of the American Indians is their tribal organization. Each family is split into tribes, and the tribes are divided into bands or villages, frequently far removed from one another. The tribe was regarded as sovereign, the Indian putting As we pride ourselves on our nationality, and as the Spaniard his tribe before his race. takes especial pride in his province, which for him is his country, so the Indian is a Menominee or an Ojibway before anything else. In an Indian community, before it fell under the power of civilized man, each one was his own master, for the Indian abhors restraint. Yet this condition was far from being anarchic; for though there were no laws, and the chief depended on the popular will, having no power to enforce his demands, such was the respect for ancient customs and traditions that obedience was willingly given, and the moral power of custom served as a basis for authority. The chief advised, but did not dictate, though by his own personality he might
by their own laws and executed they had no prisons. After conviction the culprit simply submitted to his punishment, whatever it was. To have acted otherwise would have entailed disgrace upon his family, and the Indian fears dishonor and consequent ostracism. If the death sentence were pronounced, a date was set for the execution, and in the meantime the condemned man was free to roam the world. But at the appointed time he was invariably at hand to pay the penalty. I have heard of the case of one man who had been sentenced to die in two years. In the interim he traveled around with a baseball team, but returned home in due time, and was executed. This Spartan resolution is one of the most marked characteristics of the American Indian Each tribe has its sachem, or civil chief, an office generally hereditary. Among many tribes, notably those of the Huron-Iroquois stock, the succession passes through the female line, so that the brother of the incumbent, or his sister's son, succeeds him. Should the hereditary successor be judged unfit, the old and subordinate chiefs elect another, generally from one of the relatives. The civil and military authorities were Any one who, by prowess distinct, though both might be united in the same person. * * * or reputation, had acquired sufficient authority, might be a war chief. Hospitality is one of the Indian's virtues and there are quite a few instances to prove this in the colonization period and after. F. B. Head, an English writer, says that "wherever he has been unrufiled by injustice, his reception of his white brother is an affecting example of that genuine hospitality which is to be[^met with only in what we
justice,
acquire great influence with his tribe. When the so-called civilized nations were governed

term savage tribes."
If his
591
object in visiting the Indian country be unsuspected,
the stranger's Ufe and property are perfectly secure. There are, however, various opinions regarding the honesty of the Indians. It is highly lauded by some writers, while, according to others, it is greatly circumscribed. Col. Dodge says that they
own band, but of great thieving propensities where outsiders are concerned. It is quite possible that in honesty, as in morality, tribe may differ from tribe, and thus the varying experiences of writers may have produced contradictory assertions. * * * Before the Indian completely vanishes as a distinct race, it is to be hoped that what we have learned about him will be preserved. Many Americanists have carefully labored in this field, and the Bureau of Ethnology in Washington is doing excellent work in this direction. Thus, long after the red man has vanished from the continent, his memory as the first American will remain with his white successor.
are very honest with regard to their
The Pampaconas River, by Hiram Bingham, director of the Peruvian Expeditions of Yale University and the National Geographic Society, is a short but very interesting article in the Geographical Journal (London). Prof. Bingham calls attention to certain geographical and topographical errors in the map of Peru and North
Bolivia, published
incidentally gives a brief description of the
near the river of
by the Royal Geographical Society in 1910, and Campas Indians who live The following excerpts give the Espiritu Pampa.
salient features of the article:
On the map of South Peru and north Bolivia, published by the Royal Geographical Society in 1910, in 73 west longitute, 13 8^ south latitude, occurs the Apurimac Rirer, below its junction with the river Pampas. By astronomical observations made by Mr. Kai Hendriksen, the topographer of the Yale Peruvian Expedition in 1911, and Mr. A. H. Bumstead, topographer of the Peruvian Expedition of 1912, under the auspices of Yale University and the National
Geographical Society,
location.
we
of
find that the
Apurimac River
is
not within 30 miles of thit
Instead, at this point, in a lofty glaciated valley, rises the River
Pampa-
conas.
The junction
the Apurimac and the Pampas
is
in 73 13^ west longitude
and 13
26^ south latitude.
older maps of Peru to be the watershed between the Urubamba and the Apurimac in 72 50^ west longitude and 13 south latitude, is in reality the watershed between two tributaries of the Urubamba and the Pampaconas. The Pampaconas, rising near this point, flows in a northwesterly direction, and even appears to join the Urubamba below Rosalina. Leaving the village of Vilcabamba on August 12, 1911, in company with Prof. Harry W. Foote, of the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University, I crossed this watershed and spent the night at the village of Pampaconas, which has an elevation of about 10,200 feet above sea level. Pampaconas is a small village of scattered huts built of stone and thatched with grass. The inhabitants appear to live by raising sheep and potatoes. The night before our arrival a jaguar had attacked and partly eaten a horse on one of the lower
pastures.
What appears on the
*
valley at an elevation of about 12,500 feet above
in a westerly
The Pampaconas rises in a glaciated

sea level.
and then in a northerly direction, it rapidly descends and enters a heavily wooded canon from 5,000 to 6,000 feet deep. Owing to the extreme difficulty of keeping this trail open in this very wet region, the Indians of the Pampaconas are very badly off, yet they endeavor to make the best of the few relatively level spaces that nature has left them, and have taken advantage
first
Flowing
A PERUVIAN TOWN
12,L'^0
IKKT ;\BOVE THE
j:\r.L oi
1111
^1
A MINING VILLAGE IN THE PERUVIAN ANDES.

of occasional alluvial fans
593
make small clearings
and one or two and cultivate their chacras. Here they raise com, squashes, and a few other vegeAt Pacaypata, at an elevation of 6,000 feet above sea level, we found growing tables. sugarcane, camotes (sweet potatoes), bananas, peppers, Indian com, and grenadillas. At Conservidayoc, in addition to these things, there was also yucca (the sweet casava), peanuts, coca, and coffee. We were in the Pampaconas Valley from August 12 to August 23. With one exception it raiued every day and very hard at night, although this is said to be the dry
natural river terraces to
At Conservidayoc we found a small settlement of Campas Indians who were locally The married men wore a single long tunic, composed of a square of roughly woven cloth, with a hole cut in the center for the head, and the The unmarried men wore a few rags sides partly stitched up to make armholes. around the waist. These people were timid, and we learned that they had mn away from rubber gatherers in the valleys below. They did some hunting, using bows and arrows, but appeared to rely chiefly or their little plantations of yucca and tamotes.
referred to as Pichanguerras.
Their huts were small, oval in shape, with steeply pitched roofs, the sides made of small logs driven endwise into the ground and fastened together with vines. The men wore fillets of bamboo, and at times smeared paint on their faces. The women were decorated with necklaces made of dried bird skins and bean pods. The children wore no clothing at all, but nearly all had Little necklaces of native material.
of Espiritu Pampa near which they lived were evidently of buildings by the Incas, possibly in the sixteenth century, at the time of the Spanish conquest, when this region was governed by Manco and his sons. They may have been occupied by the Inca Titu Cusi Yupanqui.
The mias
constracted
Espiritu Pampa is at an elevation of about 4,000 feet above sea level. We were imable to follow the river further owing to lack of time and the unwillingness of our Furthermore, we had carriers to remain any longer, and their fear of the savages. come chiefly to see whether there were any ruins in this vicinity. Espiritu Pampa was later determined by Mr. Hendriksen to be in 12 55^ south latitude and 73 24' west longitude. From this point the Pampaconas River appeared to run in a northerly direction for at least 30 miles so far as we could see, and undoubtedly is one of the streams flowing
into the
Urubamba below
Rosalina, as reported
by
Prof.
Bowman,
after his visit to

is
the canon of the Urubamba.
It is possible that at that point
the Pampaconas
known
as the Serialo, or it
may be
the Coribeni, both of which, as Prof.
Bowman
says,
are reported to rise in the moimtains of Vilcabamba. We hope some day to explore the lower portion of the Pampaconas River between the mins of Espiritu Pampa and
the
Urubamba
River.
Brazil Nuts, from Tree to Market,
July
number
excellent
by James W. McGlone, in the Tea and Coffee Trade Journal (New York), is an account of this large industry. The Brazil nuts, frequently
of the
called "niggertoes" in various sections of the
United States, are almost as well known as walnuts, yet comparatively little is generally
known
relative to the
manner
of their
growth and collection
for the
is
market. Mr. McGlone goes into these details and his article with reproduced almost in toto.
here-
The Brazil-nut tree, or castanha, is probably of the forest aristocracy and is easily the most majestic^found in the Amazon Valley, and grows to the height of from 50 to 100 feet, in groups of up to several hundred trees, in what are known as castanhals or nut orchards. Originally these castanhals were included in the proper public
58476Bull. 414
If#^
3^^ -
Courtesy of Tea and Coffee Trade Journal.
WASHING BRAZIL NUTS.

When
the canoes arrive from the castanhals the nuts are transferred Ironi the smaller lioats in small wicker baskets, which are immersed several times in the stream, the accumulated dirt is washed off .and imperfect nuts rise to the surface and float off.
Courtesy of Tea and Coffee Trade Journal.
UNLOADING CANOE AT OBIDOS, BRAZIL.

The pods are assembled at the
foot of the trees
and broken open with matchetes,
nuts are carried in baskets to the canoes and are then taken larger rivers navigable by steamers.
down
after which the the small streams to the
PYXIDIA OF BRAZIL NUTS.

The
grow to a height of 100 feet or over, and the pyxidium being a loaded with nutswould easily crush a human skull were it to fall on
trees
shell 7 inches in
it
diameter
from such a height.
Courtesy of Tea
Pyxidium opened and showing the
Brazil nuts as soon in the
markets
of
the world.

actually this
597
domain, and presumably natives were privileged to gather the crops at will, but is not the case, as, in devious ways, the control of the best producing
districts passed to private parties generations ago.
Contrary to the generally accepted belief, the best producing districts are to be found on high ground and not along the river banks. The Brazil-nut tree does not begin to bear fruit until it attains the age of 50 years or thereabouts, and continues to produce crops intermittently almost forever; at least, trees known to be hundreds of years old have produced crops. The crop matures in October and the pods in which the nuts are contained drop in November and December. These pods are very hard and weigh several pounds, consequently the castanhals are studiously avoided during the period in which the pods are dropping, since it would be extremely hazardous for the gatherers to expose themselves to the danger of having the pods fall on them from such a great height. For many years it has been generally understood that the supply of Brazil nuts was inexhaustible and that the fluctuation in shipments has been due, not to crop failure, but to market conditions, both of nuts and rubber, indifference of gatherers, etc. This is not the case, however, as it is an established fact that only in the very remote districts from which the nuts have never come to market and probably never will is
any
season's crop neglected.
It is also well
known
of
to the natives that
the Brazil-nut
etc.,
trees are subject to influence
from year to year,

* *
*
weather conditions,
the same
as all other nut-bearing trees.
Beginning early in January the harvesting parties set out

the only means of transportation in northern Brazil
is
to gather the crop.
As
by
water, these parties travel in
canoes up the smaller tributaries to the castanhals. Arriving there, the pods are assembled at the foot of the trees and broken open with the machete, after which the nuts are carried in baskets to the canoes, which, when loaded, are taken down the small streams to the larger rivers, navigable by river steamers. As the river steamers are unable to maintain regular schedules or await the arrival of gathering parties with nuts, it is necessary that the nuts be left on the river banks in what are known as "paioes." These paioes consist of cleared spaces protected from the hot sun and
tropical rains
by palm-leaf
shelters.
However, these paioes are hardly

injury
is
sufficient and,
in consequence,
more
or less
sustained at this stage, according to the length of time the nuts remain in the
districts,
paioes awaiting delivery to the river steamers.
In a few
tors
notably the Ayapua

ago.
district,
the custom prevails

is
among the
natives of washing the nuts, and the
method now
in vogue
the same as their ances-
employed generations
In these
districts,
when
the canoes arrive from the

this process the
castanhals, the nuts are transferred from the smaller boats in small wicker baskets,
lated dirt
which are immersed in the stream several times. is washed off and imperfect empty nuts
During
accumu-
arise to the surface
and
float off in
and are Manaos and Para. The nuts grown in the district accessible to Obidos, Alemquer, and Santarem on the Amazon, where the ocean steamers plyuag regularly between New York, Liverpool, and Hamburg stop when sufficient cargo offers, are handled in a less primitive manner, being transferred from the canoes to more substantial shelters, from which they are subsequently transferred to open lighters for loading aboard the ocean liners. At every stage, however, the nuts are handled in bulk, very much the same as coal. The largest portion of the crop is marketed at Manaos and Para, these cities being the home port of the Amazon River steamship lines, and at these ports, after the river steamers arrive and their cargos sold, which is usually done promptly, or say, within two days after arrival, the nuts are transferred to covered lighters imtU the New York, Liverpool, or Hamburg, according to their ultimate destination, steamships are ready to take them aboard.
the stream.
are passed on to the lighter canoes or lighters
later transferred to the river steamers for transport to
The cleaned nuts
598
The nuts

are loaded on the ocean steamers in bulk, the different parcels being
and so stored as to give ventilation to aid in the seasoning of the nuts,, which are, when gathered, quite milky. During the whole time of the voyage from Manaos to New York, a matter of about three weeks, the hatches are left open, except in unfavorable weather, and special canvas ventilators are rigged up to ventilate
partitioned off
the lower holds.

After arrival at New York the nuts are discharged in bulk, being weighed by the customs authorities for duty purposes as they come over the side of the steamer and Such portion as is required for shipping orders are are piled in bulk on the pier. bagged at this time; the remainder, which are usually stored in warehouses adjacent to the steamship docks, are transferred in carts and there stored in bulk in bins made
for this purpose.
The Culture
of
Vanilla Beans, by Wallace
interesting and informative article in the July
Mawbey, is another number of the Tea and
The use of vanilla extract as a flavoring world-wide, and Mr. Mawbey gives a brief account of the history of the bean and the several processes of curing and preparing for the m.arket as follows:
Coffee Trade Journal.
material
is
now
Probably no other natural product requires the length
of time, the patient, pains-
taking attention to detail, and the nicety of judgment which must necessarily be used that the vanilla bean does, from the time it is picked from the vine until it arrives at
it has virtue as a flavor and value as a commodity. taken from the vine the bean, which is bright green in color, resembling a banana as much as anything else in shape, except that in circumference it is two or three times that of an ordinary lead pencil, has absolutely no flavor or aroma. To develop this a long period of curing is necessary. This varies in the different countries of production and a brief history of the prodiict would not be out of place before giving
that stage where
When
first
a description of the various processes. Vanilla planifora, which, of many species,

is is
a product of the
new world.
It
is the only one having value as a flavor, was found only in a small section of Mexico, in what
now
the northern part of the State of Vera Cruz, a region not over 60 miles long
still
by
40 to 50 miles wide, and this same region

its
produces the best vanilla, which takes
commercial name from the country of origin and is known as Mexican vanilla. unknown to the civilization of the Old World until mtroduced by some of the returning members of Cortes's band of conquerors, although known and used by the Aztecs and their predecessors possibly for many centuries. * * * First mention of its use is made by one of the clerical members of Cortez's expedition in giving an account of the life and customs prevalent at the court of Montezuma, the last of the Aztec monarchs. He relates that there was prepared daily for the monarch himself no less than 50 jars or pitchers of a potation or beverage of "Chocolatl" or chocolate, so prepared that it was of the consistency of a custard and "flavored with vanilla," of which he was exceedingly fond, and that 2,000 jars were allowed for the daily consumption of the household. At various times during the last century, but mostly during the latter part, transplants from the Mexican vines were sent out in various tropical countries and islands throughout the world and the largest crop of any one variety now received is that of the Bourbon, the commercial term for all the vanilla produced in the numerous islands in the Indian Ocean adjacent to the East Coast of Africa, of which Madagascar, Eeunion, Mauritius, the Comores and the Seychelles are the most important. The island of Tahiti, one of the Friendly group in the South Pacific Ocean, also produces a large crop; a small one is received from the islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique,
Vanilla was
VANILLA IJKAN
I'LAN T AIK iX
AT TK/irrr.AN, MKXI
Jl^
.iiiu
LuiXv^ Trade Jvianai.
DRYING THE VANILLA BEANS BY MEANS OF SUN HEAT.
600
which are known
Islands.
to the' trade as South Americans, while quantities at the present time insignificant are grown in the island of Java, the islandôf Ceylon, and the Fiji
The average annjal production

Mexican Bourbon South American
Tahiti All others
of
the different varieties'is'as follows:

Pounds.
400,000
700,000 35, 000
400,000
15,000
1,
Total annual production
550, 000
In reality there are only two methods

process
of curing vanilla
beans
the'
Mexican
or sun
and the Bourbon
or hot-water process.
most time and labor and, "simply an intense and The vine flowers there during the months of April and May and the first beans are picked about the beginning of November, the picking continuing until the end of February. The green beans are first placed in long, orderly rows on clean straw mats in the sun, where they are left for about an hour in which time the tropical sun has caused them to attain considerable heat. They are then hurriedly taken up and put in large cases called "cajons," each capable These "cajons" are well of holding from two to four thousand pounds of beans. lined with blankets and when filled are covered with more blankets to make them as air-tight as possible and in this manner the beans are sweated for from 24 to 48 hours. They are still hot when taken out and placed on long frames or beds called "Camillas" and taken into the "vanillol," as the house is called, where the vanilla is stored* Here the "camillas" are placed on racks. In the "vanillol" a good circulation of air is always maintained and the "camillas" are left here to dry and cool for several days, when the same process is repeated with the exception of the length, of time the vanilla is sweated in the "cajon," which is shortened with each repetition. This is done several times before the beans develop an aroma and many timet before they are properly cured. About the beginning of March, those picked during Novem-
The sun process is used in Mexico
entirely.
It requires the
as practiced there, is really an art, intelligent application to detail."
if art,
as has
been
said, is
ber,
having practically reached a state of perfection, are placed in a large tin-lined depository for observation as to the further development of flavor and keeping properties, for it must be remembered that if they are undercured the beans will deteriorate
very rapidly, becoming mouldy or infected with a species of small vegetable lice which ruin the flavor, while if overcured some of the valuable flavoring properties are lost, the beans becoming dry and woody with a diminished aroma. Those picked later are added from time to time, as they arrive at the same stage, During the time so that by the middle of May the curing process is almost completed. the beans remain in depository, they may, if necessary, be taken out and again put through the process of sunning, sweating, and airing, though for a much shorter period
than before. They then pass a final inspection as to flavor, appearance, and touch. If this is satisfactory they are ready for bundling, and are taken from the depository, graded and sorted according to quality and length, and put into bundles of about 100 beans
each.
If curing is an art, bundling is indeed so, and in this respect the Mexican vanillero has no equal. The bundles average in weight about a pound and are packed in cans, 40 bundles to each can, and the cans in turn are packed in cedar cases, four or five cans to the case. They are now ready for the market.
mwi
602
Six months have elapsed since the vanilla was taken from the vine, and during this many times. When cured it is about one-sixth of its original size in weight and circumference, though retaining
period every bean has been handled individually
its original
length, and ranges in color from a light reddish brown to a deep chocolate. graded by the Mexicans into six classes: "Picadura" or cuts, "ordinario," "mediana" or fair, "buena" or good, superior or good to prime, and extra or strictly prime. Most of the vanilla gathered during November does not contain the same percentage of gums, resins and other flavoring properties, that the later gatherings contain, consequently the beans must be cured down more, in order to develop their flavor and keeping properties; and to facilitate this they are cut up in small pieces. These are the "picadura," or cuts, which form about 25 per cent of the crop. The vanilla next gathered constitutes, when cured, the ordinary quality, and the beans are light reddish brown in color; after which come the "mediana," which are somewhat darker. As the season advances the quality keeps improving, the superior and extra qualities, those richest in essentials and darkest in color, being gathered from Christmas until the crop is completed. There are times during the curing season when a long spell of inclement weather compels the curers to resort to the use of "calorificas," or ovens, to generate the heat in place of the sun; but as this rarely happens, that method is seldom resorted to.
Vanilla
is
Courtesy ot Tea aad Coffee Trade Journal.
A BUNDLE OF VANILLA BEANS.
variety,
is
Curing by the Bourbon process is used throughout all the islands that produce this and differs mainly from the Mexican by reason of the fact that the vanilla never submitted to the direct rays of the sun at any time during the process of
curing.
baskets,
beans, after first being sorted into equal lengths, are put in open-work which are then plunged into large pots containing water heated to within a few degrees of the boiling point, where they are allowed to remain from 15 to 20 seconds. After coming out of the water they are placed upon mats to drain, and when this is accomplished they are heaped into a pile, covered with blankets, and allowed to dry for a short time, after which they are taken into the open, spread upon matting, and well covered with blankets. They are allowed to remain in the sun for several hours
The green
during the hottest part of the day. In the afternoon they are taken up and placed in large, blanket-lined, hermetically sealed cases, very similar to the Mexican "cajon," where they are left over night. The next day this program is repeated. In all, they receive this treatment about eight times in that many consecutive days, if the weather permits. After this they are put on frames in a well-aired drying room and left there for a considerable period, being examined from time to time as to their condition and flavor. When this is satisfactory they are placed in a depository and again left for further development, and when this passes inspection they are taken out to be bundled. Having previously been sorted according to lengths, nothing remains but to grade them as to quality. * * *

In regard to the merits
of
603
far
the two processes, the Mexican
is
by
the superior.
It
months and each individual bean receives more care and attention, while the Bourbons are forced through in three months. This is bound to tell in the long run, and in the opinion of the writer, after many years of practical experience, a Mexican bean properly cured will keep indefinitely, improving in flavor, for a number of years, whereas the same thing can not be said of the Bourbon bean. It may keep and improve for a year, or two years, or even more, but sooner or later it deteriorates. Under normal conditions the percentage of poorly cured Mexicans is very small, while there is always a lai-ge percentage in the Bourbons, sometimes running as high Climate and soil may have something to do with this, as Mexico is as 33J per cent. more favored in this respect than the islands, hot the method of curing has more to
consumes
six
do with it. South American vanilla is partly cured by the Mexican process and partly by the Bourbon, but mostly by the former. T\''hile many good flavored beans of this variety are received, the experience of the curers is somewhat limited, as this variety is of rather recent origin. Many cured by the Mexican process have a tendency toward overcuring, but the reverse where the Bourbon process is used. However, they are producing a vanilla that is fully equal in every respect to the Bourbon and in time * * * will probably rank second to the Mexican. The consumption of vanilla beans has increased greatly in this country during the past 25 years, being doubled by the passage of the food and drug act, and the United States now consumes from 60 to 65 per cent of the world's production, which incladea 95 per cent of the highest grade, the Mexican, and with vanilla beans selling at their present prices there are very few households which can not afford to have a bottle of
the greatest of all flavors, and,
what
is
more, have
it
pure.
%%%\\
PAN AMElIC/ill NOTE

FIFTH PAN AMERICAN CONFERENCE POSTPONED.
Don Eduardo Suarez Mujica, the minister from Chile at Washington, lately appointed ambassador, to consider the opportuneness of holding the Fifth Pan American Conference at the appointed time. This gathermg was to have been held at Santiago, the capital of Chile, November 29, 1914. Acting under mstructions, the Chilean minister made a statement in which he pomted out conditions, developed by the European conflict, which prompted his Government to learn the sentiment of the Governing Board on this question. In his statement, Senor Suarez Mujica emphasized the honor and pleasure which his country anticipated at the gathering of that conference in Santiago and expressed the eagerness it felt to receive and entertain the delegates from all the sister Republics. With the outbreak of the war on the European Continent, continued the minister, his Government, as did other Governments on the American Continent, believed that the holding of the conference would be doubly fitting, first, as an example of the harmony and advancing civilization of the nations of the Western Hemisphere, and secondly, because the conference might find an opporrequest of Sefior
special
Union was
meeting of the governing board of the Pan American called on Wednesday, October 7, 1914, at the
tunity to exercise its influence to some extent for the restoration of peace in Europe. However, the progress of the war with its devastating trail, and its sweeping economic effects over all the world, have brought about new internal problems which must, perforce, engage the undivided attention of uhe various countries and their peoples. In addition, he said, the consequences of the conflict may develop conditions, now unforeseen, of a fundamental and political nature And, finally, the which the conference would have to consider. minister stated that although the presence of Secretary of State Bryan, the chairman of the Governing Board, was deemed most important, present conditions render it highly improbable for him The ambassador to fulfill his promise to attend the conference. of Brazil, Senhor Domicio da Gama, then made a formal motion that
it
was the sense
of the
Governing Board
of the
Pan American Union
that the conference should be postponed until such date as the Chilean Government would recommend that it be assembled. This
motion was passed unanimously.

604
SCENES AT THE FUNERAL OF THE LATE PRESIDENT OF ARGENTINA, DR. ROQUE SAENZ PENA, BUENOS AIRES, AUGUST 11, 1914.
Upper: Funeral cortege leaving the Government Palace. Lower: Crowds leaving the cathedral at the conclusion of the
exercises.
PAN AMEEICAN NOTES.

A WORD OF CAUTION.
607
The widespread and unprecedented public interest in the Latin American commercial opportunity as developed by the European war is being followed by so much misconception in many circles of the real trade and economic conditions obtaining in certain parts of Latin America that the Director General has found it necessary to ascertain
directly the exact business situation in Latin America, and, as a result,
to sound, in justice both to the United States and Latin America, a note of caution. Advices received emphasize that what is needed at this hour in Latin America is not alone the manufactured products of the United States, which are required in very considerable quantities, but generous credits on these purchases, markets at reasonable rates for raw products which usually go to Europe, ready money, and loans. If Latin America can sell at a fair figure her accumulating raw products and buy, in turn, through receiving financial help and cooperation in the form of advances and credits from United States exporters, importers, and bankers, the situation will be speedily remedied, and the commercial interests of the United States and Latin America will truly enter upon a new era of Pan American commerce and comity. The European war, while greatly lessening the sources of Latin American imports and the market for exports, and opening a corresponding greater opportunity to United States exports and imports, has so unavoidably affected Latin American financial resources and commercial machinery that it must require several months or a year before conditions can readjust themselves and permit results that many United States business men expect immediately. Despite the efforts not only of the Latin American Embassies, Legations, and
Consulates, but of the
Departments
Pan American Union and the United States and Commerce to state the situation exactly as it exists, countless articles have been appearing in various newspapers and magazines emphasizing an alleged "golden opportunity" without pointing out its actual and present environment of money tightness and dislocation of international commercial methods. Numerous business men and commercial agents, in consequence, are crowding the steamers bound for Latin America with the expectation that they will find the Latin Americans awaiting them with outstretched hands filled with gold and ready to buy everything and anything they have to sell. These men will presently return to the United States and unfairly condemn and criticize the markets and The great stream of letters and peoples of the countries visited. telegrams from both North and South America that are daily pouring into the office of the Pan American Union are invariably answered not only with the statement of the actual opportunity, but with the admonition that the Latin American market, while vastly
of State
SENOR DR. ROMULO

Ambassador
of the
S.
NAON,
Argentine Republic to the United States.
Dr. Na(5n, who is soon to p resent credentials as ambassador from his Government, has been the minister of Argentina at Washington since 1911, and his elevation to this high rank has been most favorably received.
PAN AMERICAN NOTES.

potential,
is
609
a serious financial
at
this
moment embarrassed by
stringency and dislocation of commercial conditions for which it is not in itself to blame. The opportmiity of the hour, therefore, is not
so much one for immediate large sales of United States manufactured products as one for cooperation and mutual help, together with careful investigation of commercial conditions and preparation to meet future competition successfully.
A RESOLUTION OF PEACE.
At the
ber
7,
special meeting of the
Governing Board, which met on Octo-
1914, to consider the advisability of postponing the Fifth

a resolution
Pan
was unanimously adopted expressive of the high ideals of peace and friendship cherished by the respective members and their countries. On motion of Senor Don Eduardo Suarez Mujica, the diplomatic representative of Chile, acting under express orders from his Government, it was resolved to convey by cable to the belligerent countries of Europe, through the Secretary of State of the United States as chairman of the board, the following
American Conference,
resolution
of the awful strife now devastating continental Evirojê and arousing universympathy, while profoundly disturbing the industrial and commercial interests of the world, the Governing Board of the Pan American Union hereby resolves to convey to the Government of the belligerent countries an earnest expression of its hope for peace, as a tribute to the sentiments of fraternity which have inspired the meeting of the Pan American Conferences.
In view
sal
THE UNITED STATES AMBASSADORS TO ARGENTINA AND CHILE.

The
staff of
the
Frederic J. Stimson and Hon.
Pan American Union extends felicitations to Hon. Henry P. Fletcher, who have been ap-
pointed United States Ambassadors to the Argentine Republic and Chile, respectively. These gentlemen enjoy the unique experience
of being the sole as well as the first
permanent ambassadors
in the
Their appointments have been favorably received by the Governments to which they are accredited. Mr. Stimson and Mr. Fletcher are men of high standing and proven ability. At the time of his designation Mr. Fletcher was the minister to Born in Pennsylvania and a Chile, where he has been since 1909. lawyer by profession, Mr. Fletcher entered the diplomatic service as
capitals of these countries.
second secretary of the legation at Havana in 1902 and was transIn 1905 he was made first secferred to Peldng the following year. retary of the legation at Lisbon and two years later was again sent After two years of service at to Peking, this time as first secretary. that post he was honored with the position of envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Chile. His elevation to the position
58476 Bull. 414
8
Photograph hy Harris-Ewing.
SENOR DON EDUARDO SUAREZ MUJICA.

Ambassador
Sr.
of
the Republic of Chile to the United States.
has been appointed by his Government as ambassador, is the present minister of Chile at Washington since 1911. General felicitations have been extended to him upon this new disSuarez Mujica,
who
tinction.
PAN AMEKICAN NOTES.

of
611
The ambassador Repnbhc is a man of prominence and influence in Massachusetts. Born in Boston, he graduated from Harvard College and law school and practiced his profession in his native city. As a lawyer he occupies a commanding position, and has been professor of comparative legislation at Harvard for many years. He has also served in pubUc offices, is a member of numerous legal and legislative commissions, and has written books and treatises on judicial and legislative subjects that are regarded as authoritative. Under the pen name of ''J. S. of Dale" Mr. Stimson has contributed several
is
ambassador
a tribute to his ability and service.
to the Argentine
novels of literarv value.
A TRIBUTE FROM SENOR BARRIOS, OF GUATEMALA.

always a source of pleasure for The Bulletin to chronicle notable instances of the Pan American spirit, whether expressed by individuals, groups, or nations. Such an event recently took place at the reunion dinner to commemorate the twenty-fifth anniversary of the graduating class of the Military Academy at West Point, and was brought to the attention of the Director General by Col. William W. Harts, United States Ai-mj^ Among those present at the banquet was Senor Don Antonio Barrios, who traveled from Guatemala in Central America to attend this gathering of his classmates. Senor Barrios delivered an eloquent address, paying homage to Gen. Sherman, from whose hands he received a diploma in 1889, and lauding the United States as a nation which ''has always stood and wiU ever stand as the highest exponent of those moral principles of right, liberty, and justice." Sentiments of this character serve to promote better understandmg between nations and make for friendship and peace on the Western Hemisphere.
It
is
THE NICARAGUAN MIXED CLAIMS COMMISSION.

The, Nicaraguan Mixed Claims Commission, which has been diligently applying itself during the past three years to the satisfactory adjustment of the claims against that Government, is about to conclude its labors. During the period of its sessions it has decided 7,746 claims and granted awards aggregating over a million and a quarter ($1,250,000) dollars. The commission, which was created by an executive decree of March 29, 1911, is confined only in the discharge of its functions to the best mode of affording justice and equity to citizens and foreigners alike, and consequently enjoys broader powers than the local courts. As a result of its decisions, vast areas of rich land and other natural resources have been returned to the Government, while at the same time preserving the legal rights of all concerned. The personnel of the commission included Hon. Otto
HON. HENRY
With
P.
FLETCHER,
of Chile.
United States ambassador to the Republic
the elevation of the United States legation at Santiago to the rank of embassy, President Wilson conferred the honor of serving as the first ambassador upon Mr. Fletcher, the present minister at that
capital since 1909.
PAN AMERICAN NOTES.

Schoenrich, of Baltimore, formerly judge in Porto Rico and
of various
613
member
commissions for the United States in Cuba and the Dominican Republic; Hon. Arthur R. Thompson, of Washington, D. C, ex-commissioner of the United States District Court in Porto Rico and for many years United States attorney before the Spanish Treaty Claims Commission in Cuba; Pr. Carlos Cuadra Pasos, an eminent jurist of Nicaragua; and Seiior Don Pio Bolanos, secretary to the commission. Copies of the decisions rendered may be obtained upon upon application to the secretary of the commission at Managua, Nicaragua, or to Hon. A. R. Thompson, Woodward Building, Washington, D. C.
PAN AMERICAN MEETING IN BOSTON.
The second annual Pan American Meeting took place in historic Faneuil Hall, Boston, Mass., Sunday afternoon, October 11, 1914. The meeting was designed to promote Columbus Day as a holiday throughout all the countries of the land discovered by the great A fine musical program was offered at the ineeting, a navigator. reading by Miss Young of the Craig Players, two solos by Signor Liugi Mainiero of the Boston Theater Company, and a large orchestra rendered patriotic selections. His Honor Mayor Curley presided and after a brief but eloquent address, introduced the other speakers of the occasion, who were His Excellency Sr. Don Federico A. Pezet, Minister of Peru; His Excellency Sr. Don Carlos Manuel De Cespedes, Minister of Cuba; and Mr. Edward Albes of the Pan American Union staff. Especially gratifying, as demonstrating the cordial feeling of the large audience toward the distinguished representatives of the two Latin American countries, was the reception of the two ministers. As each was introduced he was greeted by cheers and applause, which were again repeated at the conclusion of their addresses. Minister Pezet, after paying a fine tribute to the United States as being a
country that owes its greatness not to the sword but to the brains and energy of its citizens, and complimenting it upon its great accomplishment in the building of the Panama Canal, delivered a scholarly and finished address on the fundamental characteristics of the early settlers of Latin America as compared with those of the colonists of the United States. He spoke of the struggles of his people and the remarkable progress they had made; of their high ideals and aspirations and of the opportunities for closer social and commercial relations between Peru and the United States now ofi'ered by the opening Minister De Cespides paid an eloquent tribute of the Panama Canal. to the United States and spoke of his country's gratitude for all that the larger republic had done for Cuba. He dwelt on the splendid achievements of his country in the short time which had elapsed
;
'^m^
HON. FREDERIC
United States ambassador
J.
STIMSON.
to the Argentine Republic, who enjoys the unique experience of being the sole as well as the first permanent ambassador at Buenos Aires, the capital.
PAN AMEEICAN NOTES.

since
its
615
independence had been established, and showed how its its development of its wonderful resources, the prevailingpeace and consequent increase in wealth, demonstrated that the conHe spoke of the fidence of the United States had not been, misplaced. gratifying commercial relations between the two countries and the cordiality existing between them, and of the great opportunities now presented in Cuban development. Mr. Albes devoted his time to a general survey of Latin American trade and the opportunities for its development now offered to the manufacturers of New England in In closing the program particular and the whole country in general. the entire audience arose and sano- ''America."
progress,
DECISION OF THE COSTA RICA-PANAMA BOUNDARY QUESTION.

of September 12, 1914, there have appeared the opinion and decision of Hon. Edward Douglass White, Chief Justice of the United States, m the matter of the arbitration of the boundary dispute between the Republics of Costa Rica and Panama, provided for by the convention between those two countries of March 17, 1910. The official award is as follows
1. That the line of boundary which was purported to be established by the previous award from Punta Mona to the main range of the Cordilleras and which was declared to be a counterfort or spur of mountains in said award described, be and the same is held to be nonexisting. 2. And it is now adjudged that the boundary between the two countries "most in accordance with the correct interpretation and true intention" of the former award is a line which, starting at the mouth of the Sixaola River in the Atlantic, follows the thalweg of that river, upstream, until it reaches the Yorquin, or Zhorquin River: thence along the thalweg of the Yorquin River to that one of its headwaters which is nearest to the di\T.de which is the north limit of the drainage area of the Changuinola, or Tilorio River; thence up the thalweg which contains said headwater to said divide; thence along said di\ide to the divide which separates waters running to the Atlantic from those running to the Pacific; thence along said Atlantic-Pacific divide to the point near the ninth degree of north latitude "beyond Cerro Pando," referred to in article 1 of the treaty of March 17, 1910; and that line is hereby decreed and established as the proper boundary. 3. That this decree is subject to the following reservations in addition to the one above stated: (a) That nothing therein shall be considered as in any way reopening or changing
Under date
the decree in the previous arbitration rejecting directly or by necessary implication the claim of Panama to a territorial boundary up to Cape Gracias a Dios, or the claim
Rica to the boundary of the Chiriqui River. And, moreover, that nothing in this decree shall be considered as affecting the previous decree awarding the islands off the coast, since neither party has suggested in this hearing that any question concerning said islands was here open for consideration in any respect whatever. (c) That nothing in the award now made is to be construed by its silence on that subject as affecting the right of either party to act under article 7 of the treaty providing for the delimitation of the boimdary fixed if it should be so desired.
of Costa
(b)
PAN
AMEEICAlSr NOTES.
617
A LATIN AMERICAN TRADE CONFERENCE.
An informal Latin American Trade Conference was called at Washington, D. C, September 10, 1914, by the Secretary of State, Hon. William J. Bryan, and the Secretary of Commerce, Hon. William This conference brought together a number of diploC. Redfield. matic and consular representatives of American business and commercial and industrial organizations, including the Chamber of Commerce of the United States of America, the Southern Commercial Congress, and the National Foreign Trade Council. After a general discussion, which emphasized the commercial needs of both the United States and the sister republics, a resolution was adopted requesting the Secretary of Commerce to appoint a general committee on Latin American trade to consist of the members of the Latin American committee already appointed by the National Foreign Trade Council, and representative men from various parts of the United States. Secretary Redfield accordingly appointed the following as members of the committee arranged alphabetically. John Barrett, director general, the Pan American Union, Washington, D. C; William Bayne, president of the New York Coffee Exchange, New York, N. Y.; W. B. Campbell, president PerkinsCampbell Co., Cincinnati, Ohio; Robert Dollar, president Robert Dollar Co., San Francisco, Cal.; James A. Farrell, of New York, chairman National Foreign Trade Council; William A. Gaston, president National Shawmut Bank, Boston, Mass.; J. P. Grace, president W. R. Grace & Co., New York, N. Y.; Fairfax Harrison, president Southern Railway Co., Washington, D. C; Alba B. Johnson, president Baldwin Locomotive Works, Philadelphia, Pa.; C. J. Owens, managing director Southern Commercial Congress, Washington, D. C; Lewis W. Parker, president Parker Cotton Mills, Greenville, S. C; William E. Peck, president William E. Peck & Co., New York, N. Y.; William Schall, MtiUer, Schall & Co., New York, N. Y.; W. D. Simmons, president Simmons Hardware Co., St, Louis, Mo.; Willard Straight, with J. P. Morgan & Co., New York, N. Y.; E. P. Thomas, president United States Steel Products Co., New York, N. Y.; J. H. Waddell, Hard & Rand, New York, N. Y.; Daniel Warren, American Trading Co., New York, N. Y.; and Harry A. Wheeler, vice president Union Trust Co., Chicago, 111. This committee met at the New Willard Hotel October 2, 1914. The Secretary of Commerce and Robert Rose, foreign trade adviser James A. Farrell was of the Department of State, were also present. elected chairman, and Robert H. Patchin secretary of the committee. Mr. W. E. Peck presented the report of the Latin American Committee This of the National Foreign Trade Council as a basis for discussion. report was the result of an investigation of Latin American problems
618
THE PAN
AMERICAlSr UNION.
by persons engaged in that commerce. After a general discussion and certain modifications and amplifications, the rejôrt was adopted by the larger committee.
TRADE CONFERENCE OF RICHMOND, VA.
The unusual business conditions brought about by the present European situation has developed an unprecedented interest in Latin America throughout the United States. Chambers of commerce, boards of trade, and business organizations of all classes are
studying the trade situation with the countries to the south in a practical manner with a view to assuming the commercial responsibility incident to the new conditions and enjoying the opportunities resulting therefrom. Among the numerous trade gatherings held during the past few months mention should be made of the conference held at Richmond, Va., September 29-30, under the auspices of the local chamber of commerce, for the purpose of considering the possibilities of trade expansion with the countries of Central and South America. Prominent speakers addressed the sessions, including the governor of the State, Hon. Henry C. Stuart; Hon. George Ainslie, mayor of Richmond; S. Davies Warfield, Seaboard Airline Railway of Baltimore; Richard H. Edmunds, editor Manufacturers Record, Baltimore; Julian S. Carr, cotton expert of Durham, N. C; H. R. Eldridge, vice president NationalCity Bank, New York; John J. Arnold, vice president Foreign Trade Division, Chicago Association of Commerce; L. E. Johnson, president Norfolk & Western Railroad;
J.
H. Peyton, president Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis Railway, W. Preston, president United Fruit Co., Boston, Mass. and Director General John Barrett.
Nashville, Tenn.; A.
;
A RAILROAD TRADE EXCURSION.

In the general propaganda for stimulating the active interests of the men of the LTnited States in Latin American trade some of the railroads of the country are taking an active part. In this connection may be mentioned the recent special trade excursion inaugurated by the Lehigh Valley Railroad Co. In order to arouse the interest of the many large and diversified manufacturing industries located along the line of this important railway system the oflficials of the company conceived the plan of organizing a party consisting of special investigators of Latin American trade conditions, financial experts, and high officials of the railway company to make a tour of the road from New York to Buffalo, its western terminus, and to deliver addresses to chambers of commerce and commercial organizations in not less than ten of the leading manufacturing cities through which the road
business
SENOR DON ROBERTO BRENES MESEN,

Envoy
extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of Costa Rica to the United States.
620
passes.
train,
THE PAN
AMERICAlsr UNION.
The party left New York Monday, September 22, on a special and enthusiastic meetings were held during the week at Easton, South Bethlehem, AUentown, Wilkes-Barre, and Hazleton, in the State of Pennsylvania, and at Ithaca, Auburn, Geneva, Rochester, and Buffalo, in the State of New York. The general interest of those connected with the manufacturing and exporting concerns in these cities, relative to the promotion of Latin American trade, was best manifested by the large crowds attending the meetings. At times the halls provided, especially at the meetings, were crowded beyond their seating capacity, and the speakers received the most After each meetmg the cordial welcome and closest attention. speakers were introduced to many of the auditors personally, who plied them with a flood of pertinent and timely questions relative
to details of trade conditions, shipping facilities, products of Latin
American countries, banking facilities, etc. On every hand were heard comments of hearty commendation of the plan of the Lehigh Valley Railroad Co. in thus inaugurating a campaign of education for the benefit of the patrons of the road, and in every city visited the meetings were pronounced a decided success. Mr. T. N. Jarvis, vice president of the Lehigh Valley Railroad Co., was personally in charge of the party, being assisted by Mr. P. H. Burnett, industrial commissioner of the company, and Messrs. W. J. Fahy, special agent, and John Duffy, advertising and publicity agent. Among other
officials of
the railway
who made
the trip were Mr. F. J. Woulfe, the vice president;
general freight agent; Mr.

railroad
J. J. Teal, assistant to
and O. M. Barras, division freight agent.
The
special guests of the
company who made
the addresses to the various commercial
organizations were Mr. Charles M. Pepper, formerly foreign trade

S. Kies,
advisor to the Department of State of the United States; Mr. W. manager of the foreign trade department of the National
City Bank of New York; Mr. Samuel H. Barker, financial editor of the Philadelphia North American; and Mr. Edward Albes, of the Pan American Union staff. Mr. M. Drew Carrell, special representative of the
New
York, was also a
new Buenos Aires branch of the member of the party.
City National
Bank
of
SEKOE PEYNADO AND LAS NOVEDADES.
The Pan American Union takes advantage

extend
its
of this
J.
opportunity to
Peynado in his new position as director and part proprietor of Las Novedades (The News), a Spanish weekly newspaper of New York City. This paper, now in
best wishes to Senor
Don
Francisco
its
thirty-ninth year, occupies a ranking place in the Spanish press of

of
and its new management, now jointly vested in the Senor Peynado and Serior J. B. Vicini B., promises to still further enhance its news and literary merit. Senor Peynado, it will
this country,
hands
Photograph by Harris-Ewing,
SENOR DR. SANTOS ANIBAL DOMINICI,

Envoy
extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of Venezuela to the United States.
622
THE
FAIX AMERICAISr
UISTIOlSr.
be recalled, served as minister from the Dominican Republic at Wash ington for several years. His broad and intimate association with
Pan American affairs, together with his previous training and education, make him eminently fit for the directorship of this important
periodical.
Las Novedades aims
exponent
of the
to be the true and sympathet-( Spanish-speaking peoples in the United States.
AN HONOR TO EX-MINISTER DU
BOIS.
As a token of the esteem in which the people of Colombia hold the Hon. J. T. Du Bois, former Minister of the United States to that Republic, the Colombian Academy of Jurisprudence of Bogota, fo.emost among the learned institutions of the country and of Pan
America, has adopted a resolution of thanks for the services rendered by Mr. Du Bois as a friend of Colombia. The resolution was
made pubhc
in the
Review
of the
Academy,
as well as in other
prominent Colombian papers. Mr. Du Bois deserves to be complimented on this honor in recognition of his high sense of appreciation for the notable qualities of the people among whom he served so successfully as the representative of the United States, and of his desire to do justice to his endeavors for a better understanding between the two countries.
MAGAZINE ATTENTION TO LATIN AMERICA.

The present interest in the relations between the United States and its sister republics south of the Rio Grande is not alone confined to business organizations, but is reflected in an equal degree by the press of the country. Newspapers and magazines are devoting considerable space to a careful analysis of the situation and are discussing this question from a sound and practical standpoint. Trade experts and authorities on Latin America are everywhere considering the opportunities while laying particular stress upon the responsibilities which confront the business interests in the present effort to increase the exchange of commerce between the United States and South America. In view of this extraordinary inte: est the director general has been literally overwhelmed with requests to prepare articles dealing with this subject, but he has been obliged to decline the majority of them on account of the press of official duties. He has made a few exceptions, however, in the case of The American Review of Reviews (issue of October), Sunset, the Pacific Monthly (issue of October), The Scientific American (issue of October 3), and the Saturday Evening Post (issue of October 10), because of the high representative character of these publications and the value of their columns in reaching a vast number of the thinking and reading public.
cs
"^
053 .s!3
55
T3
C o 6 S
624

A
NEW
MAGAZINE.
first
The Bulletin
In
its
is
in receipt of the
the magazine published
by
the National City
number of The Americas, Bank of New York.
be found a large fund of information of value and exporters of the United States who are interested in the development of a greater Pan American trade.
columns
may
to the manufacturers
Its leading
articles
are
conservative, forceful, and to the point.
The purpose
foreword
of the publication is succinctly set out in the following
hoped to create a medium which will be of assistance ia bringthe United States and South America closer together, and to provide an instrument for the interchange of ideas regarding the aims and projects For this purpose it is essential to have the cooperation of Pan American commerce.
In The Americas
it is
ing the business
men
of
of all
tion of views as to
as to
those interested in the upbuilding of reciprocal trade relations. A free exposihow trade relations may best be promoted and specific suggestions
Much
what banking and commercial services will be most helpful are earnestly invited. valuable work of this natiu-e has been done and is being done by the United States Government, by the Governments of our sister Republics of South America, by the Pan American Union, and by other institutions and organizations. Much is yet There must be full cooperation and a definite coordination of these to be done. It is hoped that The Americas can be of assistance in this important activities.
work.
Its services are freely offered.
LATIN AMERICAN BANKING.
The passage
of
the
new Federal
reserve act, with
its
provisions
and the announcement that the National City Bank of New York is now establishing branch banks at Buenos Aires and at Rio de Janeiro, have stimulated the banking periodicals to establish special South American columns to discuss topics connected with this new phase of United States banking activities. The Financier, a banking journal of New York, in its issue of September 12, under the heading of ''Making Our Bow to South America," announces that it will maintain such special columns in an effort to make the titles of American banks, the names of their officers, and
for foreign banking,
the extent of
familiar to the
their facilities for transacting business
thoroughly
banks and bank
officers of
South America.
SOUTH AMERICAN EDITION OF THE BOOT AND SHOE RECORDER.

That the leading trade journals of the United States are alive to the situation anent the opportunities to extend Pan American commerce is evidenced by such publications as the Boot and Shoe ReThis journal publishes a monthly edition in Spanish for circulation in Latin American countries, and the announcement is made that the October issue will be a special feature number. In addition to this special publication the Recorder ancorder (Boston, Mass.).
58476 Bull. 414
626
nounces that it maintains a prompt service in translating and answering letters in Spanish for its patrons, assists in the compilation of catalogues and other advertising matter, and in the selection of suitable agents, credit information, etc., through its agent in Buenos
Aires, Argentina.
dawe's federalist.
In Dawe's Federalist, the
this office, the business
first
number
of
which has just reached
through which they

legislation,
men of the United States will find a medium may keep themselves informed relative to Federal
decisions,
judicial
which
may
affect their interests.
and other governmental activities Mr. Grosvenor Dawe, until recently
chief of the editorial division of the
Chamber
of
Commerce
of the
United States, is the editor of the new publication, while Mr. Robert H. McNeill is its counsel. Mr. Dawe has been connected with some of the leading magazines in the United States for many years, and his work as organizer of the Southern Commercial Congress and his subsequent activity in the launching of the Chamber of Commerce of the United States have brought him into personal contact with hundreds of the leading business men of this country. The two leading articles in the initial number, ''The Supreme Court and the Railroads" and ''The Shreveport Rate and General Decisions," by Robert H. McNeill, and the "Federal Reserve Act Popularly Explained," by George E. Roberts, Director of the Mint, are examples of clear, conservative expositions of recent activities in the judicial and legislative branches of the Government.
BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL ECONOMICS
(iNC).
The value of motion pictures as an educational factor is strikingly emphasized in the recent organization of the Bureau of Commercial Economics (Inc.) at Philadelphia. This bureau, established by an association of leading colleges and universities, manufacturers, transportation companies, and other organizations, wall disseminate industrial and vocational information by the graphic method of motion pictures, showing how things in common use are made or produced. The work of the bureau is purely philanthropic and will be maintained through endowment funds and annuities. It is the plan of this bureau to display its reels and slides in schools, public institutions, trade conventions, playgrounds and parks, when admittance to the public is free. Cooperating in this movement is a large list of representative universities and colleges, prominent manufacturing concerns^ railway companies, the Pan American Union, and others. Francis Holley is director of the bureau, with offices in the Belle vue Court
Building, Philadelphia, Pa.
L*ihii>li\aiie) Railroad
S0yirtAMLi,.c-^.2= SPECIAL
M^
The picture shows some
^..^SB^^^^m^^
PROMOTING PAN AMERICAN TRADE.
of the prominent officials of the Lehigh Valley Railroad Co. and their guests on the South American Trade Special which left New York on September 22, 1914, for the purpose of arousing the active interest of the manufacturers in the 10 leading cities through which the road passes. Reading from left to right on the picture, the members of the party shown are F. J. Woulfe, general freight agent; S. Kies, manager foreign trade department of the National City Bank of New York; P. H. Burnett, industrial commissioner: Walter J. Fahy, .special agent; W. W. Abbott, superintendent Auburn division; Edward Albes, of Pan American Union stall; Charles M. Pepper, formerly commercial adviser to the Department of State; T. N. Jarvis, vice president Lehigh Valley Railroad Co.; John Dufly, advertising and publicity agent: and M. Drew Carrel, Buenos Aires representative of the National City Bank of New York.
"^
PAX AMERICAN NOTES.

SCHOLARSHIPS FOR THE STUDY OF SPANISH.
629
to time mention has been made in these cohimns of the increasing attention which the schools and colleges in the United States are devoting to the study of SjDanish. As the relations between
From time
intimate, there
country and the other American Republics grow closer and more is also apparent a corresponding appreciation of the necessity and importance of the Spanish language. To encourage its study, Mr. J. G. White, president of the J. G. White Construction Co. of New York, has established three scholarships at the Pennsylvania State College, to be awarded to the three students displaying the greatest proficiency in acquiring that language. In offering these prizes Mr. White has expressed the hope that thereby young men may become better fitted to engage in Pan American commercial
this
and industrial
relations.
IMPROVED SHIPPING FACILITIES.
As evidence
of the practical benefits of the recent congressional
istry for the purpose of encouraging the reestablishment of a
enactment permitting foreign bottoms to assume an American regmerchant marine in the United States and aiding in the development of the foreign trade with the southern countries. The Bulletin quotes the following message recently received by the Secretary of Commerce, Hon. William C. Redfield, from the president of the United States Steel Corporation, Mr. James A. Farrell:
Our steamship Crofton Hall is sailing to-day for Chile and Peru and steamship Bantu for Uruguay and Argentina, carrying total 18,000 tons miscellaneous cargo. These are the first steamers sailing from the United States to South America under new American registry law, and will be followed by eight more steamers under the American flag and insured in Government bureau of war risk insurance.
In
this
service of the United Fruit Co.
connection mention should also be made of the steamship In its circular of September 18, 1914,
the company announces that future sailings from New York and Boston of 15 of its vessels will henceforth be under the flag of the United States.
The Two Americas.

Colombia.
By Gen. Rafael Reyes, ex-President of the Republic of Traaislated from the Spanish, with added notes by Leopold Grahame. 31 illustrations from photographs. New York, Frederick Stokes Co., MCMXIV. Pages, 324. Price, $2.50.
With
This volume, the work of one of the great travelers of America and of one who has had long experience on both the practical and the reflective sides of life, appeared first in serial form the pages of the New York Times Sunday Magazine. The sub-
divisions into chapters are headed: Visit to Europe; In Paris; In the United States;
Early Explorations; The Panama Canal; From New York to Brazil; In Brazil; Bahia and Rio de Janeiro; Sao Paulo; Through Brazil by Land to the River Plate L^ruguay; Chile; Argentine Republic; In Camp and City; Argentine Conditions, Progress, and Culture; Argentine Commerce and Finance; .Peru; Bolivia; Ecuador; Colombia; and the Conclusion. In this comprehensive view of the activities of most of the Republics of South America the author presents a picture that must recommend itself to the student interested in the future of American institutions. Comparisons are drawn between conditions in Europe among the Latin peoples (the book was written before the present war) and In the United States, and the effort is made to use these comparisons in studying the peoples and governments of South America. Gen. Reyes sees indications of a change in the international relations of Latin America and prophesies a better mutual understanding on the part of the two Americas as the commercial and other bonds between these great world divisions increase. Such books as this of Gen. Reyes help to remove the ignorance still existing in each grand subdivision about the other. Especially at this moment, when lines of thought and action are being so disturbed and require such a careful and basic readjustment, many of the thoughts and expressions in The Two Americas should sink deep into the mind of the reader and of
;
the student.
of
The book,
translated
by one who
preserves in good English the spirit

vievv^ of its
the original Castilian, gives a sympathetic and fairly comprehensive
subject and deserves a permanent place in the growing literature on America.

fact.
In
The Two Americas
as presented
by the
author, Gen. Rafael Reyes, and
by the
translator, Mr.
a distinct advantage in reading the text of one

ripe experience
Leopold Grahame, should be considered almost as two books. There is and then of the other, because, in addi-
tion to preserving the flavor of the original Castilian, the translator has contributed a
and a sincere sympathy to his labors. The spirit of comprehension, not alone of the Spanish, but also of the subject, breathes through every page. The author can be congratulated that he was so fortunate in placing hi,, book in such competent hands.
It is desirable to mention here that these volumes, the English translation somewhat before the Spanish original, were received in the library of the Pan American Union early in the summer, but the notices of them at first prepared were intentionally delayed until this number of the Bulletin, because the unfortunate war in Europe has demanded greater attention than ever to Latiî America, and therefore the particular opportunity to study American international relations through The Two Americas
should be esmphasized.
Latin America.
50 cents.
Henry Holt &
By William R Shepherd, Professor of History in Columbia University. Pages, 256. Price, Co., New York; Williams & Norgate, London.
.
distinct
This book, which forms one of the series of The Home University Library, is a and important contribution to the literature of Latin America by a writer of
630
BOOK NOTES.
authority.
631
In fact, few men are better qualified to write on these countries than is Prof. Shepherd, whose name has for many years been ultimately associated with Pan American affairs. His knowledge of the countries and peoples has been gained throiigh travel, close study, and keen observation. Recognized as a sympathetic friend of Latin America he has been favored with appointment to honorary professorship in the University of Chile, with membership to the Argentine Scientific Society and to the National Academy of History of Venezuela. In the 21 chapters the author has considered the development of the American Republics from the colonial periods to those of the present day, not country by country, but grouped as a whole. Among the subjects treated in the special chapters are international relations, geography, and
resources, social characteristics, industry, education, science, journalism, fine arts,
and other such phases of civilization. In his discussion, Prof. Shepherd draws from one country or another illustrations of similarities, or of differences, in character, spirit, and attainment, and emphasizes the special achievements that merit attention. Analyzing certain traits and conditions of Latin America and its peoples, the author at times appears critical, though in a friendly spirit and lacking entirely any touch of hostility or malice. Prof. Shepherd has embodied a vast fund of information despite the limited space at his disposal. Freely and frankly he has recorded the results of his observations, and this work may well serve as a general introduction to the more specific study of the various Republics in Latin America.
The Young Man's Chances
in South and Central America: A Study of Opportunity. William A. Reid (for 12 years associated with Latin peoples, etc., now on the the Pan American Union, Washington, D. C). Pages 173. Published by the Southern Commercial Congress, Washington, D. C. Price, |1.
By
staff of
is
book of this character should give details in many directions, and this what the reader finds in the Study of Opiôrtunity. The division heads are not called chapters, but are groupings under such titles as Experiences and Observations; About Positions and Opportimities, m which the field is exammed in agriculture, labor (skilled and unskilled), engineering and constructive professions,
practical
just
salesmanship, teaching, journalism, manufacturing, hotel business, law, insurance, banks, medicine, dentistry, with a concise statement on the cost of living in South
America; Stories of Success and of Failure; Social Environment; Student Movement: in Development. There follows a list of many firms employing North Americans, and an indication of sources of information about Latin America, m which mention is made of the Pan American Union. Scattered through the pages are numerous anecdotes about men and conditions, showing how success was reached by the proper methods, or how disaster resulted from an improper and vicious mterpretation of the opportunity presented. Such a book is, valuable reading, and serves to collect, between the two covers, much useful information that has hitherto been available only in fleeting references of magazine or newspaper files. That it deserves
and Factors
evidenced by the fact that Chances in South and Central America among the outside publications on the list of books for sale by the Pan American Union.
commendation
is
is
entered as in stock
'
The Library of the Pan American L^nion has recently received a series of books from the house of D. C. Heath & Co., comprising a set of their Lectura Natural, in four volumes, and a set of their Metodo Natural de escritura Practica, in eight booklets. The first set presents graded exercises in learning to read and in advanced reading From simple words and phrases it advances through for the Spanish-speaking child. these volumes to the enjoyment of real stories or descriptive articles, selected from the best Spanish authors. These exercises are not mere translations from the English, but are prepared in theoriginal Spanish, by Spanish scholars, and directed by teachThey are of value for all schools in ers who know what the Spanish pupil requires.
632
in all
Porto Rico, the Philippines, and Panama, but seem to be well suited to native schools Spanish America. The page is clear, the text distinct, and the type quite clean
and large. The books cost 30 cents, 40 cents, 50 cents, and 75 cents, respectively. The same criticism may be applied to the writing books. They have been prepared with special reference to the Spanish learner, and are not in any sense a translation of anything in English, although they have received as much care as if they had been These can be obtained in a series or in muloriginally compiled for English pupils. The Pan tiples of any suigle number (eight in all) at the price of 60 cents a dozen. American Union would be pleased to hear from any teacher who may have used these books in practice, for they surely seem, from outside the schoolhouse at least, to be thoroughly usable and appropriate.
Investors'
S.
by the Financial Review

W., England.
It is difficult to give
Four Shilling Year Book, for 1914. Supplementary to and published of Reviews, 2 Waterloo Place, Pall Mall, London,
494 pages.
Price, 4 shillings (|1).
an idea of the immense amount of information contained in this volume, because it is so extensive and at the same time so condensed. The principle of it is, like that of the Financial Review of Reviews, to give a trustworthy presentation of the condition of any stock company listed in the United Kingdom. That this purpose is accomplished is evident by a study of the text. Of course for the person interested in Latin America only, much of the book is extraneous to the subject, but nevertheless practically all of the industrial enterprises railways, construction companies, light and power companies, breweries, land companies, are presented in their financial relahotels, meat-packing companies, and others tions. These details include their capitalization, stock issue, assets and liabilities, and present status. There are in addition brief summaries of the national, state, and municipal debts of various countries, with a brief description under each country The book bears every evidence of a valuable of its geographical and other relations. volume of reference.
The English Address Book
of the Argentine Republic, of British and North American Residents, Business Houses. Institutions, etc., ninth edition, 1914. Published annually by Robert Grant & Co., Cangallo 542, Buenos Aires.
is the most complete edition that has appeared of its character. All English (and North American) residents in Argentina are given alphabetically; the business houses are also so arranged, and in addition there is abundant information of a general character which is very helpful to one studying conditions
Probably this
of
the names
in the entire Republic or in
Buenos Aires by
itself.
The American Fertilizer Hand Book. Seventh annual edition, 1914. Ware Bros. Co., 1010 Arch Street, Philadelphia, U. S. A. 470 pages. Price, $1, postage paid.
It contains a
manufacturers' directory, Avith similar
lists of
other allied manufac-
and much useful information, including a poem on the virtues of fertilizing. There is a very interesting and readable article on American kelp and the potash
turers,
products derived from
it,
well illustrated.
1914.
Fifty-first
The Statesman's Year-Book,

publishers.
annual edition.
Macmillan
&
Co.,
.May
1,
1914.
To mention the receipt of this latest volume is to state that an old friend has come back in the new dress. The Statesman's Year-Book is so frequently consulted in the Library of the Pan American Union that it could not be spared. Several warrantable changes have been made, including a revision o^ the Latin American bib liograpliies, and a fresh map of the Balkan States Jias been added.
BOOK NOTES.
The American Year Book, 1913. A record of events and progress for 1913. by Francis G. Wickware. D. Appleton & Co., New York and London.
633
Edited
The American Year Book is by no means a compendium of facts, as are many almanacs issued annually, but a resume of the world's progress for the past 12 months, prepared in a systematic and orderly way. It aims to give, especially by means of the extensive index, a ready reference to the student of all that went to make history, especially in America (the Western Hemisphere), but with sufficient reference to foreign affair's and relations to complete a survey of the world. A carefully prepared bibliography accompanies each article or section, so that further readingmay be prosecuted, should it be desii-ed. The compilation is almost unique in annual publications, and should be welcomed as an invaluable source of information to all who seek references to the year's events.
The Mexican Year Book,
1914. A financial and commercial handbook, compiled from official and other returns. Seventh year of issue. Issued under the auspices of the Department of Finance (Mexican). New York, 32 Broadway.
official statistics
The abundant
offered in former issues are here given, revised
according to the data and events of the year 1913.
The Sea and
the Jungle. By H. M. Tomlinson. E. P. Button & Co., New York. 354 pages. Price, $2.50. Being the narrative of the voyage of the tramp steamer Capella from Swansea to Para in the Brazils, and thence 2,000 miles along the forests of the Amazon and Madeira Rivers to the San Antonion Falls in the years 1909 and 1910.
Many have
diary
written of the
Amazon
tells
region, the rivers
and the
forests.
Bates gave his

are naturalists
of a naturalist;
Agassiz
us of his journey into Brazil.
Both
and describe what they saw

linson is different.
as students of the material world
around them.
Tom-
observed things, and occasionally he drags in scientific names as if he thought it appeasing to his publisher to show some acquaintance
He may have
with modern literature and the physical conditions surrounding him. His only effort, however, is to reproduce the impressions on the human soul as he penetrated the unknown wilderness which we see on the map as the Amazonian jungle. His are startled eyes looking out from a mind accustomed only to documented known. He sees the wilderness as nature made it, and transcribes his feelings in words of emotion, not of science. It is on that account the best that has ever been written about that
mysterious region,
surface
still
in pristine solitude, the last remaining area of the world's
unconquered by man.
Let this one quotation show the character
of his
writing:
The forest of the Amazons is not merely trees and slirubs. It is not land. It is another element. Its inhabitants are arborean; they have been fashioned for life in that medium as fishes to the sea and birds to the air. Its green apparition is persistent, as the skies and the ocean. In months of travel it is the horizon which the traveler can not reach, and its unchanging surface, merged through distance into a mere reflector of the day, a brightness or a gloom, in his immediate vicinity breaks into a complexity of green surges: then one day the voyager sees land at last and is released
from
it
we entered the Para River, now a thousand miles away, has not There have been the clearings of the settlements from Para inwards, but those clearings alter the forest of the Amazon no more than would the culling of a few weeds alter the aspect of an English cornfield. The few openings I have seen in the forest do not derange my clear conscienceness of a limitless ocean of leaves, its deep billows of foliage rolling "down to the only paths there are in this coimtry, the rivers, and there
The
forest, since
ceased
overhanging, arrested in collapse.
But
book.
to
It is real literature
quote further could not bring out the charm and the gentle humore of the based on truth. It must be read, for it belongs to the per-
manent
treasures of
Amazonia.
634
Diseases
By Melville Thurston Cook, Ph. D., professor of plant of Tropical Plants. pathology, Rutgers College. Macmillan & Co., London, 1913. Pages 313. Price,
12.75.
for some time chief of the department of plant pathology for the Cuba, and thus can speak from direct study of the diseases of plants in the Tropics. There are 85 illustrations scattered through the 10 chapters dealing with the various tropical and subtropical vegetation, with a scientific analysis of the structure, normal condition, pathology, cause of diseases, and treatment of such important crops as that of the sugar cane, cotton, citrus fruit, pine apple, tobacco, The illustrations are well done, and coffee, banana, coconut, and a host of others.
The author was

of
Bepublic
most
of
them
are original.
Did
the Pcehnicians Discover America? By Thomas Crawford Johnston, Francisco, Cal. With Foreword by Oliphant Smeaton, M. A. F. S. A.
careful study of all evidence available at present, giving
San
any
light
upon the
early voyages of the Phoenicians, with a deduction, amounting to proof in the author's
mind, that the obscure monuments of the past, left in parts of the western shores of both North and South America, were due to these hardy commercial explorers, who It is the work of a scholar. crossed the Pacific Ocean and left colonies behind them.
The Banana.
Its
cultivation,
distribution,
and commercial
uses.
By William
Fawcett, B. Sc. (London), late director of public gardens and plantations, Jamaica, etc. Published ;mder the auspices of the West India Committee, London, Duckworth & Co., Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, 1913. Pages 287. Price, 7 shillings 6 pence (about |1.80).
Such an authoritative book

able
fruit.
will be
welcomed by the many banana planters who
are interested, whether commercially or botanically in the cultivation of this remark-
There are 34 chapters embracing every phase of the growth, diseases, and preparation of bananas, with an appendix on recipes for cooking them. There are 17 illustrations covering many of these topics. The matter is good reading for one interested in following the development of the banana industry in the Tropics and can well serve as a textbook for the practical grower.
transportation,
Die Cordillerenstaaten. By Prof. Dr. Wilhelm Sievers, professor at the University of of Giessen. Two volumes (a third promised), 12 mo., each volume approximating 150 pages, with a series of illustrations in the back.
The first volume has an introduction, and deals with Bolivia and Peru; the second with Ecuador, Colombia, and Venezuela. Chile and Argentina are promised volumes by themselves. These are handy pocket textbooks on the Andean countries, full of facts and description, but with no attemptat giving opinions that mightprejudice the traveler. They partake of the German thoroughness. Being in German, they give the Eureopean rather than the American point of view in most of the matter, but as the data are usually scientifically substantiated, they are trustworthy reference books for those who read them.

REPORTS RECEIVED TO SEPTEMBER
30, 1914.
ARGENTINA.
Koad building
in Argentina
William Dawson,
Kosario.
jr.,
consul,
Tuciiman, a growing interior capital
..do
.Tulv
u
O veralls
Facilities for free temporary entry in -Argentina Irrigation project (San I>uis)
..do ..do
Construrl ion work Imports of galvanized iron

Steel interior finish
July
.lulV
13 15
Pigeons Argentine budget
for lOlo
..do Julv 16 July 17
Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do.

1. 80 J.
RaUwav
failure in Argentina.
July
IS
A^'illiam
Keena, consul general, Buenos -A.iros. Dawson, jr., consul,

Do.
Rosario.
.Sugar and other industries in Province ol Oil wells in Argentina
(.'rowth of in Argentina
Tucuman, Argentina.
..do July 21
fulv
Leo J. Keena, consul Buenos Aires.

A^
gener.il,
22
23
Nut growing
Church goods
Concession
for street
Julv
Do. iUiam Dawson,

Rosario.
jr.,
con.sul,
railway contraction at Parana

for four years, 1910-13
Electric signs
Cotton goods, imports by counstries

BRAZIL.
Solt hats
..do.... ..do.... .Tulv 25 Julv 31
Do. Do. Do. Do.
June
industries for 1913 industries for 1913
24
Maddin
Summers,
Griffith,
consul,
consul.
Commerce and Commerce and

Commerce
June 29
July 11
July
industries for
Jul>'
Santos. P. Merrill
of port, Jan. 1 to .Tune 30, 1914
24
Pernambuco. Julius G. Lay, consul general Rio de Janeiro. Maddin Summers, consul.
Santos. Julius G. Lay, consul general, Rio de Janeiro. .Albro L. Burnell, vice consul general in charge, Rio de Janeiro.
.Second section of report on

<
commerce and
27
10
Jranite blocks, for
paving
Aug.
..do ..do
Cotton half hose Household utensils Importation of explosives, 1911-12.
Aug. 12 Aug.
|
Do. Do. Albro L. Bumell, vice consul general in charge,- Rio de

Janeiro.
Steel
window
sashes.
13 14
Maddin
Santos.
Summers,
consul,
Imports
of bicycles into Brazil, 1912-13
Aug.
...do
Albro L. Bumell, vice consul general in charge, Rio de

Janeiro.
SOos Harbor works

|
Aug. IS
CHILE.
1
Do. Do.
Exports from the United States to Chile

of red lead, 1911-1913 Excessive rains in Valparaiso Commerce and industries for 1913
E. B. Easterling, vice consul,

Valparaiso.
Imports
July 27 Julv 28
...do....
Do. Do.
Gassett, Percival Iquique.
consul,
COLOMBIA.
Trade extension
Mining and industries
In the
July
Isaac A. Manning, Barranquilla.
consul,
Choco
July 13
Louis G.
Dreyfus,
consular
Domestic and cotton yarn

Telephones
Agricultural machinery Steel window sashes
1
July 16 July 20
do. July 23
. .
agent, Quibdo. Thad. A. Thomson, minister,
Bogota. Chas. W. " Doherty, vice consul,
Do. Do.
ThLs does not represent a complete list of the reports made by the consular officers in Latin America, but merely those that are supplied to the Pan American XTnion as liliely to be of se!'vicn to this institution.
635
LATIN AMERICAN FOREIGN TRADE

1913
IJICA-RAC^TJTV
#4,966,820;
HONDURA-S
*5,13a,6T8 ^SALVADOR.
#6,1T3,545.
PARAGUA'Y
#7,6T1,551
HAITI
#8,100,1^5.
COSTARICA
*8,T78,497.
eOLiOMBTA.
62,851,032. BOLIVIA. *S7, 151,390
DOM.K.EP.
4 9,272,278.
GUATEMALA
*10,062,328
ECUADOR.
10,354,564-
$10,400,000,
*19,742,
DOMIMGA-NKER 225
eoSTARieA.
*19,
211,050.
PANAMA
#2,467,556
dAI/VA-DQK,
f 16, 102, *i3,
269
H0NDT3RAS 3,300,254
PAKA&-UAY
133,55^.
PARAQ-UAY
*5,462,00r
PAISTAMA. f 12,867,556. HieARAO--UA. #8,628,336.
6ALVAD0R
$9,928, 724
>^
HONDlIRAe
48,4r3&,
932.
eoSIARlCA
1-10,432,553.
dom.:rep. #10,469, 947
HAITI
fll,315,559.
ECUADOR,
13,689,696.
QRAND
TOTAIi
q-UATEMALA
#14,4r49,926.
#,864,518,151.
fA// /tM/f/CA^/ UA/ZOA/.
SUBJECT MATTEK OF CONSULAR EEPOETS.

Reports received
to
637
September
30,
1914
Continued.
COLOMBIA continued.
1914.
I
Bicycles
and motorcycles
July 24
July 27
Thad. A. Thomson, minister,

Bogota. Chas. W. Doherty, vice consul, Cartagena. Isaac A. Manning, consul, Barranquilla.
Lumber imports
Paints
Aug.
Aug.
3 11
Agi-icultural
Sash and building material. machinery

Delivery trucks Wii-erope
Dealers in watches List of jobbers in power and steam specialty supplies and iron foimdries. Lists of railways with offices in Bogota, dealers in machinery; printing houses. Dealers in automobile supplies
Cattle
...do.... ...do.... ...do....
Aug. 14
.do., .do..
Do. Do. Do. Do. Thad. A. Thomson, minister,

Bogota.
Do. Do.
Do.
Isaac A. Manning, Barranquilla.
consul,
..do....
Aug.
15
17
Chemicals Tanning chemicals (no entry
Aug.
of
Do.
Chas.
sul,
imports).
..do..
W. Doherty,
Cartagena.
vice con-
Hog raising
Waterproofing (used
for roofing, etc.).
Aug. 18 Aug. 25
Do.
Isaac A. Manning, consul, Barranquilla. Chas. W. Doherty, vice consul, Cartagena.
Imports into Colombia

CO.STA RICA.
Changes in
tariff
July 15
Samuel
Jose.
T. Lee, consul,
San
Commerce and
trade of Port
Limon
CUBA.
district for
July
19
Do.
Foreign trade of Cuba for calendar year 1913
James L.
Rodgers,
consul
Habana.
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC.
List of printers
and
stationers
July 29
Charles
H.
Albrecht,
vice
and deputy consul general

Santo Dorfiingo.
Motor delivery cars (no market).

Paints..
Frank Anderson Henr^', consul,
Puerto Plata.
Cement
Fireproofing, for roofs (no market)
..do... Julv 31
Do. Charles
H.
Albrecht,
and deputy consul Santo Domingo.

Automobiles
vice general,
Aug. Aug.
Do. Do.
Ecuador notes.
Exports from Ecuador
for 1913.
Frederic
W.
Coding, consul
general, Guayaquil
July
The Manavi (Panama) hat

GUATEMALA.
Toilet articles, imports of perfumery in 1913.
Aug.
Do. Do.
Sept.
Stuart Lupton, consul general,
Guatemala
City.
HONDURAS.
National automobile school July
..do.
E. M. Lawton,
consul, Tegu-
Commerce
of
Honduras
for 1913
Engineering Roofing Growth of the parcel post in Honduras. Corojo nuts
Julv Julv Julv July

..do.
Newspaper publications.
Mining
July
service.
Do. Do. Do. John A. Gamon, consul, Puerto Cortes. Do. E. M. Lawton, consul, Tegucigalpa.
German steamship
Liquors
July July July

..do.
John
A. Gamon, consul, Puerto Cortes. E. M. Lawton, consul, Tegu-
Agricultural conditions. Bottles
"
638

Reports received
to
September 30, 1914
Continued.
i:>ate.
Title.
HONDURAS continued
1914.
Revision of tariff, Aug.
1,
1914
July 29
E. M. Lawton, consul, Tegucigalpa.
Fence wire July 30 Supplement to annual report on commerce and industries for 1913. Aug. 3 Aug. 11 Paper trade
Perfumes, soaps, and
Oold-water paints
toilet articles
John
Do. Do. A. Gamon, consul, Puerto Cortes. E. M. Lawton, consul, Tegucigalpa.
Commerce and
indxistries, 19i:i
Do: Walter F.
Ceiba.
Boyle,
consul,
Immigration laws
Medical ediication Motion-picture theaters.
Aug.
2(j
E. M. Lawton, consul, Tegucigalpa. Do.
Walter
Ceiba.
to
T.
Boyle,
consul,
Packing goods
for
shipment
Honduras.
..do....
Cattle industry
Aug.
2.S
Do. E. M. Lawton, consul, Tegucigalpa.
Trunks and
Sealing
vali
Aug.
31
John
A. Gamon, Puerto Cortes.

Do.
consul,
wax
..do....
Tonnage of vessels clearing the port endei Mar. 31, l9l4.
lor
United States, quarter
Aj.r.
Clarence
A.
Miller,
consul,
Tampico.
Tonnage
of vessels clearing the port for ended .Tune, 1914. Shipments of crude oil for quarter ended Cost of living at Mazatlan
United
Mar.
States, quarter
Undated
Do. Do.
A. G. Brown, consul, Mazatlan.
31, 1911
Shipments
of
crude
oil for .Tune
quarter of 1914
Clarence A.
Miller,
consul,
Commerce and
Fireproof doors
industries for calendar year 1913
July
Jul'v
21
Tampico. Do.
22
10
Piano dealers
Dealers in paints
Aug. Aug.
Aug.
Wm. W. Canada, consul, Vera Cruz. Marion Letcher, consul, Chihuahua.

Louis Hostetter, consul, Herraosillo.
12 17
Congoleum and linoleum

Bicycles and motorcycles Annual report on commerce and industries
for
191.':
Wm. W^
Philip
...do....
Canada, Vera Cruz. Do.

C. Hanna, general, Monterey.
consul,
Undated
..Vug.
consul
Cotton
Toilet preparations
21
Aug. 22
...do...
New
steamship service
Soap and candles

Crude
oil
Aug.
for
24
Canada, consul, Vera Cruz. Marion Letcher, consul. Chihuahua. Thomas IT. Bevan, consul, Tampico. Wm. \V. Canada, consul, Vera Cruz.
Wm. W.
shipments
month
of July, 1914
Aug. 25
Thomas
IT.
Iêvan, consul,
Tampico.
New
taxation schedule in San LuLs Potosi

glass
Aug. 29
i...do.
..
Wîlbert L.
Bonney, consul,
Potosi.
San Luis
Window
Electric
Wm. W^
Philip
Canada, Vera Cruz.
consul.
lamps
j
Aug.
L..do
I
:il
C. Hanna, general, Monterev.
consul
Dealers in window glass... Motion pictures

.'Vmerican shipments through port of
Tampico
Sept. Sept.
Do. Do.
2
.
,
Thomas
Fxportation
of food .supplies prohibited
|...do..
IT. Be van, vice consul, Tampico. William C. Blocker, vice and deputy consul, Ciudad Porfirio
Diaz.
vice con-
Oil shipments
through Tampico
Sept.
3
.
Thomas H. Bevan,
sul,
Linoleum
or
congoleum
do do
Window
glass
Tampico. Marion Letcher, consul. Chihuahua. Do.

Do. Do. Do.
Metal bedsteads
List of general dealers. Electrical supplies Coffee crop
Overalls.
Trade extension
...do. Sept. Sept. Sept.
Wm. W.
Canada, Vera Cruz.
consul.
Sept.
Wilbert L. Bonney, consul, San Luis Potosi.

Reports received
to
639
September
30,
1914
Continued.
Title.
COMMEICE OF
THE
total foreign
AL f Al
of
commerce
of
the Reiûblic
to
Salvador
for
the year 1913, accord-
ing to the report of the Director of the Bureau of Fiscal Accounts, Senor
6,173,544.84 gold, imports;
Don
Bernardo Arce, amounted

colones silver, exports.
and 23,527,781.54
Estimating the colon silver at 42.2 cents United States gold, the exports would
amount to 119,928,723.81, and the total trade to $16,102,268 65. The statistics of foreign trade for the year 1912 were: Imports,
cents); total trade, $16,717,043.75.
$6,774,859.43;
exports, $9,942,184.32 (22,341,987.23 colones silver, converted on the basis of 44.5
year
There was therefore a decrease for the year 1913 as compared with the preceding of $601,314.59 in imports, and on the basis of the conversion as above made of
$13,460.51 in exports, or a total decrease in the foreign trade of $614,775.10.1
IMPORTS.
The imports by countries
for the last live years
were as follows:
COMMERCE OF SALVADOR FOR

The
1913.
641
following table shows the imports by articles for the last five years:
1910
1911
Fertilizers
Mineral waters Fence wire i Cotton yarn Cotton cloth and manufactures
thereof
$2,661.50 3,352.55
$8,870.87 2,388.81 22,833.79 131,372.00

1,
$22,373.87 1,522.80 35,664.74 174,851.74

1,767,579.63 746.00 6,836.06 28.40 12,678.01
$130,426.49 6,110.71 62,236.22 181,240.96
$123,600.58 4,406.96 54,350.57 167,082.27

1,476,537.96 8,792.33 10,710.22
5, 523.
391, 245. 75
Live animals
Fancy
Cacao
articles
7,123.66
11,472.83 145,961.76 4, 780. 34 22,299.32 102,863.38 23,811.91 3,312.14 193,213.82 4,804.45 199, 427. 10 34, 165. 84 260,708.27 4,270.75 210. 36
90.00 9,141.39 48.50

10, 167. 84 174, 888. 02
Lime and cement

Boots, shoes, and findings
2,016,953.22 4,797.08 2,980.25 463.47 33,178.67

213, 724. 15
79
Hemp
manufactures Beer and ginger ale

Provisions
Leather goods Drugs and medicines.

Spices
7,071.69 24,939.02 62,950.74 19, 435. 06 4,317.02 214,509.67

4.
8^690^37 41,025.96 81,877.67

33, 612. 13
and tea
209. 01
Matches Flour
Jewelry
Woolen yarn Woolen fabrics and manufactures

thereof
229,429.23 20,648.72 247,437.65 8, 097. 25 1,930.89

53,032.51 5,836.66 30,709.22
6,534.35 207,981.64 5,374.37 279,335.64 24,840.90 263,402.88 10,251.23 737.72
12,467.26 45,757.76 114,787.55 48,879.04 17,424.28 418,983.56 8,786.42 564,283.57 26,863.85 392,883.27
3, 749.
15
165.72
42,073.85 234,779.25 14, 410. 28 46,492.47 112,173.42 26,578.83 33,488.64 477,677.63 9.298.03 759,866.20 31,734.83 333,139.04 2,914.51 362. 58 65,613.99 15,328.31
60, 663. 09
Printed books
Distilled liquors
68,304.63 6,841.93 25,389.06
86,076.00 15,421.67 42,910.80
100,209.07 6, 602. 78 56,231.77

324. 71
Linen thread Linen cloth and manufactures

thereof
93.32
12,744.49
40, 516. 87
Stone and china ware Lumber and cork Indian com

Agricultural machinery All other machinery
2
11,621.52 32,466.93 3,252.65
466. 75
,691.97 ,393.96
59 30,075.87 9,885.76
8, 467.
10, 667. 14
41,315.09 25,119.30
190, 716. 12 60, 956. 59 214,716.34 4,008.20 178,091.04 36, 564. 48 8,664.69 21,658.67 52, 483. 48 21, 794. 66 1,647.95
24, 762. 14
22, 608. 35 117,073.05 28,415.01
Marble Soap and candle grease Haberdashery and notions Coin Furniture and cabinetwork Paper and stationery
Illuminating oils Plants and seeds
1
53,149.39 7, 842. 75 89,059.65 22,217.36 74,897.22 12,006.41 26,329.04 23, 645. 79

17,563.47 13,045.65 117,904.06 22, 790. 06
Perfumery
Cheese and butter
Bags
for coffee
16,752.35 53,856.46 5,503.57 93,986.53 29,125.47 12,224.00 10,112.68 28,484.30 14,610.68 285.88 21,958.37 19,640.08 59,315.66
.33,
32,399.84 88,273.87 10,955.99 138,011.12 52, 312. 54 30,284.90 13,605.69 28.563.38 19,875.77 593.63 25,872.92
12, 744. 51 102, 077. 79
33,476.38 1,646.50 91,374.03 242,568.79 4,450.80 160,465.35

42, 737. 63
6,533.80 18,961.81
37, 168. 97 25, 798. 32
Silk thread Silk fabrics thereof
666. 51
26,630.00
91,299.96 16, 665. 50
40, 118. 76
1,910.24 42, 197. 75 16,943.93 126,613.03 19,323.09
and manufactures
102, 739. 14
Panama hats
Hats other than Panama Tobacco
7^075! 00
29,099.49
1, 749.
826. 00 23, 278. 17

9,
01
3,164.89
5, 155.
Wines
Miscellaneous
Articles admitted free.
3,542.98 78,041.25 304,107.58 389,087.12

4,176,
17
63,909.72
346, 912. 34
403,516.51
,745,249.19
2,010.90 5,092.43 110, 044 98 477,231.39 350,783.80
24,062.80 36,857.86 3,704.39 13, 706. 45 112,159.67 573, 697. 49 376, 158. 35
,774,859.43
,
114,169.89 6,031.40 38,919.46 3,739.67 52,625.26 123,197.96 582, 280. 31 209,456.16

173, 544. 84
Total
.56
Included
m 1909 under "Miscellaneous."
Included in 1909 under "Articles admitted free."
The imports by
principal articles and countrieB for the year 1913 were as follows:
COMMERCE
TOTAL
IMPORTS
^6,173,544.84
SALVADOR
-1913
EXPORTS
49.928.723.81
#15,102,268.65
$110,257.56
PAN AMER/CAN UN/O/V
. .
. .
COMMERCE OF SALVADOR FOR

Quantity.
1913.
643
Quantity.
Cotton cloth and manufactures thereof Con.

Italy
Kilos. 167,072
Germany
France Spain
Belgium Austria-Hungary
Switzerland
Japan Other countries

Total.
42,509 66,623 20, 451 24,261 3,474 631 2,286 756

1,907,446
$132,739.56 58,493.84 50,835.36 23,695.50 20,262.59 5,143.17 1,854.00 1,760.34 821. 62

1,476,537.
Drugs and medicines: United States United Kingdom. France
Kilos.
Germany
Spain
Italy
Belgium
Denmark
Other countries...
Total.
656,332 264,185 108,772 168,183 2,803 21,814 31,444 250 2,499

1,256,282
$239,504.90 75,301.08 74,884.50 63,295.88 10,196.58 7,338.42 3,722.74 1,083.45 2,350,08

447,677.63
Lime and cement:

United States Belgium
1,600,
1, 189.
Germany United Kingdom.

Other countries...
Total.
1,111,
17,338.91 11,486.63 10,236.77 2,002.47 809.07
Hardware: United States United Kingdom.
Germany
Belgium France
Italy
211,( 20,2
6,] 11,^
2,
J
42,073.85
Boots, shoes, and find-
Austria-Hungary Mexico Other countries...

Total.
4,J
495,692.36 116,263.43 115,685.43 17,448.18 7,902.14 2,108.27 1,476.29 1,271.72 2,018.38

759,866.20
United States
Germany
United Kingdom. France Austria-Hungary Belgium
Italy
99,600 28,095 13,700

4^455 1,236 1,598 3,130
Spain Other countries...

Total.
154,754.95 58,105.34 8,581.90 5,405.32 2,538.35 2,376.09 1,256.70 1,229.60 531.00
10,673,152
Matches:
Sweden Germany
Switzerland
Other coimtries.
Total
71,062 40,754 7,910 4,009
18, 140. 95 11,297.38 1,344.12 952.38
123,735
States.
31,734.83
FlourUnited
234,779.25
Beer and ginger ale: Mexico
Woolen
144,894 110,116 44, 696 53,494 25,818 1,538 10,824
fabrics
and man19,772 9,199 3,370 5,906 4,965 2.065 45,277
ufactures thereof: 21,692.66 11,097.65 5,098.11 4,990.32 1,318.02 1,088.55 1,207.16 46,492.47
Germany
United Kingdom....
Germany
Italy
:
Denmark
France Other countries...
Total.
France
Ecuador Other countries

Total....
29,339.52 9,923.32 8,254.11 8,205.31 7,488.85 2,402.88
391,380
65,613.99
Printed books:
United States France '." Spain United Kingdom.

Italy
Kpam
272, 101
54,883 46,913 33,741

24, 704
Germany
Portugal
Norway
China Other countries...
Total.
51,677 21,308 19,829 5,607 46,580
44,461.74 22,884.44 10,596.38 8,986.41 7,393.54 6,393.89 3,825.78 3,002.82 1,701.89 2,926.53
France United States... Other countries.

Total.
Distilled liquors:
11,706 3,424 5,222
5,047.97 4,872.36 3,556.72 1,851.26
27,244
15,32^31
France United States. Mexico Spain United Kingdom Other countries.

,
Germany
Belghim United States France Mexico Austria-Hungary Other countries...
Total.
40,647 16,686 18,166 1,370 5,480 17,345
171,091
12,089.68 3,930.24 3,614.58 2,296.05 1,148.82 1, 167. 04 2,332.42

26,578.;
Total
Stone and china ware

Austria-Hungary
France Other countries
Total
Leather goods: United States
Germany
United Kingdom. France Other countries...
Total.
1,487 566 535
22,974.44 6,107.61 2,022.74 1,446.30 937.55

33,488.64
Lumber and
Germany
Spain,
cork
United States
Other coimtries
Total
644
COMMEBCE OF SALVADOR FOE

EXPORTS.
The exports
for
1913.
645
the last five years by countries were as follows:
646
The
were as follows:
THE PAN AMEBIGAN UNION.

exports by principal articles and countries of destination for the year 1913
Quantity.
Quantity.
Value.
Pounds.
United Kingdom Mexico
Coffee, in
parchment:
Pounds.
505,082 340,504 53,209
,795
Gonnany
Peru Ecuador
Total.
40,195 37,017 32,998 14,095 9,430
$16,402.55 14,179.20 12,277.24 4,758.47 4,684.20 3.596.71
Austria- Hungary
United Kingdom.
Germany
Total.
Cattle hides:
$55,596.77 35,923.17 5,613.55

97,133.
55,898.37
Germany
United States.
592, 285 J 42,369
1,214,133
United Kingdom. Costa Rica Other countries...
51,238.01 24,895.26
634,654^
15, 150
Deerskins:
2,018
United States.
Germany
Total..
17,553 10,491
5,086.15 2,425.84
United States Germany... France

nitfid
Kingdom.
70,886 62,239 8.223 4; 078

175
Guatemala
Total.
Coffee, clean:
45,578.11 40,828.50 5,275.00 2,610.07 105.50
Rubher:
Germany
United SI France.. Belgium.
Total.
30,084^ 13,969 2,146 55

46,254i
11,823.43 6,486.71 755.38 19.75
145,655
94,397.18
19,085.27
France
15,955,
12, 120,
Germany
United States
Italy
Austria-Hungary. United Kingdom.
Norway
Netherlands.
Chile
10,779, 9,538, 3,557, 3,415, 2,238, 2,070,

738, 609, 377, 140,
95, 51,
5,
2,020, 1,534, 1,364, 1,207, 450, 432, 283, 262,

93,
022.43 151.97 630.18 634.39 377.22 362.29 372.83 089.85
Tobacco: Costa Rica. Honduras.. Nicaragua.

Total.
98,174 4,285 17
35,289.83 954.77
Gold and silver in bars,

concentrates, etc: United States
Denmark.
Russia....
Panama..
Belgium..
Total
77,155.23 47,820.49 17,806.92 12,106.12 6,571.81 697.31
United Kingdom
Total.
1,386,346.87 190,367.95
61,695,467 7,810,317.70
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC
In a recent message of the President of the Republic to the Federal BUDGET for 1915, the estimated expenditures of the nation are given as 389,728,422.82 pesos national currency (paper peso equals about 43 cents United States) and national bonds to the amount of 16,550,000 pesos national currency The current expenses of the administration included in the amounts mentioned are estimated, in national currency, as foUows: Congress, 4,916,040; department of interior, 51,278,582.96; foreign relations
Congress, submitting the proposed
the latter
and worship, 4,715,576.61; treasury, 21,570,836, and 86,671,648.97, sum being for account of the public debt; justice and public
64,024,909.09; war, 28,761,132.64; marine, 26,440,452;
instruction,
agriculture, 12,613,547.12; public works, 9,052,860; pensions, annui-
and retirements, 14,250,000; and military supplies, 5,221,406. The proposed budget law authorizes the President to lower or aboHsh the import duties on coffee and yerba mat6 tea from Paraguay and
ties,
Brazil, provided always that international agreements are
made
for
commercial reciprocity.
The
receipts
from import duties
for 1915
In a mesare estimated at 180,500,000 pesos national currency. sage of the Chief Executive to the Senate, prepared upon the recom-
mendation
of the
department
of agriculture, the President
recom-
mends that he be authorized to arrange with a private company, by means of pubHc bids, for the exploitation of the Comodoro Rivadavia OIL fields. The Executive sets forth in the message his reasons for believing that the present system of exploitation by the Federal GovSince the ernment results in a loss of revenue to the nation. breaking out of the European war the circulation of La Prensa, one of the great newspapers of Buenos Aires, has reached the remarkable figure of 240,000 copies daily. Preliminary steps have been taken in Buenos Aires looking to the holding of a CONGRESS OF The article ACCOUNTANTS in the Federal capital in 1916. which appeared in the August BuUetui concerning the STATUE OF SARMIENTO IN BOSTON has attracted wide notice. The Government is proceeding with this project and Bela L. Pratt, the sculptor, has prepared a model in plaster of this statue, which, if accepted, will be cast in bronze and placed, probably, in one of the parks of Boston. The FOREIGN COMMERCE of the Argentine Republic during the first hah of 1914 amounted to 384,750,618 Argentine gold pesos (gold peso = $0.9647), made up of imports, 171,016,664 gold pesos, and exports, 213,733,954 gold from the Argentine Republic pesos. The exports of from 1875 to 1912 occupied the first place in importance as com-
WHEAT
647
648
pared with other commodities exported from that country and amounted to 1,149,901,014 gold pesos. Maize occupied the second place, amounting to 654,462,598 gold pesos. In July last the number of Argentine citizens resident in Paris, according to registrations in the general consulate of that country in the French capital, The Argentine Government has taken steps to acquire was 1,176. from 25 to 50 hectares of land, within an hour's ride by train from Buenos Aires, for the estabhshment of an ASYLUM FOR THE The first important consignment of Comodoro RivadaBLIND. via petroleum arrived at Buenos Aires recently on the tank steamer Waneta. The consignment consisted of 2,000 tons, which was transferred to tanks specially erected for its reception. Steps are being taken to increase the output of these important fields.
MAP
map
Senor Juan Luis Go tret, of Potosi,has recently prepared a RELIEF of Bohvia, showing the mountain and river systems of the coun-
try and indicating in colors the climates of the different zones.

also
The
shows the international boundaries, the means of communication by water, and the railway Unes of the Repubhc. The Government of Bohvia has arranged with the author for a pressed cardboard edition of the map to be used in the schools of the Repubhc and to be distributed abroad by the Bolivian consuls. Senor Gotret proposes to prepare another map on the same plan, but larger and much more in detail, for the use of the Government. The author of this map has been invited by the BoUvian Government to make a relief map of the Potosi Mountain for the purpose of placing it on exhibition at the Panama-Pacific Exposition in San Francisco in 1915. Senor Gotret is professor of geography in the Pichincha National College and a member of the Geographic Society of Potosi. The National Office of Statistics and Geographic Propaganda of Bohvia has requested a number of copies of the rehef map for distribution to the different geographic and scientific societies of the United States. During the first six months of the present year the National Bank of Bohvia earned a net profit of 510,179.63 bolivianos ($204,071.85). The Hispanic Bohvian SANITARIUM at La Paz, founded by Dr. Jose Querol, was opened to pubhc use in August last. As at present equipped the institution has a capacity for treating 12 patients, but it is proposed at a later date to greatly enlarge the capacity of the sanitarium. Dr. Juan Maria ZaUes has been appointed minister of government and fomento of Bohvia by
BKAZIL.
649
The AUTOMOBILE SERVICE the President of the Repubhc. estabhshed between Potosi and Sucre requires 10 hours'în^which to make the trip. Three machines are at present employedjin this traffic. One of the important stops on the route is at Bano de Don A FOOTBALL association has Diego, 25 kilometers from Potosi. been organized at La Paz. Max de la Vega is president, Francisco Pinaya secretary, and Placido Escobari treasurer of the association. Competitive games have been arranged and prizes will be distributed The BREWING industry at La to the victorious contestants. Paz has petitioned the municipal council to exempt the breweries in that city from the export tax on beer shipped to interior points of the Repubhc. Bottled beer manufactured in La Paz pays a municipal duty of 40 centavos per dozen bottles when exported. If this beer is sent to Oruro, Cochabamba, or Potosi an additional tax of 40 cenMarcario tavos per dozen bottles is imposed by these cities. D. Escobari, a Bohvian philanthropist, recently deceased, left 40,000 bohvianos partly for the use of the College of Law at La Paz and partly for other pubhc purposes. The Bolivian Rubber & General Enterprise Co. proposes to build electric TRAIVIWAYS in the city of La Paz. It is planned to extend one of these lines from the center of the city to the Antofagasta Railway station. The proposed tramway system wiU consist of six sections. The tramcars are to be purchased of J. B, Brill & Co., and both a passenger and a freight service wiU be provided.
A VETERINARY MILITARY SCHOOL was inaugurated in Rio de Janeiro in July last, the President and his cabinet being present at the opening ceremonies. Three instructors have been
A WIRELESS TELEGRAPH STATION
contracted by the Brazilian Government to teach in this school. has been erected at Serra
Madureira, a point on the boundary between Brazil and Peru selected by the Brazihan-Peruvian boundary commission. From this station wireless communication is carried on with Alanaos, about 700
miles distant.
The committee on mihtary
affairs of the
House
of
Deputies of the Brazilian Congress has recommended that the regular army of the Repubhc in 1915 shall consist of 31,925 men, instead of 53,081, which was requested by the mihtary staff. Frederic Lundgreen, a member of the Brazihan House of Deputies, recently purchased in London the fine STALLION Pericles for 95 contos ($30,780). This stud will be used at Recife for breeding
650
purposes. The Legislative Assembly of the State of Rio de Janeiro has elected Dr. Nilo Pecanha governor of that Commonwealth. Instruction has been temporarily suspended in the military AVIATION SCHOOL at Rio de Janeiro, due to the lack of flying machines in perfect condition. A separate aviation school is to be maintained for the navy. Two Farmen hydroplanes are to be used in this school. Joaquin Mountaner, a Russian count and director of the Prowodrick Powder Works at Riga, who has been in Brazil a number of months investigating and studying the exploitation of rubber, is negotiating with the department of agriculture of the Brazilian Government for the establishment of a factory in Brazil for the manufacture of rubber goods. According to A Rua, a pubHcation of the Federal Capital, the petroleum fields recently discovered in the State of Alagoas cover an area of 250 square leagues and are said to be the largest in extent in the world. The oil from these fields is of excellent quahty. A concession has been soUcited for the construction of a BRIDGE over the Guanabara Bay. The proposed bridge will be 3,500 meters long and will cost about $14,500,000. The Senate of the Congress of Brazil has approved a law authorizing the issuance of 300,000 contos ($97,200,000) paper currency, 200,000 contos ($64,800,000) of which are to be used for account of the Federal Government and 100,000 contos ($32,400,000) are to be loaned to banks for the purpose of reheving the stringency of the financial situation. The issue is to be redeemed from a percentage of the customs revenues. A bill authorizing foreign vessels engaged in the COASTWISE TRADE of the RepubHc to sail under the Brazihan flag has been introduced into Congress. The Brazihan steamer Astrea recently cleared from Florianapohs for Buenos Aires with a cargo of BANANAS. The REGATTA held in August last at Botafogo, a suburb of Rio de Janeiro, was attended by vast crowds. Senhor Vasco da Gama was the successful contestant. The death of Gen. Saturino Cardozo, an eminent Brazihan mihtary authority who has rendered important services to his country, occurred on August 10 last.
has just been formed in Chile, as foUows: Minister of Minister of Foreign Affairs, Senor Manuel Salinas; Minister of Justice, Senor Absal6n Valencia; Minister of Finance, Senor Alberto Edwards; Minister of War and Navy, Senor Alfredo Barros-Errdzuriz Minister of PubUc Works, Senor
Interior, Senor GuiUermo Barros Jara
;
A new cabinet
CHILE.
Julio Garces.
651
BANK
The consumers GAS company of Santiago earned during the first half of 1914 a net profit of 850,500 pesos (paper peso equals about 20 cents United States), thereby enabling it to pay a dividend of 9 per cent to its stockholders, and set aside 40,500 pesos, to the exploitation fimd. The profits of the Agricultural during the first half of 1914 were 25,233 pesos, of which amount 10,285 pesos were placed to the reserve fund. The bank of Osorno and La Union during the same period earned 105,101 pesos. This bank paid a dividend of 6 per cent to its stockholders, and placed a
considerable
The sum to the credit of its reserve and other funds. administrative railway board of the Chilean Government, after a
thorough investigation of the
RAILWAY RATES now
in force, has
decided to raise the tariffs so as to enable the railway companies to earn enough money to pay the expenses of operation, etc., out of their own funds. The Government-owned railways in Chile have been authorized by the Department of Communications to purchase coal for the use of the railways to the value of 2,000,000 pesos. A TIN MINE has been discovered in the Taltal Sierra in the
Cachiyuyo ravine, commune

is
of
El Transito.
similar to the veins of the tin mines at
producing districts of the Province of of Chile proposes to employ 2,000 laborers in the construction of potable WATiiiR in the Province of Tarapaca, 500 in grading and 3,000 in excavating cuts of the Zapiga to Arica Railway. With the object of giving employment to workmen who are temporarily idle because of the partial cessation of work in the nitrate fields, plans and estimates have been prepared with the object of employing
The vein of this mine VaUenar and other tin^The Government Atacama.
WORKS
large
numbers
of these
men
in the construction of the following rail-
ways: Paine to Talagante; a railway to connect the Traiguen branch with the main line; the Iquique Railway, and the Antofagasta to the Longitudinal Railway. Complete plans have also been made for the construction of the following lines: MelpiUa to Las Cabras, Valparaiso to Casablanca, San Vicente to Perallillo and Parronal, Valdivia to Los Canelos, Freire to Cunco, Los Angeles to Santa Barbara and QuiUaco, San Clemente to Colorado with a branch- to Queri, San Bernardo to Puente Alto, Quilpue to Melipilla, San Carlos to San Fabian, Artificio to Quincolmo, El Alamo to Molina, Cauquenes to Chanco, Quirihue and Coelemu, Union to Rio Bueno, Yumbed to Rio Claro, Bulnes to San Ignacio, and San Ignacio to El Recinto.
The decree recently issued prohibiting the exportation
of
PROVI-
SIONS
to foreign ports excepted food articles necessary for the use
of vessels clearing
from Chilean ports destined to foreign
ports.
The customs revenues of Chile during the first seven months of 1914 amounted to 83,184,591 gold pesos, as compared with 87,721,612 gold pesos during the same period of 1913. (Gold peso = $0.365).
652

agricultural school at Talca has been authorized to invest the
of 1,500 pesos in the establishment of a nursery of fruit
The
sum
forest trees.
and works has completed a study of IREIGATION works in the Province of Bio-Bio, and reports that the Laja River will irrigate 37,000 hectares of land, all of which will soon be placed under cultivation. Funds have been appropriated to pay for the printing of mining MAPS of the departments of Vallenar and Freirina, as well as for the coal maps of
The department
of public
Collinco, Province of Arauco.
National
FORESTAL EXPOlast.
SITION was
ment
held in Santiago in September
The Govern-
of Chile has ratified the
WIRELESS
telegraph convention con-
cluded and signed in London on July 5, 1912. A plan for the establishment of an electric in Talca has been approved by the Federal Government.
TRAMWAY
ISTER OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION,
Dr. Carlos Cortes Lee having declined the appointment of MINthe President conferred the post on EmiUo Ferrero, who entered upon the discharge of his duties
on August 13 last. The STATUE of Jose Rufino Cuervo, the celebrated Colombian philologist, was unveiled in San Ignacio square in Bogota on July 17 of the present year. The section of the electric TRAMWAY in Bogota, between San Francisco and Las Cruces plazas, was opened to pubUc traffic on July 20, 1914. A law has been enacted appropriating $20,000 for the erection of a SANITARY STATION at Tumaco. The construction work will be under the direction of the Sanitary Board of the Pacific, the board of health physicians at Tumaco, and the prefect of the province. The Minister of Pubhc Works has contracted with Joaquin de Mer for the SANITATION of the port of Riohacha. The Conversion Board
has contracted with the Remington Co., of New York, for 16 IRON SAFES to be used in guarding the funds of the Nation. Each of these safes is to have a special combination lock that will require the Â new building, costing use of three keys to open the same. $60,000, has been completed at Cartagena for the use of the
COURTS.
number
Theodore Prees, a German naturalist representing a was recently in the region of Caqueta engaged in the study of BOTANY, ethnography, sociology, and
of scientific societies,
geography.
The National Academy

in
of
an annual
LITERARY CONTEST
which a prize
History has arranged for will be given for

of the contest is
to:
the best historical essay presented.
The subject
COSTA EICA.
653
be announced on November 1 of each year. The subject for the present year is "Narino's campaign in southern Colombia." According to press reports the PETROLEUM Exploration Co., with a capital of $100,000 gold, has been reorganized in CartaAt the present time 63 newspapers are pubUshed in Bogota, gena. Cartagena prints 2 daily papers, Barran11 of which are daihes. The workmen of Bogota have an underquilla 10, and MedeUin 4. standing by virtue of which they are to discard the use of STRAW HATS and the blanket or covering known as the "poncho," substituting in their place caps and jackets similar to those used by North
The EXPORTS OF COFFEE American and European workmen. from the department of Antioquia during the first half of 1914 amounted to 115,496 sacks. The estimated exports for 1914 are In 1913 the 231,000 sacks in comparison with 161,027 in 1913. CONSULAR FEES of Colombia aggregated $765,404 gold, as compared with $612,211 in 1912 and $451,273 in 1911. The cost of colThe work lection was from 8 to 14 per cent of the gross receipts. of extending Puerto Colombia WHARF is being rapidly pushed forward. A WINERY has been estabUshed at Socorro by Ernesto This plant is giving excellent results, the grapes grown in Villalba.
the vicinity being equal,
it is said,
to the best grapes of Spain.
The President has appointed governors of the following departments: Department of Antioquia, Gen. Pedro J. Berrio; Atlantico, Dr. Teo-
Ramon Rodriguez; Boyaca, Dr. Alejandro Motta; Caldas, Senor Jose Ignacio Villegas; Cauca, Dr. Miguel Arroyo Diez; Valle, Gen. Jose A. Pinto; Cundinamarca, Senor Jose Ram6n Lago; Santander, Dr. Rafael Neira; Huila, Senor Alejandro Villorla; ^Magdalena, Dr. Rafael de Armas; Narino, Gen. Justo Guerrero; Santander del Norte, Dr. Luis Febres Cordero; and Senor Leopoldo Cajiao has Tolima, Senor Alejandro Caicedo. TELEGRAPHS, and Dr. been appomted director of POSTS
dosio Goenaga; Bohvar, Dr.
AND
Francisco Tafur secretary to the President of the RepubHc.
In July last the President of the RepubHc addressed a special message to the House of Deputies recommending the establishment The message was of an AGRICULTURAL MORTGAGE BANK. accompanied by a proposed biU which provided, among other things,
the following: That the business of the bank shall consist in the issue of mortgage bonds, the collection of sums due the bank, the payment of interest to the holders of mortgage bonds, and the Hquidation at
654
THE PAN AMEMCAN UNION.
mortgage bonds when they fall The bonds are to be issued in denominations of 50, 100, 200, 500, and 1,000 colones (colon = $0,465) or the equivalents in foreign money. These bonds are to be issued in the names of their owners or to bearer, as may be desired, and are transferable and negotiable. Bonds issued in the names of the holders are transferable by indorsement. Mortgage bonds issued on property are payable to the bank only in such sums and for such period of years as may be specified in the contract. The interest shall not exceed 10 per cent per annum, the amortization fund shall not be less than 1 per cent, and the fund
par, out of the amortization fund, of
due.
for the expense of administration shall not exceed one-half of
per
cent per annum.

for the
The bank
is
prohibited from issuing bonds except

its favor.
Each mortgage The value of the mortgaged property shall be ascertained by one or more experts appointed by the bank. The proposed bank shall be called ''National Agricultural Mortgage Bank," and its headquarters shall be in San Jose, but it has authority to establish branches and agencies in other points of Costa Rica or abroad, if it should deem advisable. The initial capital of the bank shall not be less than 8,000,000 colones, which may be increased to 50,000,000 colones if business transactions should so require. The duration of the bank shall be for a period of 30 years, during which time it shall have the exclusive The bank may have two secprivilege of issuing mortgage bonds. tions one commercial, which shall be subject to the regular banking laws of the country, and the other the mortgage section. The maximum rate of interest to be charged by the commercial section shall not exceed 10 per cent per annum; that of the mortgage section 8 per cent for loans of over three years and 9 per cent for shorter-term The bank may also issue bank notes. The proceeds of the loans. amount
of the
mortgages made in
bond
shall be recorded in a special register.
mortgage bonds sold abroad shall be invested in Costa Rica in new mortgage bonds. The capital, shares, bonds, and other property of the bank are exempt from federal taxation. The President of the Republic is authorized to expend up to 50,000 colones in payment of the expenses required to be incurred in the estabhshment of the bank, and is also authorized to issue rules and regulations for The Holland DAIRY, near San Jose, the government of the bank. is one of the most modern and completely equipped estabhshments The plant is owned by Fernandez & of its kind in Latin America. Co., who have a large number of high-grade Holland milch cows. ^The Butter and cheese of a fine quahty are made in this dairy.
issues of
city of
Limon has taken preliminary

of $150,000
steps looking to the placing of a
LOAN
an annual rate of interest not exceeding 8 per cent per annum and 2 per cent sinking fund after the third year. The object of the loan is the funding of the municipal debt and the improvement of the streets of Limon.
American
gold, at
MAINS
The work of laying more than 100,000 meters of new WATEE The mains referred to belong in Habana has been finished. The installato the new plan of water supply in the Federal capital. tion will be complete when the electric pump is installed and in
operation at the Palatino tanks.
According to the statement of the department of pubUc works intends to proceed with the laying of new mains in Vedado for the purpose of extending the water service in that suburb. Hon. Eldeberto Farres has been appointed Minister of Cuba near the Government of Colombia. Director General Sanguily of the MILITARY ACADEMY at Habana has recommended that money be appropriated for a modern building especially constructed for the needs of the academy. It is understood that a plan embodying these features, which has the approval of the President of the RepubHc, will be drawn up and submitted by the Executive to the consideraThe town of Torriente is instalHng an tion of the Cuban Congress. ELECTRIC light plant which will furnish light and power to the municipaUty. The building has already been constructed and the plant is expected to be in operation in a short time. The INFANTILE COLONY, which has been in operation in the neighborhood of Habana for about two months by the National Department of Health and Charities, under the auspices of the local board of health at Triscornia, the object of which has been to provide outdoor Hfe to indigent children, has closed its work for the season. During the two months in which it was in operation it enabled more than 700 children to spend a number of weeks in the country, and provided them with sea bathing, open-air life, and nourishing food. It has been decided to open the colony next year at an earher date in the season. A new STEAMSHIP LINE has been estabhshed to ply between Cuban ports, the Isle of Pines, and New Orleans. For the present two steamers will be used in this service, making the round trip in about 12 days. Special attention is to be given to both freight and passenger traffic. The official report just pubhshed for the University of Habana for the scholastic years 1911-12 and 1912-13 shows a steady growth of the institution. The total enrollment for the last named year was 1,118, of whom 264 were in the College of Letters and Science, 632 in the College of Medicine and Pharmacy, 48 in the College of Law, and 174 in two or more of these departments. In addition to the foregoing 610 students in the Republic of Cuba took examinations in the university after pursuing their studies in other institutions or privately. During the year referred to 24^
city engineer, Senor Giro de la Vega, the
655
656
degrees were conferred by the university, 50 of which were from the College of Letters and Science, 108 from the College of Medicine, Pharmacy, and Dentistry, and 88 from the College of Law. The
budget of the university for the year 1912-13 was $404,370, of which $322,200 were expended for instruction, $4,800 for travehng fellowships, $25,250 for equipment, and $52,120 for administration and service. The Cuban cruiser Cuba participated in the CENTENARY CELEBRATION of the American flag held in Baltimore in September last. On August 15, 1914, the President of theRepubhc laid the cornerstone of the MONUMENT which is being erected in Matanzas in honor of the Cuban poet, Jose Jacinto Milanes. The Hispano American Navigation Co. proposes to inaugurate a monthly STEAMSHIP SERVICE between Spain and Cuba, using the steamers Joaquin Mamhru, Emilia S. de Perez, and Catalina Perez. Barcelona, Valencia, Malaga, Cadiz, and Santiago ae Cuba will be ports of caU. President Menocal has signed a decree suspending the SANI-
TARY ORDINANCES
effect
for 60 days.
The new ordinances went
into
on September
of the present year.
An
order has been
issued forbidding druggists from selling morphine, cocaine,

derivatives of opium, except on physician's prescriptions.
of the law are subject to
and other
Violators
heavy
penalties.
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
The Consuelo Sugar Co., a corporation organized in accordance with the laws of the State of New York for the purpose of cultivating sugar cane, manufacturing sugar, raising stock, and engaging in other related industries on the Consuelo plantation, situated in the jurisdiction of San Pedro de Macoris, recently requested permission of the Dominican Government to bring into the country 1,200 laborers from the neighboring Antilles to work during the grinding season of 1914-15. This permission was granted the company on the condition that it repatriate, at its own expense, immigrants whose moral conduct should be contrary to the laws of the land or a menace to public The company likewise agreed to send out of the country order. such of these immigrants as might, through sickness, be rendered unfit for work. The rise in the price of sugar in the markets of the world has stimulated the sugar industry of the Republic, and many planters are contemplating increasing to a very considerable extent their acreage of sugar land. Â recent executive decree provides that importers of ALCOHOLIC PRODUCTS on which the law im-
EOUADOB.
657
poses a duty, and wliich products are not received in accordance
with the manifest, due to breakage or other causes, are entitled to reimbursement for the excess payment of duties, provided the claim is accompanied by a customs certificate verifying the overpayment. Claims of this nature must be made witliin eight days after the arrival of the vessel bringing the liquors on which duty was paid, otherwise the consideration of the claim is barred. The sugar-cane plantation known as the Central Romana, after securing the proper governmental authority, has placed on its wireless telegraph tower a white fixed LIGHT of the same candlepower as those carried by large vessels on their masts. The light is in north latitude 18 25', and 68 57' 15" west longitude, and is 105 feet above the level of the sea. According to the Official Gazette of the Dominican Government, in its issue of July 29 last, the following MINES have been denounced: By Julio Pichardo & Co., a gold mine in the jurisdiction of San Cristobal, Province of Santo Domingo; by Lugo, Cabral, and Rodriguez, gold, copper, iron and gold placer mines on Guerra Creek, near the Bani River, commune of Bani, Province of Santo Domingo; by De Pool and Rodriguez, gold, copper, iron and silver mines at Alcarrizos, province of Santo Domingo, and by Jufio Pichardo & Co., gold ores and auriferous sands at various points in the province of Santo Domingo. Â tobacco company entitled "Companla Anonima Tabacalera," with a capital of $365,000 American gold, has been organized in the city of Santiago de lOs Caballeros, for the pm-pose of purchasing the tobacco and cigarette factory of Sollner & Co., located in Santiago and operated under the name of "La Habanera," as well as the Nadal cigarette factory situated in the city of Santo Domingo, together with all trade-marks, secret processes, etc. The new company proposes to continue the manufacture of the same brands of cigars and cigarettes hitherto made by the companies R. Solbier referred to, and intends to do business on a larger scale. is president of the company and E. Piola, secretary.
ECUADOR
The following excerpts from the Thirty-ninth and Fortieth Annual Reports of the Council of Foreign Bondholders (London) is of interest as showing the praiseworthy efforts of the present Govern-
ment
The
of
Ecuador
to
meet
its financial obligations:
council are glad to report that Gen. Plaza appears determined to carry these
8ati?factory assurances into effect.
In the ten months from March to December the
58476Bull. 414
658

of
payments made for the service
or about 40,000 in excess of the
the railway bonds have amounted to nearly 190,000, sum fixed by the contract of 30th September, 1908.
With the funds thus remitted, not only have the whole of the arrears of interest and sinking fund on the prior lien bonds been cleared off and the c\irrent service duly
met, but the coupon on the 5 per cent first mortgage bonds, due July, 1910, was paid January 2, 1913, leaving a balance of about 18,000 to be carried forward. * * * This changed condition of affairs reflects credit on the Government of Ecuador, and if they continue their present wise policy of strictly observing their obligations, confidence in the Republic's credit, which has been rudely shaken by the events of the last three years, will be restored. (Thirty-ninth Annual Report.) It is satisfactory to report that diu-ing the past year the Government of Ecuador has continued its efforts to reestablish the credit of the country. In addition to the regular payment of the interest and sinking fund on the prior Uen bonds of the Guayaquil and Quito Railway Co., four of the arrear coupons on the fijst mortgage bonds were paid off viz, January 2, May 2, September 16, and December 10. Dviring the 16 months from September, 1912, when President Plaza assumed oflice, up to the end of 1913, the Government remitted upwards of 300,000 for the service of the railway bonds, so that, after providing for the above-mentioned payments, there was a balance of nearly 24,000 to be carried forward to the ctu-rent year. The service of the salt bonds has been also brought up to date, seven amortizations having taken place in the 12 months from January, 1913, to January, 1914. Out of the total issue of these bonds nearly 40 per cent has been already paid off. (Fortieth
Annual Report.)
The consul of Ecuador in Brussels in a report published in one of the daily papers of Guayaquil, recommends that the export duties on TOQUILLA STRAW, from which the hats commonly known as
"Panama hats" are made, be increased to such an extent that it will be more profitable to manufacture the hats at home than to send the straw out of the country for their manufacture abroad. With the object of encouraging the industry in Ecuador, the consul recommends a reduction of export duties on Panama hats. He also believes that negotiations should be entered into with Colombia and Venezuela, the two other countries which export toquilla straw, with the object of inducing them to cooperate with Ecuador in taking such measures as will encourage the development of the hat industry in all of the countries where this straw is produced. The Senate of the Congress of Ecuador, which assembled in the regular session on August 10 last, elected Dr. Baquerizo Moreno president of the Senate, Jose Maria Barona, vice president, and Enrique Bustamante L., secretary. During the first five months of 1914 the exports of CACAO aggregated 545,535 quintals, upon which a duty of 4.80 sucres per
EXand other articles of prime necessity, with the exception of coffee, cacao, and bananas, until such time as Congress or the executive power may otherwise direct. Â contract has been made with the General Electric Co. to install a plant for furnishing LIGHT AND POWER to the city of Ambato.
quintal was charged.
recent executive decree prohibits
PORTS OF PROVISIONS
The President
of
Guatemala has appointed delegates to the
follow-
ing Congresses and conferences:
Congress of the 10th of October, 1914, Senor Joaquin M6ndez; to the Sixth International Sanitary Conference, which wiU be held in Montevideo, Uruguay, from the 13th to the 21st of December of the present year, Dr. Alberto Enrique Toro and Dr. Manuel F. Valle; and to the Second International Congress of Popular Baths, which was scheduled to meet in Brussels from the 7th to the 10th of August of the present According to reports of the BANKS year, Senor Eugenio Thiery. of the city of Guatemala, during the first half of the present year the profits, plus the balance from the previous profit and loss account, were as foUows: Occidental Bank, 2,197,107.57 pesos, currency (paper
peso equals about 6 cents United States); Agricultural Mortgage Bank, 441,795.23 pesos, currency; and the International Bank of Guatemala, 881,303.30 pesos, currency. The net earnings of the American Bank of Guatemala during the period referred to were 1,031,767.26 paper pesos, while those of the Bank of Guatemala were Senor Reginaldo Wagner has been appointed 2,020,604.96 pesos.
Drs. E,am6n of Uruguay in the city of Guatemala. Bengoechea and Juan PadiUa Matute, consuls of Guatemala in New York and San Francisco, respectively, represented the Government of Guatemala at the Fourth International Congress of Home Education which met in Philadelphia in September last. In the department of Quezaltenango in April of the present year there were 673 head of cattle slaughtered, 410 head of sheep, and 604 head of hogs. The consumption of flour in the same department during the month referred to was 1,202 quintals, of which 1,013 quintals were native flour and 189 foreign. The department of Chiquimula has organized a BOARD OF AGRICULTURE to look after, develop, and promote agricultural interests in that section of the RepubHc. The officers of this board are as follows: Juan Sagastume, president, and Pedro A Zea, secretary. A NATIONAL EXPOSITION will be held in the city of Guatemala from October 26 to 31, 1914, for the purpose of showing the progress in mining and the industrial development of the country. Exhibits for the department of mines will be made under the following heads: Geology, mineralogy, metallic products, geologic and mineralogic maps and technical work. The industrial department will consist of exhibits of iron, steel, and other
To the Nineteenth International Americanists, which met in Washington from the 5th to
CONSUL
metals, classified as smelters, machinery, blacksmithing, coppering,
660

Other principal exhibits represent the wood and pottery, fabrics of silk,
plumbing, and tinning.
industry, construction material, ceramics

printing, binding,
zers, fats,
wool, cotton and other fibers, hats, mats and baskets, rope, leather,
and photography, jewelry and engraving, fertiliwax, soaps and candles, gaseous waters and sirups, alcohols, beers and other fermented beverages, chemical industry, drugs, food products and allied industries, tobacco, and miscellaneous industries. Under the latter designation there will be exhibits of glassware, mirrors, drawn work, cardboard and paper, clothing and underwear, wax flowers and fruits, tailoring and embroidery. The program provides for 62 classes of exhibits. The committee of awards is to present its report on October 29. It is understood that some of the exhibits will be sent to the Panama and San Francisco
expositions.
The National Assembly

for culinary purposes
of Haiti
has recently enacted a law impos-
ing duties of $1.20 per barrel of 240 pounds on
common
salt suitable
imported into the country. -With the object of encouraging throughout the Republic, in so far as possible, the cultivation of COTTON, the Minister of Agriculture has issued a circular setting forth the advantages of carrying on this industry on a large scale and the consequent wealth it would bring to the country. An executive decree of August 23 last convoked the Congress of Haiti in special session on September 2, 1914, with the chief object of considering the proposed BUDGET of receipts and expenditures of the Government for the present fiscal year. -In conformity with article 69 of the constitution, which gives to the legislative power the right to enact laws on all subjects of public interest, and in view of the opening of the Panama Canal to the traffic of the world, and bearing in mind
the excellent location of the

desirability that the
PORT OF SAINT NICOLAS
and the
Republic of Haiti should participate in the benefits which will result in the opening of such a great interoceanic waterway, the Congress of Haiti has enacted a law authorizing the President of the Republic to negotiate with contractors and capitalists
for the
estimates,
improvement of the port and town referred to. The plans, and other papers in connection with these improvement
works shall be submitted to Congress for consideration during its next regular session. The works which it is proposed to carry out
are as follows: Installation of lighthouses, construction of a general
HONDUEAS.
661
wharf and of a coaling station, erection of a wireless telegraph station, repair of the aqueduct for the purpose of facilitating ships in supplying themselves with an abundance of potable water, repair of streets, and
the reconstruction or repair of the principal edifices of the port.
Should the works planned be successfully completed, it is undeniable that this port, due to its remarkably advantageous geographic location, will become not only one of the most important ports of the Republic, but will soon be one of the principal ports of the iaitilles. The Federal Government has called for bids for increasing and bettering the services of the POTABLE WATER supply of Port au Prince. Public bids have also been requested for the establishment of a water supply in the town of Petit Goave. The National Assembly has passed a bill providing for the taking over for account of the Government of the SCHOOL OF SURVEYORS, estabUshed by the association of geometric surveyors at Port au Prince on May 14, 1900.
recent executive decree provides that from the
sum
of 200,000 of the
pesos appropriated as a subvention to the
DAY SCHOOLS
RepubUc, 189,785 pesos be distributed during the 10 school months of the economic year which commences August 1, 1914, and closes on July 31, 1915, the payments to be made in accordance with the provisions set forth in the decree.
The amount
specified of the sub-
vention referred to
capitals or
is
to be paid to the municipafities at the municipal
county seats, in accordance with article 17 of the Code of Public Instruction, for the use of at least a school for boys and one for girls. Should a municipaUty have only one school, the subvention will be reduced one-half. The remaining 10,215 pesos are specially intended for such municipafities as may have native Indians within their jurisdiction, this sum to be used in their instruction. The President has approved the rules and regulations for the National SCHOOL OF AUTOMOBILES. These rules and regulations consist of nine articles in which are enumerated the age and quafifications candidates must have in order to be admitted to the school, the examinations to which they will be subject, and the hours devoted to work and for class instruction after entrance into the school. When a pupil has acquired the necessary knowledge to drive machines, he will be given a certificate of competency by the According to data pubfished in the Department of Fomento.
662
Tegucigalpa, the number of bunches of Honduras in 1913 was 6,333,582, as comThe CUSTOMS REVENUES durpared with 5,897,279 in 1912. ing the first five months of 1914 amounted to 1,527,613 pesos, as compared with 1,215,527 pesos during the same period of 1913, or an On Septemincrease of 312,086 pesos in favor of the present year. ber 15 last the new CUSTOMHOUSE BUILDING at La Ceiba was opened to the public. The building was specially constructed for customhouse purposes, and is one of the many evidences of the development and growth of the progressive city and port of La Ceiba. According to data compiled by E. M. Lawton, the American consul at Tegucigalpa, the value of the exports of Honduras to the United States in 1913 amounted to $4,136,854, as compared with The $3,452,929, gold, in 1912, or an increase in 1913 of $683,925. PUBLIC HIGHWAY which runs from Tegucigalpa to San Lorenzo, a port on the Pacific coast of Honduras, on the Bay of San Lorenzo (Gulf of Fonseca), and which is known locally as the "Carretera del Sur," is 130 kilometers long, and has a width of from 7 to 12 meters, the smaller width being in the hilly and mountainous sections of the country traversed. The grades over most of the mountainous parts of the road vary from 3 to 4 per cent, descending in some cases as low as i per cent and rising to a maximum at specially steep points of 10 per cent. Passenger traffic over this road is carried on by saddle animals, carriages, stages, and automobiles, while the ever increasing freight traffic is dispatched by pack animals, two-wheeled oxcarts, automobiles, and other vehicles. The trip in automobile from Tegucigalpa to San Lorenzo requires six hours, it being easy to maintain an average speed of from 21 to 22 kilometers her hour. By carriage, stage, or muleback the journey requires two days, and freight is brought over the road in carts in six or eight days. About 6,000 tons of freight annually are transported over this highway, and 50 twowheeled oxcarts, approximately, are constantly employed in the
ECONOMIC REVIEW of BANANAS exported from
traffic.
to actively
The ELECTRIC TRAIVIWAY CO. of the City of Mexico proposes commence work in the near future on the tramway fine
is
It will connect the Federal Capital with the city of Puebla. estimated that about three months wiU be needed to complete the A summary line after the commencement of construction work.
which
MEXICO.
of the
663
eight
commerce
of
Mexico for the
first
months
of the fiscal
year 1913-14 shows exports to the value of 108,486,935.62 pesos, or a decrease of more than 18 per cent, as compared with the commerce of the same period of the previous fiscal year. The imports during the period referred to were 16 ,352,222.72 pesos, or a decrease of nearly 22 per cent, as compared with the imports of the same period of the preceding fiscal year. The Department of Agriculture and Colonization of the Repubhc of Mexico has authorized Carlos Casillas to engage in the exploitation of CHICLE and valuable woods encoimtered on the public lands of the Federal Government over an approxi-
mate area
for each
of 62,000 hectares.
years, the concessionaire agreeing to
The concession is for a period of 10 pay to the Government 7 pesos
mahogany or cedar tree felled, 1.50 pesos for each tree of construction timber cut, 50 centavos for each ton of firewood gathered, 30 pesos for each ton of chicle extracted, and 50 centavos per
annum
for each
head
of cattle grazed
on the lands covered by the
land should require the construction of a railway through the property, the concessionaire is authorized to build such railway, which is to become the property of
concession.
If the exploitation of the
the Government on the expiration of the term of the concession. According to the Official Gazette, a contract has been granted for 20 years to Salvador Garcia to use 100 hters per second of the waters of the Chapoloxo Creek, State of Puebla, for generating ELECTRIC energy for industrial and hghtiug purposes. A similar concession has been made to Salvador Garcia to use 500 hters of water per second from Apatlaco Creek, State of Puebla, to be used for generating electricity for fighting and power purposes. The department of pubhc instruction of the Government of Mexico has issued invitations to the governors of the different States to appoint delegates to participate the Fifth National CONGRESS OF PRIMARY EDUCATION to be inaugurated in Pachuoa, capital of the State of Hidalgo, on October 1 of the present year. It is planned to discuss at this congress the whole field of primary education as related to the needs of the people of Mexico. The ACADEMY of San Carlos in the city of Mexico has renovated its building and provided additional space for the use of the school. Senor Alfredo Martinez is director of the Academy, which promises to be well attended during the present school year. The agricultm'al school at Atzcapotzalco, a suburb of the City of Mexico, has added a course of instruction on SILKThe department of public culture to its curriculum. works of the Federal District has contracted with Genaro Alcorta for the construction of a SEWER between the Hidalgo Guadalupe
WORM
collection reservoir
and the eastern bank
of the
Undido River.
OCT
o*-5jf55s*ao
oo
NICARAGUA
The American
of Bluefields publishes a telegraphic dispatch stating
that the Supreme Court of the Government of Nicaragua has issued an order to the Civil District Courts directing them to take, in the shortest possible time, a complete inventory of all the cases at present
A copy of the in the courts, whether decided or pending decision. inventory must be sent to the Supreme Court and the work is to be pressed to the exclusion of all other judicial matters except marMr. Cornelius Ferris, jr., who riages and preventive embargoes. has been consul at Asuncion, Paraguay, and Port Antonio, Jamaica, at both places of which he did splendid work, has been promoted to the consulship at Bluefields, Mr. A. J, Clare, former consul at BlueThe Bluefields, has been transferred to Port Antonio, Jamaica. fields Fruit and STEAMSHIP Co. has decided to make weekly trips between Bluefields and Rama, employing for this purpose the river
will leave Bluefields on Tuesday mornings and return Wednesdays. The lull in the mahogany business and other causes have temporarily decreased freight shipments between Bluefields and Rama. National BANK BILLS to the number of 23,700 were recently incinerated at the national bank in Bluefields. The biUs ranged in denominations from 50 centavos to 100 pesos. Press reports state that the Government has prohibited the planting of TOBACCO during the present year, as the amount on hand is A considered sufficient to meet the demands of the coming year. representative of the Los Angeles MINING Co. recently made a thorough inspection of La Luz mine, and will report upon the busi-
steamer Hendy, which
ness of the
company
in Nicaragua.
Peter Peterson
is
superintendent
is
of this mine.
-The
under the direct in mining in Mexico. The Los Angeles Mercantile Co. at Prinsapolka is reported to be doing a flourishing business in that section of the Republic. Judge Otto Schoenrich, of the Mixed Commission, has reported to the Department of Foreign Relations that 7,768 claims have been presented before the Mixed Commission, representing a total of over $13,000,000. Of the aggregate number, 7,746 claims have been decided and amounts allowed totahng $1,247,000. There are 22 claims remaining, four of which amount to over $5,000,000. Of the claims decided, 4,202 have been paid, amounting to $158,548, and checks are ready for the payment of 337 other claims. The commission decided these 7,746 claims in three years and three months, or at the rate of over 198 claims a month. The daily newspaper. El NacionaHsta, which was temporarily suspended, is
Tunky Mining Co. in the Pis-Pis district management of Maj. GiUette, formerly engaged
PANAMA.
665
again being published under the direction of Gen. Jose M. MonÂn executive decree of August 7, 1914, suspends for four months the exportation of rice and beans. The new company at Managua will supply potable water to the city, taking the same from Lake Managua, about one kilometer off the Xolotlan Beach. The water will be taken at a depth of at least six meters, and the plant will have a capacity for providing 250 Hters of water daily for a population of 100,000.
cada.
WATER
The Government of Panama has taken the necessary steps for the establishment of a DEPARTMENT OF AGRICUI.TURE similar to those maintained by other countries. The services of Prof. Henry Pittier, a man of large experience and extensive knowledge in tropical
agriculture, have been engaged to carry out the preliminary work connected with the establishment of this department. Prof. Pittier will visit the different departments of Panama and make a detailed report to the Government, and the information collected by him will be used as a basis for establishing and carrying on the work. Recent advices state that the Government of Panama has arranged to maintain ten LIGHTHOUSES on the Pacific coast of the Republic.
An
interpretation of the
MARRIAGE LAW
of
of the
Re-
public has been circulated

effect that
by the Government
Panama
to the
priest or a duly authorized judge, shall be valid in the Republic,
no marriage ceremony, unless performed by a Catholic and
that only such marriages shall be recorded in the general registry kept for the purpose. Protestant ministers and Jewish rabbis, who perform marriage ceremonies, are required to notify the proper authorities of such marriages. On the recommendation of Sr. J. E. Lefevre, secretary of the Legation of Panama in Washington, the Rockefeller Institute has sent Dr. Hackett to Panama to study and discover, if possible, means of combatting the disease known as usinariacis or TROPICAL ANEMIA. The consul of Venezuela in Panama has taken possession of the space allotted to the Republic of Venezuela at Panama City for exhibition purposes at the National Exposition, and will have the VENEZUELAN BUILDING erected on this ground. Under date of August 28 the Government of Panama prohibited the exportation of RICE on hand at that time in the Republic, or which may be imported in future, until the cessation The night departof hostilities occasioned by the European war. ment of the COMMERCIAL INSTITUTE of Panama requires for
666
its
three-year course the study of the followmg subjects: Commercial correspondence, English, arithmetic, stenography, typewriting, geog-
The tramways of the city of raphy and commercial history. Panama have conceded special rates to SCHOOL CHILDREN going The Governto and returning from school in the Federal Capital. ment of Panama has approved a contract made in Bocas del Toro by J. M. Keyes, a representative of the United Fruit Co., with H. M. Field, for the construction of the Almirante aqueduct, dam, and reservoir after plans made by order of and with the consent of the The contract made with Albert J. Froelich by the Government. Department of Fomento for the construction of a STADIUM or hippodrome at Las Sabanas near the City of Panama, has been canby the Government for nonfulfillment of the terms of the agreement. The deposit of 500 balboas, which the concessionaire made with the National Bank as a guarantee of the faithful performance of the stipulations of the contract, has been declared forfeited On July 15, 1914, there was on hand in cash to the Government. The Santa Ana in the public treasury 250,195.78 balboas. SCHOOL FOR BOYS in the city of Panama is the largest school of It has 23 grades, 702 enrolled pupils with an its kind in the Republic. Isaac average attandance of 574, and employs 32 teachers. Brando Q, president of the Panama American Corporation, has been
celed
Panama, to erect on the beach adjoining the San Jose wall, at a distance of not less than 240 feet from any building, to be used as PETROLEUM DEPOTS for the electric light and power
authorized
by the municipal
council of the city of
two iron tanks
in the city limits
plant of the Federal Capital.
Nothing shows so clearly the material development of a country The exports of Paraguay its commerce. have inert as(d during the last 10 years from 3,196,260 gold pesos In (gold peso = $ .9647) in 19C4 to 5,630,928 gold pesos in 1913. 1908 the exports of Paraguay aggrt gated $3,867,C94; in 19C9, $4,992,814; in 1910, $4,789,i65; in 1911, $4,828,917, and in 1912, $4,235,723. Among the principal EXPORTS of Paraguay are Yerba mate or Paraguayan tea, timber, quebracho, fruits, such as oranges and targt rints, tobacco, hides, quebracho extract, drit d meat, and bet f extract. The chitf imports were made up of textilts, foodstuffs, hardware, liquors, drugs, clothing, hats, etc. The imports of Paraguay
as the sttady inert ase of
PERU.
rose
667
1908 to $6,252,480 in 1910. The President DECREE organizing the National DeThe NATIONAL DAIRY, a new and partment of Engineers. important industry, was inaugurated at Asuncion, capital of Paraguay, The dairy is equipped with aU modern apparatus and in July last. appKances used in the handling of milk, and the manufacture of butter and cheese. Owing to the large number of cattle in Paraguay and the growth of the stock-raising industry of the RepubUc, it is believed that the dairy industry will develop a steady growth and that the new enterprise will be profitable from the beginning of its
from $4,072,953
iii
of the Republic has signed a
business operations.
Some
of
the prominent
members
of
the
German colony
residing in Asuncion have [organized a
GERMAN
SCHOOL
in the Federal capital, \\hfre children of
German parentage
may, without neglecting the Spanish language, cultivate the language of th(ir Fatherland and familiarize themselves with the customs and ideals of the German people. Prof. R. Chodat, representing the Federal Board of Switzerland, is now in Paraguay engage d in SCIENTIFIC WORK intrusted to him. Prof. Chodat is famous throughout the entire scientific world on account of his important works in the field In company of botany and for his studies of the flora of Paraguay. with two assistants Prof. Chodat proposes to travel through Paraguay,
studying the plant life of the country with relation to the different zones of the RepubHc. In July last the MINISTER of Uruguay, Senor Dn. Alfredo SUva y Atuna, presented his crc dtntials A new COLONIZATION and was received by President Scherer. COMPANY has been definitely organized by Argentine capitaHsts for the settlement of Paraguayan lands. The property of the company consists of 20,000 hectares of Paraguayan land to the south of the Caaguazu River and to the east of ViHarica, between the Monday or Veragua River and the Capubory Creek. The company will e stablish a number of agricultural and stock raising colonic s. Lots of from 20 to 400 hectares wiU be sold only to colonists at fixed prices on long-time payments without interest. A large discount wiU be made to purchasers of lots, who pay cash.
NEW
With the object
of rendering less acute the public necessities of the
moment and
of the
commerce, the President Republic issued, on August 6 of the present year, a decree establishing a MORATORIUM of 30 days, commencing with August 8, covering banking and commercial transactions. A later decree.
of avoiding greater injuries to
668
dated August 8, provided that within the terms of the moratorium, banks would be required to pay in full balances in account current which, at the time of the decree, amounted to 5 or less, and that on bank balances exceeding 5, an amount equal to 5 per cent of the For the purpose of reestablishing confitotal credit shall be paid. dence, which had been impaired by the European war, the President of Peru, acting under the authority of Congress, issued, on August 9, 1914, two decrees, one of which prohibits exports of provisions, cattle^ and coal, and the other provides that no industrial concern shall discharge any of its workmen without giving 24 hours' notice in advance to the prefect of the Province. According to a telegraphic dispatch the Peruvian CABINET, organized on August 22, 1914, is as follows: Dr. Aurelio Sousa, Chairman of the Cabinet and Minister of Justice; Dr. J. Fernando Gazzani, Minister of Foreign Relations; Dr. Fernando Fuchs, Minister of Government and Police; Dr. J. Francisco Tudela y Varela, Minister of the Treasury; Col. Augusto Bedoya, Minister of War and Marine; and Engineer Francisco Alayza y Paz Soldan, Minister of Promotion and Public Works. With the object of avoiding an increase in the price of articles of prime necessity and their unjustified monoply, during the first few days of August the Peruvian Government empowered the municipalities of the Republic One of the measures of to fix the prices of the articles referred to. most importance promulgated in Peru on account of the European war is that concerning BANK CHECKS. Congress authorized the banks of the country to issue checks to bearer in values of 1, 5, and 10 Peruvian pounds, the banks guaranteeing payment with their assets, including their gold reserve and commercial securities. These checks are not to be issued to the amount of more than 1,100,000, and are to be redeemed within six months after peace has been The MONUdeclared between England, France, and Germany. MENT to San Martin, which is to be erected in Peru, will soon be shipped from Cadiz. As soon as it is known when it will arrive in The Callao, the date on which it will be unveiled will be fixed. unveiling will be witnessed by a special commission from the Argentine
"
Republic.
A recent law has been promulgated imposing the following INHERITANCE TAXES: On direct descendants or ascendants: Up to 5,000 pesos, i per cent; from 5,000 to 25,000, i per cent; more
than 25,000 pesos up to 100,000 pesos,
100,000 pesos, 2 per cent.
1
per cent; and more than
Collateral heirs, second degree of con-

SALVADOR.
sanguinity:
669
Up
pesos, 2 per cent; over 25,000
to 10,000 pesos, ^ per cent; over 10,000 up to 25,000 up to 100,000 pesos, 3 per cent; and
more than 100,000

consanguinity:
heirs,
pesos, 4 per cent.
Collateral heirs, third degree of
to 25,000 pesos, 4 per cent; over 25,000 to 100,000 Collateral pesos, 5 per cent; more than 100,000 pesos, 6 per cent.
Up
fourth degree of consanguinity: Up to 25,000 pesos, 5 per cent; over 25,000 pesos to 100,000 pesos, 6 per cent; and more than 100,000 Relatives further removed than the degrees pesos, 7 per cent. already mentioned, or unrelated persons: Up to 10,000 pesos, 7 per cent; over 10,000 and up to 25,000 pesos, 8 per cent; more than 25,000 pesos and up to 100,000 pesos, 9 per cent; and more than During the first haK of 1914 there were 100,000 pesos, 10 per cent. in the city of San Salvador, 1,426 BIRTHS and 1,006 deaths, or an excess of births over deaths of 420. During the same period there were 49 marriages and 7 divorces. Diu-ing the period referred to the city of San Salvador, there were slaughtered for food purposes 16,373 head of cattle and hogs, the values of which were, respectively,
Arrangements have been made an ELECTRIC light plant at Metapan, which will furnish light and power to the city and the surrounding country. The survey of the RAILWAY from Metapan to Ahuachupan is progressing rapidly. The proposed line wiU open up to easy traffic The SCHOOL OF ARTS a rich and fertile section of the country. AND CRAFTS for girls, founded in San Salvador by Mrs. Sara de Zaldlvar, has been temporarily closed. It is quite probable that this school, which fills a long felt want, will reopen its sessions in the near Negotiations are under way for the establishment of future. In 1913 WATERWORKS at San Miguel and at Santa Elena. the exports of the Republic of Salvador to Great Britain were valued at 1,672,055.83 pesos. The principal items of export were as follows: Zinc, 1,411 pounds, valued at 3,226.20 pesos; auriferous silver, 4,868 poun'ds, valued at 165,397 pesos; silver bars, 1,486 pounds, valued at 94,816.03 pesos; slimes or tailings, 16,603 pounds, valued at 235,895.30 pesos; coffee in parchment, 340,504 pounds, valued at 85,126 pesos; cleaned coffee, 3,415,187 pounds, valued at 1,024,555.20 pesos; balsam, 4,078 pounds, valued at 6,185 pesos; sugar, 589,930 pounds, valued at 58,993.50 pesos; indigo, 40,196 pounds, valued at 38,868.50 pesos; and 75 packages of miscellaneous articles, valued at 2,792.45 pesos. The exports of Salvador to Italy during the same year amounted to The charter of the Occidental BANK, whose 2,861,692.87 pesos. headquarters is in the city of San Salvador, has been authorized to in537,600 pesos and 10,260 pesos.
for the installation of
crease
its
ELECTRIC
at Acajutla.
An capital to 135,000, equal to 1,500,000 pesos silver. light and power plant was recently opened to the public
The company has
installed
use of the city and suburbs.
more than 900 lamps for the The plant is owned by the railway
670
company.
from

The Congress
of
Salvador recently granted Sefior
Carlos Melendez, President of the Republic, permission to withdraw
months, comiting from such time Dr. Alfonso Quinonez Molina, the First Designate, will be President of the Republic during the A recent law limits the Drilling seven months' period referred to. Company's (Compafiia de Perforaciones) concession, known also as the Emilio Mosonyi concession, to the drilling of ARTESIAN WELLS for the extraction of water, but exclusive privilege is not. granted the company for the extraction of minerals encountered in drilling for water, although such minerals may be extracted by the company in accordance with the mining laws of the country. The same law limits the Schlesinger concession to the extraction of petroleum, petroleum gas, asphalt, and coal.
his office for a period of seven
as President Melendez
may designate.
URUGUAY
The President
of
Uruguay, in a special message
to Congress, asks
for authority to honor the
memory
of Jose Marti, the father of
Cuban
independence, by placing at the base of the monument erected to Marti at Habana, Cuba, a plate with an inscription manifesting the thanks of the Uruguayan nation for important services rendered the Republic of Uruguay by the Cuban patriot. The executive power has promulgated a BANKING which provides for the nonconversion into coin of the bank bills of Uruguay for six months, with the object of preventing the exportation of gold coin for speculative purposes during the existence of the European war. The Bank of Uruguay is authorized to issue 5,000,000 pesos in bank notes, thus making its total issue 26,000,000 pesos, an amount that Ân AVIATiON SCHOOL is perfectly guaranteed under the law. for civilians was opened in Montevideo in the early part of last August. The school is equipped with two aeroplanes and the aerodrome "La Atldntida." Representatives of the Central Uruguayan and Brazilian railways have agreed to a RAILWAY TARIFF regulating the transportation charges between the two countries. As soon as
LAW
this tariff is
approved by the
effect.
GOVERNMENTS
in interest it will
The National STOCK CONGRESS met in Montevideo early in August of the present year. A number of interesting subjects were discussed, and it is believed that the Congress wiU be of great value to the stock industry of the country. During the first six months of 1914, 12,180,060 kilos of Uruguayan MEATS
be put into
valued at 2,335,558 pesos, were imported into the United States
VENEZUELA.
671
direct from Uruguay, while 3,900,000 kilos, valued at 741,000 pesos, entered the United States via Liverpool. This makes the total ARBOR imports 16,080,060 kilos, valued at 3,076,558 pesos. has been observed in Uruguay for 14 years. In the celebration of August 15 last, 200,000 children of the public and private schools participated, each one of which received a brochure explaining the
DAY
advantages of planting trees and the meaning of the ceremony. The Congress of Uruguay has passed a law prescribing the measures The which should be adopted to avoid accidents to workmen. President of the RepubHc has requested bids for the construction of a RAILWAY, together with the necessary buildings, etc., from Tablada to connect at Sayago with the Uruguayan Central Railway. The Senate of Uruguay has approved the ARBiTRATiON CONVENTION concluded with Italy on November 29, 1913, for settlement of the questions arising out of the embargo vessel Maria Madre. It is stated that in April next the demarcation of the Uruguayan-Brazilian BOUNDARY, on the frontier marked by the Merim Lagoon and the Yaguaron River, in accordance with a treaty The POLICE IDENTiF.CATiON of 19:9, wiU be completed. office at Montevideo, in accordance with the provisions of a recent law, must identify aU persons detained on a criminal charge as well
as the corpses of the
identification system.
this office.
unknown
dead,
by the
dactilographic or other
Identification cards can only be issued

of
The Mortgage Bank

to
issue of
MORTGAGE BONDS
by Uruguay has authorized an the amount of 5,000,000 pesos.
A decree of August 27 reduces the expense BUDGET, beginning September 1, 1914, 25 per cent. This reduction does not affect pubhc-debt obHgations nor obligations contracted under international treaties. According to the budget as originally approved the receipts and expenditures for 1914-15 are calculated, respectively, The expenditures by departat 51,809,540 bolivares ($9,999,234). ments in bolivares are as follows: Interior, 12,147,363.24; foreign relations, 1,514,426.79; treasury, 13,617,627.10; war and marine, 13,000,000; fomento, 3,871,930; public works, 3,329,440; and pubUc instruction, 3,815,786. In addition to this an expenditure of 512,966.87 is provided for under the heading "Corrections to the budget." ^The decree of August 1, issued with the object of
reconciUng the
CODE OF MINES
with the new constitution, pro-

672
vides that
1.
titles to mining property issued by the executive and contracts concerning the exploitation of mines shall be as follows:
In
titles of
mining property issued by the executive and in con-
tracts concerning the exploitation of mines, a clause shall be inserted
expressly stating that the former shall not be valid nor shall work be begun on the latter until after the date of approval by Congress.
2. The term in which verification of denouncement papers prescribed by the code in article 43 and in paragraph 3 of article 56 shall be
Counted from the day on which Congress approves the title. ^The Central Sugar FACTORY, of Zulia, which will exploit rich sugarcane lands in the vicinity of Maracaibo, will soon be installed. The productiveness of these lands is such that, coupled with the abundance and cheapness of labor in the district, the company entertains a hope of earning large profits from the operation of the factory from the very beginning, and believes that the sugar from this lactory can successfully compete in foreign markets with sugar from other countries. Simon Musso and Juan Argote have been appointed CONSULS GENERAL, respectively, at Habana and New Orleans.The COMMERCE of La Guaira in 1913 consisted of
57,358,638 kilos of imports, 18,288,035 kilos of exports, and 40,469,527 kilos of coastwise trade. Â board has been organized in
Caracas for the purpose of preparing information concerning AGRICULTURE, stock raising, and manufacturing in the Federal district. Misle & Co. have established a steam sawmill in Caracas and will engage in the preparation and sale of lumber for construction purposes, Work on the Carora AQUEDUCT is being rapidly pushed forward, and the necessary machinery for the successful operation of the aqueduct is being installed. Carora is a thriving city and business center in the State of Lara. ^The first SUGAR CENTRAL in the Yaritagua district, State of Yaracuy, wiU soon be established at the Rodeo plantation. A large still will soon be erected and will be ready for operation soon after the sugar machinery is installed in the factory.
RGBNTINA' BOLIVIA-
NOVEMBER
^^^J^.
BR,A.XIL- -CHILE- GOLOTABIA
.....
1914g
I
BULLETIN OF THE
AME
UNION
John Barrett,
Director GeiVBRAL. Francisco J.Yaae3, Assistant Director.
STATUE OF BOLIVAR AT MARACAIBO, VENEZUELA.
l7NA^M:z\.7MICAR.^GUA-A\E-XICO
MOAIOURAS
GO VE,FLNIMGB
AROOF
BULLETIN
OF THE
PAN AMERICAN UNION

NOVEMBER
1914

: :
D.C.,U.S.A.
" PAU,"
WASHINGTON
THE PAN AMERICAN
UNION
SUBSCRIPTION RATES KOR THE: BULLETIN

English edition, in Spanish edition, Portuguese edition," " French edition,
;
countries of the
Pan American Union,
$2.00 per year. 1.50 1.00

.75
An ADDITIONAL
CHARGE of
50 cents per year, on each edition, for
Pan American Union.
WASHINGTON
19U
Page.
The Turkey The Manavi (Panama) Hat
673 685 694
Commercial Traveler in South America, XI
Reception of
New
Ministers
Affairs
719
733
Prominent in Pan American
Pan America in the Magazines A journey in South America South of Panama The River of Doubt Railway expansion in South America A forest of stone Through sleepers from Nome to Cape Horn Masterpieces of aboriginal
745
American
art
The world's trade in sugarMining in Honduras.

783
Pan American Notes

United States must buy Latin American products United States ambassador to Chile Carnegie statue at Dunfermline, Scotland On the study of Spanish American Express Co. to enter Latin American field Foreign trade enterprise Addresses on Latin America Cruise to South America International Students' Reunion Commercial conference in MemphisSpanish instruction in commercial schools Latin American trade Sanitary conference postponed Peace treaties with Ecuador and ParaguayInternational Bureau of Central America Pan American Trade Association in Indiana Students of Georgia to be taught Spanish Foreign trade conference at Harrisburg, Pa. Venezuelan Government confers distinction on John .T. Moran Urging Pan American credit insurance company.
Subject Matter
of
Consular Reports
for 1913
802
Commerce
Commerce
of
Colombia
805
809
of
Costa Rica for 1913
Argentine Republic
Industrial statistics Wireless regulations Gift from
824
MexicoMonument
to
Pellegrini-
National stock fair Forest timber concessions Cereal crop Sanitary

census.
worksCordoba
Bolivia
Appropriation
for
825
education Development
in
schools Educational progress Exports from
New York Tarija Board of Trade.

Brazil
Coflee crop
826
declared Arbitrary treaty Rural bank Independence anniverCoal mines New governors Arbitration treaty Commercial convention Railway convention Chilean nitrate.
sary
Neutrality
Congress
of History
Chile
Customhouse receipts Street paving contracts La Serena loanAppropriation for sculptural group Contribution to Balboa monument Improve Antofagasta Harbor Maritime recommendations Railway construction Exploit forests.
827
Colombia
Cabinet change State Council Realty values Municipal revenues New city Wireless rates Aerial cableway Board of economics Student officers- Cattle statisticsAuthorize
829
government warrants.
Costa Rica
Export exemptions removed Ratify international treaties Improve highwayNaranjo loan Hospital loan Limon loan Legal tender.
830
IV
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Page.
Cuba
Sugar crop Loan authorized General measures Supervising public worksCitrus fruitsExpand water supply Franchise zone Wireless regulationHighway improvementsNurseries established Tramway extensions General improvements.
831
Dominican Republic
Cabinet appointment Biographical data on President Consulting committee New governorsBureau of Accounts Customs receipts Telephone improvements Dominican lyceum Gift to Dominican Republic.
833
Ecuador
Riobamba water supply Hot springs-Cacao supply Other products Tobacco production Tagua crops Exports Funds of Bank of Ecuador Chone electric power Waterworks material received.
834
Guatemala
To
drill
835
public wells Average rainfall Increase lumber tax
Maize and corn purchasesCity

proclamation
of
Guatemala loan
Chiquimula
electric plant
Neutrality
Governmental
836
for re-
control of utilities.
Haiti
Proposed bank note law Denomination of notes Guarantee revenues Regulations fundUse of issueText of billTreasury warrants.
Honduras
Telephone service extensions Boundary convention Santa Barbara aqueduct Suiza Planting Co. Tobacco company N. Y. & H. R. Mining Co. Sugar refining company.
837
Mexico
Regulation of shop hours Puebla tax regulations Mining regulations explained Articles on Scholastic Movement New mining associationExtension for railway construction Historical documents.
839
Nicaragua
Article on gold
840
mines Location
of
veins Mining laws Opportunities
of
miner Parcel post
with
stock
Panama Elections
in the
House To study
financial situation To purchase railroad
Free importations.
841
of President
Panama
Message
Telephone improvements National codeExpenditures and receipts

statistics Canal
Bank dealings School
International congresses Steam
Zone boundary treaty Arbitration conventionlaundry Motor boat service Lighthouse.
Paraguay
Free imports To canalize rivers Labor contracts Paraguari agricultural school Wireless connection Coal vein Agricultural bank loans Encourage rice cultureAsimcion B. A.
schedule.
843
Peru
Public highway project Encourage rubber production Seed imports regulated Reduce rents to workmen Coal prices Agriculture society City of Ferrenafe- Silver coinage.
844
Salvador
845
New cabinet Budget, 1914-15 Mortgage bank Provisions of charter Ratify international resolutions Regulate manufacture of arms Realty tax Agricultural fair.
Uruguay
Treasiu-y
tract
846
warrants Interest on warrants Inheritance tax Statistical tax Pavement con Facilitate money exchange National City Bank branchWine tax.
enezuela
Recapitulation of laws Professional practice regulation Additional appropriation Wheat raising School of arts- New scholarships Mining statistics Cabinet change Mining notes.
847
DR. VICTORINO
MARQUEZ BUSTILLOS,
Provisional I'resident of the United States of Venezuela.
Dr. Bustillos was Minister of War and Navy at the time he was elected President. Prior to his Cabinet office he served as Governor of the Federal District and as president of his native State,
Truiillo.
VOL. XXXIX.
NOVEMBER,
1914.
No. 5
THE TUIKEY
IN feasting,
a
;.
the United States of America there
day
set aside
is one day of universal by presidential proclamation for the
observance of a religious festival, for rendering thanks to the Creator for the blessings of a bounteous harvest and for the prosperity of the people, and this day is known throughout the length and breadth of the land as " Thanksgiving Day." Now indisis a bird bird of large proportions, a bird distinctively American, characterized by neither the bold ferocity of the eagle of war nor the meek
solubly associated with that day in the minds of the people

a
humidity of the dove of peace, but from the standpoint of strict utilitarianism perhaps superior to both. That bird is the turkey. The first time that any Thanksgiving Day and the turkey were brought into intimate relation was upon the occasion when Gov. Bradford, of Plymouth Colony, in 1621, set aside a day of thanksgiving to celebrate the gathering of the first harvest made by the doughty Pilgrims who had come over in the Mayflower the year before. The harvest had saved the colony, and incident to the religious features of the occasion the governor sent out four men with their flint-lock fowling pieces to procure meat to grace the festive board which was to be provided, in order that the colonists " might
after a
more
special
manner
rejoice together."
In those days the wild turkey still strutted in unrestricted pride and splendor through the forests of New England, and that in plenteous flocks.
Doubtless the then friendly red
man had
introduced
the early settlers to the creamy taste of the white and the succulence of the dark meat of the turkey so wild turkeys were the quest of the
;
hunters, and
resistance
upon the occasion alluded to constituted the piece de of the banquet. From that good day to this the turkey,
Thanks-
either wild or tame, has occupied the place of honor on the
giving dinner table where opportunity or opulence could possibly provide it, from the eastern tip of Maine to the Golden Gate of San
673
THE BRONZE TURKEY.
'Indissolublyâssociated'with 'Thanksgiving Day' in the minds of the people is a bird a bird of large proportions, a bird distinctively American, characterized by neither the bold ferocity of the eagle of war nor the meels: humility of the dove of peace, but, from the standnoint of strict utilitarianism, perhaps superior to both. That bird is the turkey."
THE TURKEY IN PICTURE WRITING OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS.

Whatever means the aboriginal Inhabitants of North America adopted to record iaformation was by rude inscriptions on wood
This curious presentation of a turkey was meant to convey the idea that the bird was abundant ia that particular neighborhood. It is a rare specimen of native character writiag, preserved in the Bureau of Ethnology of the National
or stone.
Museum.
THE BARNYARD TURKEY.

The total number
of domesticated turkeys found on farms of 3 acres or more in extent in the United States, enumerated in the census of 1910, was 3,688,708. These were valued at $6,605,818, or, on an average, at about SI. 79 per live bird. The five leading States with respect to number of turkeys were Texas, with 364,000; Missouri, 312,000; Indiana, 203,000; Illinois, 189,000; and Kentucky, 188,000. The average value of the birds in 1910 ranged from $3.08 cents in the New England States to $1.24 in the west South Central division.
676
Francisco
THE PAN
AMEEICAlsr UNION.
of
from the topmost border
North Dakota
to the
last
mag-
nolia-scented shores of the Gulf of Mexico.
Thus on the
Thurs-
day of November of each year, the day that custom has assigned for this celebration, the turkey gobbler reigns as uncrowned king of the festival, although he needs must die to achieve that honor. Just why the bird should have been called " turkey " in the English language no one seems to Imow. The realm of His Sultanic Majesty had no more to do with the introduction of the bird to polite society than did Greenland or Kamchatka. The real turkey is a bird indigenous to North America and was first introduced into Europe by the returning Spanish adventurers who had found it in the New World. It may be that since the bird was brought to northern Europe from Spain the generally ignorant public concluded that, like many other unusual things, it came from Turkey or the Far East. Again, the bird may have named itself, since the call of the hen to her chicks sounds very much like tur-r-r-k, tur-r-r-k, tur-r-r-k. At any rate, there is no actual connection between the bird and the country of the same name. The turkey was a favorite fowl among the aboriginal inhabitants of America. It had its habitat over all that section where grew its favorite food, Indian corn. When Cortez, in 1519, first reached the
realm of the Aztecs, Montezuma entertained him with royal splendor, and among the delicious viands set before the Spanish invaders was roasted turkey. It was found that the Aztecs had domesticated the fowl to quite an extent, and that it was also plentiful in its wild state.
North of the Rio Grande the bird was equally well known, and the adventurous Coronado found it among the cliff-dwelling Indians and other tribes he met on his expedition through what is now Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico. The Zuni Indians seem to have known of the turkey for centuries, and some of their earliest traditions deal with this interesting bird. Not only did the bird serve as a delectable food, but its feathers formed a valuable asset for purposes of adornment in the headgear of the Indians and for embellishing the garments of the women, besides lending accuracy to the flight of their arrows. When the English settled Massachusetts they found wild turkeys in abundance, and other colonists found them from New England down to Florida. The wild turkey of America is without doubt the progenitor of all kinds of turkeys the world over. Ornithologists in general accept the view that all turkeys have descended from the three forms known to-day as the North American, the Mexican, and the Honduras {Ocellata) varieties. The bird found in certain forest regions of South America known as the curassow, although sometimes called the South American turkey, in reality belongs to a different family, and scientists hold that any real turkeys found in that continent are
immigrants.
as
5^
03^
s=9
II So o5
!S
S 03 e 3 n oi
IP
SrCCKSSFUL TURKEY HUNT.
Turkey hunting has been a
fascinating sport ever since the discovery of Amei-ica.'Ît is the largest game bird found in the United States. Formerly wild turlceys were Ifilled in great numbers, and pothunters caught them traps and shot them from their roosts at night. Now, however, rigid game laws seek to protect the birds, and only gobblers may be killed, and these only at certain short periods during the year.
Courtesy of Doubleda
THE WHITE TURKEY

In America the ^Vllite variety is called ttie ^Vllite Holland, l)ecause some think that it came originally from Holland, although they are not natural to that comitry. In England they are called Austrian Whites, where they have been known for over a hundred years. Probably the Whites are "sports" from other turkeys. In the United States the size and strength have been increased by breeding., although the infusion of blood from the Bronze variety has detracted from the color of the plumage.
A TURKEY ROOST IN WINTER TIME.

Turkeys in the wild state prefer the branches of low-lying trees for their perch. This habit of nature has been carried over into domesticated lite, and farm turkeys must be given opportunity to carry it out. Even in winter they prefer out-of-doors, and only in extreme cold weather should they be induced to make use of a sheltered or of a protected perch. Houses can be built for this purpose, but care must be exercised that they do not become too delicate by resorting to it unnecessarilj'.
680

turkey, wild throughout the Repubhc,
it is
is
The Mexican
known
to
science as Meleagris mexicana;
short in shank, the feathers of its

all
body are metalUc

its
black, shaded only slightly with bronze, while
This appears to be the species It is thought first taken to Spain and other European countries. that the white markings of its plumage appear in the variety of domestic turkey known as the Narragansett. The Honduras turkey is called scientifically Meleagris ocellata, and is found to-day scattered over most of Central America. The bird is extremely wild, and has a freer flight than its cousins of the North. It is the most beautiful in coloring of all the family. The head and neck are naked, the caruncles on them differing from those of others
resident in less tropical regions, and no breast tuft
is
feathers are tipped with white.
present.
The
ground color
plumage is a beautiful bronze green, banded with gold bronze, blue and red, with some bands of brilliant black. This bird can not be bred successfully nor domesticated away from its native heath, and even there it is usually found only in its wild state. The North American turkey, Meleagris americana, is the original
of the
species of the eastern United States.

fully
Its colors are black, beauti-
shaded with a rich bronze, the breast plumage being dark bronze, illuminated with a lustrous finish of coppery gold. AU this emblazons the plumâge with a distinctive brightness, and in the rays of the sun the burnished appearance conies out with striking brilliancy. Other varieties known in the barnyard, and even recognized among dealers as having distinctive markings, are in reality only highly developed fowls with preserved peculiarities. In the United States six standard varieties of the domesticated turkey are recognized and grown. These are the Bronze, Narragansett, Buff, Slate, White, and Black. The differences are chiefly in size and coloring. The Bronze and Narragansett are the largest, while in recent years the White variety has been so improved that it comes third in point of size. The Buff and Slate are usually of medium size and the Black the smallest. The time since the turkey led its erstwhile simple life out in the forest wild has been so short that even in its present domesticated state it will not thrive in narrow confines nor within "prison walls." It needs room and exercise and a wide range in which to pick about for food. It likes no codling and prefers to roost in the branches of a tree out in the open rather than be huddled with its fellows in closed houses. Nor can it bear much inbreeding, but needs the infusion of new blood from time to time if the flock is to thrive. In regions where wild turkeys still are found now, alas, only too few tame turkeys have been known to mate with their unregenerate kin and occasionally even to revert to their primal state of savagery. The "call of the wild" is in their blood, and it takes but little for them to sever the bonds of civilization.
TUKKKY-FKATHKK HKAIJJJKESS OF APACHE INDIANS.

Among
the aborieinal Indians not only did the bii'd serve as a delectable food, but its feathers formed a valuable asset for purposes of adornment in the headgear of the men and for embellishing the garments of the women, besides lending accuracy to the flight of theii' arrows.
Photograph by
C. B. Waite,
Mexico City.
A NATIVE TURKEY MERCHANT.

The European
explorers found the turkey domesticated in many parts of America. The fowl was one of the delicacies of the Mexican table. Since prehistoric times the Indians have cultivated it for the market, and many of the customs of sale are preserved unchsinged to-day. The purchaser may select his choice in the viUasie street, or the vender will bring the bird, alive and fresh from the farm, to the house door for inspection.

684
In every corner of the globe almost, at least where civilization has spread its epicurean tastes,may be found the domesticated turkey Never would he, in his wild state, not, however, of his own volition. have sought to cross the stormy seas to find green fields and pastures new. He is not so constructed. He is not bold or adventurous of disposition. On the contrary, he is timid and much afraid of things he does not understand, and when undisturbed is prone to let well enough alone and get along with his accustomed feeding grounds. Again, as a flier the turkey is not a pronounced success. He flies ponderously, almost painfully, and with great effort, and only when very much His flight can be sustained for only a short distance, but frightened. what the wild turkey lacks as an aviator he fully makes up as a He can outrun a race horse, especially in his own native sprinter. forest, where undergrowth and bushes seem but to add to his speed. But he could not have flown over the ocean even if he had had that unnatural desire. He was taken over by the hand of man, first to Spain, then to other Mediterranean countries, to northern Europe, to the Far East, until now he is well nigh omnipresent. And this spreading out of his kind even unto the ends of the earth is all due to the entrancing qualities his meat takes on when properly baked or
roasted.
To Spain he is said to have been taken by Cortez in 1520, and there soon became a welcome addition to the Lucullian feasts of the rich nobles and high livers of the time. In France his first historic appearance was upDn the occasion when Charles IX married Elizabeth of Austria, June 27, 1570, the individual turkey of the feast having been imported from the village of Boston, in the wilds of America. In England it seems the turkey made his appearance as early as 1524, and was soon domesticated. As stated, he is now found almost everywhere, and his choice flesh regales the appetites of feasting or as many of them as can afford to buy him tame or kill millions him wild. Time was when he could be bought in the United States Now he costs that much per pound, including head, for 25 cents. feet, and feathers, and even at that he becomes rare during the festive seasons of Thanksgiving Day and Christmas and often brings even a higher price. Taken aU in all, a most remarkable bird is
gallopavo
r
'
'
better known as the American turkey.

'
'
...
.--..
THE MANAI (PANAMA)

to the most reliable accounts, the first toquilla straw hat was made 285 years ago in the Pro-vince of Manavi, Ecuador, by Francisco Delgado, an Ecuadorian, / As at that time Panama was the great distributing center for articles produced on the west coast of South America, many of these products were credited to that city; hats woven from toquilla straw in Manavi thus came to be called ''Panama" hats. While this misnomer should be corrected to ''Manavi" hat, the name by which it is commonly known has come into such general use that it is ^'ery doubtful if the change will ever be made. The plants producing the toquilla straw from which Manavi hats are made are five or six species of stemless screw pines, the most important being known to science as Carludovica palmata, which grow wild in the hot humid regions of Ecuador and Colombia, and in the forests of Peru along the headwaters of the Amazon River; but they are seen at their best in the dense, dark, tropical forests on the Pacific coast of Ecuador. The plants attain a height of 6 to 10 feet, and present the appearance of diminutive fan-shaped palm trees. Repeated attempts have been made to cultivate the plants with but little success, for onl}^ in the wild state do the screwless pines best develop their characteristic qualities. The seeds are planted in furrow^s on low, wet land, during the rainy season, after which little attention is devoted to them. When about 5 feet high, the young leaves are cut before expanding and are ready to be prepared for use. After the removal of the veins, the leaves are dipped repeatedly in a vessel filled with boiling water and, after being shaken well, they are exposed to the sun to be bleached. Exceptionally white straw is obtained by adding a certain proportion of lemon juice to the boiling water. The straw is then carefully selected, its value depending upon the length, thickness, color, and number of strands obtained from each leaf. The coarser straw, unfit for the manufacture of hats, is utilized in making small baskets, ornaments, bags, and other articles. The toquilla straw is sold in many parts of the interior where it is woven into hats it is exported also to foreign countries where the hats are made by machinery.
A CCORDING
/\
iBy
Frederic
W.
Goding, U.
S.
Consul General, Gua}'aquil, Ecuador.
6799S Bull. 514
685
THE CARLUDOVICA PALMATA.

The Carludomca palmata
shrub, from which the toquilla straw or Panama hats is obtained, grows wild in the hot and humid regions of the Pacific coast in Ecuador and Colombia and in the forests of the upper Amazon in Peru. It reaches a height of from 6 to 10 feet. There are several species of the plant, some of which have been more or less successfully cultivated, but the main supply of the fiber comes from the plant in its natural state.
LEAVES OF THE PALM USED IN MAKING HATS,

The palm resembles the saw palmetto.
The young leaves are cut from the stalk while folded up, just as they begin to open.
PALM FIBER STRIPPED AND ROLLED, READY FOR WEAVING.

The outer
plaits are removed and the inner ones split into shreds of the fineness desii-ed. After being immersed in boiling water the "straw" is fii-st dried in the shade and then exposed to the sun
THE MANAVI (pANAMa) HAT.

The
689
chief centers of the industry, in the order of their importance,
are Monticristi
and Jipijapa
in the Province of
Manavi; Santa Rosa
and, to a Hmited extent, Guayaquil in the Province of Guayas; and
Azuay, Thousands of the natives of both throughout the interior of Ecuador, are engaged in weaving hats, the work being carried on from a little after midnight to 7 a. m., while the atmosphere is humid, as the straw becomes brittle during the day. After the straw has been prepared as indicated above, and dampened to make it pliable, it is very finely divided into the required widths by the nail of the little finger or thumb. A bunch of straw is bound in the middle and placed on the center of a wooden mold, the
in the Province of
all ages,
Cuenca
sexes and of
strands are .arranged radially and equally distant, in pairs, the plaiting beginning at the apex of the crown and being continued in a circular form until the hat is finished, care being taken that no straws are added while the crown is being made, but augmenting those used
in forming the
brim and border.
On
the degree of nicety in which
the straws are lengthened depends the beauty and durability of the
hat.
Should a strand be broken it can be replaced and so plaited as not to be noticed. The finishing touches are now made by trimming the brim, edging the border, and neatly fastening all projecting ends of the straws so as to be invisible. The hat is washed in clean cold water, coated with a thin solution of gum, and polished with dry
sulphur.
The necessary
elasticity,
qualities of a fine hat are durability,
strength,
soiled.
impermeability,
rolled
and being
easily
washed when
up without injury, and will last for many years; but a broken straw in the crown diminishes its value by one-half. Three to six months, working four or five hours each day, are required to complete the best hats; but children will make two of the cheapest grade hats from undressed straw in a day. Qualifications such as patience, good eyesight, and the skill acquired by years of experience
are necessary to produce the very best grade of hats.
They may be
The finest hats ever made were the work of a native Ecuadorian named Palma, which were purchased for $200 each and presented to Emperor Napoleon III and Marshal MacMahon.
shape, no attempt having been
is that they are of similar adapt the forms to modern tastes. If the desired shapes were shown to the weavers, they would very soon immitate them and produce hats agreeing with the latest
The only objection
to the
Manavi hats
made
to
fashions.
is
As water very injurious to it, it should be well dried and pressed each time after having been exposed to rain for any considerable time. While
The Manavi hat requires special care for its preservation.
ORIGINAL PACKAGES PREPARED FOR SHIPMENT.

upper package, or Seron, a cowhide covering, coBtains POO rough"; the lower case, 720.
hats' 'in the
fli
HAT
The
fibers
\\'KA\"EK>.
used in the finer grades of hats are as delicate as linen threads. A broken straw or obtruding knot decreases the value more than 50 per cent.
UNFINISHED HATS AS THEY ARE SHIPPED.
THE FINISHED HAT.
THE MANAVI ( PANAMA ) HAT.
693
color,
the sun's rays are not harmful, producing only some change in the the hat should occasionally be moistened to preserve its
flexibility.
Injuries should be repaired at once, as otherwise the hat will very soon become valueless. When not in use the hat should be rolled up carefully, and wrapped in camphored paper to preserve it from the attacks of insects; or, if more convenient, the hat may be packed in its usual form in a box containing camphor. During the year 1913, hats to the value of $1,127,508 were exported, principally to the United States, Germany, France, and Belgium, and to a lesser extent to the Antilles, Mexico, Central America, and to the various countries of South America. They are prepared for ship-
ment packed
in bales, bags, cloth, or hides.
Another kind of hat made from a species of grass, and called '' sombrero junco" is used here, and about $1,000 worth annually exported. They can not be compared in any manner with those made from
toquilla straw.
from a few cent's and more each. The wholesale prices of the cheaper grade's from Cuenca are from $8.75 to $12 per dozen, the best from $12 to $15 each. The cheapest grades from Manavi wholesale from $1.45 to $24.50 per dozen, the finer grades bringing $4.50 to $20 each, and the finest from $25 to $100 each, or even more. Exporters specialize in the grades of hats, some selling the best grades only, others the cheapest, and yet others sell all grades.
toquilla straw hats are sold at prices varying
to $100
'
The
A COMMEICIAL T1AF.
II
f^;i
SOUTH
:
AMElIC/i'
Your message asking me if I could and opinion of the present conditions in South America, has followed and just overtaken me not so very long ago. In one sense, I am pleased to comply with your request, although, frankly speaking, to judge from what my friends in New York who know the condition, think and feel, this is not the time to have positive opinions or to interpret the future from the abnormal conditions as they exist to-day. My own attitude is that of patience simpatia and hopefulness. I am sure as I can be of anything, that the future of South America in fact all of Latin
would write
DEAE MR. EDITOE my
America before the crisis came, and only vaguely, during time being growth and development.
It seems to me, therefore, that
my
trip
original purpose.
That was,
to
end
my wisest plan is to follow my my series of ephemeral articles
giving my experiences in this my professional trip around South America and then to add a paragraph or so of conditions as I think they must be at this moment, because, as you know, I left South America before this crisis came, and only vaguely, during my trip along the north coast of Brazil and up the Amazon, perceived the approach of some such upheaval as actually took place. This article
is,
therefore, the one that should really be the last.
I will follow
it
by what I had intended to precede it, that is, an epitome of travel in Venezuela and Colombia, with some suggestions about the contiguous area of the Caribbean Sea. Probably the question first in the minds of any manufacturer or commercial organiation intending to send a traveling man into the
South American
country.
field is
that of expense.
As you know,
I have tried
to give as I left each country a statement as to
my
expenses in that
My own
experience
is,
that on the west coast living and
traveling are cheaper than on the east coast; that the farther north
cost.
one goes on the Atlantic side the higher must one reckon the daily Now, averaging from the time the traveler leaves New York until he returns, taking his daily outlay into consideration, but leaving out the steamer fares, whether he buys a round-trip ticket, as I did (you remember I lost the use of some of this ticket by changing my route, but this misadventure should be ignored), his employers
^ This is really the twelfth and concluding article, but circumstances seem to demand that it be given here, and what is really the eleventh article, descriptive of Colombia and Venezuela, be given in the December Bulletin.
HOTEL METROPOLE, BUENOS

One
of the
AIRES,
ARGENTINA
many
splendid hotels of Buenos Aires, situated on Avenida de Mayo, in the heart of the business section of the Argentine capital.
\-
y^-mx
MMM-
INTERIOR OF A BANK IN BUENOS AIRES, ARGKXTIXA.
A COMMEECIAL TRAVELER IN SOUTH AMlSmiCA.
697
should not allow him less than $10 a clay. In some countries and on some days he can save materially on this, because the ordinary hotel bill, including two good meals a day and a respectably comfortable room, does not run above $5 (gold). All my statements are United States gold dollars (local prices I express in these terms without troubling the reader with peso, or bolivianos, or libres, or ), but, and this is important, in large cities there is always carriage hire; there are gratuities; simple amusements in which a man should indulge to keep him out of mischief; and courtesies to his friends, his prospects, or his customers. These little invitations or presents to those he meets are so expressive of social good fellowship in Latin America that a man is churlish if he is not downright liberal in that regard. Don't let's call this bribery. It is no such thing. It is only a generous acknowledgment of the traveler for the hundred and one little tokens of hospitality which the Latin extends to the traveler who makes himself welcome among them. Two other factors may by a considerable degree increase this average daily expense. If the man making up his expense account wishes to combine all the items, he may do so. My advice is, however, that he put them aside and consider them apart from his living expenses. One is the question of baggage; the other is that of
travelers' licenses.
In
space.
of
my own
I
case,
my
professional baggage occupied very small
had
practically
personal
luggage.
America, a certain
first-class ticket,
no more than the ordinary liberal amount Now, in most of the Kepublics of South amount of personal luggage is carried free with a
and the charge on excess weight is only moderate, and this excess can of course be put into the daily expense account. In Brazil, however, no baggage except a small hand satchel in some cases not even a suit case is carried free; therefore, in Brazil, excess baggage is a staggering item in the travelers' expenses. I have met in the United States and in South America travelers whose stock of samples was of enormous size. They must pay roundly for transportation from the steamer to the dock, from the dock to the train, and for excess weight. Of course, for any one to attempt to restrain himself within the $10 limit and at the same time to pay the charges of this excess baggage, would be to do himself and his house, and even the United States in general, an injustice. For that
reason I say that for a large stock of samples the expense account must be increased according!}^, even up to $15 or $20 a day. The second item is that of travelers' licenses. It will be noted in my own items I made no mention of this and the omission was intentional. In some of the Republics a travelers' license covers the whole country. In others there is no travelers' license for the Republic, but each district, or even each municipality, charges from $50
NEW MODEL MARKET, BUENOS
AIRES,
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
The New Model Market of Buenos Aires is under municipal control. The arrangement is good and the location convenient. The greatest neatness and cleanliness are observed in the sale of food products, and the organization and management of the market is a credit to the mimicipal government of the city.
THE SAN CARLOS ARCADE, PLAZA DE ARMAS, SANTIAGO, CHILE.

Here are exhibits
of the latest products
from foreign mills and
factories.
SOUTH AMERICAN EXPORTS.

Map showing
distribution,
circle equals $10,000,000. mineral products for Argentina,
by countries, of the three main elacses of South American exports. Each Amounts of less than $1,000,000 (animal products for Bolivia and for Ecuador;
Uruguay, Paraguay, and Ecuador) are not shown.
700
to S300 or
THE PAN AMEEICAIT

more
UNIOlSr.
for a six months' or a year's permission to exhibit
and
to sell goods.
All these various charges can be found in a publiat least
cation of the United States Department of Commerce,
within quite great detail. These items should play no part in the daily expense account. In some cases a traveler must pay them; in other cases they may not be enforced owing to local conditions of which I make no mention here. Anyhow, the cost of a travelers' license does not belong in the daily expense account. I have made no mention of customhouse charges. In my own experience these were trivial. What I carried was taxed so little that it was not worth taking into consideration. I have seen men, however, whose customs duties were high, even though they received a substantial rebate on their leaving the country after submitting to the proper forms and regulations. I can not, therefore, speak from experience, but I feel sure that, if a man's samples are going to be subjected to duty every time he enters a new country, he should not consider such payments as part of his traveling expenses. I am going now to bring up a point, Mr. Editor, of which I have
seen
I
little
mention and
still less
discussion.
It is that of territory.
know very well what I am talking about in this detail. So many men have told me about "covering South America." What do they mean by covering South America? They should please remember
that there are 10 Republics, which means 10 separate and distinct
countries, customhouses,
and
United States,
facilities for
much
less
capitals, an area twice as big as the populously inhabited, and without the
to place which are so characteristic United States. If by covering South America is meant to jump from capital to capital, well and good. This is pracIf, however, it is meant that ticable, as I shall explain in a moment. the purchasing capacity of South America is to be studied in a careful way, that almost every prospect is to be met and solicited, whether he be a wholesale importer or a substantial retailer, it can not be done in one trip. That is, it can not be efhciently done. Indeed, to go from capital to capital, to touch at Rio de Janeiro and perhaps Sao Paulo in Brazil; Montevideo in Uruguay; Buenos Aires and perhaps Rosario in Argentina; Asuncion in Paraguay; Santiago and Valparaiso in Chile; La Paz in Bolivia; Lima in Peru; Guayaquil and Quito in Ecuador; Cartagena, BarranquiUa and Bogota in Colombia; Caracas in Venezuela such a tour may be called a South American tour; but even if Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Paraguay are left out of the itinerary, this of itself is a tremendous task. It wdll require all a man's resources, all a man's patience, his energy, and his finesse to be successful in it. I know from my own experience that on the whole stretch, whether he goes down the east coast or up the west coast, or vice versa, he
of travel in the
moving from place
Photograph by Xotman, Boston.
A MODERN STEAMER IN REGULAR SERVICE BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND SOUTH AMERICA.
INTERIOR OF A WAREHOUSE IN A SOUTH AMERICAN PORT ARE STORED.

J799S Bull. 514-
WHERE FOREIGN GOODS
\A.-^.->^M-.
r
'
y^^'
AUTOMOBILE SERVICE BETWEEN SUCRE AND POTOSI, BOLIVIA

This
probably one of the world's highest autoraobUe routes, Sucre being 9,625 feet, and Potosi, 15,380 feet above sea level. The trip between these two points, a distance of about 150 miles, can now be made in 10 hours as against the 2 days required in the old fashioned coach or on mule back. The machine is horse-power car made in the United States, and is one of four similar autos engaged in this service. a 60
is
Courtesy of United States Consul A. A. Winslow.
A.LOCOMOTIVE CONSTRUCTED AND EQUIPPED IN THE MACHINE SHOPS OF CHILE.
COMMERCIAL TEAVELEE IN SOUTH AMEBICA.
703
will become tired, have his notebooks overfull, and perhaps be homesick before the end is reached. Nevertheless I feel warranted in stating that for the man who enters the South American field for the first time, if his house wishes him to become acquainted with the best of the trade, that is the thing to do. He will hear of opportunities on side trips from each capital, and he will be tempted time and again to be diverted and thus perhaps lose time which he had planned to devote to the next capital on his itinerary. He and his house must exercise the best judgment, of course, as to how much can be accomplished by such side trips, but I do not want any reader of the Bulletin to say that Viajero did not place this matter squarely before them. As far as concerns the proposal which I have heard some men make in their inexperience that they can do a good part of South America, with perhaps Cuba and Central America thrown in, why really, Mr. Editor, that means to do the job so superficially that the results will be disappointing. The reward of the South American foreign trade is for the manufacturer who canvasses it carefully and makes up his mind to win. He should enter the field only after giving it proper study and forethought. I speak from rather regretful experience, because I wish to confess that I myself attempted too much. I said so frankly to my house, find although my accumulated notes will be a splendid foundation for the future, I think that if I were to begin over again I should follow the plan which I now suggest. South America divides itself rather naturally into three, or on mature deliberation I should say four, areas. One is that of the Gulf coast, which means Colombia, Venezuela, and perhaps some of the near-by West Indian Islands. These can all be covered in a trip of three to six months, so that good acquaintances can be formed and, if no setback is encountered, with the establishment of good trade
relations.
second area is that of the west coast, which can include Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Chile. Here is a splendid territory for certain classes of goods, where, when you consider that the Panama Canal is going to create new demands and new industries, an area in which
the seed can be planted for future harvests.
The
world,
third area
is
course with Buenos Aires.
the region of the Eiver Plate. This begins of Buenos Aires is the center of this trade
Across the river is it is the entrepot for most of Argentina. Montevideo, with the Uruguayan hinterland, while up the river is Paraguay. This region of the Eiver Plate is an ample commercial field. It will take all a man's resources, all his energy, and all his time to break into it. If he can make a success there, he can carry
that success to the west coast and
up the
east coast.
by Alexander
F. Ivoger?. c-uurtes.^ ot
The \V,,rl,r> AVo
RUBBER AWAITING SHIPMENT.

Each
of these balls of "smoked " crude rubber weighs about 75 pounds. Many such representing several thousands of dollars' worth each may be seen lying in the jungle, unprotected except for the owner's marks stamped upon each piece.
piles,
LOADING COFFEE AT SANTOS, BRAZIL.

Santos
the seaport of the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, and the largest coffee-exporting center in the world. The illustration shows the method of transferring the coffee from the warehouse to the wharf,each being stamped with the name of the shipper as the stevedore files past the entrance.
is
SLEEPING CAR IN THE TRANS ANDINE SERVICE.

Modern and commodious
sleeping cars are attached to trains in this service.
^^
706
THE PAN AMERICAN
TJlSriOlSr.
Brazil, all by itself, is the fourth area. This is the point I am going to emphasize. Brazil is not Spanish America. It is Portuguese America, and the Republic of Brazil is distinct and separate. No one whom I have met unacquainted with Brazil seems to realize what a tremendous trade area it represents, and to confuse it with the west coast and even the River Plate is to make a commercial mistake. In the very first place, experience with Spanish America does not necessarily carry an intimate acquaintance with Portuguese America. But let us leave that aside for the moment. My argument is that Brazil by itself deserves all the time a man can give to it. For instance, there is south Brazil, which includes the States of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catharina, and Parana, and the new railroad which crosses them is opening up a good territory for future settlement. Rio Grande do Sul and Porto Alegre do not control the whole of this interior. It must be studied with the same purpose which was given to Washington and Oregon a generation ago. The climate is not dissimilar, nor, in a broad sense, are the civilizing influences at work very dissimilar. It is not unlike parts of Peru, Ecuador, and Bolivia. Let that hint suffice for South Brazil. Next comes mid-Brazil. This mean the State of Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Minas Geraes in the interior, and Espirito Santo with A tremendous area, big enough to its growing port of Victoria. absorb the energies of an active traveling man for weeks, assuming that he is not content to visit merely Rio and Sao Paulo, trusting that the few general dealers he meets in these large capitals will represent him in the many similar but active cities in the interior. If we add to this section which I call mid-Brazil the States of Sergipe and Alagoas, and the quite large States of Bahia and Pernambuco, the field becomes practically as large as New England (I am speaking commercially and not geographically, that is, estimating the time and energy necessary to work it). Its consuming power is not as great, but the potentialities for certain products are tremendous. Then comes north Brazil, which I will consider as embracing everything north of Pernambuco and the Amazon. As I confessed, Mr. Editor, my experiences there were not so very encouraging, although the times were abnormal, even acknowledging the slump in rubber conditions over much of this area, and I myself was really too tired to devote to it the attention it ought to receive. That very fact, however, is indicative of the suggestion I am trying to make, namely, that Brazil should be undertaken just as Brazil. I firmly believe that the organization, whatever it may be, which sends a traveling man to Brazil is acting wisely, if he is kept in that territory without giving a thought to other parts of South America. If the organization is big enough let the management send three or four men to South America one to Brazil, one to the River
;
708
Plata region, one to anything south of the Isthmus. Until some one with a better grasp of the subject than I myself have can demonstrate something better, I am bold enough to maintain that as an argument. Do not let any one man try to do too much. It is a mistake I made, and I know it is a mistake madeby others. They have told me so. One man can perhaps cover the few large capitals I mentioned above, but he can not do more, and it is the vast area away from the capitals which need the continuous efforts of our Yankee foreign trade if, on the one hand, we are to be benefited by it, and if, on the other hand, they are to benefit by what they can sell to us and what they can buy from us. This matter should be thrashed out by trade organizations or by large producing companies when they give serious attention to the problem. Nevertheless, I know that if I am lucky enough to be sent again to South America to represent my house, I shall select only a small part of the territory with which I am now somewhat acquainted and come home again before I venture to tackle any of the rest of it. I have just one little note about that so easily dismissed proposition Nine times out of ten I of the equipment of the travehng salesman. read in various magazines that of course he must be a man who speaks Spanish fluently. Now I am lucky enough to speak a very decent Spanish and yet I make no claim to complete fluency in that language. I have been at it for years. I can carry on an ordinary conversation even with ladies at the dinner table. But I still hesitate from time to time on technical words necessary to a clear explanation of the
And yet I know my line weU and manage sell. That is because I do know my line well. If I were the foreign sales manager of a big corporation, I would prefer to send into South America a man thoroughly well acquainted with my prodgoods I
am
trying to
to
make
sales.
even if he did not speak Spanish at all, rather than to trust to a salesman who was a hnguist but when it came down to the rudiments and the fine points of demonstration could be tripped up every time by the merchant who was going to sell them at retail, and whose whole commercial success depended upon having the manufacturing prinIf this home-grown salesman has the simple ciples well explained. quahfications of a gentleman, and is earnestly and sincerely striving to earn his pay and to show a good profit, he wiU plug away at Spanish day and night and learn to express himself in that language, but all the time he will know what he is talldng about. I fear, Mr. Editor, you wiU be blamed for printing this paragraph, but I am speaking from experience. Only the other day I met a man who has made the tour. He represents the refined product of certain mills. He spoke not a word of Spanish when he left, but he could demonstrate his wares to the queen's taste. When he got to Rio he picked up a young
ucts,

native student
his
711
sample
case,
who spoke a little English. He took that man to showed him pictures of the factory, showed him
it
how
the stuff was made, what
superior qualities.
He made
this
was used for, and what were its young lad learn this little story in
Portuguese. And then he went after the business, taking the lad with him. Every question the intending purchaser asked passed through this lad's brain, but he was well primed and the two of them together made a success of it. The same thing happened in Buenos Aires, through a young Argentino who had been educated in the States. Such good results, I am absolutely convinced, could not have been obtained in any other way. Neither young lad could possibly grasp the business so as to steal it from my friend, who all the time was learning just the language and means of expressing himself so that when he goes to make a second trip he will be able to stand on his feet. Of course, if that wonderful combination of thorough knowledge of every detail of the manufactured article, of salesmanship, and of ability to speak both English and Spanish (or Portuguese) is found, that's the man to do the work. But so far as I have seen, and I do not except myself from the criticism, by far the greater majority of traveling salesmen claiming all such qualifications will fall down either through ignorance of the methods of manufacture or from overconfidence in the use of the Spanish by which they are
,
trying to
make
sales.
Another mooted question, which can always furnish a column to

writers in trade magazines,
osition
is
that of catalogues.
As
a general prop-
catalogues
are useless.
Our
great bulk of commercially
printed and conmiercially illustrated catalogues, with prices in United States money, full of articles used only through the United
who understand South America. They simply do not convey to the Latin mind the idea that they do to the Anglo-Saxon mind, and most of them, therefore, go into the waste-paper basket.
States and intended, therefore, only for customers
the use of them, serve
no purpose
in
And
yet a carefully prepared, properly edited,

It
catalogue, put into colloquial and at the

(or Portugese), has a real value.
and well translated same time elegant Spanish must be done, however, by some
for
one
who
does not merely translate
word
word but who presents
the idea in vital and, if necessary, in technical Spanish to arouse
and maintain the interest of the reader. Such a catalogue should be simple and easy to handle. The illustrations must be very clear, thoroughly explanatory, and even artistic, so that the sensibilities of the Latin mind are not distressed. These catalogues will be preserved and, if distributed in person and with a serious purpose by a traveling salesman, are bound to please his customers. Catalogues cost money, but they need not cost so much as they do, while being effective at the moment and useful for future reference.
CRUSHING MACHTNERY AT
NITRATE "OFICINA" INCHTLE
714

the way, a
me the other day how he could exhibit the tour of Latin America. I have not found that all hotels are as well equipped as many of our commercial hotels in the United States which have so-called sample rooms. But in
asked
his samples if he
By
man
made
many
places there are sample rooms which can be used for that purpose just as they are at home, or, if found to his advantage, the traveling salesman can rent a small room at no more cost than he would pay for the same accommodations if called another name. In this way he is independent. I have, however, been offered by manufacturers' agents a well-equipped sample room, where one's wares could be displayed to good advantage, but there is of course the mental
assumption,
if
not the actual commercial agreement, that sales
made
in the neighborhood should pass through the
commercial agent. Sample rooms in hotels can be obtained, however, and it must rest with the individual whether he is determined to make use of them. Then here is another hint, and I give it free expression just because I have violated it in my own case. It is a mighty good thing for a man to take his wife with him. If he is on a rough and ready trip, not knowing what he may run up against certain unavoidable conditions can make it tiresome ^but if it is a matter easily decided one way or the other, I should say that the fact that a man's wife is with him adds decidedly to his social prestige, and therefore gives him at once a business rating, let us say, which he can get in no other way. Commercial life in Latin America is essentially allied to social life, and a man whose wife is tactful, interested, likes people, and shows that interest and animation in her experiences which strikes a human note and keeps it ringing clear, is going to make friends, is going to enjoy the little incident of the day, and is going to make sales just on that account in a way that will delight him and his house. Of course, this costs extra money, and is a matter to be settled on its own merits. I put in the statement only because so many poor fellows I have met are sobbing all the time because they left their wives at home, feeling that they were plunging into an unknown territory and could not expose their better halves to its discomforts. This is nonsense. The quicker we learn that the Latin has just as warm a heart and just as open hospitality, and is struggling along with the same old balance of optimism and pessimism which, after all, can be found in every part of the world the sooner shall we realize that we are all friends and neighbors, and that trade is only a matter of selling something to another man, who gains thereby, because we are
this
hands of
also the gainers in
making the
sale.
going to end my sermon, as I heard a dear old parson say the other day, with a paragraph on agencies; and it will
And
lastly, I
am
716
THE
PA]!T
AMEEICAN UNION.
be a short paragraph. I can not pretend to offer any complete solution. I do feel, however, that we in the United States must make a more determined effort to have our own prominently located representative agencies in the big capitals of South America. Some say, of course, that this is not possible so long as we do not have direct banking facihties and direct independent transportation lines under the Stars and Stripes. It must be assumed, therefore, that these two obstacles will soon be removed. Granted that they are removed; that we do have proper banks and proper ships, we can not have cordial, intimate, and reciprocal trade relations until we have such
agencies.
Agencies
ever.
may
be of several kinds.
of a
Agencies
we must
have, how-
They may be
chamber
of
commerce, or
of a cooperative
force of allied and sympathetic manufacturers, or of resident sales managers, who have at heart the best interests of both the United States and Latin American peoples. To work out the details of these agencies is beyond my province. I wish only earnestly to put the thought into the minds of our manufacturers so that they may insist on a successful solution of this problem along whatever Hnes promise to give most satisfactory results. In this connection let me
add that exclusive agencies are often misleading, inopportune, and annoying. If the territory, both geographical and commercial, is carefuUy analyzed, an exclusive agency can be made profitable to all concerned, but if a manufacturer goes it bhnd and gives an exclusive agency because somebody teUs him to do so he may destroy the very
purpose behind it. Now, Mr. Editor, I have come around again to the point from which I started in the first paragraph the crisis affecting South
America at the present moment.

the result of
What
have said in
this letter is
experience during relatively normal times and attempts to give the groundwork of helpful commercial activity in
my
our international relations. These suggestions will, therefore, I hope, be permanently apphcable. At present no rule wiU exactly fit, yet I have no doubt whatever but that in the course of six months or a year or let us say even two years normal conditions will be restored and commercial activity become stiU greater. This is not an economic disaster; it is a financial miscalculation. Argentina has its wheat in abundance; Brazil its coffee, its rubber, its sugar, its tobacco; Chile its nitrates; Bohvia its tin; Ecuador its cacao, etc. The material prosperity in these countries is greater than it ever was. In fact, to me the conditions seem decidedly better than they were in our Middle West two generations ago when we boomed the country trusting to the future, although hardly an extra acre of corn had at the time been planted
A COTTON MILL NEAR LIMA, PERU.

There are a number of cotton factories in Peru, several of which are located in and around Lima. The yearly production of cotton cloth is about 25,000,000 yards, and the consumption of clean cotton is approximately 2,500 tons.
DERN SUGAR REFINERY
IN
NORTHERN PERU.
the Cartavio sugar estate and refmery. The establishment furnishes employment to 2,000 people.
G7D9S Bull. 514-
718
South America is indeed productively and industrially prosperous and only a deadlock of financial maladjustment has disturbed the
routine of proper distribution of her resources.
right according to their
credits, or
Perhaps those do
own bookkeeping who
at the present refuse
wiU not continue sales. I dare not criticize them. But I do assert that the wheels of prosperity must and wiU be turned again and that the men in the United States who have the courage to enter the South American market and will act sympathetically with a view to estabMshing relations which will endure for years and years are the men who are going to profit by it and who will help to make more cordial not only our commercial but our social intimacies. If I have any influence with my own house, I shall insist that they do not for one moment drop their plans of estabhshing a South American field. I do not say that I can continue to sell as if nothing had happened, but I shall urge a careful scrutiny of the credit conditions and, if possible, an extension for a longer than the usual period of time. That will cost money, and only people of established rating can afford the delayed payment which is necessitated by long credits. Perhaps my house may be able to make in various parts of South America purchases which have not hitherto entered their heads. Perhaps some of my neighbors may be able to make purchases so that my chents may have means of buying what I offer to seU. Well, Mr. Editor, I do not dare to offer any definite solution, neither can anyone with whom I have recently come in contact.'^ AH I can say is that my faith in South America is not one bit shaken. I shall go back there and, perhaps, to other parts of Latin America, thoroughly convinced that on this Western Hemisphere of ours there
is
a future prosperity sufficient to
make
us glad that
we
five in
it.
And
the details of the approach of this prosperity I

1
am
all
going to
follow as close as I can and to help
work them out with

after
my
perit
sonal enthusiasm.
might say more, but
aU at present
might be nothing but a torrent of words. And so 1 reach the end of my sermon. I thank you most sincerely for your patience and your evident confidence in allowing me to unload in the Bulletin some of my experiences. I have only one request, and that is that you do not betray my identity, because I would be frightened at any publicity that might come from it.
VlAJERO.
lECEPTION OF
'^"ff"-
IfE
"wy
"%""%
""
ON
July 21, 1914. President
Woodrow Wilson
officially
received
M. Solon Menos as the duly accredited envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of the Republic of Haiti
to the
United States.
On
the following day, July 22, Senor
Dr. Carlos Manuel de Cespedes de Quesada, presented his credentials to the President designating him the diplomatic representative of the
Republic of Cuba to the United States. The formal receptions of the new ministers took place at the ^Vhite House and were characterized by the simple yet dignified ceremonies incident to such occasions. The speeches of the newly accredited envoys breathed the spirit of cordiality felt by their respective countries toward the United States,
and the President's response to each of the ministers was equally gratifymg in its note of friendship and confraternity. Minister Menos, who is now for the second time representing Haiti He received his legal education at Washmgton, is a lawyer of note. He pracat the University of Paris, graduating as doctor of laws. ticed his profession in Haiti for a time mth great success and was for many years the acknowledged leader of the Haitian bar. Dr. Menos was a member of the constitutional assembly in 1886 and has held the
posts of secretary of justice and public instruction, finance, comaffairs, justice and worship, and other important has always manifested a keen interest in the welfare of his country and has devoted many years to the public service. On presenting his credentials. Minister Menos spoke as follows:
merce and foreign
positions.
He
Mr. President:
have the honoi- to place in your hands, together with my predecessor's letters of the letters which accredit me to you in the capacity of envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of the Republic of Haiti. The Haitian Nation, because of the very spirit of independence and genuine ambition to perfect itself which animate it, sincerely and firmly wishes to continue in the most cordial relations with the United States. I therefore faithfully voice the sentiments of the President of Haiti in making wishes for the immutable and steady development of those happy relations which attest and confirm the natural and needful solidarity that a loyal and equitable policy maintains between the two Governments and peoples. Permit me, Mr. President, to congratulate myself on the renewed opportunity that has been given me to represent the Republic of Haiti at Washington. The pleasantness of my previous stay in tliis magnificent Capital and the remembrance of unfaltering courtesy were strong inducements and impelled me once more to respond to the call of my country's Government.
I
recall,
719
RECEPTION OP
May
I,
NEW
MINISTERS.
721
guided by personal feelings that must be known to you and also with the help of your assistance, succeed in having the mission I gladly accepted strengthen more and more that friendship to which we attach so high a value.
The President
replied in these terms:
Mr. Minister: I receive with pleasure from your hands the letter of His Excellency the President of Haiti, accrediting you in the capacity of envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of that Republic near the Government of the United States, and I, at the same time, accept His Excellency's letter recalling from his post your predecessor, Mr. Uhich Duvivier, whose cordial relations with this Government we shall hold in most
agreeable recollection.
The expression you convey of the desire of the President of Haiti for the development of the happy relations maintained by a loyal and equitable policy on the part of the two Governments and peoples gratifies me very deeply, and I assure you that it is my steadfast purpose to leave nothing undone that may conduce to the maintenance and even improvement of those relations. The experience acquired by your former residence at this Capital, which is agreeably remembered, will render the successful performance of the duties of your mission more
certain
and you may rely on my efforts to aid you to that end. you will convey to His Excellency the President of Haiti the expression of my sincerest wishes that peace, prosperity, and the orderly processes of constitutional government may prevail in that Republic during his official term and those of his
I trust
successors.
is a distinguished statesman has devoted many years to the service of his country, at home and abroad, and comes to this post well equipped for its important duties. Dr. de Cespedes was born in 1871, and received his education in the United States, Germany, and France. He was graduated from the University of Habana as doctor of international and civil law, speaks six languages fluently, and has written a number of important books. For a number of years he served as deputy in the lower house in Habana and was also governor of the Province of Santiago. In the diplomatic service he has been envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay; to Italy, and also was sent on a special mission to
The Cuban
minister, Dr. de Cespedes,
and diplomatist.
He
While in Home he was the Cuban delegate to international congresses and to the permanent Commission of International Investigation on Agriculture, in which he also represented the Republic of
Greece.
During the past year, Dr. de Cespedes was engaged on an important commission in the state department of Cuba. On being received by the President, Minister de Cespedes said
Salvador.
Mr. President: I have the honor to place io Your Excellency's hands the latter which accredits me in the capacity of envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of the Republic of Cuba to the United States of America, together with mj, distinguished predecessor's
letters of recall.
At the same time
it
behooves
me
to say to to
particular interest in
making known
me
you that my honorable President took the keen desire he cherished that imme-
H-
"
13
EECEPTION OP
diately
to
NEW
MINISTERS.
723
convey most cordial and friendly greeting and express to you, in his and Government of Cuba, the fervent wishes he makes for your personal happiness and the prosperity and good fortune of your Nation and administration, with which it is his purpose, as well as the mala object of the honoring mission with which he has entrusted me, to maintain and strengthen more and more the highly valued relations of long-standing friendship and brotherly solidarity happily existing between our two countries. This trend of our policy and immutable affection, destined to yield the highest benefits, has its origin in the very history of our respective peoples and in the obvious mutual advantage of zealously conserving and safeguarding the large moral and physical interests which from a time memorable to both nations bind the Republic of Cuba to her great friend and very powerful sister of the north and of fostering in the same manner the new interchanges that are coming forth in the warmth of intense sympathy and growing reciprocity. In the achievement of those noble ends, upheld by the aspirations of international fraternity and the lofty ideals of civilization and progress cherished by our Governments, shall all my acts be bent in the discharge of my mission, for which I even now bespeak and confidently look to the benevolent support of Your Excellency and the invaluable cooperation of your Government, as elements indispensable to the success
presenting
his
upon
my
my
credentials at this solemn audience I should
Your Excellency
name and
in that of the people
of
my
official acts.
In addition to the wishes expressed in behalf of my honorable President, permit me to offer to you, most excellent sir, those I most particularly make for Your Excellency's personal happiness, for the glory of your administration, and for the unbroken rising in welfare and greatness of the admirable nation over which you so worthily
preside.
The President answered

Mr. Minister:
I
as follows
receive you with pleasure as envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary

to the I also
of
Cuba
me.
United
States,
your credential
letters as
which you have
just
handed
your predecessor, whose stay among us though of short duration is pleasantly remembered. The assurances which you give of the good wishes of the President of Cuba and of his desire to preserve and strengthen the good understanding and cordial relations which exist between the two countries while welcomed were not necessary, since the attitude of His Excellency in these respects has been in various ways publicly manifested and was not unknown to me. I am equally convinced that in you President Menocal will find an ardent exponent
to
accept from your hands the letter
of recall of
of his friendly principles.
The history of the relations of the United States with Cuba should leave in the minds of the most skeptical no doubt of the disinterested and unselfish policy of the United States to promote in every proper way the best interests of the island and to advance the prosperity and happiness of its people. The sympathetic friendship of my own administration is well known, and it will be a great pleasure to me to cooperate with you in still further cementing, if that be possible, the fraternal ties which bind the United States and Cuba. I ask you to be so good as to make known to President Menocal my appreciation of his good wishes and to assure him of the respect and regard which I entertain for him. For your personal sentiments of good will I thank you.
at
The official change in the diplomatic representation of Costa Rica Washington occurred on August 3, 1914, when Sr. Don Joaquin
to President
Bernardo Calvo presented
Wilson his
letter of recall,
THE FOUNTAIN IN THE PATIO ILLUMINATED AT NIGHT.

With
insenious construction the fountain can be made to display in luminous running water the national colors of the various AmericanRepnWic^. On festive occasions the patio and its plants stana steady out in shadowy relief airainst the soft illumination of the fountain spraying its colored waters streams or changing from the colors of one country to those ol another.
its
KECEPTION OF
NEW
MINISTEES.
725
after 23 years of service as the representative of his country to the United States. During the last 15 years of this period he served as envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiar}'". In the August edition of the Bulletin there appeared an account of Sr. Calvo's In terminating his mission, wSr. Calvo career and official service. made the following remarks:
Mr. President: After 23 years of service as the representative of my country in this moment comes when the misbion, which for so long a time has been entrusted to me, is terminated. With this motive, in placing In the hands of Your Excellency the letter that informs you of my recall, if the regret I feel in this act is
,
cultured capital the
am inspired by the very great satitfaetton that, as formerly, in all these country has received constantly only the highest regard and consideration from the illustrious Government of this Great Nation: and by the fact that in terminating my official duties, the relations between the two countries are, as it is to be hoped they will be always, of the most friendly and cordial. At the same time, and as a natural result of this friendliness and good understanding, the commerce of Costa Rica with the United States has grown in greater proportion than with the rest of the world, and large bums of capital from this country have been invested in mine, having, moreover, in the near future the prospect of a great impulse in thii, direction from the influence of the splendid achievement of the Panama
profoi.nd, I
years
my
Canal.
Personally, I also wish to express the pleasm'e with
the period of
my residence in Washington,
which I will always remember and the hospitality and courtesies which I
received both officially and socially.
Mr. President, allow me, on this, for me, memorable occasion, to express my hope the well-being and the continued prosperity of the United States of America, and for the personal welfare of Your Excellency and distinguished family.
for
The President
It is
replied as follows
I accept from your hands the letters whereby you are envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of Costa Rica to the United States, as during your long sojourn at this Capital you have devoted your efforts toward strengthening the good understanding and friendly relation between the two countries and promoting their common interest. You have so conducted your mis3ion as to win the esteem of all who have had official relations with you, and we shall bear you in agreeable remembrance as a true friend to the United States. The knowledge which you have acquired of our good-will toward Costa Rica I confidently expect will be valuable in removing from the minds of your countrymen any mistrust that may exist that the United States has for them any other than the most kindly and unselfish feeling. I thank you for your friendly personal sentiments, and desire to assure you of my best wishes for your future success and welfare.
with sincere regret that
recalled as
Koberta Brenes Mesen presented his credenhim envoy extraordinary and minProf. ister plenipotentiary of Costa Rica to succeed Sr. Calvo. Mesen ranks as one of the foremost educators and public men of his country, and comes to this high post with the confidence and dignity of one who has successfully devoted his best efforts and thought to the public service. For many years Sr. Mesen has applied his broad With education and culture to problems of national education.
tials to
On the same day Prof.
the President accrediting
THE GALLERY OF THE PATRIOTS

Beneath the splendor
IN
THE PAN AMERICAN UNION BUILDING.
of the silk flags of the countries embraced in the Pan American Union, and along the adjacent corridors, stand marble pedestals bearing the busts of noted Americans whose deeds have glorified the pages of history. of the countries have already indicated their chosen hero and presented his bust to the Union. It is hoped that before long all the countries will have named their leading patriot, and thus complete the gallery with its 21 American heroes.
Many
728
untiring energy he has labored to bring about the high standards of
pubhc instruction characteristic of that country. In addition, Sr. Mesen has given sufficient thought and attention to other pubhc matters, so as to be regarded as t ne of the most versatile and practical
men
of the day.
letter to the President, Prof,
In handing his accrediting

said
Mesen
envoy
Mr. President: I have the honor to place in your hands
my
credentials as
extraordinary and mtnister plenipotentiary near Your Excellency's Government.
Profoundly sensible;
of
the honor conferred upon

of Costa
me by
this occasion, I gratefully
cordial sympathy with Rica note the tightening of their ancient ties of friendship with this powerful Nation; a Nation which, conceived in liberty and confident in its lofty and noble destinies on the American Continent, will move ever forward toward their realization, in a spirit of justice and without a single of its stripes ever being stained nor one of its stars ever being obscured, thus fulfilling the proud boast of Webster, your unselfish patriot and eminent orator. Secure in the thought that in entering upon the gratifying mission of cultivating our ever happy relations, I can count upon the good will of Your Excellency's Government, I beg of you, Mr. President, to accept from the Government and people of Costa Rica, as well as from myself, the wishes I bring with me for the continued increase in the prosperity of the people and Government of the United States, and for the health and happiness of Your Excellency.
avail myself of the opportunity to reafiirm before
you the
which the Government and people
In response President Wilson said:

Mr. Minister: It gives
me
pleasure to receive from your hands the letter whereby
of Costa Rica accredits you as the envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of that country to the United States and to express to you my high appreciation of the good wishes which he and his Government entertain for the welfare and prosperity of the United States. You interpret aright, Mr. Minister, the spirit which animates the United States in its relations with foreign governments. Especially is this Government desirous that justice and equity and a due regard for the rights of each should prevail in its
His Excellency the President
intercourse with the sister republics of the Western Hemisphere.

to see all of these republics enjoying the blessings of peace
of their
It is its
wish to
and reaping the
full benefit
its
me that with none is with Costa Rica. It is your duty and mine to endeavor to continue undisturbed the tranquility of the relations between the two countries and to promote to a still greater degree, if that be possible, the trust and confidence reposed by each in the other. My efforts to these ends will be no less earnest than your own. I thank you for your sentiments of personal good will and trust that you will find your sojourn among us agreeable.
manifold resources.
It is a source of gratification to
satisfactory basis than
intercourse fixed
upon a more
Senor Dr. Santos Anibal Dominici presented his credentials as envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of Venezuela to the United States on September 23, 1914, succeeding the late lamented Minister Rojas. Minister Dominici brings to his post the training and culture of many years of foreign travel and official service. Completing his medical studies with high honors at the University of Caracas, and in France, Dr. Dominici returned to
p^2
"'&*
til
ra_g
III
'5
1^
O.g J
m
:
2^^
nil
n o
g^
730
Venezuela to become professor and later rector of the University of Caracas. He also founded the Pasteur Institute in the capital. Dr. Dominici specialized in sero-therapy and developed this branch of the medical science in Venezuela. In 1909 he was honored with appointment as Minister to Germany. A few years later his diplomatic mission was enlarged to include Great Britain and Belgium. Minister Dominici was the Special Envoy of his Government at the coronation ceremonies of King George. He speaks a number of languages fluently and is a writer of scientific and hterary works. On being received Dr. Dominici made these remarks
Mr. President: I have the honor to place in Your Excellency's hands the letter the President of the United States of Venezuela which accredits me as envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary near the Government of the United States of America. The mission that brings me to this capital which is to maintain the good relations
of
between your country and mine and to strive to make more and more expansive and cordial is most pleasing to my soul because it answers not only the earnest wishes of my Government but also the deep-seated sentiments of admiration and sympathy which from tradition born in the very days when thoughts of independence germinated in our first liberators are cherished toward the United States of America by the Venezuelan people. Will Your Excellency permit me to indulge the hope that in the discharge of the duties of my mission I may rely on the high cooperation of Your Excellency and your Government? I am instructed again to express to Your Excellency Venezuela's gratitude for the honors paid to my honorable predecessor and to utter on this occasion the best wishes of the President and the Government of Venezuela for the prosperity of the United States of America and the personal happiness of the Chief Magistrate.
so happily existing
The President
replied as follows:
Mr. Minister: I receive with pleasure from your hands the letter of His Excellency the President of Venezuela accrediting you in the capacity of envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of that Republic near the Government of the United States, and thank you for the cordial greetings you convey from His Excellency
and and
for
for
your expression
of his
good wishes
for the prosperity of the
American people
of
my
personal happiness.
to request
Permit
me
you
to
convey in return
to
His Excellency the assurance
my
earnest desire for the prosperity of the people of Venezuela, his
own
welfare and
the success
of his administration of the Government of the Republic. In expressing these sentiments I am sure that I speak also for the people
of
the
United
States.
You have referred most felicitously to the cordial and sympathetic relations which have existed between the United States and Venezuela since the birth of your Repub. lie, and you may rely on my efforts, and those of the other officers of this Government with whom you will come in contact, to aid you with the most cordial good will in the performance of the duties of your mission and in the promotion of the common interests of both Republics. In view of those long existing relations and as a testimonial of respect and admiration of the
fill,
memory
of
the distinguished statesman

felt it
who occupied
the post
you now
the Government of the United States
an honor
to offer the fitting courtesies
on
his decease.
732

official
The
took place on October

portrait
reception of the minister from the Dominican Kepublic Dr. Don Eduardo R. Soler, whose 13, 1914.
in the July, 1914, issue of
is
and biographical sketch appeared

the successor of Senor
the Bulletin,
Don
Francisco
J.
who
resigned his post in order to engage in journalistic work.
Peynado, In
presenting his letters of credence, Dr. Soler said:

Excellency: I have the honor to place in your hands the autograph letters in which the President of the Dominican Republic accredits me as his envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotendary to the government of Your Excellency, and acquaints you with the retirement of my worthy predecessor, Seiior Francisco J. Peynado, who has
resigned his high post.
further mission, most grateful to
me personally since it coincides with my personal
sentiments, brings
it is the mission to tender you the expression of admiration and deserved respect which the people and Government of my countiy entertain for Your Excellency, in whom they recognize a sincere friend,
me
before your presence and
and likewise to the great people whose destinies you are guiding with the firmness a wise and just statesman.
of
My Government desires that I shall consecrate my efforts to the pleasant task of preserving and fostering the good relations of friendship, commerce, and mutual consideration which happily obtain since many years, between the two friendly nations, and which have ever been held in highest esteem by ours, not only because it sees in them basic factors for its prosperity but also because it recognizes that these mutual sentiments of consideration and respect make for the dignity of nations and bind them in the supreme mission of cooperation toward human progress and betterment. If in this grateful labor of rapprochement and fraternity, to which I shall devote myself with the highest interest, I may count on the valued concurrence of Your Excellency, I might well congratulate myself, in anticipation, upon its complete and
flattering success.
Permit me. Excellency, that I offer you, in the name of President Baez and in my own, the homage of our highest consideration and our wishes for your personal happiness and for the prosperity and welfare of the great American people.
President Wilson said in response:

It gives me pleasure to receive from your hands the letter of His Excellency the Provisional President of the Dominican Republic accrediting you, in view of the resignation of your worthy predecessor, Mr. Peynado, as envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary from that Republic to the United States, and I thank you for the courteous and kindly expressions you have used in reference to my efforts to perform rightly the duties of my office. Permit me to assure you that your desire to preserve and foster good relations of friendship, commerce, and mutual consideration between our two Republics will meet with a ready response on my part and on the part of the other officers of this Government. The constant desire of the Government of the United States in its relations with the Dominican Republic has been to aid, so far as it found itself able, that Republic to pursue the course of orderly and constitutional government, by which alone its prosperity and happiness can be rendered sure. I hope you will convey to His Excellency, the Provisional President, my best wishes for his personal happiness and his successful execution of the labor he has undertaken. Permit me, Mr. Minister, to wish you a successful and agreeable term of oflicial
Mr. Minister:
residence in this Capital.
rf
EMT IM
P* ~
AMEIICAN AFFAI
has recently suffered the loss of two of her citizens. On October 19 the death of ex-Peesident Julio Eoca was announced and this sad intelligence was followed just six days later by the news that ex-President Jose Evaristo Uriburu had also been called to President Roca was one of the foremost conhis final reward. structive statesmen of South America, and his energy, patriotism, and devotion to duty, as well as his lovable character, endeared him to the whole Nation. He was first elected President in 1880, and during his term of six years the country enjoyed a period of unusual prosperity. On June 12, 1898, Senor Roca was unanimously chosen by the electoral college to be president for the second time. After the expiration of his term he continued to keep in touch with public affairs and lent his ripe experience and sound judgment to the consideration of important questions affecting the welfare of the country. During his second administration President Roca paid an official visit to Brazil and thus contributed
illustrious
ARGENTINA most
largely to a better understanding
and more cordial relations between
the two great Republics.

Salles
At
the time of the visit the late
Campos
and it is interesting to note that several years thereafter, when both men were out of office, exPresident Roca was sent as minister to Brazil, which courtesy the latter country returned by naming ex-President Campos Salles Thus were these two distinguished as her minister to Argentina. gentlemen again instrumental in promoting the cordial relations between the two countries. Ex-President Jose Evaristo Uriburu was also one of Argentiaa's notable statesmen and had rendered distinguished services to his country. He was a native of the Province of Salta and began
of Brazil,
was President
his public career as a representative in the
Chamber
of Deputies.
Subsequently he became president of that body, and thereafter minister of justice, worship, and public instruction. Among other important public positions held by him during the earlier part of his career were those of director of the bureau of lands in the Province In the diplomatic of Buenos Aires and Federal judge of Salta. field he served as minister to Bolivia, mmister to Peru, and later as minister to Chile. It was while occupying the last-named post
67998Bull. 514
5
733
Photo by Harris-Kwingr.
RAFAEL URIBE-URIBE.
POWELL CLAYTON.
PEOMINENT IN PAN AMERICAN
AFFAIES.
735
that the Argentme national convention of 1892, which named Dr. Luis Saenz Pena as President, chose Sr. Uriburu for Vice President. On the resignation of President Saenz Pena Sr. Uriburu succeeded Soon thereafter Argentina entered upon a to the presidency. period of national development and ascendant prosperity, with which President Uriburu's energy and executive ability had much to do. In his death Argentina has lost a patriotic son and wise
counselor.
The tragic death of Gen. Rafael Uribe-Uribe has removed from an active and useful career one of Colombia's foremost statesmen. At the time of his demise, October 16, 1914, Gen. Uribe-Uribe was a member of the Senate and leader of the Liberal Party. A soldier, lawyer, and diplomat, he displayed marked ability in his activities and played a promment part in the affahs of Colombia both at home and abroad. In legal circles he was recognized as one of the leaders of the bar of his countr37-. As a diplomat he served with tact and skill as minister plenipotentiary to Argentina, Brazil, and Chile, and also represented his Government on special missions to other Latin American countries. Gen. Uribe-Uribe was an ardent advocate of closer Pan American relations. He was a member of the Third Pan American Conference of Rio de Janeiro in 1906, and a member of the advisory committee that signed the recent treaty between the United States and Colombia designed to settle the Panama controversy. An imposing state funeral was held for Gen. Uribe-Uribe. Powell Clayton, LTnited States ambassador to Mexico from 1897 to 1905, died at his residence in Wasington, D. C, several months ago, at the ripe age of 81 years. A review of his career reveals an interesting rise to prominence in the affairs of State and Nation. Born in Bethel, Pa., he was educated in the common schools and at He took a course in civil engineering the Bristol (Pa.) Academy. and then commenced work at his chosen profession in Kansas. At the outbreak of the Civil War he joined the fighting ranks and by After the war he settled his gallantry rose to be brigadier general. in Arkansas as a planter and became active in the upbuilding of the State and its public works. These endeavors brought him into the political arena, and in 1868 he was elected governor of that State, resigning in 1871 upon his election to the United States Senate. Mr. Clayton served in this august body until 1877, after which he As president and general manager of the retu-ed to private life. Eureka Springs Railway Improvement Co., railway and tramway developments marked the progress of the State. In 1897 he was appointed United States minister to Mexico, and the following year, with the raising of the rank of the United States legation to that of embassy, he was made ambassador.
736
In a former issue of the Bulletin (November, 1913) it was our pleasant duty to include in the columns of Prominent in Pan American Affairs a portrait and sketch of Sr. Don Luis Perez Verdia, who
had then been received by the President of Guatemala extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary from Mexico.
ing his experience in the public affairs of his
as
envoy Combin-
own country with that member of the Fourth Pan American Conference, he was winning much favor by his efforts to promote closer relations and better understanding among the American Republics. It is now our sad mission to note the recent demise of this honored son
acquired as a
he devoted himself to In his chosen profession he occupied a ranking position. Sr. Verdia was professor of international law and also served as magistrate of the supreme tribunal of justice. In public life he was a member of the State Congress of Jalisco, and The position in later sat in the National Congress at Mexico City. which Sr. Verdia rendered perhaps the most noteworthy service to his country was as director of public instruction, from 1887-1890. He pursued energetically a policy of establishing schools, especially primary schools, and was responsible for the measure, bearing his name, which is now the organic law of the system of public education.
of Mexico.
in Guadalajara, in 1857,
Born
the study of law and to writing.
As
a writer and historian his reputation
is
of his
works have
elicited special praise
no less known and several from the Madrid Royal

F.
Academy of History. On November 5, 1913, Senor Dr. Carlos

his credentials as
Gomez
presented
of the Argentine Republic to President
Ramon
Barros Luco, of Chile.
The designation of Dr. Gomez to this post was most favorably received by the Government of Chile, as the incumbent is a man of
high culture, engaging personality, and of wide experience in public Prior to his diplomatic appointment he had gained prestige affairs. and renown in the legislative branch of the Argentine Government, while his intimate knowledge of international affairs eminently Upon qualifies him for the successful prosecution of his new duties. the occasion of the presentation of his letters of credence Minister Gomez emphasized the importance of strengthening the economic ties and promoting the intellectual intercourse and already cordial relations between the two countries to even a fuller extent, and
gave assurance of
his earnest efforts in this direction.
The present consul general of Ecuador in New York is Sr. Don Enrique Gallardo, a prominent and patriotic citizen of that republic, who is also a man of wide interests and recognized business acumen. A native of Guayaquil, he graduated from college with the degree of Ph. B., and launched into the business world, where his success has been marked and continuous. He has built up a number of thriving
738
THE PAN
AMERICAlSr UNIOitT.
which furnish employment to a large number and thus through actual experience is thoroughly conversant with the commercial needs of his country. Interested in the philanthropic work of the Government, he has also acquired a wide reputation for his broad charity. In public affairs he has taken high rank and served in the national congress of the Republic and Since assuming charge of the consulate general in other capacities. in New York he has conducted an active campaign to promote a greater commercial exchange between Ecuador and the United States. Formerly the all-water route from New York to Guayaquil, the principal harbor and commercial entrepot of Ecuador, via the Strait of Magellan, entailed a journey of over 10,000 miles, consuming
industries in his country
of people,
about 65 days.
Since the opening of the
3,000 miles separate the two ports, and the trip can be
two weeks. Consul General Gallardo is toward the establishment of a direct steamship line from New York to Guayaquil with weekly sailings. Business men and oflS.cials are united in their praise of Hon. William C. Redfield, Secretary of Commerce of the United States, for the plan of appointing commercial attaches to the principal centers of commerce in Europe, South America, Asia, Africa, and Australia. Secretary Redfield first made public this idea at a meeting of cotton textile manufacturers, and the ready response with which it met
encouraged him to prosecute his
congressional
service
efforts
Panama Canal less than made in about now directing his efforts
to secure
it
the necessary
appropriation
for
putting
into
execution.
The
which is now an accomplished fact promises to become an important agency in the development of the foreign trade of the United States. Although the original plan calls for 14 attaches, only 10 of this number have been appointed thus far, and it is indeed gratifying to note that of the 10 already selected, 4 have been designated to South American capitals. In discussing the functions of the commercial attache. Secretary Redfield makes, in part, the
following observations:
combined even with the most scrupulous care, all that is now done in the commercial field in his district and report fully thereon. * * * He should have vision to see what is not done, and to determine what is needed and point out the way to get it. * * * In brief he should advise how we can better do what is already done either by ourselves or by others, and how we can do that which is not now done at all either by ourselves or by our competitors. * * * The commercial attache is the business diplomat.
"V^Tiat is
essentially required of the commercial attache

It is not sufficient for
is
initiative,
with practical imagination.
him
to learn,
On account of the unusual conditions brought about in South America by the war in Europe, it has seemed advisable to station attaches in Buenos Aires, Argentina, with jurisdiction in Uruguay and Paraguay; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Santiago, Chile; and Lima,
PEOMIlSrENT IN
PAN AMERICAN
AFFAIRS.
739
Peru, with jurisdiction in Bolivia and Ecuador. The appointees to these posts, respectively, are Dr. Albert Hale, Prof. Lincohi Hutch-
Verne L. R. Havens, and A. I. Harrington. All these men speak Spanish or Portugese, three of them know Latin American countries from frequent journeys there, and all have had the sort
inson,
especially valuable to American which they are assigned. In this list mention should be made of A. H. Baldwin, who for a number of years has been the Chief of the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, and who has resigned to accept the appointment of commercial attache in London. Mr. Baldwin was familiar with every detail of the plan for advancing foreign trade through these attaches, and his association with official work for a long period of years has made his name a familiar one both at home and abroad. Mr. Baldwin has had experience in many branches of the Government service since he received his first appointment in 1884 in the Bureau of Fisheries. He is from the State of Connecticut, was a student at Yale for a year, and later lived in Paris, France, from 1887 to 1889. He has been in executive positions in the Department of Commerce since 1909, first as chief clerk of the Bureau of the Census, then as chief clerk of the Department ol Commerce and Labor, and, for the past four years, as Chief of the Bureau of Manufactures and the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. Mr. Baldwin was a Government representative at the Portland and Seattle expositions, has engaged in special service for the Department of Agriculture, the Post Office Department, and the Interior Department. He has also traveled extensively in the United States, Alaska, Porto Rico, Hawaii, and in European countries. He speaks French and is conversant with Spanish, German, and Italian. Dr. Albert Hale, the commercial attache to Argentina, is well known to the readers of the Bulletin. Associated in an important capacity with the Pan American Union since 1908, he has been a steady contributor to the pages of the Bulletin and has traveled extensively throughout Central and South America in the interests of this organization. He has lectured and spoken on Latin America and Pan American affairs, before leading colleges and universities, commercial and civic organizations, and has written several authoritative works on these subjects. Dr. Hale, who is a native of the State of Indiana, holds the degree of B. A. from the University of Michigan, and of M. D. from the Chicago Medical College. He also studied at the After some exUniversities of Strassburg and of Kiel (Holstein). perience in Mexico with the Mexican International Railroad, Dr. Hale made special tours of investigation through South America. His frequent contributions to the literature on Latin America made him well known to Pan Americans, and his frequent journeys
of training calculated to
make them
commerce
in the districts to
<
PKOMINEISTT IN
these countries have
PAN AMEEICAN AFFAIRS.

for
741
acquaintance
gamed
him a wide
circle of
among
officials
and others
in the southern countries.
He
therefore
goes to his post with exceptional experience and an unusual equipment. Dr. Hale speaks Spanish, Portuguese, and German, is amember
of historic and geographical societies in the United States and in Latin America and has also been decorated witli the Bust of Bolivar ''A Practical Guide to Latin by the Venezuelan Government. America" and "The South Americans" are two of his books which are recognized as standard and authoritative. In the appointment of Prof. Lincoln Hutchinson as commercial attache at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, the Department has selected one who by reason of his experience and training is well equipped to discharge the duties of that post. Prof. Hutchinson at the time of his appointment was associate professor of commerce and a dean in He holds the degree of Ph. D. from the University of California. that institution and the degree of M. A. from Harvard. He also pursued a special course of studies at Leipzig. Prof. Hutchinson has traveled widely in Europe, the Orient, Australasia, Alaska, Hawaii, and through the Latin American countries. In 1905 and 1906, under the auspices of the then Department of Commerce and Labor, he made a tour of the countries of Central and South America, studying trade conditions, and then published a series of He has also written extensively on reports on his investigations. these topics and at the present time has on the press an article entitled "The Panama Canal and International Trade Competition." Mr. a. I. Harrington, the attache at Lima, Peru, is from Ohio, and is a graduate of Yale University. He has had commercial experience in railroad work in various parts of the United States. Later he was an officer of the Philippine Constabulary, serving there four years. In 1910, he entered the foreign sales organization of the Standard Oil Co., being stationed in Java. He afterwards was appointed traveling agent for the same company in the Dutch East Indies, including also portions of the Malay Peninsula, Siam, Borneo, etc. From this service he resigned in 1914 for the purpose of going to Latin America. Mr. Verne L. R. Havens is the commercial attache at Santiago, Chile. He attended public schools in Omaha, Nebr., and then studied railway engineering. He also specialized in civil engineering at the University of Nebraska. Mr. Havens is a member of the American Society of Civil Engineers and has had a great deal of experience in railway construction and other engineering work in the United States, Mexico, Cuba, and in Central and South Ameiica. In 1911 he made reports on railway projects for the President of Guatemala, and in the preparation of these a thorough study of the commercial conditions of the country was required. Mr. Havens is
Photo by
Harris-Kvving-.
DR.
ALBERT HALE,
Argentina.
PROF. LINCOLN HUTCHINSON,

United States Commercial Attach^ at Rio de Janeu-o,
Brazil.
United States Commercial Attache at Buenos Aires,
Photo by Harris-Bwing.
A.
HARRINGTON, ESQ.
VERNE
L. R.
HAVENS, ESQ.
Santiago,:,Chile.
United States Commercial AttacM at Lima, Pern.
United States Commercial Attach^ at
PROMINENT IN PAN AMERICAN

engaged in preparing a course
students.
AFPAIES.
743
of instruction for Spanish engineering This work is in Spanish, with which he is thoroughly acquainted. With the opening of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition only a few months away, the grounds and buildings of this great exhibition are taking on definite shape and color. Practically every country which has accepted the invitation to participate is now put-
ting on the final touches to

in the
its
structures, and, as frequently noted
Bulletin, the countries of Central and South America are to be among the most conspicuous exhibitors. With nearly one and a
half million dollars appropriated for its display, the Argentine

lic is
Repub-
bestowing considerable attention upon her building and equipment. To supervise these it has designated Sr. Don Horacio AnasaGASTi, commissioner general to the exposition, and he is now in this country supervising the construction. Sr. Anasagasti has had considerable experience in exposition work. He represented his country in an official capacity at the St. Louis Exposition of 1904, was a member of the committee on Olympic games during the Argentine centenary celebrations of 1910, and served as one of the judges of the Argentine Agricultural Exposition of that year. A mechanical engineer by profession, Sr. Anasagasti is also lover of outdoor sports and a daring sportsman. Himself a skillful aviator, he is instructor in the military school of aviation. He has held the position of subsecretary of the department of public works, consulting engineer of the Argentine Touring Club, was a delegate to the Brussels Congress on Aerial Laws, to the Universal Aeronautic Federation of Vienna, and is a former vice president of the Argentine Scientific Society. Among those upon whom Columbia University conferred honorary degrees at its last commencement exercises in June was Dr. Aristides Agramonte, one of Cuba's foremost scientists. The degree of D. Sc. was awarded to him in fitting recognition of his valuable contribuDr. Agramonte's activities in endeavor covers a period of many years, during which time he has made extensive investigations and close studies of hygiene and tropical diseases. Born in Camaguey, Cuba, in 1869, he was educated in the United States at the City College of New York and at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, from which he received the degree of M. D. He practiced medicine in New York for a few years and then joined the United States Army as assistant surgeon. He is the only surviving member of that notable army commission which, in 1901, demonstrated to science that yellow fever was transmitted by mosquitoes. Returning to Cuba, Dr. Agramonte became chairman of the board of infectious diseases and a member of the national board of health. Since 1900 he has occupied the chair of professor of bacteriological and experimental pathology at
tions to the science of bacteriology.
this field of
744
The Doctor has been a proHfic contributor and scientific press and has pubMshed more than 150 monographs and articles upon his particular studies. He is a member of numerous societies at home and abroad, including the American Academy of Science and the Society of Clinical Studies. The Laureate Institute of France awarded to him the Breant prize in 1912. In previous issues of the BuUetin mention has been made of the branch banks which the National City Bank of New York is estabOfficers and employees lishing in Buenos Aires and Rio de Janeiro. for these new institutions have been selected with great care as to Among their fitness and ability to successfully carry out this work. those selected for important executive service is the Hon. George R. CoLTON, ex-governor of Porto Rico. Mr. Colton is eminently
the University of Habana.
to the medical
qualified for the responsibilities attaching to his
new
for
lived
and served among Spanish-speaking peoples
He has trust. many years and
has a sympathetic understanding of the Latin Americans, as well as a thorough knowledge of and training in their commercial relations, Ex-Gov. Colton commenced his foreign service in the Philipppine In 1905 Islands, where he organized the customs service at Manila. he went to the Dominican Republic and there readjusted the customs service under the organization scheme provided for by the receiverAt the conclusion of his labors Mr. Colton was ship convention. made insular customs collector for the Philippine Islands, and in 1909 his services were rewarded by appointment to the position of governor of Porto Rico which he held until November, 1913. The Governor carries the best wishes of his many friends in private and
official circles to his
new
charge.
PAN AMEIICA MAGAZ]

A
October
capitals of Brazil, Argentina,
rn
THE
Mr. Bacon,
Journey in South America, by Eobert Bacon, in The Outlook for 14, 1914, gives his imprefsions resulting from his visit to the
Uruguay, ChUe, anc^Peru.
who was Secretary
of State in Mr. Roosevelt's administration
and am-
bassador to France during Mr. Taft's, visited thBse countiies in the autumn of 1913 as the representative of the Gg^rnegie Endowment Observations recorded bj an eminent for International Peace. diplomatist, an unbiased thinker and close student of men and affairs, such as Mr. Bacon, are unquestionably of value at a time when the attention of the people of the United States is being so prominently directed to the republics of South America, and we herewith reproduce brief excerpts from the article relative to the cities enumerated
We gained our first impression of Brazil at Bahia, the third largest city in the Republic,
and a principal mart
for tobacco, sugar, cacao,

is
and cotton, where on
all sides
were
evidences of the energy that
transforming the capitals of these Brazilian States into
modern cities. We were ashore for only a couple of hours, and our sightseeing was confined to a rapid motor trip through some of the main avenues, but the short stay was an inspiring introduction to the activity which we had heard was marking the
development of Brazil. Streets were torn up, old houses were being demolished, new and imposing buildings were taking their places; street-car lines were being built Apparently expense was but little considered in the desire for improveor improved. ment. Bahia is a revelation to travelers from northern climes, who are wont to regard the people of the Tropics as lacking in energy and too content with an easy existence
to suffer change.
It first view of Rio was such as to stamp it forever on the memories of all of us. probable that no one can enter that wonderful harbor without receivirg impressions which can not be effaced, but it was our good fortune to pass through the narrow en-
Our
is
come to anchor in the circular bay when the myriad lights the city were shining, outlining the broad arc of the shore and extending from the water's edge to the heights behind the city. A full moon revealed the high, dark mountains of curious shajjes which encircled us, with the domelike rock, the Sugar Loaf, which is beloved of every "Flumineuse," rising sheer from the deep waters only
trance just after sunset and to
of
a few
hundred yards away.
*
it seems impossible deadly fevers. To-day the
The wonderful
city
is
sanitary conditions of Rio are most striking, and
that the city should once
have been a lurking place
for
is scrupulously clean; the streets are so well cared for that a torn-up thorovghfare a rarity. Pestilential disease has disappeared, and the mortality rate is one of the lowest in the world. The impression we all got, and which, I think, any one must receive in even the briefest visit, was of a city and country and people for whom the future is big with promise. The vastness of Brazil and its inestimable wealth stimulate the imagination
to picture the
development that must surely come when
this great country is
more
thickly populated.
745

Of Buenos Aires Mr. Bacon writes:
747
wonderful city, substantial, important, beautiful, third in point of size hemisphere, nearly as large as Chicago, and rivaling that city in the rapidity of In the shopping centers one finds the bustle and life of a prosperous its growth. capital, and in the residential districts are splendid houses, nearly all of French architecture, indications of the wealth and cosmopolitan character of the inhabitants. A day or two after our arrival, during a tour of the city, I saw some of the magnificent new avenues and parks of the capital. We inspected the extensive underground railway, which was just being completed, and also went to the model municipal farm, and there had our first drink of mate, or Paraguayan tea, which, though scarcely known in Europe or in the United States, is a most important article of consumption in some of the southern republics, Argentina alone having imported 43,161 tons of
It is truly a
on
this
mate from Brazil in
1900.
The public
schools of
Buenos Aires are models
of
which any country might be
proud, and have aroused the admiration of such distinguished observers as James Bryce and M. Clemenceau. It has been said that the Argentine spends, in proportion
more money upon the education of her children than any other country in the world, with the exception of Australia; and one can easily believe that this is true if her schools generally have the excellence of those in Buenos Aires.
to the population,
In regard to Montevideo and the progressive Republic of Uruguaylie
writes:
la Plata at
The Rio de
although
'
Buenos Aires
'
is
really
an arm
of the sea, so that

is
Montevideo,
'just across
the river' from the Argentine city,
distant 110 miles,
and the
journey between the two capitals occupies about nine hours. Montevideo is a much smaller city than Buenos Aires, about one-third or one-fourth the size, but it possesses all the dignity of a large and important capital, together with the charm of individuality which smaller cities often retain. There are wide, wellpaved, well-lighted avenues, lined with attractive buildings and many interesting shops. The city is well equipped with modern electric street railways. Public squares and parks of exceeding beauty add to the attractiveness of the place, to which many come from Buenos Aires during the hot months. Close by are delightful resorts on the sea which are within easy access of the city and afford pleasant places for outings for the Montevideans. To the west is the famous Cerro, a large conelike hill, beloved by the people of the city, who often go there for the fine view to be obtained from its summit of the river and harbor with its moles and docks. The harbor, already an excellent one, although too small for the commerce of the port, is being extensively improved. Some one has well described Montevideo as the American Hague, because of the
conferences and congresses which are held there. A large number have in view the improvement of the present conditions of humanity. All that tends to uplift mankind, all that makes for progress in the march of More than one historian civilization, finds a cordial support in progressive Uruguay. has pointed out that the majority of leaders in the world's advance have come from the smaller nations. Uruguay, although the smallest in area of the South American Republics, occupies a place of honor and consequence not dependent upon its size but upon the intelligence, advancement, and patriotism of its people.
many international
of these gatherings
Santiago, the beautiful capital of Chile, laid
Bacon, as
follows
Santiago
is
it
does upon
all
American
visitors,
its charm upon Mr. and he describes it as
entirely distinctive in character.
It possesses all the
charm
to this
of
Spanish
city,
but
its
progressive, enlightened citizens
have added
an old charm of
748
THE PAN AMEEICAKT UNION.
antiquity the comforts and improvements of modern capitals. Its situation is superb. High mountains rise close at hand, inclosing the city in a frame of imposing proportions and exquisite coloring. In the clear atmosphere the mountains appear to be very near, but they give only the sense of protection without any oppressive feeling
such as one so often experiences in cities built near perhaps unconsciously, keeps ever in mind that longitudinal valley of incomparable richness and fertility in which Santiago lies, and which makes of this part of Chile a region which experienced travelers have regarded as one "of the earth's most attractive garden spots. It was an altogether pleasing and impressive glimpse that we got of the Chilean capital the morning after our arrival, a perfect October morning, with the comfortable sun shining from a deep-blue sky and a gentle but invigorating breeze blowing from the mountains. Such days, I am told, are a common experience in Santiago, where rarely does it become uncomfortably hot or uncomfortably cold. From the historic Cerro Santa Lucia we saw the city in panorama, a metropolis of half a million inhabitants, with wide, straight avenues, large public buildings of Spanish architecture, and statues and monuments worthy of the capital of a great and powerful nation.
of restriction, of
being shut
in,
high mountains.
The
visitor,
Lima, the picturesque capital

learning, the University of
'"
of Peru, and its ancient seat San Marcos, he deals with as follows:
of
The harbor of Callao is an excellent one, but as yet the ships do not come alongside the piers. Only 7 miles from Callao is Lima. The individual and picturesque charand the romantic and
brilliant part it has
acter of the city
played in American history
make it irresistibly attractive to the visitor. There are many evidences of the modern spirit of progress in Lima. Wide streets, beautiful squares, crowded
unite to
business thoroughfares, and delightful residential districts impress the visitor with the
and its commercial importance. To many travelers the main Lima, however, is the University of San Marcos, the oldest seat of learning on the American Continent. It should fill any American with pride and reverence to enter the beautiful patio of the university, climb the ancient stone stairway to the wide verandas, and visit the great halls with the portraits of rectors of the university from the time of its foundation in 1551 looking down from the walls. Through centuries of great stress, through war and revolution and untold hardships, earnest teachers and students of San Marcos have kept brightly burning the first lamp of learning lighted in the New World.
attractiveness of the city
point
of interest in
South of Panama, First Paper Western Colombia and Ecuador, in November number of Century, is the fu^st installment of a series of articles written for that publication by Edward Alsworth Koss, professor of sociology of the University of Wisconsin. Prof. Ross has
:
the
traveled extensively in the countries of South America and writes from the standpoint of first-hand information. The following paragraphs, quoted from the introduction, written by Mr. John Barrett, Director General of the Pan American Union, foreshadow the scope of Prof. Ross's task and touch upon a few of the important features to be considered in dealing with the subject:
geographical location.
It means not merely and upland contrasted with fallow valleys and lofty plateaus populated and cultivated through centuries. It means barren and burned mountains and dreary deserts mingled with forested and watered slopes, grassy llanos and pampas, and flowering savannas. It means the mixing of almost forgotten aboriginal races and surviving Indian types with the intelof
The phrase "South
Panama"
has a mighty significance.
It signifies vast Adrgin areas of lowland
67998Bull. 514
750
lectual

and refined descendants
of early
Spaniards and Portuguese and the later

It
sprinkling of adventuresome Germans, Italians, English, and Americans.
means
Incan ruins, old-fashioned Moorish and Spanish architecture in the sleeping cities and towns with strange peoples and conditions harking back to far centuries, hard by a new civilization, modern skyscrapers, and boulevards in growing commercial entrep6ts and ambitious capitals with progressive peoples and conditions which rival the best that the old East and the new West of North America can show. * * * South of Panama, above all, suggests opportunity. It stands for governments, peoples, commerce, resources, progress, and possibilities that deserve the study and interest of the world. It presents a field of new activity and fascinating achievement that should attract the capital, trade, and travel of both North Americans and Europeans. It holds out a need of increased population that should be studied and met by the promoters of legitimate and worthy immigration. It calls for money and men to build railroads, harness water powers, construct dams and dig ditches for irrigation, open mines, promote agriculture, and fell forests. * * * What is wanted to-day to promote true Pan-American solidarity and unity of purpose in the great family of western nations is an appreciation and accm'ate knowledge by North America and North Americans of the history and institutions, the peoples and governments, and the present progress and future possibilities of South America and South Americans. Let our boys and girls, our future citizens, upon whom depends the evolution of ideal Pan- Americanism, think and study not alone in terms of Alexander the Great, Csesar, Charlemagne, Charles Martel, Cromwell, Napoleon, Wellington, Washington, Scott,- Grant, and Lincoln, but let them gain impressions also from the names and achievements of San Martin, Bolivar, Sucre, Artigas, Jose Bonifacio, O'Higgins, Moraztin, Hidalgo, and Marti, the great liberators and leaders of South American struggles for liberty, independence, and free peoples. When our students discuss educational and intellectual effort and progress in Europe and the United States, let them also take into consideration the educational and intellectual history and development of South America, not forgetting that in Lima, the capital of Peru, was founded the great University of San Marcos almost a century before Harvard opened its doors, and that at Cordova, in Argentina, another university was attended by hundreds of students long before Yale and Dartmouth were even planned
ci^dlization, fascinating
an ancient
by
their founders.
After our municipal experts have visited and talked of the great cities of Europe,
of Brazil, with its population of improvements in the form of broad avenues, artistic waterfronts, and marvelous mountain parks; Montevideo, the attractive capital of Uruguay, with a population of 450,000, a city of homes, having also a harbor development that represents an expenditure of $12,000,000; Buenos Aires, the capital of Argentina, which, with a population of 1,700,000, now takes rank after New York and Chicago, and becomes third city of the Western Hemisphere, proudly possessing the finest opera house, the best-equipped newspaper building and plant, and the most elegant club house of any city in the world; and Santiago, the capital of Chile, which, with a population of nearly half a million souls, is often described as the Paris of the Andes, and is famed for the refinement of its people.
they should not overlook Rio de Janeiro, the capital
1,000,000, its wonderful municipal
The following excerpts from Prof. Ross's paper, dealing with the journey from Guayaquil to Quito and the impressions of the country, will serve to indicate the character of his informative and interesting contribution to our knowledge of this section of Latin America:
will set
Perhaps the most attracting thing about Guayaquil is that from it an American train you in half a day on one of the two greatest plateaus in the world, and at the

close of the second
751
day will bring you to Quito, only 5 leagues south of the Equator. Out across the plain to Bucay, where the 2-mile climb begins, one fills a mental film with scenes from tropical agricultiu-e; orange trees glorious with yellow globes; palms
bearing coconuts at every stage of growth; fields filled with a low, pinkish-green Spanish bayonet, holding often a central spike that bears a pineapple; patches of toquilla, which yields the "straw" for making Panama hats; banana plantations making a dense jungle four fathoms deep. Then there are trees bearing papallas, mangos, and bread fruit. The tall chimney stack marks the sugar mill. Over toy tracks cars carry the sugar canes to the mill, and after they have been passed between double rolls, the refuse is dry enough to burn at once in the furnace. Down orchard rows one sees the magenta or golden cacao pods, as big as a bos'n's fist, not drooping gracefully from twigs, but stemmed right to the trunk and branches of the tree. * * * At Alausi, IJ miles up, we are among irrigated patches of wheat, corn, cabbage, and other characteristic crops of the temperate zone. Above 2 miles we rumble over bleak paramos, or mountain pastures, with cattle and sheep cropping on the tawny slopes, while the bottom of the ravines is gemmed with fields of lucerne, potatoes, and barley, bright green in gray, like jade set in granite. * * * We lie over night at Riobamba, and thence to Quito is a day, with a chain of Andes on each hand. Surely no other city in the world is approached by a double avenue of volcanoes, from 5 to 10 leagues wide and 40 long. Chimb orazo, Altar, Tunguragua, Cotopaxi, Sangay, and Cayambe thrust a mile or more of mantled peak above the snow line, which here under the Equator is between 15,000 and 16,000 feet. The train pants up wind-swept ridges and slips down into sheltered valleys. At Urbina we are near to 12,000 feet, 1,000 feet above the highest tillage. In 90 minutes we glide down 3,400 feet to Ambato, girt with Adneyards and peach orchards It is like passing from Labrador to Maryland. * * * One does not need the smoke plume floating from the peaks or the jarring detonations to learn what manner of land tliis is, for every railway cutting exposes a tragic page of history. The blanket of volcanic ash dropped over the country every century or so gives vast gray landscapes like Nevada. Trees there are none, and the houses Beside the huts stand beehive stacks of yellow grain are all of adobe and thatched. like those of an Iowa farmer. Near by is a threshing floor, with a donky going round and round while the husbandman plies the pitchfork. The irrigated fields, the sheepfolds, the oxen drawing an iron-shod, one- handle plow of the time of the Pha.
remind one of Biblical agriculture. * * * Between the fields run hedges of spiny American aloe, or century plant, the same plant that in Mexico yields pulque and in Yucatan the fiber for binding twine. Cacti abound, clumsy and bulbous, bearing a top like the seven-branched candlestick of
raohs,
Solomon's Temple.
turnal crop watchers.
Here,
jxist
as in China,
one sees the cornstalk shelters
of
the noc-
Most
of
the day
we
are within sight of the famous carretera, or
highroad, built 40 years ago

sight a
president that Ecuador ever had.
by Garcia Moreno, the best, but also the most ruthless, One sees no wheel on it, but always there is in
mule train or a file of burdened Indians. * * * Although the eastern Cordilleras march between us and the hot, stream country of the Napo, we cross streams that break through and find their way to the Amazon. Latacunga, one Jof these crossings, is the birthplace of the most romantic gold legend in Ecuador. Benalcazar and his Spaniards, who came up from Peru and took the kingdom of Quito, although in their mad search they left not one stone upon another, never found the treasure which Quito gathered for the ransom of Atahualpa but secreted after word came of his minder by Pizarro. Long afterward, a certain Spaniard in Ecuador, Valverde, became suddenly very rich after his marriage to an Indian girl. Valverde returned to Spain, and on his death bed told how his fatherin-law had led him to a cave in the fastnesses of the Andes wherein lay the ransomed
'

gold of the Inca.
753
He left for the King of Spain a written derrotero, or chart, with minute directions how to reach the treasure cave from Latacunga. The derrotero was sent to Ecuador, copied, and many expeditions have set forth on the strength of it. The numerous landmarks it mentions tally perfectly with the locality until a certain hill of pyrites is reached, after which the trail vanishes. * * *
Quito, lifted nearly 2 miles into thin
bat, in sooth,
it air,
has always boasted
its
"perpetual spring;'
would be
just as fair to call its climate "perpetual
autumn."
With a
temperature that covers about 60 F. in the shade, the Quitonian passes his life in early April or late October. He escapes winter to be sure, but misses the vernal miracle that redeems the higher latitude. But whether he feels chilled or baked, he can always turn his eye toward comfort. Out across the plain, about 3 miles to the north, the road drops 3,000 feet through a stupendous ravine, and from the high
places of Quito one can peer
down
into a semitropical valley, its coffee trees
and
dancing in the heat waves. On the other hand, when the overhead sun As you study through a scorches, there are a score of snow peaks to refresh the eye. field glass the huge drifts and wild snow storms on Antisana, which looks out over the rank forests of the Oriente, you realize that it is easier and safer to get from where you * * * are to Greenland than to reach those polar solitudes only a dozen miles away. Groves of eucalyptus in the environs of Quito agreeably relieve the majesty of the scenery, and it is said that this Province has a third of a million of these trees. President Moreno introduced them from Australia half a century ago, and it is a saying among even the enemies of Moreno that on the day of judgment he will escape the penalty of his misdeeds with the plea, "I gave Ecuador the eucalyptus." * * *
cane
fields
'
'
'
'
The numerous public squares, handsome monuments after the latest ideas of French and Italian art, well-paved, tlirough narrow streets, and gay colors of walls and costumes, combined with its wonderfid natural surroundings, make Quito a city to remember.
The River of Doubt, the seventh article in the series entitled ''A Hunter-Naturalist in the Brazilian Wilderness/' by Theodore RooseThat velt, appeared in the October number of Scribner's Magazine. the article is of absorbing interest goes without saying. In it the reader is given a detailed description of the first portion of this famous journey down an unknown, uncharted nver whose course
from
ized
headwaters to its mouth had never been traversed by civilSo graphically does Col. Roosevelt picture the incidents of the journey that the reade^ is carried along with the subconscious impression that he is himself a member of the party. The start of the journey, which subsequently proved to be even more perilous than anticipated, is thus briefly outlined by the author:
its
man.
midday, we started down the River of Doubt were quite uncertain whether after a week we should find ourselves in the Gy-Parana, or after six weeks in the Madeira, or after three months we knew not where. That was why the river was rightly christened the "Diivida." We had been camped close to the river, where the trail that follows the telegraph line crosses it by a rough bridge. As our laden dugouts swung into the stream, AmUcar and Miller and all the others of the Gy-Parana party were on the banks and the bridge to wave farewell and wish us good-by and good luck. It was the height of the rainy season, and the swollen torrent was swift and brown. Our camp was at about 12 V latitude south and 60 15^ longitude west of Greenwich. Our general course was to be northward toward the Equator, by waterway through the vast forest.
On
February
27, 1914, shortly after
into the
unknown.
We
754

of surveying
The arduous work

The
and mapping the river was accom-
plished in the following manner:
by Col. Rondon and Lyra, with Kermit Kermit went first in his little canoe with the sighting rod, on which two disks, one red and one white, were placed a meter apart. He selected a place which commanded as long vistas as possible upstream and down, and which therefore might be at the angle of a bend; landed, cut away the branches which obstructed the view, and set up the sighting pole incidentally encountering maribundi wasps and swarms of biting and stinging ants. Lyra, from his station upstream; with his telemeter established the distance, while Col. Rondon with the compass took the direction and made the records. Then they moved on to the point Kermit had left, and Kermit established a new point within their sight. The first half-day's work was slow. The general course of the stream was a trifle east of north, but at short intervals it bent and curved Hterally toward every point of the compass. Kermit landed 114 times, and we made but 9J kUometers.
actual surveying of the river was done
as their assistant.
The
the
real difficulties
and hardships, however, lay
in circumventing
many
obstructions to navigation formed
by
falls
the river, in procuring
game
for the subsistence of the party,
and rapids in and in
the constant battle against the innumerable insect pests, etc. At times the heavy canoes had to be hauled out of the water with block
and tackle and dragged long distances through the tangled forests, over rocks, and through marshy places in order to pass around the unnavigable portions of the stream. The following is the graphic account of the incident in which one of the men lost his life and in which Kermit Koosevelt had a very narrow escape from drowning:
Kermit, as usual, was leading in his canoe. It was the smallest and least seaworthy of all. He had in it little except a week's supply of our boxed provisions and a few tools; fortunately, none of the food for the camaradas. His dog, Tregueiro, was with him. Besides himself, the crew consisted of two men: Joao, the helmsman or pilot as he is called in Brazil, and SimpUcio, the bowsman. Both were negroes and exceptionally good men in every way. Kermit halted Ms canoe on the left bank, above the rapids, and waited for the Colonel's canoe. Then the Colonel and Lyra walked down the bank to see what was ahead. Kermit took his canoe across to the island, to see whether the descent could be better accompHshed on the other side. Having made his investigation, he ordered the men to return to the bank he had left, and the dugout was headed upstream accordingly. Before they had gone a dozen yards, the paddlers digging their paddles with all their strength into the swift current, one of the shifting whirlpools of which I have spoken came downstream, whirled them around, and swept them so close to the rapids that no human power could avoid going over them. As they were drifting into them broadside on, Kermit yelled to the steersman to turn her head, so as to take them in the only way that offered any chance whatever of safety. The water came aboard, wave after wave, as they raced down. They reached the bottom with the canoe upright, but so full as barely to float, and the paddlers urged her toward the shore. They had nearly reached the bank when another whirlpool or whirling eddy tore them away and hurried them back to midstream, where the dugout filled and turned over. Joao, seizing the rope, started to swim ashore; the rope was pulled from his hands, but he reached the bank. Poor SimpUcio must have been pulled under at once, and his life beaten out on the bowlders beneath the racing torrent. He never rose again, nor did we ever recover his body. Kermit clutched his rifle, his favorite 405 Winchester, witli which he had done most
BUTTRESSED TREE IN BRAZIL.

'Here and there grew immense trees, and on some of them mighty buttresses sprang from the base." (Col. Theodore Roosevelt in "The River of Doubt," in Scribner's Magazine for October,
1914.)
A J,AM>IN(, PLACE ON THE MADEIRA RIVER.

'INext morning
river."
we were on
the broad, sluggish current of the lower Madeira, a beautiful tropical

for
(Col.
Theodore Roosevelt in Scribner's Magazine
November,
1914.)
756
of his

hunting both in Africa
and America, and climbed on the bottom of the upset In a minute he was swept into the second series of rapids, and whirled away from the rolling boat, losing his rifle. The water beat his helmet down over his head and face, and drove him beneath the surface, and when he rose at last he was almost drowned, his breath and strength almost spent. He was in swift but quiet water, and swam toward an overhanging branch. His jacket hindered him, but he knew he was too nearly gone to be able to get it off; and, thinking with the curious calm one feels when death is but a moment away, he realized that the utmost his failing strength He reached and clutched it, and then almost could do was to reach the branch. lacked strength to haul himself out on the land. Good Tregueiro had faithfully swam alongside him tlirough the rapids, and now himself scrambled ashore. It was a very narrow escape. Kermit was a great comfort and help to me on the trip, but the fear of some fatal accident befalUng him was always a nightmare to me. He was .0 be married as soon as the trip was over, and it did not seem to me that I could bear to bring bad tidings to his betrothed and to his mother. Simplicio was unmarried. Later we sent to his mother all the money that would have been his had he lived. The following morning we put on one side of the post erected to mark our camping spot the following inscription, in Portuguese: " In these
boat.
rapids died poor Simplicio ."
The circumstances under which the River of Doubt new name are thus described by Col. Roosevelt:
received
its
On the morning following our camping by the mouth of the Rio Kermit, Col. Rondon took a good deal of pains in getting a big post set up at the entry of the smaller river into the Duvida. Then he summoned me, and all the others, to attend the ceremony of its erection. We found the camaradas drawn up in line, and the colonel preparing
"the orders of the day." To the post was nailed a board with "Rio Kermit" on it; and the Colonel read the orders reciting that by the direction of the Brazilian Government, and inasmuch as the unknown river was evidently a great This was a complete surprise to me. river, he formally christened it the Rio Roosevelt. Both Lauro Miiller and Col. Rondon had spoken to me on the subject, and I had urged, and Kermit had urged, as strongly as possible that the same be kept as Rio da Duvida. We felt that the "River of Doubt" was an unusually good name; and it is always well to keep a name of this character. But my kind friends insisted otherwise, and it would have been churlish of me to object longer. I was much touched by their action, and by the ceremony itself. At the conclusion of the reading Col. Rondon led in cheers for the United States, and then for me and for Kermit; and the camaradas cheered with a will. I proposed three cheers for Brazil, and then for Col. Rondon, and Lyra, and the doctor, and then for all the camaradas. Then Lyra said that everybody had been cheered except Cherrie; and so we all gave three cheers for Cherrie, and the meeting broke up in high good humor.
to read aloud
In the November number of Scribner's appears the

of the Roosevelt series.
It is
last installment
a record of terrible hardships,
of
indomitable courage and heart-breaking labor. The series of imStripped passible rapids followed one another in quick succession. down to the absolute necessities for sustaining life, the party continued the struggle. It now meant getting through or dying in the wilderness of starvation or at the hands of unknown hostile savages. The following paragraph gives but a slight idea of the difficulties which confronted the party almost daily:
Lyra and Kermit, with four
The last three days of March we spent in getting to the foot of the rapids in this gorge. The of the best watermen, handled the empty canoes.
From
a sketch
made
in 1852, by Lieut.
Lardner Gibbon, United States Navy.
DESCENDING THE RIBEIRAO FALLS OF THE MADEIRA RIVER IN BRAZIL.

Many
falls snob as Ihpsp, and .some even more difflcnit to descend, were encountered by Ihe RooseveH-Rondon Expedition on their journey down the River of Doubt, described by Col. Roosevelt in Scribner's Magazine for Ociober and November, 1914.
Sketched in
1852
by Lieut. Lardner Uibbon, United States Xavy.
CROSSING THE
MOUTH OF THE MADEIRA
WITH THE AMAZON.
RIVER, BRAZIL, AT ITS JUNCTION
758
work was not only
of
difficult and laborious in the extreme, but hazardous; for the walls the gorge were so sheer that at the worst places they had to cling to narrow shelves on the face of the rock, while letting the canoes down with ropes. Meanwhile Rondon
surveyed and cut a trail for the burden bearers, and superintended the portage of the loads. The rocky sides of the gorge were too steep for laden men to attemp t to traverse them. Accordingly the trail had to go over the top of the mountain, both the ascent
and the descent of the rock-strewn, work to carry loads over such a trail.
forest-clad slopes being
very steep.
It
was hard
ing in the trees on the edge of a cliff, All around and in front of us there were ranges of low mountains, about the height of the lower ridges of the Alleghanies. Their sides were steep and they were covered with the matted growth of the tropical forest. Our next camping place, at the foot of the
gorge, was almost beneath us, and from thence the river ran in a straight line, flecked with white water, for about a kilometer. Then it disappeared behind and between
the top of the mountain, through an openthere was a beautiful view of the country ahead.
From
which we supposed meant further rapids. It was a view well worth ahead of us was, its character was such as to promise further hardships, difficulty, and exhausting labor, and especially further delay; and delay was a serious matter to men whose food supply was beginning to run short, whose equipment was reduced to the minimum, who for a month, with the utmost toil, had made very slow progress, and who had no idea of either the distance or the difficulties of the route in front of them.
mountain
ridges,
seeing; but, beautiful although the country
At last, after two months of incessant toil and peril, the party reached the camp of Lieut. Pyrineu, who had been awaiting them for a month at the junction of the rivers called by the rubber men the Castanha and the upper Aripuanan. Col. Roose\elt closes his narrative with the following observations
Zoologically the trip had been a thorough success. Cherrie and Miller had collected over 2,500 birds and mammals, and a few reptiles, batrachians and fishes. Many of
them were new worked by any

of
to science; for
much of
the region traversed had never previously been
scientific collector.
Of course, the most important work we did was the geographic work, the exploration the unknown river, undertaken at the suggestion of the Brazilian Government, and in conjunction with its representatives. No piece of work of this kind is ever achieved save as it is based on long-continued previous work. As I have before said, what we did was to put the cap on the pyramid that had been built by Col. Rondon
and his associates
of
their scientific exploration of the chapadao, their
the telegrapliic commission during the six previous years. It was mapping the basin of the Juruena,
and their descent of the Gy-Parana, that rendered it possible for us to solve the mystery of the River of Doubt. The work of the commission, much the greatest work of the kind ever done in South America, is one of the many, many achievements which the republican government of Brazil has to its credit. Brazil has been blessed beyond her Spanish-American sisters because she won her way to republicanism by evolution rather than revolution. They plunged into the extremely difficult experiment of democratic, of popular, selfgovernment, after enduring the atrophy of every quality of self-control, self-reliance, and initiative throughout three withering centuries of existence under the worst and most foolish form of colonial government, both from the civil and the religious standpoint, that has ever existed. The marvel is not that some of them failed, but that some of them have eventually succeeded in such striking fashion, Brazil, on the contrary, when she achieved independence, first exercised it under the form of an authoritative empire, then under the form of a liberal empire. When the Republic came, the people were reasonably ripe for it. The great progress of Brazil, and it has
759
been an astonishing progress, has been made under the Republic. I could give innumerable examples and illustrations of this. The change that has converted Rio Janeiro from a picturesque pesthole into a singularly beautiful, healthy, clean, and efficient modern great city, is one of these. Another is the work of the telegraphic
commission.
put upon the map a river some 1,500 kilometers in length, of which the upper unknown to, but unguessed at by, anybody; while the lower course, although known for years to a few rubber men, was utterly unknown to cartographers. It is the chief affluent of the ]\Iadeira, which is itself the chief affluent
course was not merely utterly
of the
We
Amazon.
source of this
fifty-ninth
is between the twelfth and thirteenth parallels of latitude south and sixtieth degrees of longitude west from Greenwich. We embarked on it at about latitude 32 V south, and about longitude 60 15^ west. After that its entire course lay between the sixtieth and sixty-first degrees of longitude, approaching the latter most closely about latitude 8 15.'' The first rapids we encountered were in latitude 11 44^, and in uninterrupted succession they continued for about a degree, without a day's complete journey between any two of them. At 11 23^ the Rio Kermit entered from the left, at 11 22^ the Rio Marcino Avlla from the right, at 11 18^ the Taunay from the left, at 10 58^ the Cordozo from the right. In 10 24^ we encountered the first rubber men. The Rio Branco entered from the left at 9 38^. Our camp at 8 49^ was almost on the boundary between Matto Grosso and Amazonas. The confluence with the Aripunan, which joined from the right, took place at 7 34^. The entrance into the Madeira was at about 5 20^ (this point we did not determine by observation, as it is already on the maps). The stream we had followed down was from the river's highest sources; we had followed its longest course.
The
and the
Railway Expansion in South America, the series of articles by Frederic M. Halsey running in Moody's Magazine, deals with Peru in
Mr. Halsey gives a very comprehensive sketch railway development of the country, including a description of the Oroya, or Central of Peru Railway, which gives an excellent idea of this remarkable achievement of modern railway engineering.
of the
the September number.
We
quote
in
extenso as follows:
In 1913 there were only 1,841 miles of railway in operation throughout Peru, although nearly 3,000 miles were under construction or projected. The development of the country has been greatly retarded by the lack of railway facilities; the limited development of the railways is accounted for largely by the rugged nature of the
country
Most of the railway mileage of Peru is controlled by the Peruvian Corporation, which was formed in 1890 by the holders of the external debt of this Republic. The plan was that the holders of the 51,423,190 obligations would receive from the Government all the railroads for a term of 66 years (since extended to 83 years), together with mining privileges, land grants, etc. In return the bondholders were to deliver over to Peru one-half her obligations abroad, and look to Chile for a settlement of the other half. Chile settled by paying a large sum derived from the sale The bondholders agreed to finish a number of railway lines which were of guano. then uncompleted, and they were granted the right of free navigation on Lake Titicaca; also 3,000,000 tons of guano, and the sum of 80,000 per annum for 30 years from October, 1893. The latter annuities are secured by the proceeds of the customhouse at Callao and payments are being made regularly. The principal railway taken over by the bondholders was the Oroya or Central of Peru Railway, "the highest line in the world." This line, the history of which
s^-'
HI
:s=i
||||^
5 ^ ^, ft .2t:sg.s
3:^
O .5
c3
03
PAN AMEEICA
serves as
countries, was
IN"
THE MAGAZINES.
761
an ilhistration of the difficulties of railroad building in Peru and the adjoining begun by an American, Henry Meiggs, whose intention it was to have the road cross the Andes and reach some port on the Amazon. This railway starts at the port of Callao, and in a distance of 106 miles surmounts an elevation of ]5,865 After leaving Callao the line feet (Mount Blanc in the Alps is 15,781 feet high). passes Lima and starts to climb imtil it reaches Chosica, a famous health resort 33
About 14 miles farther on is San Bartolome (height 5,000 feet), near which place a "V-switfh," the first of its kind ever tried, is in use. This is necessary, as the mountain ledge, along which the line is constructed, breaks off abruptly and another ledge parallel with the one used must be followed in order to reach the summit above. * * * After the railway leaves San Bartolome there is in the next 5 miles a climb of about On a portion of this 1,000 feet to reach the Cuesta Blanca or White Hill Tunnel. stretch of road the Verrugas Bridge or Viaduct is crossed. The construction of this biidge, which is set at an altitude of 5,8<0 feet, was one of the gi-eat difficulties of the undertaking. It is a cantilever bridge 575 feet in length and had to be placed 300 feet above the bottom of the ravine, through which at certain seasons there rushes a raging torrent. The spanning of this gorge cost hundreds of lives, mostly through the outbreak of a disease known as the Verrugas fever. Beyond the Cuesta Blanca Tunnel the line zigzags its way until Chicla, 87 miles from Callao, is reac hed, at an altitude of 12,215 feet. In the 34 miles from the tunnel to this town there is one stretch a mile in length in which a rise of 700 feet must be accomplished, followed by another stretch of 5 miles in which an ascent of another 2,000 feet is necessary After this comes another portion of the line whereon Meiggs performed another wonderful engineering feat. The railway at this point tunnels a high mountain crag On the to emerge at the brink of a ravine, at the bottom of which a stream rushes. other side of the ravine another mountain peak had also to be tunneled. Across the chasm there was built out from the two tunnels a bridge, known as the Infiernillo (Hell) Bridge. The sharp cliffs forming the sides of the chasm extend so high above the railway that they almost exclude the light of day. The men who performed the task of building the bridge had to work suspended in baskets let down from
miles from the starting point (altitude 2,700 feet).
ledges above.
is
reached.
The line then proceeds through scenes of wild grandeur until Chicla The amount of blasting required in laying out the right of way necessi-
tated the use of over 00,000 pounds of explosives per mouth, and over 8.000
men
were at times employed in the building of the road. When Chicla was reached in 1877, Meiggs died, his death being due to overwork and the great strain connected with planning the enterprise. The Government's treasury was then running low and work ceased, not to be resumed until 1891, when the Peruvian Corporation took over the railway. This corporation let a contract to complete the line to William Thorndike (like Meiggs, an American), who continued along the surveys marked out by his predecessor, until the maximum point of the main line, at the great height of 15,665 feet, is reached. A short branch was also constructed to Morochoca, which reaches the height of 15,865 feet, the greatest altitude reached by any railroad in
existence.
At a point 106 miles from Callao, and at an altitude of 15,665 feet above the Pacific Ocean, a tunnel (the highest in the world) 3,855 feet in length had to be cut through a mountain peak forming a part of the continental divide. This is
located in the regions of almost perpetual snow.
From
the eastern portal of this
descent to the terminal at Oroya, about 31 miles beyond. This town, a place of some importance, is about 12,178 feet above the level of the sea, is the junction of an extension to Huancayo, and is also the starting point of the Cerro de Pasco Railway. The building of this railway cost, it is estimated, fully $200,000 per mile and not less than 7,500 lives. The undertaking was one of the greatest engineering feats * * * of modern time.
the Galera tunnel
the
railway begins
its
762
THE PAN AMEBIOAN UNION.
The gross receipts of the Central of Peru Railway for 1912-13 (249 miles operated) were $2,539,045 and the net receipts $938,890. Of scarcely less importance to the Republic is the Southern Railway of Peru, which winds its way up the Andes from Mollendo on the Pacific to Lake Titicaca and to Cuzco. Mollendo has a population of only about 5,000, yet it is the great shipping place for the tablelands of southern Peru and the region about Lake Titicaca. After leaving Mollendo this railway strikes southward for several miles following the shores of the Pacific to Majia, a seaside resort, from which point the course followed The railway trails its way upward through mountains of wonderis west to northwest. ful scenic grandeur, until at a point 107 miles from Mollendo, the city of Arequipa This city, second only to Lima in size is reached, at an altitude of over 7,500 feet. and importance, boasts of a population of about 40,000. Here are located the Harvard Observatory, a magnificent cathedral, and there are many other places of interest. Daily trains with parlor cars attached are in operation between Arequipa and the coast. Beyond Arequipa the traffic becomes lighter, but it is still sufficient to pay, and a semiweekly passenger train service is maintained to connect the Pacific Steam Navigation Co.'s steamers from Callao and other points with the interior. The line after leaving Arequipa resumes its upward climb, following the trails of the Incas marked out previous to the Spanish Conquest, until Juliaca, the junction of the branch to Lake Titicaca, is reached. From this point (about 307 miles from Mollendo) the railway follows the tableland northward, passing among other places the towns of Tirpata, Santa Rosa, and Sicuani, and climbing through the passes of La Roya (altitude, 14,518 feet) and Crucero (altitude, 14,666 feet) to Cuzco (206 miles from The country about the latter city is, owing to irrigation, highly productive Juliaca). and the railway which has but recently been completed to this section should greatly Cuzco itself has a population of about 25,000 and is assist in its wider development. probably the oldest city of South America, having been the capital of the ancient Peruvian Empire. This new extension earned about 0.08 per cent on the cost of construction during 1912-13. The Lake Titicaca branch extends to Puno at the northern end of the lake (29 miles from Juliaca), from which place a line of steamers, some of 1 ,000 tons register, operated by the Peruvian Corporation runs across the Guaqui on the Bolivian shore. Lake Titicaca, the highest large body of water in the world, is 12,450 feet above the sea level, is 165 miles in length and has a maximum width of 60 miles, its area being
4,000 square miles.
The Southern Railway of Peru operated on June 30, 1913, 533 miles of main track (gauge 4 feet 8* inches), this being the longest line in Peru. An extension is proposed to Madre de Dios River, which runs into the Beni River, an important tributary of the Amazon. The gross earnings for 1912-13 were 11,783,370 and the net earnings, 1664,833, of which $640,015 was paid to the Peruvian Corporation, the owner of $11,114,000 "Southern" stock. * * *
Other railways controlled by the Peruvian Corporation are

described as follows:
briefly
The
Trujillo
Railway connects the

of
interior
town
of that
name
(called Trujillo after
the birthplace
Francisco Pizarro, population about 12,000), with the port of Salaverry, an open roadstead protected by jetties, situated about 250 miles northward of Callao. Near Trujillo are located the ruins of the ancient Inca city Chanchan. The railway has been extended inland some distance beyond Trujillo, its total length being
Gross earnings for 1912-13 were $310,390 and net receipts $131,240, of to the Peruvian Corporation as owner of about $2,200,000 ordinary
of Guadalupe and further extensions have been planned. Daily
over 53 miles.
stock.
which $94,455 went
The Pacasmayo Railway connects the port of that name with the towns
(26 miles)
and Chilete
(65 miles)
THE "INFIERNILLO" BRIDGE, ON THE OROYA RAILWAY, PERU.

"The railway
at this point tunnels a high mountain crag to emerge at the brinlc of a ravine, at the bottom of which a stream rushes. On the other side of the ravine another mountain peak had also to be tiumeled. Across the chasm there was built out from the two tunnels a bridge, kno\vn as the Inflemillo (Hell) Bridge. The sharp cliffs forming the sides of the chasm extend so high above the railway that they almost exclude the light of day. The men who performed the task of buUding the bridge had to work suspended in baskets let down from the ledges above." (Railway Expansion in South America, by Frederic M. Halsey, in Moody's Magazine for September, 1914.)
764
trains are operated to
Guadalupe, beyond which the passenger service narrows down two or three trains a month. The Chilete extension will have to be built The company's pier at Pascasmayo is to a more inland point before it will pay. nearly one-half mile in length. The gross receipts of this railway for 1912-13 were
to only
$104,490.
The Payta
the
for
first
to
Peru, noted for
Piura Railway (60 miles) runs from Payta, a seaport in the far north of its lack of rainfall, to Piura, 60 miles inland (population, 10,000),
to
town in Peru
be
settled
by the Spanish.
The
gross earnings of this railway
1912-13 were $182,515.
controlled
The Chimbote Railway (35 miles) and Ilo-Moquequa Railway (62 miles), are also by the Peruvian Corporation which likewise works under agreement the
of
North Western Railway

miles).
Peru running between Ancon, Huacho, and Sayan (130
The principal railway not operated by the Peruvian Corporation is the Cerrro de Pasco Railway, running from Oroya on the Central of Peru Railway to the Cerro de Pasco mines and to the latter's coal fields (104 miles operated). The Cerro de Pasco
mines (discovered in 1630) are now under American control; they had produced
to
the close of the nineteenth century fully 40,000,000 tons of silver and copper ore, their copper production being estimated at 50,000,000 pounds annually (48,600,926
The railway is owned by the mining company; the highest altitude reached about 14,300 feet. Other railways, varying in length from 10 to 50 miles, are in operation in the Republic, while an extensive network of lines is either now being built, surveyed, or is projected, including a railway (the Amazon-Pacific Railway) from a point on the Cerro de Pasco Railway to the port of Pucalpa on the Ucayali River, 280 miles, which will oi)en up the rich department of Loreto and will afford an outlet for a vast wealth of rubber, timber, tropical products, and extensive deposits of coal found in the This railway will be subsidized by the Government to the amount regions traversed. A trans-Andine railway has been surveyed and the contract let to of $9,735,000. connect the Pacific port of Payta with points on the Maranon and Huallaga Rivers, This railway (highest altitude 6,600 feet) will cross the tributaries of the Amazon. Andes at a far lower altitude than the Central of Peru Railway and will present few The length will be about 435 miles and the really difficult engineering problems. The Santa Ana Railway is under construction from Cuzco northcost $6,000,000. ward to Santa Ana. This line meets some heavy grades, including the ascent of El Arco.
in 1911).
by
it is
number of American Forestry, by United States Geological Survey, is a most interesting description of the several groups of fossilized trees to be found in Yellowstone Park. These trees, perfectly siUcified, stand imbedded in the surrounding matrix where they grew perhaps a million years ago and are objects of interest to scientists and visiting laymen alike. Mr. Knowlton writes:
Forest of Stone, in the October
of the
F.
H, Knowlton,
Remarkable
fossil forests exist
in Yellowstone Park, the most remarkable, it
is
which have been discoveredthere are others in Egypt, in California, and in Arizona because in the Yellowstone most of the trees were entombed in their original upright position and not found recumbent and scattered about the ground. In Arizona, for instance, the fossilized trunks have evidently been carried a long distance from where they originally grew. In the Yellowstone the trees now stand where they grew, and where they were entombed by the outpouring of various volcanic materials. Now as the softer rocks surrounding them is gradually worn away they are left standing erect on the steep hillsides just as they
believed, of the several fossil forests
Courtesy
ul
Amui
u\ui t'ure^trj' Magazine, Washington, D. C.
TWIN TRUNKS OF THE FOSSIL FOREST.

These are on Specimen Ridge, Yellowstone National Park.
feet apart and twenty-flve feet high. American Forestry for'Octoher, 1914.)
(Illustrating
"A
They are two feet in diameter twentyForest of Stone," by F. H. Knowlton, in
-Bull.
514
766
stood

when they were
living; in fact, it is difficult at a little distance to distinguish
some of these fossil trunks from the lichen-covered stumps of kindred living species. Such an aggregation of fossil trunks is therefore well entitled to be called a true fossil forest. It should not be supposed, however, that these trees still retain their limbs and smaller branches, for the mass of volcanic material falling on them stripped them
down
to bare, upright trunks.

fossil forests
cover an extensive area in the northern portion of the park, being abandant along the west side of Lamar River for about 20 miles above its junction with the Yellowstone. Here the land rises rather abruptly to a height of approximately 2,000 feet above the valley floor. It is known locally as Specimen Ridge, and forms an approach to Amethyst Mountain. There is also a small fossil forest containing a number of standing trunks near Tower Falls, and near the eastern border of the park along Lamar River in the vicinity of Cache, Calfee, and Miller Creeks, there are many more or less isolated trunks and stumps of fossil trees, but so far as known none of these are equal to the fossil forest on the slopes of Specimen
These
especially
Ridge.
Recently another extensive fossil forest has been found on the divide between the Gallatin and Yellowstone Rivers in the Gallatin Range of mountains, in Park and Gallatin Counties, Mont. This forest, which lies just outside the boundary of the Yellowstone National Park, is said to cover 35,000 acres and to contain some wonderfully well-preserved upright trunks, many of them very large, equaling or perhaps even surpassing in size some of those within the limits of the park. * * * One traversing the valley of the Lamar River may see at many places numerous upright fossil trunks in the faces of nearly vertical walls. These trunks are not all at a particular level but occur at irregular heights; in fact, a section cut down through these 2,000 feet of beds would disclose a succession of fossil forests. That is to say, after the first forest grew and was entombed, there was a time without volcanic outbursta period long enough to permit a second forest to grow above the first. This in turn was covered by volcanic material and preserved, to be followed again by a period of quiet, and these more or less regular alternations of volcanism and forest growth continued throughout the time the beds were in process of formation. The area within which the fossil forests are now found was apparently in the beginning an irregular but relatively flat basin, on the floor of which after a tune there grew the first forest. Then there came from some of the volcanoes, probably those to the
an outpouring of ashes, mud flows, and other material which entirely buried but so gradually that the trees were simply submerged by the incoming On the raised floor of the basin, after a time, material, few of them being prostrated. the next forest came into existence, only to be in turn engulfed as the first had been, and so on through the period represented by the 2,000 feet or more of similar beds. The series of entombed forests affords a means of making at least a rough estimate of the time required for the upbuilding of what is now Specimen Ridge and its extensions. During the time this 2,000 feet of material was being accumulated, and since then to the present day, there has been relatively little warping of the earth's crust at this point; that is, the beds were then, and still are, practically horizontal, so that the fossil forests, as they are being gradually uncovered, still stand upright. When the volcanic activities had finally ceased, the everworking disintegrating forces of nature began to tear and wear down this accumulated material, eroding the beds on a grand scale. Deep canyons and gulches have been trenched and vast quantities of the softer materials have been carried away by the streams and again deposited on lower levels or transported to great and unknown distances. The fossil forest that was first brought to scientific attention is on the northern slope of Amethyst Mountain, opposite the mouth of Soda Butte Creek, about 8 miles southeast of Junction Butte. The following account, by Dr. William H. Holmes, the discoverer of these fossil forests, shows the impression first made by them:
north,
the
forest,
Courtesy of American Forestry Magazine. Washington. D. C.
ANOTHER SPECIMEN SHOWING BARK.

'
This ancient of ancients is also surrounded by live trees, many of them heins; of the sai (Illustrating "A Forest of Stone," by F. H. Knowlton, in American Forestry for October, 1914.)
768
"As we
have but
ride

up the
trail
that meanders the smooth river bottom (Lamar River)
we
on the right hand to discover a multitxide In the steeper middle portion of the of the bleached trunks of the ancient forests. mountain face, rows of upright trunks stand out on the ledges like the columns of a ruined temple. On the more gentle slopes farther down, but where it is still too steep to support vegetation, save a few pines, the petrified trunks fairly cover the su"face, and were at first supposed by us to be shattered remains of a recent forest." These trunks may easily be seen from the road along the Lamar River, about a mile away. They stand upright as Holmes has said, like the pillars of some ruined temple and a closer view shows that there is a succession of these forests, one above
to turn our attention to the cliffs
In the foothills and several hundred feet above the valley there is a perpendicular wall of volcanic breccia, which in some places attains a height of nearly 100 feet. The fossil trunks may be seen in this wall in many places, all of them standing upright in the position in which they grew. Some of these trunks, which are 2 to 4 feet in diameter and 20 to 40 feet high, are so far weathered out of the rock as to appear just ready to fall; others are only slightly exposed; niches mark the places from which others have already fallen; and the foot of the cliff is piled high with
another.
fragments
of
various sizes.
is on the northwest end Specimen Ridge, about a mile southeast of Junction Butte and about opposite the mouth of Slough Creek. So far as known, this forest was first brought to scientific attention by Mr. E. C. Alderson, of Bozeman, Mont., and the writer, who discovered It is foimd on the higher part of the ridge and covers several it in August, 1887. acres. The trees are exposed at various heights on the very steep hillsides, and one remarkable feature of the forest is that most of them project well above the surface. One of the largest and best-preserved trees stands at the very summit of the slope. This trunk, which is that of a giant redwood, is 26-|- feet in circumference without the bark and about 12 feet in height. The portion of this huge trunk preserved is the base, and it exhibits to a considerable degree the swelling or buttressing so well known in the living redwood. The roots, which are as large as the trunks of ordinary
In
many
respects the most remarkable of the fossil forests
of
trees, are
certainty, since the tallest trunk
be ascertained with only about 30 feet high, but every one observed is obviously broken off and does not show even the presence of limbsPerhaps the nearest approach to a measure of the height is afforded by a trunk that
this fossil forest can not
is
now embedded in solid rock. The height attained by the trees of now
standing
happened
in diameter, is exposed for a length of about 40 feet,
This trunk, which is 4 feet and as it shows no apparent diminution in size within this distance it is safe to assume that the tree could hardly have been less than 100 feet high and very probably may have been higher. * * *
to
have been prostrated before
fossilization.
It is, of course, imposthough it is easy enough to place them in the geologic time scale. The forests of the Yellowstone National Park are found in the Miocene series of the Tertiary period. As compared with the eons of geologic time that preceded it the Miocene is relatively very recent, though, if the various estimates of the age of the earth that have been made by geologists are anywhere near correct, it may well have been a million years ago. It must be remembered, however, that this estimate involves more or less speculation based on a number of factors which may or may not have been correctly interpreted.
is
The question
often asked,
how
old are the fossil forests?
sible to fix their age exactly in years,
Through Sleepers from Nome to Cape Horn, in the November number Popular Mechanics, deals in a very optimistic manner with that dream of recent years, a great Pa,n American railway stretching its continuous ribbons of steel from the icy fields of Alaska down to the southern tip of South America. The impossible of yesterday freof
769
quently becomes the probable of to-day and the accomphshed fact of to-morrow, and we herewith reproduce the article as a prophesy and because of the spirit of hope which it evokes:
to the Euroan all-rail route connecting the United States with the countries of the Southern Hemisphere. 'WTien this plan is carried out, as it is almost certain to be some day for strategic as well as commercial reasons, it must be extended to include a railway connection with Alaska, where the United States
The
stimulation of
commerce between North and South America, due

interest in the project of
pean war, has revived
parties in the field selecting routes for a railway develop the resources of that country. Such a railway, reaching continuously from the great plateau of central Alaska to the pampas of South America and beyond, would constitute the biggest enterprise of its kind ever under caken. If it were not that more than half of the line has already been built and is in operation. Since the surveys for the Pan American railway were made, there has been a steady development in railway building in South America, particularly in Peru, Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina, so that much of the work planned at that time has already been done. That portion of western Canada lying east of the Coast Range, formerly considered a forbidding country with an arctic climate, has been invaded by two trunk-line railways, and its resources are being rapidly developed. One of these railways, the Grand Trunk Pacific, reaches as far north as Hazelton, and from this point an 800-mile line has been planned to reach Dawson in the Yukon territory. Three hundred miles of comparatively easy mountain construction would connect Dawson with Fairbanks, the focus of the Alaskan railway system, while a 360-mile line, already planned, running south from Fort George on the Grand Trunk Pacific to Vancouver, British Columbia, would form the last link for connecting Alaska with the States of the Pacific coast. There would then be a continuous system of railways running from the central plateau of Alaska through the United States and Mexico to Ayutla, a Mexican town on the border of Guatemala. The big gap remaining to be closed begins at Ayutla and extends through Central America, Colombia, Ecuador, and northern Peru to a connection with the Bolivian railways. In Central America, Ecuador, and Peru short stretches of existing
Government now has sm-veying

to
system
railways could easily be incorporated in the plan.
Half a dozen different routes would be available for forming the link through the United States. Over a route passing down the Pacific coast to El Paso, Tex., and thence through Mexico City to Ayutla, the total distance by rail from Fairbanks, Alaska, to Buenos Aires, Argentina, would be about 12,700 miles. About 7,000 miles of this distance is covered by existing railways, leaving about 6,000 miles to be On the basis of a liberal estimate the entire undertaking could probably be built. completed for less than $300,000,000. Every variety of climate, from arctic to tropical, as well as topographical conditions of the most diverse kind would be encountered in building and operating such a line. The line from Hazelton to Dawson, as proposed, strikes northwest along the mountainous plateau that lies between the Coast Range and the Cassiar Range of the Canadian Rockies to Lake Teslin, and then follows along that lake and down the Teslin and Yukon Rivers to Dawson. For reaching Fairbanks the line would doubtless continue down the Yukon River to Fortymile Creek. This creek would be used for reaching the divide, and a tributary of the Tanana River would supply a practical route for reaching Fairbanks. The proposed line south from Fort George follows the Fraser River for about 200 miles and then strikes southwest to Vancouver. The construction of these lines would involve much heavy work, and the cost in many places would probably run as high as $100,000 a mile. In spite of this there is little doubt that the construction of these links in Canada and Alaska is only a question of time.
771
Owing to the difficult construction and long gaps to be filled, by far the biggest expenditure will be required in building through Central America and the northern part of South America. This is the portion of the line surveyed and estimated for the Pan American railway. Starting at Ayutla, the proposed line follows a general line parallel with the Pacific coast through Central America, but in order to find favorable ground the location is in some cases 50 miles or more inland. In the northern part of Central America, particularly in Guatemala, the mountain spurs and streams run almost perpendicularly to the line, and many bridges and considerable tunneling will be required. The line across the Panama Canal near the city of Panama goes over to the Atlantic side and then begins the climb to the Andes through a rich and populous section along the Kio Cauca. This river serves as a sort of eave trough for the northern Andes and is followed until the high plains and river basins of the Andes
are reached.
Through Ecuador the line traverses the "trough" of the Andes, an immense basin which is divided into 10 smaller basins by mountain ranges connecting the Pacific or "Occidental" Range with the central range of the Andes. Each of these must be crossed by the railway. Through both Ecuador and Peru the line runs for long distances at elevations greater than 10,000 feet, and in many places is more
than 13,000 feet above sea level. At Cuzco, Peru, the line joins the existing railway running to Uyuni, Bolivia, at which point there is a direct connection through the Antofagasta Railway with the longitudinal railway to Chile, which now stretches along the coast from Iquique to Puerto Montt. A line 200 miles long, built from Uyuni to La Guiaca, is all that would be needed for connecting with the railway system of Argentina, which forms a network of railways similar to the railway systems of the United States. This would complete the true Pan American railway; but if the development of the country should ever warrant it, the system could be extended at a comparatively small cost per mile to Punta Arenas, the most southerly port on the American continent. Daring as the dream of a Pan American railway seems, it is really no more visionary than was the project of Cecil Rhodes for a railway from the Cape of Good Hope to Cairo, the entire length of the African continent. Men of affairs laughed at Rhodes as a dreamer when he proposed this gigantic undertaking; but to-day the Cape-to-Caii-o road is nearly half built, and its completion is merely a matter of time.
The Iron Ore Industry
in Brazil,
by E.
C. Harder, in
The Iron Trade
Review
(Cleveland, Ohio) for October 15, 1914, is something of a revelation to those who know little of the vast mineral resources of
Mr. Harder, widely known mining engineer, presented this paper at the Pittsburgh meeting of the American Institute of Mining Engineers in October. The following excerpts, selected because of their untechnical character, wiU give some idea of the tremendous deposits of high-grade ore to be found in the State of Minas Geraes, while those of our
the largest of South American republics.
as an expert
readers who desire more specific and technical information as to the nature of the deposits, analyses of the various ores, means of transportation to the sea coast, etc., are referred to the article in the Review.
Few
mineral deposits have in recent years attracted such general and widespread
attention as the Brazillian u'on-ore deposits, due mainly to the quantities of rich ore available in contrast to the ever-decreasing grade of ores shipped from
many
large
producing ii'on-ore districts of the world. The general average grade of iron ores shipped from the Lake Superior district has decreased to approximately 50 per cent, natural, in recent years. The Rubio ore, of Bilbao, Spain, in 1890 averaged 55.5 per cent metallic iron, dried, in 1902, 52.8 per cent, while at the present time a large pro-
772
by reworking the old dumps. In northern Sweden, where large magnetite deposits have only in recent years been extensively developed, selected mining is even now necessary in order to obtain During the last two years the iron ores of Chile have high-gi-ade Bessemer ores. attracted much attention on account of the activities of the Bethlehem Steel Co. and others in the Chilean iron-ore region. Many of these ores are of good grade, yielding 67 and even 68 per cent metallic iron, but, judging from the writer's observations in this region, a large proportion of them will be found to be of non-Bessemer grade. The most important variety of iron ore in Brazil is hard, dense to specular hematite, occurring in Minas Geraes. A large number (89) of analyses of this type of ore have
portion of the ores shipped from Bilbao are obtained
been averaged, giving the following composition:

Per cent.
Iron
69.
65
Phosphorus
Silica
0125
24 38
Combined H2O
In few places in the world has iron ore been found in marketable quantities which even approaches this in grade, while in Brazil several hundred million tons of such
ore are in sight, occurring practically on the surface, while besides this rich ore there
an almost incredible amount of lower grade ores, i. e., ores of 60 per cent metallic and over. It may be found impracticable, when mining operations commence, to mine exclusively the high-grade ores, and that admixtures of other ores will somewhat lower the general quality of marketed material; still it is safe to say that Brazil will be able to furnish for many years ores of Bessemer quality which will average more than 68 per cent metallic iron. * * * The iron ores of Brazil are of two distinct types: (1) magnetite ores associated with igneous rocks occurring in the States of Minas Geraes, Sao Paulo, Parana, and Santa Catherina; and (2) hematite ores associated with metamorphosed sedimentary rocks in State of Minas Geraes. The magnetite ores are of relatively little importance,
is
iron
occurring only as small scattered deposits.
The hematite deposits associated with the metamorphosed sedimentary rocks in Minas Geraes are the only known iron ores in Brazil to which any considerable importance is attached. They occupy a large area in the south-central part of Minas Geraes, being practically coextensive with the sedimentary formations in this region. The area within which the principal deposits are found is roughly 100 miles long from northeast to southwest, and about 60 miles in width. Within this region the ore bodies are more or less segregated at certain localities. * * * The iron formation varies greatly in thickness, in places being less than 50 feet and elsewhere more than 4,000 feet thick. The iron ore and ferruginous schist occur interstratified with the itabirite as beds or lenses varying in length and thickness. The iron ore appears to be a true sedimentary formation, laid down at the same time as the inclosing rocks and later metamorphosed with them. The iron-ore beds have the same strike and dip as the inclosing rocks and outcrop with them at the surface In many places hard ore layers form the tops of hills or ridges or form conspicuous When the iron cliffs along the hillsides, due to their greater resistance to erosion. formation weathers at the surface a blanket consisting of a mixture of itabirite and This blanket may vary in thickness ore fragments cemented by limonite is formed. from a few inches to more than 50 feet, and spread over the surface of the iron formation as well as over the surface of adjacent formations, such as schist or granite. Thisis the iron ore conglomerate or breccia termed cangro. * * * The hard massive ore is hematite, generally dense or finely specular, but occasionally where strongly metamorphosed it is coarsely crystalline and has an admixture of magnetite. It occurs in beds varying up to more than 450 feet in thickness and to more than two-thirds of a mile in length. Hard ore rarely contains more than 1 per

cent of
silica
773
remarkably constant. The soft powderymost of it when dried crumbles to dust, which will pass through a 100-mesh screen. Hard ore and soft ore frequently occur intermixed with each other, lenses or irregular bunches of soft ore occurring in hard-ore beds or irregular masses cf hard ore occurring in soft ore deposits. Soft-ore deposits are in general much smaller and more irregular than hard-ore deposits. Both occur as lenses or beds interlayered with itabirite or laminated ore.
and
its
metallic iron content
is
ore is specular hematite in a fine friable form, so that
Masterpieces of Aboriginal American Art, by W. H. Holmes, in Art and Archaeology for November, 1914, deals with the remarkable mosaic work of the Aztecs and other American peoples prior to the Spanish conquest. From his studies of the stucco work, sculptural relics, mosaic work, and other ethnological investigations. Professor Holmes has come to a definite conclusion as to the cultural development of the aboriginal Americans. He writes:
The aboriginal Americans, wholly isolated from the Old World for no one knows how many ages, had reached in their highest advancement the culture stage only of
the Egyptians of perhaps 10,000 years ago. Owing to an assumed later beginning, and in part no doubt to the dearth of animals adapted to domestication, and to other shortcomings of environment, they had lagged thus far behind on the rugged road toward civilization. Yet in nearly every important branch of culture they were advancing along identical lines, and even in many of the well specialized branches of activity were duplicating the prehistoric phases of Old World handicraft. This was illustrated by the stucco work of the middle Americans presented in the first paper of
this series,
and is equally true even of the more highly specialized work sketched briefly in the present pages. Mosaic work, called also
field of
mosaic
inlaying, is the
art of incrusting the surface of artworks with bits of colored stone, shell, and the like, giving brilliant effects of coloring and arranged in pleasing and often symbolic designs. Ethnologists tell us that the art of color embellishment had its initial phases in lowest savagery and that the first surface designedly treated was the human skin, a branch In the very early stages of development the of art as yet by no means obsolete.
motive
may have been that of protective
coloration, as the naturalists
put
it,
designed
the subject less conspicuous to lurking enemies, or possibly in mere imitation of certain wild animals which were regarded with special veneration. These simple applications of color may be regarded as the initial manifestations in a prolonged series of steps of esthetic advancement which have their culmination to-day in the loftiest art achievements of the race. The idea of color embellishment probably
to render
extended in time from the person to personal belongings, and thence to all things made and used, manifesting itself in simple effects and in designs realistic and formal. But colors have other than protective and esthetic values in the minds of most primitive peoples. They come very early to possess special sacred attributes acquired in ways not readily determined. Among the explanations offered a very interesting one is as follows: The multitude of deities of the pantheon of the savage are believed to inhabit the work about him, and in making his appeals to them he addresses himself in turn, according to his needs, to those of the four quarters of the world and to those of the zenith and the nadir. These directions manifest color phenomena peculiar to themselves which in time become associated with the deities as significant parts of their essence. Thus the yellow of the morning comes to symbolize the gods of the east, the red those of the west, black those of the underworld, and so on. Accepting this theory of symbolic associations with colors, it would seem but natural that those materials in nature which uniformly display particular colors, as the metals, stones, and shells, should by well-known modes of transfer acquire sacred attributes and become representative of the supernatural powers. Thus, blue turquoise would
Courtesy of Art and Archaeology.

Fig.
'
2.
-MOSAIC
MASK OF THE
AZTECS.
The foundation of cedar wood carved at t>e back to fit over the face of the wearer and in front to represent two phimed rattlesnakes so intertwined as closely to suggest a human face or skull. Tlie sur'ace is most cleverly inlaid witli turquoi'ê, the serpent bodies being distinguish.ed one trom the other by difference^ in color, the one being a brigut blue and the other a rich green." (Prof. W. H. Holmes in Art and Archaeology for Noi'^
vember,
1914.)

become the emblem
775
of a sky god, and green the emblem of the god of the sea; the golden and glistening iron pyrites would symbolize the supreme deity, the sun; malachite and jade the rulers of the sea, while carnelian and the ruby would become attributes of the god of war, and so on with no end of variations and new combinations resulting in time in a complex of color symbolism, like that of the Aztecs, too elaborate and involved to be readily analyzed. Just when and with what people the art of incrusting surfaces with designs in brilliant settings had its earliest manifestation can never be known, yet there is ample evidence that in America it was practiced by the more advanced tribes from Alaska
to Argentina; that
for a long period in some culture centers is the perfection of craftsmanship, the complexity of symbolism, and the intimate association of the art forms with the mythologies and the rites and ceremonies of the people. An essential technical feature of the art of incrustation was the possession of some
it
had been practiced

art,
made plain by the maturity of the
kind
gum, asphaltum, glue, or other like substances with which the object to be be coated and which would harden after the setting of the incrustation was completed. The infinite patience of the savage artisan was requisite in the tedious work of cutting out, polishing, and fitting, by means of the crude processes
of
treated could
of the stone age,
the
little tablets of
quartz, agate, obsidian, pyrites, garnet, turquoise,
jet, and gold, and the brilliant nacre of sea shells, and certainly none were more keenly appreciative of the value and charm of such work than were the ancient Mexicans. Although the art of incrustation was practiced by many of the more advanced peoples of the continent, works worthy of being called masterpieces were not produced outside of Mexico, Middle America, and possibly Peru, Mexico having supplied the choicest specimens. Twenty-four examples only of the highest order of workmanship are known, and nearly all of these are now preserved in European museums, their preservation being due to the fortunate circumstance that they fell into the hands of appreciative people and that for the greater part in the early days
malachite, jadeite, beryl, carnelian,
of
the Spanish conquest.
Cortes landed with his invading host upon the coast of Mexico he learned from the natives first encountered of the existence of a powerful nation occupying a valley set high up in the continental plateau, whose ruler was Montezuma. He immediately dispatched envoys to announce his approach and the proud monarch of the Aztecs returned ambassadors to the Spanish camp bearing the richest gifts that the empire could afford, and it is a noteworthy fact that among these were numerous works of mosaic, the acme of American handicraft, the enumeration of
When
which
it
is as follows: (1) A mask incrusted with a mosaic of turquoise, carrying upon a snake, coiled and twisted, worked of the same stone; (2) a bishop's crozier, all made of turquoise in mosaic work and terminating in a coiled snake's head; (3) large earrings of chalchihuitl in serpent design; (4) a miter of ocelot skin, surmounted by a
large chalchihuitl
and decorated with turquoise mosaic, and
(5)
a staff adorned with
mosaic
of tiuquoise.
It is not at all improbable that the mask first mentioned in this list is tlie identical specimen now preserved in the British Museum. It is a most remarkable work and is shown in figure 2. Although this object is incomplete, the lower part of the face having been lost, its main featmes are readUy traced. The foundation is of cedar wood, carved at the back to fit over the face of the wearer and in front to represent two plumed rattlesnakes so intertwined as closely to suggest a human face or skull. The surface is most cleverly inlaid with turquoise, the serpent bodies being distinguished one from the other by difference in color, the one being a bright blue and the other a rich green. The wide-open eye sockets and exposed teeth combine with the serpent forms to make a barbaric and most gruesome object, a worthy mask for the sanguinary gods of the Aztecs. That the mask pertains to Quetzalcoatl,
Courtesy of Art and Archaeology.

Fig.
4. wooden
MASK INLAID
IN TURQUOISE.
This
pieces of turquoise, cut and polished, accurately fitted, many thousands in number, and set in a dark gum or cement. The eyes, however, are acute-oval patclies of mother-of-pearl, and there are two small square patches of the same on the temples, through which a string passed to suspend the mask; and the teeth are of hard white shell. (Illustrating " Masterpieces of Aboriginal American Art," in the November number
is
mask
of
wood covered with minute
of
Art and Archaeology.)
777
the feathered serpent deity, is clearly indicated by the rattles of the snake which appear above, and the plumes of the bird which drape at the sides of the temples. The heads, originally no doubt the most interesting feature of the work, are lost. We may surmise that they met beneath the chin or projected therefrom to the right and
left across
the cheeks. The skill of the workman in developing in the round these serpentine forms in bits of cut and polished stones and other hard materials bespeaks
craftsmanship of a high order. According to Tylor, the wonderfully preserved mask shown in figure 4 is of wood, covered with minute pieces of turquoise, cat and polished, accurately fitted, many
thousand in number, and set in a dark gum or cement. The eyes, however, are acute oval patches of mother-of-pearl, and there are two small square patches of the same on the temples, through wh'ch a string passed to suspend the mask, and the teeth are of hard, white shell. The eyes are perforated, as are also the nostrils, and
the
mouth
is
slightly open, so that the wearer of the
speak with ease.

of
The
features bear that remarkably placid
mask could see, breathe, and and contemplative
expression which distinguishes so
many
of
the Aztec works in
common with
those
the Egyptians.
is
symmetry,
which is well proportioned, pleasing, and studded with numerous nodelike bits of polished turquoise.
The
face,
of great
The World's Trade in Sugar, by John J. Macfarlane, in the Tea and Coffee Trade Journal for October, 1914, is an interesting historical sketch of the sugar industry, which also gives the latest statistical information relative to the production and consumption of this
important food element.
as follows
Sugar was not known as an article of commerce among the Greeks, and it is not mentioned in the Bible, showing that it was not known to the Hebrews. The sugar cane is believed to have grown wild in India, and while no reference to sugar can be found to 300 A. D., there is no doubt that the juice of the cane was in use long before that period. The art of the evaporation of the juice to a solid substance is an Indian invention of about the seventh centmy, and was spread all over the then known world The Arabs and Egyptians prepared candy at an early date by recrystalizing the sugar obtained from the pressed cane. The introduction of the use of sugar into Europe was largely due to the Crusaders, who acquired a taste for it when they were in the Holy Land. On their retm-n home It was not long until their demand for it resulted in creating a market for it in Venice. the sugar cane was cultivated in all the countries bordering on the Mediterranean, and the industry flourished up to the fifteenth century. After the discovery of America, the Spaniards and Portuguese, and later the Dutch, French, and English, introduced sugar cultivation into their colonies in the West Indies and South America.
The
historical feature
is
briefly dealt
with
which was practically unknown in Christian it became possible to produce sugar in large quantities, so that it ceased being a costly product used only by the rich, and became cheap enough to be an article of common consumption. The output, which formerly
By
the introduction
of
slave labor,
countries prior to the fifteenth century,
to only thousands of hundredweights, now increased to thousands of tons. While it is possible to obtain sugar from the maple tree and sorghum sugars from broom corn, as well as from fruits and some of the palms, the world's supply is obtained mainly from two sources the sugar cane and beet roots. Cane sugar is grown entirely between 30 north latitude and 20 south latitude. Beet sugar is a product of the Temperate Zone, and its cultivation is confined to Europe and the United States. At present the world's supply is about equally divided between cane and beet sugar. According to Willett and Gray, the world's production of sugar in 1813-14 was 18,520,379 tons, of which 9,610,381 tons were cane sugar and 8,909,998 tons were beet
amounted
sugar.

The sugar crop
of
779
40,711,000,000 ^pounds
the world has increased from 4,412,000,000 pounds in 1865 to in 1913, and the increase during the last 10 years -was
18,489,000,000 pounds, or more than the increase in the preceding 35 years. The value of this crop, allowing 2 cents a pound, would be $815,000,000, and when it reaches the consumer the value would be over $2,000,000,000. The use of sugar is increasing all over the world more rapidly than the population, and, as a rule, its increase is coincident with an improvement in the material conditions of the communities in which the increased consumption occurs. Europe, with a population of 470,000,000, consumed 17,225,000,000 pounds in 1913, or 42 per cent of the world's consumption; the United States, with a population of 98,000,000, consumed 8,384,000,000 pounds, or 20 per cent, and India, with a population of 315,000,000, consumed 6,725,000,000 pounds, or 16 per cent, leaving about 22 per cent for all other This does not include the quantities consumed in the cane- producing countries. countries, for which no statistics of consumption are available.
countries, deals
Mr. Macfarlane, after giving the per capita consumption by leading withHhe rise of the beet-sugar industry in Europe, the production from the cane in India and Java, and then gives the following account of the industry in Cuba:
The sugar cane was brought to Cuba by the Spaniards shortly after the discovery America, since which time it has always been cultivated, especially in the Provinces The abolition of slavery and the first war with of Santa Clara, Matanzas, and Oriente. Spain made an end of the lucrative period of sugar cultivation in Cuba, and the second war with Spain almost destroyed the industry. The output, which had reached Since its independence Cuba 1,054,000 tons in 1894, fell off to 212,051 tons in 1897. has increased its production of sugar until it reached 1,444,310 tons in 1907 and 2,541,000 in 1913. This great increase was due to the preference Cuban sugar was
of
granted in the United States
in the next 10 years, as has been done during the last decade.
claimed that the production will be doubled There is no doubt it would find a ready market for most of it in the United States. Sugar is Mng in Cuba, being the most important crop. In 1912-13 the value of the exports of sugar was $111,000,000, or 67 per cent of that of all the exports. Of this
tariff.
It is
to the United States was $100,000,000, to the United Kingdom Canada $979,000, to France $514,000, and to Holland $204,000. The quantity of sugar exported in that year was 2,181,000 tons. The opening of the Panama Canal is expected to enable Cuban sugars to compete with those of Java in the Asiatic markets. Already 5,500 tons have been sent to Japan. The Cuba plantations are also considering the advisability of following the example of Java in taking up the manufacture of white plantation sugar in order to become independent of the American trust and the sugar refineries of the United States.
amount the value

19,800,000, to
The following paragraph shows

States as a sugar market:
the importance of the United
States in 1913 consumed 3,800,000 tons of sugar. In the fiscal year imported 1,942,000 tons of cane sugar from foreign countries and 82,000 Of the cane sugar 1,924,000 tons came from Cuba, and of the remainder 6,000 tons came from Peru, 5,000 tons from the Dutch East Indies, 3,000 tons from Dutch Guiana, and 1,000 tons from Santo Domingo. There were also 80,000 tons of beet sugar imported, mainly from Germany. In addition, there were 484,000 tons of sugar imported from Hawaii, 340,000 tons from Porto Rico, and 90,000 from the Philippines, so that the total imports of sugar into the United States were 2,936,000 tons, valued at $136,689,000. From this it will be seen that the United States is the most important market for sugar, and it has become a serious question where its future supply is to come from.
The United
it
1912-13
tons of beet sugar.
780

effect of the
The following paragraph, dealing with the probable European war on the industry, concludes the article
The war has already
laid waste the beet regions of
Belgium and over half those
of
France, so that 80,000 tons out of 230,000 tons from Belgium and 500,000 tons out of a possible 900,000 tons from France will be all that can be expected. The beetsugar region of Austria-Hungary has not been as yet affected.
After August 1 the beet
August and September is not a serious matter to either Russia or Germany. Both these countries have taken a large number of prisoners, whom they have put to work in the
crop
is
generally left to itself until October
1,
so that the absence of labor in
If the next year's crop will be considerably less than that of this year. Then the great demand that there will be for sugar from other sources than Continental Europe, which now supplies half of the sugar of the world, will encourage a greater development of the sugar industry in this
fields, so
that the crop for this year will probably be as large as that of 1913.
as is generally expected, the
war continues a year or more,
country.
Revista Economica (the Economic Keview) of Tegucigalpa, Honduras,

is
publishing a series of articles dealing with the mineral re-
sources of the several Central American Republics.

issue the
of
In a recent
of its present development, introducing the subject with a timely warning to investors in mining stocks to be on their guard against unscrupulous exploiters who have been swindling credulous buyers in the United States with their "get-rich-quick" schemes. The following excerpts from the article will give an idea as to the richness and diversity of the mineral resources of the country:
Review Honduras and
gives a short historic sketch of the mining industry
Honduras owes
its
prosperity under Spanish rule and the greater part of
its
present
progress to its mineral resources.
The
rich
and
fertile plains of
the northern part of
the Republic had hardly any attraction for the Spaniards; gold attracted them above everything else and made them penetrate into the most arid and inaccessible part of
the country and establish themselves at Choluteca, El Corpus, Sabana Grande,
Ojojona, Guascoran, Minas de Oro, and even at Tegucigalpa, the name of which, in the native language, signifies silver hills. Accordingly, exportation from the mines
was the only flourishing industry under Spanish rule. At that time, the amount produced was considerable, if we can judge by the following detail taken from Mr. A. Vallejo's work: "At the beginning of the eighteenth century, business men of Guatemala established an office in Tegucigalpa for buying gold and silver. The annual amount of business was 12,000,000 francs at the beginning and kept on growing until it amounted to from twenty-one to twenty-eight millions in the years from 1779 to 1819. Accordingly, in 41 years, the district of Tegucigalpa furnished to the commerce in precious metals more than 800,000,000 francs. * * * "The Spanish aristocracy, owners of the richest mines of Honduras, abandoned the country after the war of independence, and the works reverted little by little to the Government. The natives retook possession of most of them, but different reasons, among which must be mentioned the lack of capital and of workers and of the necessary technical knowledge and political disturbances, caused work to be abandoned at the mines. Work was not resumed in any serious way until some 30 years ago, and everything seems to predict a splendid future for the^mining industry; but nevertheless, it is still far from having regained its former importance, for during the years 1906-1913, the exports of all the metals had only reached the value of F17,091,185
silver.
*"
^4
A GOLD MIXE IX HO X DURA:;
SORTING GOLD ORE IN HONDURAS.

In
many
parts of Valle gold
and
silver bearing ore
is
found in substantial quantities.
i7998 Bull. 514
782
The riveis best known for their mineral wealth are the Jalan and the Guayape, irom which the Spaniards obtained fabulous quantities of gold in colonial times. A French explorer, Mr. Pinart, who traveled over Honduras some years ago, writing on the subject of the Guayape and the Jalan, expresses himself as follows: '' These rivers are extraordinarily rich in gold. The sands and alluvial deposits on the banks of these streams pay anyone willing to wash them a minimum of 3 francs per cubic meter. The mountains which bound the valleys of these rivers are penetrated by very important and very rich veins of auriferous quartz easy to work. * * * " But neither on the banks of these rivers nor along their tributaries such as the Panal, the Rosario, the Almendares, the Espana, and the Guayambre, Tinta, Siale, Mangulile, Paulaya Rivers have placer works been established. Those that exist are very primitive, and the only instrument employed is the old-time wooden tray, and the work is carried on only for three or four hours and by women. * * * Washing out gold constitutes the patrimony of a good many people living in the region drained by these streams, and they get good results in spite of the imperfection Frequently they of the means they employ and the little time they devote to it. find nuggets weighing an ounce, 2 ounces, 3 ounces, or even more. The quantity obtained annually by this process varies from 150,000 to 200,000 pesos, according to the more or less copious rainfall. * * * It is impossible to calculate even approximately the quantities of fiee gold which exist in the sands of the famous zones of Olancho, Yoro, Minas de Oro, El Dorado, Taratasca, Sensenti, las Quebradas, etc., but it can be said withoiit fear of exaggeration that these quantities are very large. If Honduras is rich in precious metals, it is not less rich in useful metals and in other products of the mineral kingdom. We will mention especially the following: Copper, which we have already mentioned, is found in the form of carbonates; the azurites and malachites contain a certain quantity of .silver. The departments of Gracias and Choluteca contain platinum in the forms of films, grains, and nuggets, bxit the quantities are rather limited. On the high plateaus of the center of the country, there are lead deposits: annual production about 4,000 kilograms. The iron is of a superior quality and is found in the form of oxide mixed with sulphur. On the south coast and in the interior of the country, there are mountains with magnetic iron in them. The deposits of Agalteca deserve special mention because of the abundance of the ores, the high proportion of metallic iron they contain (over 60 per cent), and their purity; they contain no phosphorus, only a little sulphur, and are suitable consequently for manufacturing steel of superior quality. Near these deposits limestone would be found in abundance and water in sufficient quantity to furnish the motive power. Besides, these ferriferous deposits are considered as being so abundant that the extraction of the ores lying on the surface alone could take about 50 years, working on a large scale. As the ore is very pure, the blacksmiths of the vicinity work it, so to speak, just as it is, and make axes and machetes of it. But, for the lack of transportation facilities the deposits, which have a width of 25 kilometers, have not been worked. Years ago the well-known capitalist. Gen. Ricardo Streber, was given an option running for a long term of years for the exploitation of the great iron mine, and he is said to be negotiating at present with the Bethlehem Steel Co. There is a nickel mine, and tin, bismuth, and antimony are often found. In the department of Gracias there are mercury and opals. The latter are abundant in the Erandlque Basin and are as good as Hungarian opals. There are found in different localities alum, potassium nitrate, sulphur, asbestos, and mica. Petroleum has been found in the department of Comayagua, only in verj' small c[uantity, however, and precious stones and deposits of uranium.
PAl AMElICAl NOTES

UNITED STATES MUST BUY LATIN AMERICAN PRODUCTS,
to emphasize the between the United States and the countries of Latin America must be reciprocal if it is to thrive and materially increase. In other words, it behooves the business men of the United States to inquire as earnestly as to what they can buy from these countries In this connection, it is gratifying as to what they can sell them. to note the activity of the foreign trade department of the San Francisco Chamber of Commerce, which has compiled and issued a timely and instructive article dealing with, this phase of the commercial situation. The following introductory paragraph states the present situation in plain and succinct language
The Bulletin has heretofore frequently sought
fact that trade
England and France are
still
importing from South America, but
to a
very small
extent compared with what they did prior to the war. Every dollar's less imports by Europe means a shrinkage to that extent in the piu-chasing power of the Latin American countries, and to the extent of their inability to sell their raw products will their
abiUty to buy manufactured goods be curtailed. Therefore if the United States hopes to sell these Latin countries the goods that Em-ope heretofore sold to them, then they must buy from them the raw products that Europe bought. It is a case where the rule must work both ways, and we must buy from them to give them the credit to buy from us.
The
article seeks to point
States the possibihty of utiUzing the
out to the manufacturers of the United raw materials that Europe is
now not
in position to take, manufacturing them,
and
selling the
products in the markets that Europe had. It calls attention to the principal raw products exported from Latin American countries and
endeavors to trace them to their manufacturing points, and the
fin-
ished products in turn to their respective markets, hoping thus to assist the manufacturers of the United States in investigating the
some of the markets by their trained and The facts given are summarized under convenient headings, giving the various agricultural, animal, and mineral products exported by each of the countries, the countries of destination, and the countries which import the products manufactured therefrom. The article is replete with valuable information and should receive the attention of manufacturers throughout the
possibility of securing
technical
experts.
LTnited States
who
are not already in touch with the situation.
In
the commercial reports dealing with the different countries of Latin
America, which are pubhshed annually by the Pan American Union, the principal exports, their value or quantit}^, countries of destination, etc., are given,
products of
all
of
and the United States now buys more of the Latin America than does any other country in the
783
784
world.

There
is
room, however, for a
much
greater consumption of
these products even in normal times.

conditions,
Under the present economic brought on by the European war, the need for Latin
to
American countries
is
extend their markets in the United States
is
greater than ever before, and every agency wliich tends to this end
to be
commended.
THE UNITED STATES AMBASSADOR TO CHILE.

That the designation of Hon. Henry P. Fletcher as the first permanent ambassador of the United States to Chile has been acceptable to the Government and people of that Repubhc is evidenced by the comphmentary notices which the event has evoked from its leading and most influential newspapers. The following excerpts from the editorial columns of the three largest papers in Santiago will serve as examples of the cordial editorial expressions with which the news of his appointment was received throughout the entire country. The editor of El Mercurio writes in part:
Public opinion had expected that Senor Fletcher would be appointed to this diplomatic mission, because he is exceedingly popular in Chile, owing to his qualifications of intellect, sincerity, uprightness, and friendly feeling toward the country. He has had a brilliant and rapid career; he is young, vigorous, and enthusiastic, and He has attained this high office after is animated by noble and practical ideals. acquiring all the knowledge of an experienced diplomat, independent, however, of the antiquated customs and usages of diplomacy acquired by long service in different The great nations, even those which scrupulously respect the right of procapitals. motion, have often preferred to select their ambassadors from ranks outside of the diplomatic service that is, from among business men, political leaders, and those engaged in active pursuits in order to distinguish and single out these high ofiicials by a more spontaneous selection than that incident to age and long service. In the present instance the Government of the United States has succeeded in combining both things, inasmuch as Senor Fletcher is a diplomat; but, at the same time, he is a young diplomat of great initiative, a sincere and close student, a diviner of situations and events, and altogether a clever and alert agent for the conduct of affairs intrusted
to
him.
Among
other
comphmentary
editorial expressions
appearing in
El Diario lUustrado are the following

His efficient actions in the relations of Chile with the gi'eat Republic, his remarkable gifts and high attainments as a refined and affable man of the world, have made the Chilean people long for his promotion to the rank of ambassador. Senor Fletcher
will
be the first diplomat to present his credentials to our Government as a permanent ambassador, since other ambassadors who have come to our country have been of a temporary character and for special missions or celebrations, like those of 1910. Therefore, the name of Senor Fletcher will be honorably associated with our history in an event of great importance, and with an epoch of the utmost interest in the development of our international affairs, and it should be borne in mind that this event is not
coincident with this epoch
real
by mere accident of courtesy or policy, but owing to a and positive mutuality of interests, and to a change of judgment in regard to the reciprocal dealings between the two nations, made evident after Mr. Roosevelt's journey and the mediation relative to Mexico. And in this new departure in the
PAN AMEKICAN NOTES.

relations
to a great extent,
785
between the United States and Chile we should recognize that the same is, due to the learning and tact of the new ambassador, who for a long time has so conducted himself that he has been able to accomplish excellent results.
In a similar vein the editor of La Mafiana comments as follows

Washington could not have selected another person who posand of delicate tact to strengthen the relations between the two countries than does His Excellency Senor Fletcher. This sagacious diplomat is justly appi'eciated in our country, where society holds him in high and
The Government
at
sessed better qualifications of character
distinguished esteem.
tion has
It is
not strange, then, that the
official
notice of his designa-
been received in all the social spheres with gratification, and that the felicitations, from both public and private sources, of which he has been the recipient, manifest the esteem in which Sefior Fletcher is held among us.
THE CARNEGIE STATUE AT DUNFERMLINE, SCOTLAND.
One
of the
most beautiful parks

Carnegie.
in Great Britain
is
Pittencrief
Glen, in Dunfermline, Scotland, the birthplace of the great philanthropist,
Andrew
This park was presented by him to the
improvement and maintenance. This is but one of the many benefactions lavished upon his native city by the man whose philanthropy knows no bounds of country, sect, or race. As a testimonial of their great esteem and in recognition of his many public and private benefactions, the people of Dunfermline, on June 27, 1914, unveiled a statue of Mr. Carnegie which was paid for with a fund raised by a general
city in 1903,
of $2,500,000 set aside for its
and the sum
popular subscription.
One
Some
of the details of the event are given in
the following excerpts from the local press accounts:

of the most successful ceremonies which has ever been carried out in Dunfermwas that which took place on Saturday afternoon on the occasion of the unveiling of the statue of Mr. Andrew Carnegie, which has been erected in Pittencrief Glen by the inhabitants of Dunfermline in recognition of the many princely gifts which the Dunfermline-American millionaire has lavished upon his native city. * * * At the lowest computation the ceremony must have been witnessed by 20,000 people. Dunfermline citizens were augmented by thousands of dwellers in the villages and hamlets in the neighborhood of the city, incoming tramway cars, buses, and railway
line
trains being all heavily freighted.

of the town council, school board, parish council, Carnegie Dunfermline and statue committees, headed by a pipe band, marched in processional order via Bridge Street to the glen. Long before the arrival of the procession thousands of persons had taken up their position on the sloping grounds in the neighborhood of the statue, and the majority of those who had accepted invitations within the inclosure, had already taken their places, as had also the trust band and choir of 600 voices, drawn from practically all the musical societies of Fife. Viewed from the inclosure, the spectacle of the surrounding crowd spoke eloquently of the interest which was evoked by the proceedings. There was a vast sea of faces, all turned intently in the direction The principal actors in the of the figure in bronze which was soon to be unveiled. ceremony assembled at the base of the statue, from which position the speech-making part of the proceedings took place. Selections were played by the trust band and by
Members
Trust,
the pipers as the party assembled.
PAN AMERICAN NOTES.

The
statue has
787
been placed on the highest part of the glen against a natural backand fronting the nevp- entrance at Chalmers Street in line with the center of Bridge Street, so that a clear view is obtained not only fi-om Bridge Street but from a considerable part of High Street. The figure, which is of bronze, is about 9^ feet high. It represents Mr. Carnegie standing in the simple and dignified attitude of a strong man, needing no added sculptural accessories. Across a portion of the pedestal which rises behind him is thrown the LL. D., etc., robe, as if significant of the fact that none is needed when this son of Dunfermline stands among his own people who knew him. The head is slightly turned, and looks over the abbey, so full of memories for him. The granite base is of very bold and massiA-e design, which such a dominant situation demands. In the vicinity of the monument are placed seats, as this will undoubtedly be one of the most frequented spots in the glen, commanding as it does so fine a view to the south, and but a step as it were from the heart of the city. The height of the
ground
of tall trees,
statue, including the grass bank, is
about 26
feet.
The
inscription
is as follows:
ANDREW CARNEGIE,
Born in Dunfermline,
25th November, 1835.
Having achieved great success in business in the United States of America, he devoted his fortune to the good of mankind
This
monument
is
erected
by
his fellow-citizens in grateful
appreciation of his
many
gifts to his
native city.
ON THE STUDY OF SPANISH.

In a circular letter addressed to the members of the New York State Examinations Board, which urges the restoration of Spanish
to the list of languages accepted in the requirements for the college
entrance diploma admitting to courses for the degrees in
arts, science,
and engineering, appear the following paragraphs:

In view of the fact that many New York State higher institutions accept Spanish entrance on a par with French and German, it seems inconsistent that the New York State Examinations Board should refuse credit for this subject. In short, this board has heavily penalized the study of Spanish. This is a step backward on ground where the trend of the times indicates the need of a step foi-ward. The study of Spanish has, in the opinion of those best equipped to know, a disciplinary value fully equal to that of a study of French. A study of Spanish will
for
develop as
of of
many
brain loops as the study of any other modern language.
Intricacy
a subject
idiomatic expression and a great wealth of vocabulary
make Spanish
study worthy of the best mental effort. older Spanish literature has given to the world some of the great writers of all times. Modern Spanish literature, both in Spain and Spanish America, is notable Such things make for the for its high development of the novel and short story. high cultural value of a knowledge of Spanish letters. The commercial value of a knowledge of Spanish can not be too strongly emphasized. The acquirement of the language for such practical purposes does not, of itself, detract from the general educational benefits involved in euch acquirement.
The
The
State should not refuse credit for this acquirement.
788
What may be

called the social value of a
knowledge
creasingly important as our relations with South America daily
missioner Claxton says:

is
"A
further reason for
is becoming inbecome closer. Comteaching Spanish more than we do
of
Spanish
the language of one-tenth of all the people claiming protection under the American flag, as well as one of the culture nations of Europe." Of the three major national languages spoken in the Western Hemisphere English, Spanish,
that
it is
the tongue of over 60,000,000 people. With the future That the peace, prosperity, of these people our destiny is inextricably interwoven. and mutual understanding of the Americas now being auspiciously promoted may
and Portuguese
Spanish
is
educated North Americans is to encourage whom, iip till now, we have more or less neglected. Just as they have everywhere in their secondary and higher institutions courses in English, so should we provide in all high schools opportunity for the study of Spanish equal to the opportunities already afforded for the study
not
fail
in the future, the
first
duty
of
all efforts to
teach the tongue
of
our neighbors,
of
other
modern
foreign languages.
which Prof. Lawrence A. Wilkins, of the De Witt Chnton High School, of New York, is the author, will be signed by many prominent citizens of the State of New York and elsewhere, and is to be presented to each member of the board prior to its next meeting early in December, 1914. It is earnestly to be hoped
This
letter, of
the board will rescind its former be restored as one of the elective subjects to be offered for the diploma referred to, and that provision will be made for its study on a par with those furnished for the acquirement of other modern languages. In this connection it is interesting to note the importance that the students of the De Witt Clinton High School attach to the study of Spanish. In a communication recently received from Mr. Wilkins, he states that over 400 boys are studying that language in a three-year course. He then continues as follows
that in view of the general

action
demand
and that Spanish
will
This
fall
courses in Spanish are being established in the high schools of
Culver Military Academy, Culver, Ind., Brown University for the past year has accepted Spanish as the equal of French or German in the requirements in modern languages for entrance, also Washington Square College of New York University. In the New York Evening High School for men * * * Spanish has had this
Newton, Brockton, and Springfield, Mass.
has large classes in Spanish.
year a great increase. Three of us having three periods each in the evening have in total a registration of 422 men, most of whom are business employees who find a knowledge of Spanish necessary. Among colleges or universities where Spanish is accepted on a par with French or German for entrance are Cornell, University of Pennsylvania, Princeton, Dart-
mouth, Hamilton, Amherst, Colgate, Syracuse, and various poly technical
institutes.
AMERICAN EXPRESS
American Express
CO.
TO ENTER LATIN AMERICAN FIELD.

is
The Pan American Union
in receipt of a
Co., containing information as to the
pamphlet issued by the company's
activities in various countries and elaborately illustrated. The notable feature is that the pamphlet is issued in three different
PAN AMEKICAI^ NOTES.

languages, one in English for
789
in Spanish for
home consumption, one
the 18 Spanish-speaking countries of Latin America, and the third in Portuguese for distribution in Brazil, The company sent two
representatives to South America early in October to investigate
the field. Upon a favorable report from these agents the company purposes to extend its services to South American countries. This decision of the American Express Co. to study the Latin American field with a view to establishing therein a practical and comprehensive service should be welcomed by importers and exporters of the United States who heretofore have been compelled to make use of foreign services because of the inadequate number of forwarding agents capable of performing such duties properly. An instance of this inability to handle Latin American shipments has recently been brought to the attention of the Pan American Union in a communication from a
Last
New England lawyer, who
writes as follows
upon the he understood I had occasion to ship goods to South America and that his company would be glad to make all future shipments and assured me that they had all facilities, were familiar with all details, had agents in Colombia, and that all They would I had to do was to pack the goods and tell them where to call for them. do the rest, provided I gave the address of the parties to whom they were to be shipped and a statement of the contents of the packages. It is needless to say I was very much pleased, as theretofore I had shipped everything through New York, the same going
a representative of one of our express companies called
writer, stating that
summer
through either a German house or another foreign house. I therefore determined to make the experiment, and in a short time delivered to the express company a package of the value of |75, giving explicit directions for its delivery to our agent in BarranI was assured everything would go all right and that the express would be quilla. considerably less than the expense theretofore incurred through;_other shipping agents. After a delay of over two months I was advised by the express company that it had no agent in Barranquilla, and had therefore delivered the package to its agent at Cartagena. This necessitated long delay in procuring the reshipment of the package to Barranquilla, so that it might go up the river to the interior through the channel desired by us. After two months' more delay the package finally got started in the proper way. I found afterwards that owing to the ignorance of the agents of the express company at New York the bill of lading and manifest were not properly made out and that owing to errors I was required to pay twice as much duty and some fines, which would not have been required had the shipment been properly made. This experience will serve to explain why shipments are made through either German houses or
other foreign agencies.
FOREIGN-TRADE ENTERPRISE.
New Haven, Conn., is an important manufacturing center of the United States interested in trade with Latin America. The diversity of the city's products is remarkable and the manufacturers thereof are The latest in no way averse to letting the world know of them. phase of their publicity campaign takes the form of a permanent
exhibition of
"New Haven made
goods."
This exhibit
is
arranged
in a large building having
something over 7,000 feet of
floor space
790
and is directly in charge of an organization known as the New Haven Manufacturers' Exhibit. Besides the displays other features of the exhibit which are at the disposal of the visiting public are a large reading room having on its tables 25 trade journals, 22 daily newspapers from different sections of the United States, magazines, etc.; local and long-distance telephones; files of telephone directories of other cities; an information bureau; and a manufacturers' free employment bureau. The building is kept open from 9 a. m. to 5 p. m. daily, and visitors from all over the world are cordially welcomed. Notice has just been received that a special celebration will be held by the New Haven Manufacturers' Exhibit on December 3, 4, and 5 when the exhibits heretofore displayed will be redecorated and rearranged and new ones added. Special invitations to representaof foreign countries as well as to prominent business men throughout the United States have been issued, and the occasion is to be made one of pleasure and profit to all concerned.
tives
ADDRESSES ON LATIN AMERICA.
One of the most conclusive evidences of the widespread interest throughout the United States in everything pertaining to Latin
America
is
the
demand from
all
kinds of organizations for delivery
of addresses
by
the Latin American diplomatic representatives and
These men are committees, and telegraphed appeals to go here and there throughout the country and discuss either individual countries or all Latin America m their commercial and general relationship to the United States. Naturalh' it is possible for these distinguished diplomatic representatives and the Director General to accept in only a few instances. The demands of their work and respective offices in Washington will not permit them to be absent any such time as would be required if they responded to more than a small percentage of the invitations. For example, out of scores of invitations which came to the Director General for the month of October he was able to accept only a small number. These are given below as evidence of the variety of localithe Director General of the
Pan American Union.

calls
continually importuned in letters,
of
ties and organizations which are showing a particular interest in Latin America, and typical of hundreds of others which are not enumerated: October 10, Pittsburgh, Pa.; luncheon of the Industrial Development Commission, W. C. Douglas, secretary, and the Foreign Trade Commission, J. Rogers Flannery, president. October 12, Moline, 111.; dinner of the After Dinner Club, J. M. Dale, secretarj-. Also Davenport, Iowa; reception of Commercial Club, Irving C. Norwood, secretary Greater Davenport Committee. October 13, Chicago, 111.; dinner of Edward N. Hurley of the Illinois Manufac-
HON. WILLIAM HEIMKE,

Chief of the Division of Latin American Affairs of the U. S. Department of State.
Mr. Heimke assumes the duties of his new post after long experience in the diplomatic service, having been Secretary of the United States embassy at Mexico City, of the legation at Bogota, and envoy extraordinarv and minister plenipotentiary to Guatemala and later to Salvador.
792
turers' Association at the Chicago Club. October 14, Chicago, 111.; luncheon of the Chicago Association of Commerce, Hubert F. Miller, business manager; J. J. Arnold, vice president Foreign Trade Division. October 15, New York City; dinner of the Credit Men's Association, Edward D. Flannery, president; A. H. Alexander, secretary. October 16, Providence, R. I.; dinner of the Town Criers of Rhode Island, Edward J. Cooney, chairman of committee. October 17, Springfield, Mass.; luncheon of the Board of Trade, George E. Foss, secretary. October 18, Washington, D. C; Columbus Day celebration of the Kjiights of Columbus, Leo A. Rover, grand knight of Washmgton Council. October 22, Cleveland, Ohio; luncheon of the Cleveland Advertising Club, T. W. Garvin, secretary. October 27, Bethesda, Md.; meeting of Woman's Club, Mrs. Enoch G. Johnson, president. October 28, New York City; dinner of Carpet Club, Myron W. Robinson, chairman of committee. October 29, Atlantic City, N. J.; convention of American Hardware Manufacturers' Association, F. D. Mitchell, secretary-treasurer.
CEUISE TO SOUTH AMERICA.
The Bulletin is in receipt of the information that the Fidelity Trust Co., of Baltimore, has chartered the steamship Finland, of the Red Star Line, a vessel of 22,000 tons displacement, and of American build and register, for a tour around South America. The vessel will sail from New York January 27, 1915, and from Baltimore January 29, and will cover a distance of 16,130 miles, visiting all of the important ports in the southern continent and several in the West Indies, returning via the Panama Canal. The tour has been arranged for the purpose of enabling bankers, manufacturers, exporters and importers, and business men generally to become acquainted with the economic resources of Latin America and to obtain a comprehensive knowledge of the possioihties of that market. There will be sufficient time at each port to make trips to any interior place of commercial or historic interest. The trip will consume 106 days, of which 52 days will be actual steaming time and 54 days will be spent in the
A number of prominent officers of foiancial and industrial corporations have akeady announced their intention of making the trip and of taking their f amihes with them. Thus, notwithstanding the Pan European war, an interesting journey is open to the people of the LTnited States who care to take advantage of the opportunity, a journey which will take them around a continent whose material resources are incalculable and where may be enjoyed every variety of scenic beauty, from the tropical verdure of northern
different ports visited.
Brazil to the glaciers of the Strait of Magellan.

capitals of
Many
of the great
South America, such
as
Rio de Janeiro, Buenos Aires,
PAN AMEKICAN NOTES.
793
Montevideo, Santiago, Lima, and others, will be visited and opportunity thus offered to get into closer touch with the people of the The ordinary highways of travel to Europe being ''other Americas." closed, it is hoped that the venture of the Fidelity Trust Co. wiU be successful. One of the unique features of the trip wiU be the arrangement on the ship for an exhibit of manufactures and goods ''made Thus the twofold object will be accomphshed of acin U. S. A." quainting the North Americans with the wants of the South Americans and introducing the latter to some of the products of the former, combining a touch of business with the pleasure of the journey.
INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS REUNION.
preliminary announcement of the International Students' Re-
union to be held July 1-10, 1915, at San Francisco, Cal., has been issued, indicating that plans are well under way to make this gathering a significant one in the student world. Aided by the University of California and the Panama-Pacific International Exposition, the Association of Cosmopolitan Clubs (the North American section of the International Federation of Students) is preparing to hold a reunion of the world's students. Eminent scholars and student delegates mil present papers on economic, social, political, and educational conditions, and it is hoped at this gathering to pave the way for a wide representation at the official congress of Montevideo, which is scheduled to take place in August. Taraknath Das, of the University of Cahfornia, is chairman of the committee on arrangements. Vern Smith, also of the University of Cahfornia, is the secretary, and
A. L. Co well, of the exposition, joint secretary.
COMMERCIAL CONFERENCE IN MEMPHIS, TENN.

Invitations have been issued for an important commercial conference to be held at Memphis, Tenn.,
November
19 and 20.
The
purpose of this gathermg will be to consider the commercial relations of the Mississippi Valley and Central West of the United States with the Latin American countries and markets. A careful program has been prepared, and it is hoped that a new and particular interest may be aroused throughout the central section of the United States in the Pan American commercial opportunity through this gathering
this
men and interests. The calling of a conference of kind for a particular portion of the United States is another evidence of the remarkable interest which is being shown aU over the United States to-day in the question of trade with Latin America. More conferences and meetings have been held since July 1, 1914, in the United States to consider the Pan American commercial situation than were held in two years previous to that date.
of representative
794

SPANISH INSTRUCTION IN COMMERCIAL SCHOOLS.
The Pan American Union
is
in receipt of a booklet
from the Spen-
cerian Commercial School of Cleveland, Ohio, which announces the
inauguration of the department of Spanish instruction and translaThe course outlined is designed to give the necessary preparation.
tion for the positions of foreign secretaries with business concerns having dealings with Spanish-speaking countries; preparation for positions as traveling salesmen and special representatives in Latin America; and, briefly, preparation for any kind of business opportunity where a knowledge of Spanish is necessary. The course, as announced, embraces the following subjects: Spanish language; Spanish business correspondence; trade conditions (both manufacturing and mercantile); business customs; banking facilities; transportation facilities; metric system; commercial law, relating to
copyrights, registrations, patents, etc.

It
is
especially interestmg to note that the study of Spanish
is
not
confined to the schools of any particular section of the United vStates. From the South comes the information that Spanish is being studied
in the schools of
Durham, N. C, and that
at Mobile, Ala., over 300
persons are taking up this language in appreciation of its importance with the increasing closer relations between the United States and
its sister
Republics to the south.
At
Mobile, furthermore, a com-
mercial geography of Argentina has been introduced into the schools. In the Commercial High School of Brooklyn, N. Y., according to a
statement by Mr. E. S. Harrison, an assistant professor, there are seven Spanish teachers in the school and over 1,000 boys are enrolled In some of these classes, writes Mr. Harin their various classes. rison, the students are using the Spanish edition of the Bulletin as a supplemental textbook. The matter is naturally different from that contained in the ordinary texts and the articles appeal to the students as being useful and up to date.
LATIN AMERICAN TRADE.
The report
of the
Latin American trade committee appointed by
the Secretary of Commerce, Hon. W. C. Redfield, under a resolution adopted at' the informal Latin American Trade Conference called at Washington, D. C, September 10, 1914, by the Secretary of State
and the Secretary of Commerce, has recently been made public. This Latin American trade committee, it will be recalled, met at the New Willard Hotel, Washington, D. C, October 2, at which were also present the Secretary of Commerce and Robert Rose, foreign trade adviser of the Department of State. The report adopted by the larger committee outlines in succinct form South American trade
PhotogTaph by Harris-Ewing.
HENRY
F.
TENNANT,
ESQ.,
Secretary of the U. S. Legation and Consul General at San Salvador, Salvador.
Mr. Tennant whose legal residence is Buffalo, N. Y., was born in Mayville, N. Y., in 1886. Graduating from Cornell University with the degree of LL. B., he practiced law in Buffalo and then gave up his profession to enter the diplomatic service. He was appointed Third Secretary of the United States Embassy at Mexico City, in 1912, and the following year was raised to Second Secretary. Soon after, he was transferred to the Legation
at Caracas, as first secretary, and sLx months later he was the legation and consul general at San Salvador.
made
secretary of
796
conditions,
and then presents a clear analysis of the present problems confronting the commercial relations between the United States and
of
the countries
follows
Latin America.
These problems are stated as
PRESENT PROBLEMS.
Because of the warthe Latin American countries are confronted by the necessity (a) Of marketing their products despite the shrinkage of world-purchasing power. (b) Of obtaining funds to move crops and to continue indispensable industrial and agricultural development normally financed by Europe. 2. The United States is confronted (a) By the necessity of holding its normal export trade with Latin America. (b) By the possibility of increasing that trade by filling Latin American needs for merchandise hitherto purchased in Europe, which Europe can not now supply. The solution of these problems depends upon
1.
1.
Production.
Transportation
shipping and insurance. Financing (a) Of production. (6) Of transportation. (c) Of settlements. Production in the United States can be maintained if there be a sufiicient market Production in South America may conat home and abroad for American goods. tinue but can not be further developed unless financial assistance be obtained. At the present time steamships are available and sailing regularly from this country to the principal ports of Latin America and from those ports to the United States. Many of these vessels are unable to obtain full cargoes. Although only a limited number are imder the United States flag, the above will clearly indicate to exporters, importers, and manufacturers that they need not hold back from entering the field
2.
3.
on this account. Before trade can resume its normal course the exchange problem must be solved, eithei by the restoration of old or by establishment of new credit facilities.
After discussing the necessity of
new
credit
importance
of establishing
commercial
credits, the
machinery and the committee disposes
in a practical
manner of the suggested establishment of a merchants' cooperative exchange or clearing house for Latin American trade, and offers the following recommendations
Your committee, however, believes that the extension of credits might be facilitated and some relief afforded pending the establishment of the Federal reserve banks if, in addition to permitting national banks which have signified their intention to enter the reserve associations to accept commercial paper, action be taken by the Federal Reserve Board to make immediately effective the rediscount provision of the new banking system, thus assuring early establishment of a discount market. Your committee, while appreciating the necessity of conserving the banking
resources of this country for the protection of our domestic situation, nevertheless
believes that the cessation or curtailment of our trade with Latin America will in
itself
of this trade
be highly injurious to American industry, just as we believe that the extension would make for the prosperity of the country at large as well as of those directly interested. We therefore hope that American banking institutions may

PAlSr
AMERICAN" NOTES.
797
be induced to meet the present emergency, not by tentative and inadequate measures, but by extending accommodation sufficient at least to assure tbe maintenance of our akeady established trade.
The report concludes with a brief summary of the results of the committee's investigations and states that the present trade situation between the Latin American countries and the United States can best be advanced and placed on a permanently satisfactory basis by a consideration of the following suggestions:
1.
The establishment
(a)
of a dollar
exchange
ultimate creation of a discount market. (b) Pending the establishment of a discount market,
By the
by the extension
of
2.
adequate accommodation by banking institutions and the establishment of reciprocal balances in the United States and in Latin America for financing Latin American trade. Perfection of our selling machinery (a) By furnishing additional support to commission houses already familiar with Latin American business. (6) By forming associations of merchants and manufacturers to be jointly represented in Latin America.
(c)
By
obtaining information as to the possibilities of developing retail stores
in large Latin American cities.
SANITARY CONFERENCE POSTPONED.

officially informed that the Sixth International Sanitary Conference of the American Repubhcs which was scheduled to assemble at Montevideo, Uruguay, December 13-21, 1914, has been postponed until a later date to be selected
The Pan American Union has been
and announced by the Government
of
Uruguay.
The general
dis-
turbed conditions on the European Continent which have been felt with more or less intensity in the American Repubhcs have created a situation unfavorable for the meeting of the conference, and it was therefore decided to postpone this gathering until further notice.
PEACE TREATIES WITH ECUADOR AND PARAGUAY.

It
is
gratifying to note that two
more countries
of the
Pan American
Union, Paraguay and Ecuador, have entered into treaties of peace with the United States. Despite the conffict now raging in Europe, there still stands out clearly the optimistic and confident belief of the American Repubhcs that the greatest achievements in international intercourse with the happiest results may be gained through peaceful channels. In this spirit and inspired by such lofty ideals, Secretary Bryan continues to express the policy of the present administration of the United States by the negotiation of arbitration treaties. Of the 20 Latin American Repubhcs, no less than 16 have to date entered into such compacts with the United States.
67998Bull. 514
9
798
THE
PAl^
AMEEICAN
UISriON.
INTERNATIONAL BUREAU OF CENTRAL AMERICA.
The Pan American Union extends felicitations to Senor licenciado Jose Pinto, of Guatemala, who has become president of the International Bureau of Central America, succeeding Senor Licenciado According to the regulaCarlos Lara, the delegate from Costa Pica. tions of the international bureau, the president serves for the period of one year, when he is succeeded by the delegate from one of the The new president has the best wishes other countries represented. of all for a successful term and an effective achievement of the ideals of that body.
PAN AMERICAN TRADE ASSOCIATION IN INDIANA.
In Indiana the propaganda for developing commercial relations with Latin American countries has found practical expression in the organization of a Pan American Trade Association. According to a published interview with Mr. Boyd M. Ralston, one of the incorporators of the association, its purpose is to combme the manufacturers of the country into a mutual or cooperative company, this company to establish coliseums or exposition buildings in selected South American cities, where American products will be displayed and sold. The South American manufacturers will also be asked to join the organization and enter their wares. The parent organization will select cities and obtain options on land for these exposition buildings and the places will be erected and maintained by the mutual company. Among the activities of the association will be the gathering and dissemination among the manufacturers and others of all possible and desirable information relating to the conditions of trade in Latin American countries, the character of the goods they require, the extent of the market, etc. In other words, the association promises to be of practical utility in promoting trade relations between those
countries and the LTnited States.
STUDENTS OF GEORGIA TO BE TAUGHT SPANISH.

view of the fact that the Bulletin has constantly and unremittingly urged the necessity of including the study of Spanish in the curriculum of every high school in the United States, it takes pleasure in reproducing the following news item taken from the columns of the Atlanta Constitution, of October 23, 1914:
Ill
Europe's war having shattered trade relations between England, France, Germany, and other countries and South and Central America, and the prospect of the United States particularly the South supplying most of the commerce to Latin America looming bright, Atlanta's school board Thursday afternoon created the chair of Spanish
instruction as part of the curriculum of the Boys'
High
School.
the study of Spanish to the high-school curriculum was made on the recommendation of the Atlanta Chamber of Commerce. In a communication to the
of
The addition
"STUDYING
UP."
Illustratiou reprinted from "The Evening Star," of Wasliington, D. ('., November 12, 1914. It is tlie work of the cartoonist, ClilTord K. Berryman, and shows the BtiLLETiN of the Pan American Union as an authentic source of information on Pan American resources, trade, and development.
800
available to
board the chamber obligated itself, in the event the board did not have the money pay the salary of a professor, to appear before the finance committee of the general council when it meets in January to make up the annual budget and urge that
additional
money be appropriated
for
the purpose.
Simultaneous with this move in Atlanta is also the introduction of the Spanish language as part of the curriculum in the high schools of Brunswick, Savannah, Rome, Waycross, and in Macon, where Hon. A. L. Miller, one time commissioner to Ecuador, is doing a great deal to promote its study. Through his efforts Spanish has been included
in the course at the
Wesleyan Female College
of
Macon.
At
this
time mention should also be made of the special courses in Spanish and Latin American history and economics which, according to the announcement of Bishop Warren A. Candler, are to be given at the new Methodist university in Atlanta.
FOREIGN TRADE CONFERENCE AT HARRISBURG, PA.
and central Pennsylvania manufacturing interests is to be held at Hairisburg, Pa., November 24, 1914. Central Pennsylvania has achieved an enviable reputation for the diversity and excellence of its manufactured products, many of which are known in foreign markets, where they compete with the high-priced Hues of European countries. The conference is expected to stimulate the interest of manufacturers who have not as yet entered the export field, and will be attended by representatives of banking institutions, steamship companies, manufacturers already experienced in the field, and others who are interested in the development of the foreign trade of the United States. Especial attention is to be devoted to the promotion of trade between the United States and the countries of Latin America.
foreign trade conference of the local
THE VENEZUELAN GOVERNMENT CONFERS DISTINCTION ON JOHN MORAN.
J.
From El Nuevo
the
Diario, one of the leading newspapers of Caiacas,
Bulletin
learns that the Venezuelan
conferred the coveted honor,
"The Bust
Moran, a citizen of the United States. Mr. Moran was one of the intrepid Americans who, in order to further the experiments of the Reed and Carroll Mihtary Commission in Cuba in 1900, permitted themselves to be subjected to the bites of infected mosquitoes and to the injection of infected blood. It was by means of these experiments that the theory that the yellow- fever germ is transmitted by the Stegomyia mosquito was finally and indisputably established. In recognition of his heroic services to mankind in thus
Government has recently Bohvar," on Mr. John J. It will be remembered that

of
PAN AMERICAN NOTES.

aiding science to discover the
greatest scourges
801
means
to successfully
known
to the world, the
combat one of the Government of Venezuela
has seen
fit
to confer this distinction
on a
foreigner.
URGING A PAN AMERICAN CREDIT INSURANCE COMPANY.

In a recent letter to Mr. WilUam C. Breed, chairman of the New York Merchants' Association, Senor Adolfo BaUivian, consul general of Boh via in New York, makes a very timely suggestion which, if practically carried out, would be of inestimable value in facihtating trade between merchants and manufacturers of the United States and Latin American countries. Senor BaUivian is quoted as follows
The South American countries need goods of this country and the manufacturers here require those markets. I therefore take pleasure ia suggesting to this important body the taking of active steps toward working out a medium that will make it possible
for
South American business commercial basis.
men
to deal
with those here on a mutually satisfactory
Under existing conditions the merchants in South America should have from 6 to 12 months in which to meet their obligations, of course paying a fair rate of interest for the accommodation. In so far as this burden can not and should not be born e by the manufacturers, would it not be feasible to adopt a plan on the scope of a "Pan American credit insurance company," whereby through the payment of a moderate premium a fund could be created to cover such losses as might occur? I feel reasonably sure that the Governments of the different countries would aid in such a movement, and shall be very glad to lend my personal assistance to the furtherance of any plan along the line indicated.

REPORTS RECEIVED UP TO OCTOBER
15, 1914.
ARGENTINA.
AVatches,
list
yg^^
of dealers.
I
July
k
li
William Dawson
Rosario.
jr.,
consul,
Motorcycles and bicycles
Aug.
...do .do
.
Shoe dealers Surgical and optical instruments and supplies Pianos, list of dealers Paints "Whiskey, imports into .Vrgentina 1912-13; charges, etc
BRAZIL.
Aug. 7 Aug. 12 Aug. 13
Importation of chemical products.
Aug. 24
..do....
Emission
bill
Potatoes, importation for 1911-12 Olives, imports for 1911-12
Aug. 25
..do.... ..do.... Sept. 10
Linoleum Exports of crude rubber, July and August, 1914.

CHILE.
Steel
Albro L. Bumell, vice consul general in charge, Rio de Janeiro. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do.
window sash
Aug.
A. B. Easterling, vice consul,
Valparaiso.
J.
Light automobiles. Coal
Aug. 24
Sept. Sept.
1
Do.
David
D. Myers, consul
Iquique.
Ranges
Motion-picture theaters
Do. Do.
COLOMBIA.
Agricultural implements,
list
of dealers.
Aug. 28
..do.... Aug. 30
Sept. Sept.
2
Thad. A. Thomson,minister,
Bogota. Do.
Chemicals. Coal
Report on theaters or motion-picture shows. imports of beer
Drug
labels (little
market)
..do. Sept.
Sept. 10 Sept. 12
..do Sept. 15 ..do
..do.....
Motion-picture theaters and films New emission for Colombia

Office furniture
Mamiing, consul, BarranquUla. Do. W. Doherty, vice consul, Cartagena. Do. Do. Isaac A. Manning, consul
Isaac A.
Chas.
Barranquilla.
and modern applianct

(little
Do.
Chas.
Leather pocketbooks
market).
W.
Doherty, vice con-
sul, Cartagena.
Trade extension. Shoe repairing... Trade extension.

Toilet articles .
.
Do.
Do. Do. Do.
Toilet articles
Sept.
4 5
R.
M.
Bartleman,
consul,
Cienfuegos.
Machinery Hardware,
Sept.
list of
sugar factor!
...do
Hardware
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC.
Trade extension.
Harness
Sept. 11
Do. Do. Dean R. Wood, consul, Nue"
vitas.
Aug. 22
..do ..do
list of dealers.
H. Watson, consular agent, San Pedro de Macoris.

Do. Do.
Charles
II.
Water paints
Men's furnishings,
Aug.
31
Albrecht,
vice
and deputy consul general, Santo Domingo.

1 This does not represent a complete list of the reports made by the consular officers in Latin America, but merely those that are supplied to the Pan American Union as likely to be of service to this organization.
802
SUBJECT MATTEE OF CONSULAR REPORTS.

Reports received up
to October 15.
803
1914
Continued.
Author.
Title.
Date.
DOMINICAN EEPUBLic continued

Rocli-erushing machinery
Sept
...do.
Frank Anderson Hemy, consul,
Metal strappings (no market)
machinery Box shooks (no market)

Oil-mill
Sept.
...do.
Toilet preparations
Matches Motion pictures Matches, duty
Sept. 16 Sept. 18
Puerto Plata. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do.
Charles
H. Albrecht, vice and deputy consul general, Santo Domingo.
HONDURAS.
Trade extension
Toilet articles, duty.
E. M. Lawton, consul. Tegucigalpa.
A. Gamon, consul, Puerto Cortes. E. M. Lawton, consul, Tegu-
John
cig
Autotrucks Footwear, fli-ms handling shoe polish List of photographers

Toilet articles Galvanized roofing
)0.
,
.
;
..ao Sept. 11
Business houses, list Exporters of hides and skins

:
...
do
'.
.
Motion pictures Trade extension,
list of
Electric calculating
merchants and importers machines
..do ..do Sept. 14
...
I
do
Do. Do. Do. John A. Gamon. consul, Puerto Cortes. Do. Do. Do. Do. E. M. Lawton, consul, Tegucigalpa.
Wax candles
Paraffin paper
i
Sept. 15
John
M.
Gamon,
consul,
Hardware
Coal (none used) Metal beds Typewriters Umbrellas: Import charges, dealers
Sept. 16 .do
Sept. 17
Puerto Cortes. Do. E. M. Lawton, consul, Tegucigalpa.
do do
Sept. 18
j
John
.do.
Do! Do. A. Gamon, Puerto Cortes. Do.

A. Gamon, Puerto Cortes. Do. Do. Do.
consul,
Sugar machinery
Sept. Sept. 24
..do....
John
consul,
Plumbing supplies
Dentists
Face powders
..do
High
cost of living.
Sept.
Sept.
..do..
Thomas H. Bevan,
Metal beds
vice consul in charge, Tampico. Philip A. Hanna, consul
Ready-made clothing Moving picture business

Whisky.
..do.
In district
Sept.
Bicycles and motor cycles Motion pictures, list of theaters.

List of physicians, ch-jggists, denti
List of dealers in men's clothing Dealers in paints and oils Dealers in blankets Dealers in cement
!
..do. Sept.
.do.
.
general, Monterey. Marion Letcher, consul, Chihuahua. Do. Wilbert L. Bomiey, consul, San Luis Potosi. Do. Do. Wm. W. Canada, o Vera Cruz. consul Hostetter, Louis
Hermosillo.
.do. do.
Cotton-growing experiments
Oil industry in Mexico.
do. do. do.
..do.
-ept.
Blankets
Physicians, dentists, and draggists in State of List of dealers in men's ready-made clothing
Electric lights; importers of supplies list of dealers
Chihuahua.
...do. Sep1.
d.o.
Beds,
do.
Do. Do. Do. Do. Wilbert L. Bomiey, consul. San Luis Potosi. Thomas H. Bevan, vice consul in charge, Tampico. Marion Letcher, eons\il, Chihuahua. Do. Wm. W. Canada, consul, Vera Cru/.. Do. Do.
804

Reports received
up
to
October 15, 1914
Continued.
Title.
MEXICOcontinued.
1914.
Market
for
paper
of all classes
Sept. 15
Thomas H. Bevan,
Wool hlankets
Beer
List of dentists
Sept. 16 Sept. 17
Wm.
vice consul in charge, Tampico. "W. Canada, consul, Vera Cruz.
Philip A. Hanna, consul gen-
Plumbing Rubber tires

Decree concerning
Sept. 18
minimum wage,
hours
of labor, etc.
...do.... ...do.... ...do....
Prices for sugar in San Luis Potosi. Dealers in men's furnishings
Sept. 19
...do...., ...do...., ..do....,
Beer, duty
Dental supply houses

Dealers in plumbing supplii
Cement
Boys' ready-made clothing Beer Trade and motoring conditions, Medicinal remedies, druggists Dental supply houses Moving-picture business
Sept. 21
list of dealers.
..do Sept. 21
!".do.'!!!!
Sept. 22
Sept. 24
Newsdealers
Liquors and beers,
list of dealers.
..do
Monterey. Do. Do. Do. Wilbert L. Bonney, consul, San Luis Potosi. Do. Marion Letcher, consul. Chihuahua. Do. Do. Do. "Wilbert L. Bonney, consul, San Luis Potosi. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Marion Letcher, consul, Chihuahua. Wm. W. Canada, consul. Vera Cruz. Do.
eral,
Perfumery and
toilet articles, list of dealers.
Vacuum
Overalls
cleaners
Sept. Sept.
..do ..do ..do Sept. 16
credits,
collec-
Wm.
Paul
H. Gale, consul. Colon. Osterhout, consular agent, Bocas_del Toro.

Do. Do. Do.
Hardware
Rowboat motors (no market) Umbrellas National financial conditionsmoratorium,

tions, etc.
Wm.
H. Gale,
consul. Colon.
A. G. Snyder, consul general

Sept. 17 ..do
..do.....
No positions on Isthmus New library of catalogues, etc.,
for the Canal Zone Canal Zone Motor Cycle Club Trade extension Ginger ale, prices, makes, and dealers
Vacuum
cleaners,
duty
Sept. 21 ..do Sept. 23
Wm.
Do. Do. Do. Do. Do.
H. Gale, consul. Colon
Malt extract
Do.
UEUGUAT.
Annual report
of State
power plant
of
Montevideo
for 1913-14.
July 16 July 30
Albert G. Ebert, vice consul, Montevideo.
Hats, imports for 1910-1912
Do.
VENEZXJELA.
Annual report on commerce
for
year 1913, Maracaibo district.
Sept.
Thomas W. Voetter,rconsuI La Guaira.

George K. Donald, consul Maracaibo. Do. Do.
Lumber imports during

Agriculture Traction engines
year 1913, duties
Sept. 10
..do Sept. 11
COMMEICE OF COLOMBIA
FOl
A
%.
THE
total foreign trade of
to $62,851,600, of
Colombia for the year 1913 amounted which $28,535,800 represented imports,
and $34,315,800 exports.

were:
The
figures for the year
1912
$23,964,623; exports, $32,221,746; total, There was therefore an increase for the year 1913 as $56,186,369. compared with the preceding year of $4,571,177 in imports and of $2,094,054 in exports, or a total increase in the foreign trade of
$6,665,231.
Imports,
The balance of trade in favor of the Republic for the year 1913 $5,780,000; for the year 1912 it was $8,257,123.
IMPORTS.
was
The imports by countries of origm for the years 1911, 1912, and 1913 were:
. . .
806
THE PAN
AMEEICAIST UNION.
countries of import under a
for the years 1912
The following statement shows the number of the foregoing classifications
and 1913:
Textiles;
United Kingdom France United States Germany..-:

Italy..
.$5,7-19,399
902,917 1,667,132 1,382,289

457,
.533
$3,447,700 3,234,900 1,520,100

.582,700 534, 100
Belgium
Spain other countries
Total
Metals:
157,121 130,881 99,861
144,700
1,991,
10,547,134
11,455,
United States United Kingdom
Germany
France
Belgium
Italy
Other countries
Total
Foodstufls
1,060,274 893,320 686,131 145,719 68, 418 19, 726 43,337
1,119,000 1,055,600 751,100 125, 300 48, 100 15,800 48,797
2,916,925
3,163,697
and
condi
1,.573, 2.57
,
ments:
United States
474, 100
Germany
United Kingdom France Belgium
Spain
Italy
Other countries
Total
774,073 244,264 89,821 111,729 57,944 19,249 184,616

3,0.54,953
706,100
82,100 .54, 900
:30,300
306,120
2,817,420
Locomotion:
cars,
Raih
v
876,863 99,635 17,059
6,.57S
carriages, ons, etc.: United States
756,;500
] '
United Kingdom Germany
Belgium
France
Italy
Other countries...
Total.
Soft drinks, liquors:
16,008 200 15,368

,031,711
I
165,400 139,700 80,600 21,300 100 704
1,164,104
wines and
292,788
France
United Kingdom
Germany
United States
Italy
Belgium Other countries.

Total.
Drugs and medicines: United States
Germany
France United Kingdom
Belgium
Italy
Other countries...
Total.
eOL-XDMBIA
COMMEReE-1913
TOTAIj $62,851,600.
PARGEL6 POST,^K$7 -V 11,500 f\^

!>
OOLD COIN BY
BELGIUM"
/
PAN AMER/CA;Y UMJOA/
808

EXPORTS.
The exports for the years 1911, 1912, and 1913, destmation, were as follows:
by
countries of
$12, 248, 995
Germany
France
4,596,138 1,910,354
$15,832,882 4,376,182 1,854,211

625, 199
Belgium
Spain other countries Gold coin by parcel post.
Total.
119, 654 2,731,569
$18,861,800 5,566,000 3,216,200 797,900 593,700
5,268,700 11,500
32,221,746 34,315,800
22, 375,
The
exports,
by
classes,
were as
follow
Vegetable products Mineral products Animal products
Manufactured products.. Live animals

Miscellaneous products .
$14,375,301 4,507,762 1,960,410 1,347,394 92,852 7,445

84, 735
$20, 792, 418
$23, 975, 300
7,769,388
2, 258,
701
1,210,678 150,606 31,809
Currency Gold coin by parcel post.

Total.
5,514,600 3,362,700 1,017,100 85,800 48, 700 300, 100 11,500

34,315,800
2,221,746
The
principal articles of
export were:
COMMEICE OF
1
CflSTA IICA
THE
amounted
foreign
piled
commerce of Costa Rica for the year 1913, comfrom the report of Sr. Don J. M. Alfaro Cooper, di-
rector general of statistics, attached to the report of Sr. Don Enrique Jimenez Nunez, undersecretary of state for fo-
mento, and presented to the Chamber of Deputies on

to
May
1,
1914,
40,874,573.77
colones gold,
of
wliich
18,677,652.77
colones were imports, and 22,196,921.00 colones were exports. The figures for the year 1912 were: Imports, 21,675,928.41 colones;
exports, 21,427,966.00 colones; total, 43,103,894.41 colones. There was, therefore, a decrease for the year 1913 as compared
with 1912 of 2,998,275.64 colones in imports, and an increase
of
768,955.00 colones in exports, or a net decrease of 2,229,320.64 colones. This statement, however, in the form above scarcely does justice The statistical to the real facts in the comparison for the two years.
office of Costa Rica is accustomed to include in its totals imports and exports of coined money. In 1912 the imports of coin amounted to 3,117,306.50 colones, while in 1913 these imports amounted to only
753 colones.
nothing.
The export of coin in 1912 was 154,061.00 colones; in 1913, Instead, therefore, of there being a decrease in the imwas in reality an inand an increase in ex-
ports of the Republic for the year 1913, there

crease, omitting coin, of 119,030.86 colones,
ports, omitting coin, of 923,016.00 colones instead of 768,966.00 colones.
Expressed in terms of United States currency (valuing the colon gold at 47 cents), the value of the foreign trade of Costa Rica for the year 1913 was $19,211,049.67, of which $8,778,496.80 (including
$353.91 coin) was imports, and $10,432,552.87 was exports. In 1912, the foreign trade amounted to: Imports, $10,187,686.35 (including $1,465,134.05 coin); exports, $10,071,144.02 (including $72,408.67
coin); total, $20,258,830.37.
IMPORTS.
The imports by countries for
the last five years were as follows:
United States
S3, 175, 202. 87
Germany
United Kingdom. France Central America.
Italy
825, 129.54 1,059, 762. 71 363, 082. 41 264, 169. 91
$3,094,391.00 954,072.02 1,291,005.62 314,416.37 569, 120. 67

158, 792. 83
Spain
,351.32 160, 147, ,384.88

,963.36 ,590.01
Belgium
other countries...
181,925.78 348,827.77 70, 105. 56
S4, 153, 152.98 1, 704, 745. 85 1,553, 118. 67 443, 993. 74 373, 943. 70 247, 935. 86 194, 477. 27 65, 448. 31
85,865, 908. 48 1,503, 944.36 1,391, 002. 72 424, 188. 78 333, 555.89
183, 170, 753! 81 54, 313. 85 330. 15
230, 744.41
,515,870.66 ,355,417.45 ,303,187.57 391,680.85 353,477.29 172,432.27 160,682.85 47,463.78 478, 284. 08
,778,496.80
6,175,637.01
7,982,657.62
810
Of the countrie.'^ included in "Other countries" in 1913, the principal were: Panama (not included in Central America), |234, 944.28; China, $88,622.87; Cuba, .|52,n8.55;
542.37;
Ecuador, $18,314.30; Switzerland, $16,573.21; Netherlands, $8,817.62; Japan, $7,and Austria-Hungary, $3,487.23. From the table it would appear that the imports J'rom the United States in 1913 fell
off $1,350,037.82 as compared with the preceding year. P.ut due to the fact that the whole import of coin (nearly all gold) referred to above for both years was from the United States, and that this import in 1912 was $1,465,134.05 and in 1913 only $353.91, it can be seen that ordinary merchandise from the United States instead of showing a decrease in reality shows an increase of $114,742.32. Further details of imports for 1913, except of live animals, are not available, the latest data emanating from the general statistical office, except as above, being for the year 1912 and is contained in the Anuario Estadistico for that year. The following table shows a comparison of imports for four years of certain articles and classes, but does not include all the princiiial imports, for wliich details for four
years are not available.
Articles.
COMMBECE OF COSTA RIGA FOR

Boots and shoes
1913.
Coloues.
811
Coloncs.
36,
162
United States Other manufactures
26,
of
894
281. 814
leather
205, 557
46, 572
11, 11,
Germany
United States United Kingdom France Canned and preserved foods United States France Spain
.
702 048
141, 851
81,437
20, 919
12,264
8,
6,

Codfish
^
186
651
112,206
80,
16, 14,
United States
285 360 283
Hams
United States United Kingdom Condensed milk United Kingdom
39,
6,
49,033
386
083
117, 430
78,
432
106, 471
Germany
Fish, dried or
29, 958
canned
51,
United States Spain
239
23, 837

Cheese United States
-
13,083
8,
309
63.
272
18,
210 471
25,
Germany
Netherlands Olive oil
17,265
16.
196
Spain
Italy
14,
7,
150
215
39,
Oats
132
United States United Kingdom Sugar France United States Guatemala

'^
31,
5,
745 845
51,900
18,
13,
8,
933
192
015 893
Cuba
Confectionery and sweetmeats
7,901
69,

Italy
25,
634
368
17,
20, 542
10,
Spices
065
United Kingdom
10,
3,
285 203
748
Germany
United States United States
Salvador
2,
36,991
29, 598
5,
266
812
Fruits, preserved
THE PAN AMEEICAN- UNION.

Colones. Colones.
27, 13,
8, 2,
958
United States Spain

Italy
Fruits, dried
809
842 979
26,
541
United States Spain France

Biscuits
12,
4,
3,
650
751
577
104, 453
53, 39,
551
248
718, 440
26,
63,
Wheat
flour
Corn meal Indian corn

Practically all the
470 829
wheat flour, corn meal, and Indian corn was from the United States.
368, 428 356, 021
7,
Lard United States Nicaragua Butter
586
56,994
24, 10,
9,
Germany
United States
Italy
022 776 377 746

25,
United Kingdom
8,
Tea
United Kingdom
21, 615
761
Wheat
All from the United States.
340, 697 169, 853

88,
-
Beer
Germany United IGngdom

United States Cognac France
583 342 205

61,
38,
32,
168
748
54,
257
76,
Whiskey
50,
394
24,
489
19>
Champagne
France Wines, white Spain France
16,
073
578
37,
455
14,043 H, 784
7,
Germany
Wines, full bodied Spain United Kingdom
363
68,
293
Germany
Wines, red France Spain
Italy
25,251 21, 961 9, 585

121, 353
676 30, 614 20, 597

53, 31, 15,
5, 3, 2,
Vermouth
Italy
684
641
Germany
991 894 362
COMMEECE OP COSTA EICA FOE

Mineral waters
1913.
Colones.
813
Colones.
47, 051
United States

Stearin
15,606 14, 784

12,
835
41,
506
Germany
Belgium
Paraffin
33,916
4,
985
150,
395
United States
145, 944
4,
:
Germany
Tallow United States
Industrial oils
352
63,122
60,
516
176, 266
United States
133, 584
21,
19,
Germany
United Kingdom Resin Practically all from the United
Seeds
450 172
65,487
States.
21,311
8, 7,
United States
912 617
89.
Germany
Cotton yarn
654
United Kingdom
72,
9, 5,
684
Germany
United States
Cassimere
490
997
226, 533
United Kingdom
109, 899
58,
Germany
France Ribbons
587
44,
31, 131
270
Germany
France Canvas United States United Kingdom
Cotton fabrics
24, 682
9,
852
34,011
23,
4,
319
902
1,
972, 181
840, 539
594, 289
306, 601
99,
66,
Germany
France
Italy
565
884
Spain
58,
098
122, 696
Wool
fabrics
56,

France
Silk fabrics
186
39, 392
19,
003
270,704
126, 689
China
Germany
France United Kingdom United States
49,499 29, 928

27,
745 036
24,
67998Bull. 514
10
814
Ready-made

Colones. Colones.
clothing, cotton
161, 125
United States
60,452
Germany
Spain United Kingdom
40,592 18, 238

10,304
32,
Ready-made clothing, woolen Germany

France United Kingdom United States...
709
10,357
7,
7,
896 270
674
6,021
18,
Ready-made
France
Shirts, cotton
clothing, silk
12, 701
105, 913
55,
863
20,304
Germany
Corsets
19,000
19,
029
024
United States Collars and cuffs
15,191
19,
Germany
UnitedStates
Italy
6,300 6,070
France
Stockings
3,280 2, 689
132, 077
71,
Germany
Spain UnitedStates France Shawls China
341
20,
675
17,423
11,
544
114, 086
92,
375
Germany
UnitedStates
Scarfs
13,861
4,760
19,
379
Salvador
7,901
4, 3,
2,
Germany
Blankets
067
518
755
106, 331
United Kingdom
49, 542
39,
Germany
UnitedStates Cordage UnitedStates United Kingdom Bags for coffee United Kingdom United States
464
63, 352
9,164
59,982 2, 910
100, 674
77, 11,
7,
987
565
376
31,
Germany
Bags for other uses United Kingdom UnitedStates Wire, smooth United States
360
12,
910
12,685
54,734
49,
3,
2,
504
131
028
COMMEECE OF COSTA RICA FOE

Wire, fence
1913.
816
97,
93,
102
United States
772
ia7, 026
Hardware United States
131, 746
33,
18,

Tools
990 742
167, 563
117, 815
30,
669
Germany
Iron tubing
16,837
253,660
205, 633
30,
046 666
116, 308
Germany
Nails
17,
and screws United States United Kingdom

France
66,
8, 4,
142
202 256
625, 108
Structural iron
269, 575 252, 598

92,
Germany
Household utensils, iron
498
100, 158

United States Other manufactures of iron United States United Kingdom
62, 577
26,
7,
384
509
77,
694
38,993
18,571
15,
Germany
Jeweb-y, imitation
833
33, 293
United States
18,
631 412
56, 318
Germany
Jewelry, gold
12,
Germany
France United Kingdom Machetes UnitedStates United Kingdom
42,
220
103
52, 376
5,407
3,
29,995
14,662
7,
Germany
Candles
123
53,
928
United Kingdom
31, 16,
019 613
39,
Germany
Rubber, manufactiired United States
892
22,
660
183, 385
Germany Cement Germany

United States Belgium France
9,606
106, 764
47, 685
14,093
9,289
816
,s.!..-.:;
r.
i

Colones.
Colones.
iSlasBWare.
.,
36,
19, 185 10, 820
3,
926
Germany
'..
United States France- .. J Chinaware,,

i
-.
737
82, 461

United States
ii
.
. ,
-
50, 100
20,
7,
695 047
38, 771
Glass
Germany.,.
.V,
15,
500
24, 154
UnitedStates
.:.
13,904
9,
8, 2,
Brushes. . ., . ...
Germany.
United States
:
507
019
!-
.France
fine...
i!.
.
.;
970
18,
Soap,
156
UnitediStates
8, 3,
3,
480
935
France, .->
:
. 1
United Kingdom
414
41,
Soap,
common.
27,
10,
794

T.QYa-,:i
813 213
70,
516
Germany..
France.:.
53,
6,
257
431
878
146, 631
::
United Kingdom UnitedStates

.
4,
4,482
70,
Notions.
....
1,.
Germany. United States

:
434 539 114 668

130, 018
32, 23,
10,
France United Kingdom
Furniture.:.;.;
United States
Germajny..
United Kingdom France, .Umbrellas and parasols

Italy...
300 21, 795 19, 929 8, 845

76, 65,
217
Germany
United Kingdom
27,283 20, 062 10, 567

48,
"
Hats,
felt.
::
045
'ttaly...
UnitedStates
''
25,606 13,010
Hats, straw, 53,229 colones; palma, 29,021 colones; and Panama, 28,553 colones. The straw hats were from Italy, Ger-
many, and the United Kingdom; palma, from Salvador and Guatemala; and the Panama hats from Ecuador.
esk'.feupplies
42,
157
United States
30, 803
7,
Germany
Photographers' supplies
966
31,
466
United :States
Italy
22, 536
3,
2, 2,
France
Germany
880 173 014
COSTARICA
COMMERCE-1913
TOTAL
IMPORTS
1.8,778,4.96.80
yiv/'/yy^/^yyyyy^^^:^>!^
:::
$19,211,049.67 EXPORTS:' ^-^-r^TTT^TTTyy^

10,432,55287
818
Printed matter

Colones.
Colones.
52, 21, 14,
666
United States
369
Germany
Books, blank
133
20,
310
United States
11,
4,
2,
955
351

Books, printed
426
41,
236
United States Spain
20,
4,
3, 3,
968
045
985

Wrapping paper
United States
206
85,
330
40, 39,
624
Germany
Writing paper
448
27,
703
Germany
United States Envelopes
13, 11,
659
463
20,
354
Germany
United States
Cigarette paper
10,
8,
003
499
40,
549
Spain News-print paper
34,
317
79,
021
150
Germany
Wall paper United States
.
20,
435
23,
10,
6,
432
776
57,
Germany
Dynamite
Practically all from the United States.
518
Automobiles and accessories United States United Kingdom

Italy
for
same
71,775 22, 590
8,
105,
346
869
33,
Carriages
and
accessories for
same
23,
7,
263

Carts
849
259
40,
and parts
for
same
36,
497 252
United States Railway cars
909
11,
Tramway
cars
".
23,
423
Practically all the railway
and tramway
cars
were from
22,
the United States.
Cash registers Nearly all from the United States. Steam boilers United States
229
26,
215
16,
6,
972 528
25,
Germany
Cinematographs and accessories United States Phonographs and parts for same United States
783 528
18,
077
24,
19,
4,
096 658
Germany
COMMERCE OF COSTA RICA FOR

Printing presses and parts for same
Italy
1913.
Colones.
819
Colones.
60,
30, 783
888
United States
Scientific instruments
28,
268
19,
204
7,
851
391
4,
3,
Germany
Pianos
073
37,
965 235
United States Other musical instruments Spain
24,
994
16,
5,
Germany
United States
Agricultural machinery
4,
2,
493 682 690

14,
875
United States United Kingdom Sawmills United States Coffee machinery United Kingdom United States Sewing machines United States
Typewriters
12,
2,
199
445
59,
909
174
50,680
72,
55,
16,
489
553
Ill, 723
108, 935
31, 531 29,
United States Sugar machinery
866
56,
946

Mining machinery. United States United Kingdom
Grain mills United States United Kingdom
:
33,
20,
986
850
190, 867
176,584 10, 649

40, 32,
5,
643
854 244
195, 417
Machinery for other industries United States United Kingdom
132, 852
28, 15,
9, 8,
126
Panama Germany
France
306
261
849
33,
Watches and clocks

United States
14, 12,
160
640
491
85,
Germany
Fertilizers
556
Germany
United States
Gasoline
63,
056 17, 040

58, 345
Petroleum
Practically all the gasoline
48, 175
and petroleum was from the
United States.
820
Electrical material

Colones. Colones.
271, 475
229, 895
35,
:
United States
Germany
iRailway material
280
583, 373
United States
492, 939
73,
13,
Germany
Belgium
494
136
48, 981
Tramway
material
35,
12,
United States
303
Germany
Mining material United States United Kingdom
Sewerage. material
854
99, 291
90,
8,
596
297
16,
194
Germany
United States Shoemakers' supplies
11,
4,
546 504
31, 613

United States
Material for other industries
10,819
6,499
5,
596
141, 195
United States
73, 35,
233
298
82, 904
Germany
Building material
United States
74,
4,
Germany United Kingdom Lumber

Practically all from the United States.
390 092
537
336, 082
3,
Pharmaceutical products United States France
421, 078
208, 646
67,
652 182
United Kingdom
64, 617
Germany
Alcohol
All from Cuba.
62,
88,096
23,
19,
2,
Shoe blacking
658
Germany
United States
Essences and extracts
916
724
16,
405
United States
7,
478
282
133
54,
Germany.
France Matches
5,
2,
930
Germany. Perfumery
France
52,
_
787
101,351
58, 129
26,
:
Germany
United States.
Paints
......:
684
763
103, 869
12,
51, 46,
5,
261 425
625
Germany
COMMERCE OF COSTA RICA FOR

Tobacco Breva
1913.
Colones.
821
Colones.
366, 172
115,194
Colones.
United States Manufactured United Kingdom
112, 273
152. 835
65, 47,
926
825 906
Cuba
United States Cut smoking tobacco United States United Kingdom
Leaf tobacco Salvador
22, 166
4, 2,
162
1,
588
98,
088
61,
088
United States
Live animals.
27, 365
statistics, the imports of live animals in 1913 amounted to 694,768 colones, of which 619,220 colones were from Nicaragua; 46,902 colones from the United States; and 15,152 colones from Spain. The imports from the United States were principally mules, and from Spain
According
to the report of
the director general of
horses.
From Nicaragua
the imports were 10,091 head of beef cattle, worth 555,005
colones; 385 mules, worth 38,500 colones; 467 cows, worth 21,015 colones;
horses,
and 65 worth 3,250 colones. The import of beef cattle from Nicaragua in 1912 was 10,128 head: in 1911, 14,255 head; in 1910, 23,015 head; and in 1909. 13,484.
IMPORTS BY CUSTOM HOUSES.
822
THE PAN AMBKICAN UNION.

EXPORTS.
The exports by
Countries.
countries for the last five years were as follows:
COMMEECE OF COSTA RICA FOR

Woods.
1913.
823
The
principal woods exported in 1913 were: Cedar, 8,069 metric tons;

tons;
mahogany, 493 metric

Miscellaneous.
for
and cocobolo, 282 metric
tons.
The piincipal articles included under this head, with export values
the last five years were:
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC
August 31, 1914, according to data compiled by the Bureau of Municipal Statistics the city of BUENCS AIRES contained 41,191
business establishments, 29,848 of which are commercial concerns and 11,343 industrial enterprises with a combined capital of 2,572,-
976,411 pesos (paper)., of which 2,009,927,060 represent the capital commercial houses, and 563,049,351 that of industrial institutions. The employees of the commercial houses numbered 151,504 persons and those of the industrial establishments 132,272. The secretary
of
of the
navy
of the Argentine
Government has rendered a
decision
limiting the use of
telegraphy in waters under the jurisdiction of the Argentine Government to calls for heJp and answers to such calls. In order that perfect neutrality may be observed, vessels of all nations are required to temporarily render their wireless
WIRELESS
immediately on entering Argentine Mexico has presented to the Government of the Argentine Republic a tablet or plaque with the word "Pax" engraved in the center, and bearing an inscription in Spanish, a translation of which is as follows: "To His Excellency Dr. Jos6 Luis Murature, minister of foreign relations and worship of the Argentine Republic. Remembrance of the mediation of the A. B. C. in the conflict between Mexico and the United States of America, The confidential agent of Mexico, ex-minister of foreign relations, R. Esteva Ruiz." On September 12 last the unveiling of the MONUMENT erected by the Argentine Government to Dr. Carlos Pellegrini, one time President of the Republic, took place with appropi iate ceremonies. The monument stands in a small park at the juncture of Alvear and Arroyo Streets.^ The NATIONAL STOCK FAIR, held at Palermo in the city of Buenos Aires during the latter part of August of the present year, was one of the most interesting and successful stock expositions ever held in the country. A recent executive decree authorizes the department of agriculture to grant concessions for the exploitation of Argentine FC RESTS situated on the Andean slopes of the Territories of Neuquen, Rio Negro, Chubut, Santa Cruz, and Tierra del Fuego. In future, timber concessions will be made by the department of agriculture direct in accordance with the rules and regulations established by the department for the exploitation of timber lands. A violation by the concessionaire of the rules and regulations concerning timber grants
waters.
installations unfit for service
The Government
of
will
CEREALS,
824
The plantings of the forfeiture of the contract. wheat, maize, flax, and oats, in the Argentine Republic during the present year is conservatively estimated at 14,000,000
work a
BOLIVIA.
hectares, calculated to produce 13,500,000 tons of grain,
825
valued, taking the prices of normal times as a basis, at 810,000,000 pesos The SANITARY WORivS (paper), or about $350,000,000. undertaken and projected by the Government up to December 31, 1913, in the different provinces of the Republic were estimated to
(paper).
Â
cost 63,636,486 pesos

gives
recent
CENSUS
of
Cordova
Province a population of 732,727 inhabitants. city of Cordoba has a population of 134,901.

that
The
Sr.
Don
kindly furnished the

that the
Ignacio Calderon, minister of Bolivia in Washington, has Monthly Bulletin with information showing
of that country proposes to
bolivianos ($964,918) for
expend 2,412,296 pubUc instruction in the Republic in 1914, In Bolivia primary instruction is free and is made obligatory by law, and every possible means is used to encourage a wider diffusion of knowledge throughout the Repubhc, and especially among the indigenous races. Wherever population and other conditions warrant, kindergartens are established and graded schools up to the
sixth grade are maintained. There are in operation in the commonwealth 504 primary schools under the direction of the Federal Government, 653 municipal schools, and 108 private schools, or a total of 1,265 primary schools in session in the country with an enrollment of 58,865 pupils. In addition to these there are 16 academies, or " colegios " as they are termed locally, in the Republic. Formerly each Department had a university, but at the present time there are but two universities in the country, namely, at La Paz and Chuquisaca. Special instruction is given in the following schools: The normal
Government
school at Sucre; the agricultural school at Altiplano; the national

Institute of
Commerce at La Paz the language school at Potosi the agronomic and veterinary school at Cochabamba; the mining schools at Oruro and La Paz; the conservatory of music, drawing, and painting at La Paz; and the schools of arts and crafts at La Paz and Sucre, the cutting and fitting school at Tarija, and the boarding school for natives at Challapata. The Government maintains a number of scholarships abroad, and great care is taken in selecting meritorious students who agree, after completing their studies, to return to their country and give at least five years of their services to the State. A number of expert foreign instructors are employed in various institutions in the Republic, and the necessary furniture, scientific instruments, material, etc., needed in these schools that can not be obtained
;
;
826
at

are imported.
home
At
Sucre, the capital of the Republic and

is
seat of the University of

library
San Francisco de Xavier, there

of valuable
a national
books from private individuals. An effort is being made at the present time to consolidate this library with the General Archives of the Nation at Sr. Adolfo Ballivian, consul general of Bolivia at New Sucre. York, has compiled data showing that in August, 1914, the shipments of MERCHANDISE from New York to Bolivia consisted of 1,513 packages weighing 128,620 kilos, valued at $37,498.86, as compared with 4,378 packages, weighing 400,642 kilos, valued at $68,638.08, shipped in July of the same year. These shipments were made up of machinery, hardware, cotton goods, drugs, and foodstuffs. Nearly aU of these commodities were imported through the ports of Antofagasta, Chile, and MoUendo, Peru. The Board of Trade of Tarija, Bohvia, advises the Monthly Bulletin of the election of the following officers: Carlos Paz, president; Mois6s Navajas, vice president; Victor Navajas, treasurer; Eduardo J, Cordova, secretary; Carlos Schnorr, vocal; Juan Jofre and Zenon Colodro, alternates; and Bernardo Rana Trigo, attorney.
which has received large donations
The COFFEE crop of Brazil for 1914 is estimated at 17,000,000 bags of 60 kilos each, or 1,020,000,000 kilos. As a number of the great coffee-consuming countries of Europe are at present engaged in war, a considerable quantity of this coffee, calculated approximately at 14,000,000 bags, will have to be temporarily stored until transportation facilities become normal. The President of Brazil has signed a decree declaring the NEUTRALITY of Brazil in the European conflict. Gold remittances aboard the German steamer Bliicher, amounting to 750,000, shipped from Buenos Aires and Montevideo in August last, consigned to European banks, and which was detained in Pernambuco, inasmuch as that vessel sought protection in Brazilian waters, has been reshipped on neutral vessels to the original shipping points, 600,000 going to Buenos Aires and 150,000 to Montevideo. An ARBITRATION convention has been concluded between the Governments of Brazil and Paraguay for a period of 10 years from the date of the exchange of ratifications. At the expiration of that time, if neither of the high contracting parties notify the other of its desire to terminate the convention, then the convention remains in force for a period of one year thereafter, and so on successively until it is terminated by one of the parties in interest. A Noite, an important daily newspaper of Rio
CHILE.
827
de Janeiro, is authority for the statement that a RURAL BANK is soon to be organized in that metropolis by United States capitaUsts. This bank is to deal chiefly with agriculturists and plantation owners,
The ninety-second will make loans on coffee held in deposit. anniversary of the INDEPENDENCE of Brazil from Portuguese rule was celebrated with appropriate ceremonies in Rio de Janeiix) on September 7 last, one of the most notable features of the celebration being a military parade in Rio de Janeiro in which 10,000 soldiers and sailors took part. The soldiers were reviewed by the President of the Republic, accompanied by his cabinet, the diplomatic corps, The opening session and a large number of distinguished persons, of the NATIONAL CONGRESS OF HISTORY took place in Rio de Janeiro on September 7, 1914, and remained in session until the Recent reports from the Federal capital 16th of the same month. state that the exploitation of the COAL MINES of the Republic Dr. Delfin Moreira has been continue with increased activity. inaugurated GOVERNOR of the State of Minas Geraes, and Sr. FeÂn ARBIr liciano Sodre governor of the State of Rio de Janeiro. TRATION convention between Brazil and Uruguay has been promulgated. The Government of Brazil has assented to the order of the Universal Postal Union providing for an exchange of letters and
and
parcels
The COMMERCIAL CONthe FIJI ISLANDS. between Brazil and Italy has been extended until December 31, 1914. The RAILWAY CONVENTION between Brazil and Uruguay has been promulgated.- -The consumption of Chilean NITRATE in Brazil has greatly increased during the last few years. This fertilizer, which is used to a large extent on the coffee plantations Steps are of the Republic, has hitherto been received from Hamburg. being taken to import direct from Chile, and if adequate transportation facilities and favorable freight rates can be obtained, it is believed that there will be a large increase in the imports of nitrate The Government of Brazil has been during the next few years.
with
VENTION
invited
of a
by the Government
of
monument
in the city of
Panama Panama
to participate in the erection
in
honor
of
VASCO NtJNEZ
DE BALBOA,
the discoverer of the Pacific Ocean.
During the
first
eight
months
of the present year the
CUSTOM-
HOUSES
of Chile
charges, etc.,
have collected import and export duties, storage amounting to 90,474,452 Chilean gold pesos, as com-
pared with 99,718,881 collected during the same period of 1913.
The
828
export duties during the period of 1914 referred to amounted to 52,630,466 gold pesos, as compared with 53,709,618 gold pesos during the same period of 1913, while the imports for the first eight months of 1914 aggregated 36,685,033 gold pesos, as compared with 44,708,314 -The municipality of gold pesos during the same period of 1913.
Santiago has requested
bills for
the
PAVING
of 20,000 square meters
The municipality of La Serena, Province of Coquimbo, has been authorized by the Chilean Congress to contract,
of streets of the capital.-
under a guaranty of the Government, within a period of one year, a of 36,000 or its equivalent in Chilean money, at a rate of interest not to exceed 6 per cent per annum and an accumulative amortization fund of not less than 1 nor more than 2 per cent per annum. The proceeds of this loan are to be used in the following manner: 82 per cent for street pavement and sidewalks, 13^ per cent for the completion of the municipal theater, and 4^ per cent for repairs An appropriation of and improvements in the market building. 16,000 gold pesos has been made to defray the expenses of casting, transporting, and setting up the SCULPTURAL GROUP which the Government of Chile will present to the Peace Palace at The President Barros Luco has been authorized by Congress Hague. to contribute 13,250 gold pesos toward the erection of a MONUMENT in Panama in honor of Vasco Nunez de Balboa, the discoverer of the Recent rules and regulations of the Arica to La Pacific Ocean. Paz Railway entitles first-class passengers to free transportation of 50 kilos of BAGGAGE and second-class passengers to 25 kilos. The senate of the Chilean Congress has passed a bill authorizing the
LOAN
ANTOFAGASTA,
OF contracting of a loan for the improvement of the one of the shipping centers of the nitrate and
HARBOR
The Maritime League, an organization with copper industry. headquarters in Valparaiso interested in the development of Chilean commerce, has petitioned Congress to enact a law authorizing the payment of bounties or the granting of subsidies to the owners of merchant vessels built to engage in the COiSTÎSE TRADE of the Republic or which extend their operations to foreign countries. The league also recommends that the proposed contract between the Government of Chile and the South American Steamship Co. for a loan, guaranteed by the Government, of 2,500,000, be used in
acquiring ships for the establishment and maintenance of a line of between Chile and ports of the United States and Europe. The senate has passed a bill authorizing the President of Chile to
vessels
expend up to 2,300,000 pesos in the construction of a RAILWAY between Paine and Talagante. The same bill empowers the Chief Executive to invest up to 1,500,000 pesos in the construction and The repair of roads and in the building of bridges and culverts.
consul general of Chile in Italy has informed the minister of foreign
COLOMBIA.
relations of the Chilean
ists
829
Government that a group of Italian capitalhas been considering a plan for the purchase and exploitatio i of Chilean FORESTS for industrial purposes. Investigations are being made of the transportation facilities, lay of the land in the wooded zone of the country, and the conditions required by the Government of Chile for the making of a contract. -Funds to the amount of 53,530 pesos have been provided for additional expenditures in furnishing a supply of POTABLE to the cities of Talca and Iquique.
WATER
COLOMBIA
Dr. Daniel
J.
-1
Reyes has been appointed MINISTER OF FINANCE Bernardo Escobar, resigned. Congress has passed the bill amending the constitution so as to provide for the reestablishment of the COUNCIL OF STATE. This council is to be composed of seven members, namely, the first designate or vicepresident, chairman, and seven members appointed in accordance with the law of September 10, 1914. According to data published in the Bulletin of Statistics of the Department of Antioquia, the total value of REAL PROPERTY in that Department amounts to
to take the place of Dr.
$41,419,222, of which, $35,452,583 belongs to private parties, $4,893,972 to the church, $597,214 to the municipality, $385,395 to the Department, and $90,058 to the National Government.
There are in the Department 82,000 holdings, which gives an average of one piece of real property to every eight inhabitants. The
MUNICIPAL REVENUES
to $4,146,589.26.
during the
first
of the entire Republic in 1913 amounted The revenues of the customhouses of the country six months of the present year were as follows:
Barranquilla, $3,671,243.40; Cartagena, $1,469,592.93; Buenaventura,
$773,238.49; Tumaco, $202,056.27; Riohacha, $35,976.18; Santa Marta, $165,907.59; Cucuta, $278,041.97, and Ipiales, Orocue, and In accordance Arauca, $4,202.12, or a total of $6,600,258.95. with a law passed by Congress in 1913 providing for the FOUNDING OF A CITY the mayor of Choco has selected Utria, a fine port with a good climate, for this purpose. The town has been laid out and a The Government has notified road surveyed to the Atrato River. telegraph operators in the Republic that they may receive WIRELESS messages for Colon, the Canal Zone, and Atlantic steamers, charging 20 cents a word for the former and 10 cents for the latter. Wireless messages are given the preference. The AERIAL CABLEWAY from Mariquita to Manizales is to be 73 kilometers long, the longest cable of this kind in the world. It is to be com67998Bull. 514 11
830
pleted
size

by 1915 and can transport pieces weighing 200 kilos and of a The carrying capacity of the cable is 100 to a cubic meter.
up
Arrangements will be made later for carrying heavier and larger pieces as well as passengers. A TEMPORARY BOARD has been organized at Medellin under the name of Council of Economic and Commercial Defense, the object of which is to study questions submitted to it by the chamber of commerce, as well as to consider the banking, commercial, and agricultural interests of the country and the manner of promoting same during the abnormal times existing at present nn the Republic. The FEDERATION OF THE STUDENTS of Colombia has elected the following officers: Eustacio Rivera, of the National College of Law, president; Alejandro Villa, of the college of medicine, first vice president; Manuel Gutierrez, of the dental college, second vice president; and Carlos M. Perez, of the school of commerce, and Leonidas Uribe Olarte, of the school of law, secretaries. A new industry has been established
tons daily.
in the Territory of Jurado, consisting of exports of
GUM
extracted
from the medlar
In the Atlantic coast section of Colombia there are 713,933 head of horned CATTLE, 87,343 hogs, 13,480 sheep, 32,626 goats, 83,960 mules and asses, and 36,084 horses. Â law of August 12 last authorizes the Executive, should a lack of funds occur with which to meet treasury payments, to issue Government WARRANTS in accordance with decree 451 of May 10, 1913. The value of REAL PROPERTY in Cali is $5,167,426 gold. The value of the urban and rural properties of the entire Department of the Atlantic in 1914 was $7,467,221.50 gold.
tree.
The decree
of July 31, 1914,
exempting from
EXPORT DUTIES
and
for a period of 20 years coffee, cacao, rubber, vegetables, sugar,
other agricultural products except bananas, which are dutiable under a special law, has been repealed by a law of August 8 of the present
year enacted to minimize the depressing effects of the European war on Costa Rican commerce. This same law authorizes the President of the Republic to postpone for an indefinite time all decrees requiring the disbursement of pubHc funds, and especially of decrees providing for the remittance of money abroad, should he deem it expedient for the good of the country. The Congress of Costa Rica has approved
ratified the following international TREATIES: Arbitration treaty with Portugal, signed in San Jose, May 27, 1914; protocol
and
with Great Britain concerning the apphcation of the treaty of friendship, commerce, and navigation in certain parts of the British Em-

CUBA.
pire,
831
signed in
signed in
Panama on August 18, 1913; extradition treaty, Panama on October 22, 1913, between Costa Rica and the
Republic of Panama; treaty with the United States, signed in Washington on February 13, 1914, for the purpose of submitting to an international commission all disputes to the settlement of which previous arbitration treaties or agreements do not apply in their terms or are not applied in fact, and the extension for five years from July 20 last of the arbitration convention with the United States. Congress has appropriated 100,000 colones ($46,500) for improvement of the public which runs from Carrizal, Province of Alajuela, to the plain of the Sarapaqui River. The road is to be built by contract, under the supervision of the Government, in sections of 5 to 10 kilometers. The owners of the land through which the road passes are to contribute 25 centavos per hectare as their share of the expenses of road construction. The municipahty of the canton of Naranjo has been authorized by Congress, under the
HIGHWAY
guaranty of the Federal Government, to negotiate a LOAN not to exceed 18,000 colones (1 colon =$0,465), at an annual interest not more than 12 percent, to pay off the debt contracted in the erection of public buildings and street improvements. The board of charities of Limon has been empowered by Congress to borrow 50,000 colones to be used in the construction of a 1 OSPITAL in that city. The President of the Republic has been authorized to invest, as soon as the condition of the public treasury warrants, up to 30,000 colones in the survey and construction of a public HIGHWAY from a point on the Pacific coast to La Pacaya in the jurisdiction of the canton of Tarrazu, Province of San Jose. The municipahty of the canton of Limon, Province of the same name, has been authorized by Congress to contract a LOAN of $150,000 American gold, at an annual rate of interest not exceeding 8 per cent, guaranteed by the municipal revenues. A law of September 18 last specifies that banks of issue are not obligated to redeem their BANK NOTES in gold. The same law makes bank notes a legal tender for all debtspayable in gold.
The SUGAR crop of Cuba for the present year is estimated at 17,357,200 sacks, or 2,479,600 tons. There are 176 sugar centrals in the Republic which wiU grind cane during the present season.-i The Congress the Repubhc
of
to contract a
Cuba has passed a biU authorizirg the President of LOAN of $5,000,000. The biU also
a>id
grants a bonus to exporters of tobacco, appropriates $500,000 to
832
unemployed workmen, authorizes the coining of a national currency, provides for the reorganization of the army and authorizes the Government to insure Cuban export goods. The bonuses on exports of tobacco are effective for a period of six months, and consist of $10 per thousand cigars exported, and 5 per cent ad valorem on The department of public works has conleaf tobacco exported. tracted with Col. M. J. Dady, a subcontractor of the Port Co. of Cuba, to execute all work of preservation of the DREDGING carÂccordried on by the company before it suspended operations.
ing to present plans the
RACE COURSE at Marianao, a suburb of Habana, is to be opened on December 24. Many prizes will bo The awarded during the races, the largest of which is $10,000.
crop of
is
Cuba for 1914, including the production estimated at 1,000,000 boxes of oranges, Steps have been taken by a regrapefruit, lemons, and limes. sponsible firm to establish a plant in the city of Habana for preThe growth of the city of Habana paring JERKED BEEF.
of the Isle of Pines,
CITRUS FRUIT
TANKS to has necessitated the erection of four more supply the needs of the municipality. One of these tanks has a Spain has granted the request of capacity of 827,000 gallons. the Chamber of Commerce of Habana to make Cadiz a. FRANCHISE ZONE for the storage in bond of foreign merchandise shipped to that port for distribution to European markets immediately after An executive decree, issued upon the recomthe close of the war. mendation of the secretary of the interior, prohibits the installation of WIRELESS stations in Habana operated by private parties. A new SUGAR MILL is to be erected at Guayos in the Province of Santa Clara by Galban & Co., of Habana. The mill is expected to The sum of $4,000 has been commence grinding by next season. appropriated for the repair of the public HIGHWAY between The bureau of children's hygiene in Remedies and Caibarien. Habana has been petitioned to establish free nurseries in each borough of the Federal capital. There are at present five nurseries in Habana, but it is contended that at least ten more are needed. Work has begun on a suburban ELECTRIC LINE which will give A conthe city of Habana trolley connection with Guanabacoa. tract amounting to $500,000 has been awarded to Pablo Menocal
for the construction of the
WATER
TRIC
light plant at Ciego
The ELECSanta Clara AQUEDUCT. Montero, installed by Hernandez Bros.,
The new SANITARY ORDINANCES Habana, which became effective in October last, prohibit the erection of buildings higher than one and one-half the width of the street. This will prevent the budding of skyscrapers in the
has commenced operations.
of the city of
Federal capital.
is
The new
in its
MILITARY ACADEMY
in the
to
be established
own budding
in Habana Campamento de Co-
lombia.
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
Upon the resignation on August 27 last of Gen. Jos6 Bordas Valdez as constitutional President of the Republic, Dr. Ram6n Baez sucBaez on taking possession
the following
ceeded him as provisional President. of his high
One
office
of the first acts of Dr.
was the appointment
of
Licentiate Enrique Jiminez, secretary of interior and police; Gen. Ignacio Maria Gonzalez, secretary of foreign
relations; Dr. Salvador B. Gautier, secretary of finance and commerce; Gen. Pedro A. Lluberes, secretary of war and marine; Licentiate Jacinto B. Peynado, secretary of justice and public instruction; Gen. Pedro Maria Mejia, secretary of agriculture and immigration, and Engineer Osvaldo B. Baez, secretary of fomento (promotion) and communications. The new provisional President was born in Mayaguez, P. R., on December 24, 1858, his parents being at that time temporarily in Porto Rico for political reasons. Gen. Buenaventura Baez, father of the provisional President, was six times President of Dr. Ramon Baez was educated in France and is a the Republic. graduate in medicine and surgery of the University of Paris. An
CABINET:
executive decree of September
3,
1914, establishes a
CONSULTING
COMMITTEE
of three persons to prepare the legal reforms necessary
for the holding of impartial elections. The members of the committee are the secretary of public instruction, chairman, and the secretaries
of state and of justice. The provisional President has appointed Gen. Jose del C. Ramirez, civil and military GOVERNOR of the Province of Santo Domingo, and Sr. Luis Bernard, governor of the Province of San Pedro de Macoris. The provisional President has issued a decree establishing a BUREAU OF ACCOUNTS made up of the following members: Miguel A. Gautier, Rafael G. de Marchena, Luis Matos Franco, Felix M. Brea and Rafael Sanchez GonThe revenues from the CUSTOMHOUSES of the Dommican zalez. Republic in August last were as follows: Santo Domingo, $61,342.31; Sanchez, $23,704.70; San Pedro de Macoris, $43,198.82; Puerto Azua, $6,356.96; La Romana, $3,770 and Plata, $9,513.89; In September last Samana, $2,596.60; or a total of $150,483.28. the Dominican Government thoroughly repaired aU the TELEGRAPH and telephone lines of the Republic, some of which were iin too bad a condition to be used. Where necessary, new equipment was added, and the lines are now operating and in first-class order. The Dominican LYCEUM located in the City of Santo Domingo, opened its school year on September 1 last. The buildings used by this coUege have been carefuUy repaired and renovated and ne# apparatus purchased for the better instruction of pupils. Mrsi
'-
833
834
James M. Sullivan, wife of the minister of the United States in Santo Domingo, has presented to the President of the Dominican Eepublic a silver box with the national coat of arms enameled upon the lid. The box contains a glass urn appropriate for guarding the ASHES
OF COLUMBUS now said

of the City of Santo
to be resting in the Metropolitan Cathedral
Domingo.
all
The President has accepted

it
the gift
and promises
indicated.
to
do
that he can to have
used for the purpose
1,09
oo
ECUADOR
Four canals from the Chibunga River furnish the
with
city of
POTABLE WATER
in quantities sufficient to
Riobamba amply provide
same time give an abundant supply for the irrigation of the yards and gardens of the suburbs. The outlying districts in the vicinity of Riobamba are irrigated with water which comes from the Mocha River. Some years ago the municipality of Riobamba acquired the San Pablo and Santa Elena Springs about 17 Idlometers to the north of the city, and it is estimated that with the water from these springs a supply of 5,000,000 Hot springs also abound liters could be furnished the city daily. not far from Riobamba in the province of Chimborazo. The Santa Cruz Springs on the western bank of the Chibunga River, and the
for the needs of the city proper, and, at the
Chambo Springs on the river of the same name, have quite a local reputation for the cure of skin diseases. There are other hot springs, such as Cachipogyo and the Tingon Springs, all of which are in easy
access of
Riobamba, that are reported
to
peutic properties.
The
daily newspaper,
have remarkable theraEl Grito del Pueblo
Ecuatoriano of Guayaquil, estimates that the cacao production for 1914 will be in excess of 1,000,000 quintals, as compared with 500,000 quintals in 1909, or an increase in production in five years of 100 per The cacao brought into Guayaquil from January to May, cent. inclusive, 1914, was 545,535 quintals, as compared with 273,088 The export duty on cacao is quintals during the same period of 1913. The Comercio Ecuatoriano in 4.80 sucres ($2.34) per quintal.
enumerating the AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES of Ecuador states that the coast country of the Republic produces cacao, coffee, tobacco, bananas, pineapples, cocoanuts, ivory nuts, India rubber, and sugar, while in the interior wheat, barley, rye, Indian corn, potatoes, sugar
cane, and fruits of every variety are grown.
principally in the Provinces of Guayas,
and
is
exported to the United States,
Cacao is cultivated Los Rios, El Oro, and Manabi, Europe. Peru, and Chile. The
GUATEMALA.
835
growing of sugar cane is an important industry, the cane growing luxuriantly and yielding a high percentage of excellent sugar. The coffee of Ecuador is of good quality, and a large and growing demand for it exists in Chile. Tobacco is one of the coming crops of the Republic. The cigars made at Quito and Guayaquil of Esmeraldas tobacco are of medium strength, rich, dark color, clear leaf, and of good flavor. "Tagua" or vegetable ivory is an important product, and a large quantity of rubber is gathered in the eastern and western forests of the country, but principally in the Provinces of Guayas and Pichincha. Bananas, pineapples, rice, maize, indigo, and straw for the manufacture of the so-called Panama hats are produced in In July last the EXPORTS through abundance in the country. the customhouse at Bahia de Caraquez consisted of 5,141 packages, weighing 455,390 kilos, valued at 115,504 sucres (sucre = $0.487). At the beginning of August last the Bank of Ecuador had funds abroad subject to draft amounting to 5,449,188 sucres. The ELECTRIC light and power plant at Chone has just been completed and put in
quantity of supplies for use in the construction and the building of sewers in Quito have recently been received at Guayaquil from Europe.
operation.
Â large
of
WATERWORKS
The municipality
of
Guatemala has decided
to drill at least five
WELLS
in different parts of the Federal capital with the object of
supplying water to the poor during the dry season. The weUs are to be drilled in public squares and parks of the more densely populated part of the City of Guatemala. The average annual rainfall in the metropolis of Guatemala during the 8 years from 1906 to 1913, inclusive, was 32.5 inches. During this period the most copious rainfall
An
was 41.5 inches in 1909, and the smallest 17.6 inches in 1912. executive decree of September 10, 1914, increases from that date until further notice the present EXPORT ON of $1 American gold per ton of 480 square feet, to $2 gold, the present
TAX
LUMBER
decree modifying that of April 16, 1912, in this respect. The municipal council of the City of Guatemala has borrowed from the
in the United States
$10,000 American gold, to be used in purchasing MAIZE and beans. These products wiU be retailed in the City of Guatemala at cost, in accordance with the resolution of the municipal council of August 28 last. The order for maize was placed by telegraph in New Orleans, and on receipt of
Occidental
Bank
this cereal it will
be sold and the proceeds again invested in corn, and
836

December 31
of the present year,
the operation will be repeated until

at which time the loan
is
payable to the bank. Ân executive decree of September 12, 1914, approves the contract made by the municipality of the City of Guatemala with the Occidental Bank for the LOAN of 600,000 pesos national currency (about $120,000) with which to pay the debts of the city. The municipahty agrees to submit a detailed statement of its outstanding obhgations to the Federal Government before using this loan. The loan bears 10 per cent annual interest and is guaranteed by the revenues of the municipality. The Government of Guatemala has authorized the city of Chiquimula to establish a municipal ELECTRIC light and power plant, and has granted it permission to import free of duty the machinery, supplies, etc., that may be necessary for the installation, equipment, and operation of the same. The sum of 19,000 pesos (about $3,800) is made available immediately for the expenses of the work. The proceeds of the tax for the beautifying of the Department of Chiquimula are to be used until the expenses of the installation are paid. Under date of September 22 the executive department notified the SUGAR producers in Guatemala that sugar manufactured by them would be allowed to be exported from the Republic under the same conditions as heretofore, provided there was no increase in the price of that article to the domestic consumers of the The President of Guatemala has decreed the NEUcountry. TRALITY of the Government in the European conflict, and has ordered that commercial vessels of belligerant nations dismantle
their wireless installations while in the jurisdiction of the
Repub-
KcA
lic,
recent executive decree provides that
all
telegraphic and
in the
TELEPHONIC INSTALLATIONS now in operation

or which in future
Repub-
be estabUshed, shall remain under the absolute control and dominion of the Government.
may
At the suggestion
of the secretary of finance
and commerce, and
with the approval of the cabinet, the President of the Republic submitted to the consideration of Congress a proposed law authorizing the Chief Executive to issue BANK NOTES to the amount of 12,500,000 gourdes, 4,000,000 gourdes of which are to be in denominations of 2 gourdes and 8,000,000 in denominations of 1 gourde. These bank notes are to be of the same form as those now in circulation and must bear on one side an engraved cut of J. J. Dessalines and on the other a cut of Oreste Zamor. The 2-gourdes denomi-
HONDURAS.
837
nation are to be divided into 8 series and the 1-gourde denomination into 12 series, all to be signed by a commissioner of the department of finance, a member of the court of accounts, and a deputy or senator appointed by the legislative body. The refund of this issue of bank notes shall be made at the rate of 5 gourdes to the dollar, and is guaranteed by the following duties in American gold: (a) Half of the tonnage dues, plus 50 and SSJ per cent, except those collected in Cape Haytien, Gonaives, Port au Prince, and Jacmel;
(6)
those collected in Gonaives;
the surcharge of 25 per cent of the tonnage dues, not including (c) the surcharge of 25 per cent on the
wharfage dues, not including those collected in Port au Prince. A committee composed of two senators and a deputy selected by Congress shall have charge, in cooperation with the secretary of the treasury and the National Bank, of all transactions and operations concerning the refund and incineration of the bank notes. Rules and regulations are to be promulgated in due time covering the
details of the issue, refund,
and
incineration.
From
the
amount
of
be set aside the following: 4,800,000 gourdes to be circulated in monthly installments of 400,000 gourdes for the purpose of paying the expenses of the public service, pensions, subventions, etc., of the fiscal year 1914-15; 1,200,000 gourdes to pay the expenses of the present budget for the months of August and September of the current year; and 500,000 gourdes to pay to the injured at Gonaives. The Government reserves the right to pay amounts due in American gold in national coin at the exchange rate of 600 per cent. As soon as the new bills are placed in circulation, the law of August 14, 1914, is to be repealed, and the law of August 26, 1913, concerning amortization, will become effective. The text of this bill was published in fuU in Le Nouvelliste of Port au Prince on September 30 last. -Senator L. C. Lherisson has introduced into the Senate a bill authorizing a general MORATORIUM for three months, which may be further extended by an executive decree should the European war continue. The same bill empowers the National Bank to issue treasury warrants to strengthen its cash on hand and paper money.
the issue of
shall
bank notes there
TELEPHONIC SERVICE
city of
Nacaome was
January 27 of with Col. Matamoros.
of Amapala and the by virtue of a contract made on the present year by the Government of Honduras
between the port
established
According to the contract the construction
838

not including the value of mate-
of the line cost 7,250 pesos, silver,

rials
and the necessary apparatus. Work was commenced in February, 1914, and completed in May of the same year. About the middle of last May telephone and telegraph communication was established between Amapala, Nacaome, and Tegucigalpa, including the towns of Sabanagrande, Pespire, and Goascoran, using the cable between Tigre Island and Sacate Grande until the telephone cable ordered from New York is received, laid, and put in operation. Another telephone line is being constructed to connect Nacaome and Amapala with the city of Choluteca and the port of San LoBertrand has approved the BOUNDARY concluded by the resident minister of Honduras in Guatemala, Lie. Guillermo Campos, with the minister of foreign relations of the Government of Guatemala. The convention is ad referendum and requires the sanction of Congress, to which body it will be submitted at its next session before becoming operative. The AQUEDUCT at Santa Barbara, which provides an abundant supply of potable water for that city, was inaugurated on September The aqueduct was constructed by the municipal council 15 last. of Santa Barbara, under the direction of Civil Engineer Daniel Rapalo Bogran, who refused compensation for his services. The SUIZA PLANTING CO., an organization formed for the purpose of engaging in agriculture and stock raising in aU its branches, has been recognized by the Government of Honduras as a juridic entity. The capital of the company is 200,000 pesos, divided into 2,000 shares of 100 pesos each. The company proposes to import fine stock for breeding purposes, plant trees, engage in fruit growing,
renzo.
President
CONVENTION
The main office of the by-laws it may establish other offices in different parts of the Republic. A society entitled "El Trabajo" (The Work) has been organized, with headquarters in Tegucigalpa, for the cultivation, manufacture, and sale of TOBACCO. The organization proposes to establish branches in other parts of the Republic. The plan of the society is to operate for a period of five years, and at the expiration of that time extend the term for successive periods of five years should its board of directors and stockholders so desire. The by-laws of the organization have been approved by the Government of Honduras, and the society has been recognized as a legal entity. Joseph M. De Hart has been appointed superintendent of the New York & Honduras Rosario Mining Co., a corporation organized under the laws of the State of New York. Mr. De Hart has taken charge of the company's business in Honduras and has filed power of attorney in the office of the
the cultivation of tobacco,
is
cereals,
etc.
company
in Tegucigalpa, but
under
its
minister of foreign relations of
Honduras.
The
HONDURAS
SUGAR REFINING
CO., a corporation organized under the laws of
MEXICO.
the State of Louisiana, with headquarters at
839
New Orleans, has been authorized by the Government of Honduras to do business in the Republic. The company proposes to grow sugar cane, manufacture sugar and by-products thereof, as well as to engage in such other
allied lines of business as its
board of directors
may deem
proper.
The nominal
if
capital of the
company
is
is
$1,000,000, consisting of
10,000 shares of $100 each, but this
may
deemed
advisable.
The company
be increased to $5,000,000 prohibited from beginning
its paid-up capital equals $250,000. The president company is Albert Breton and the vice president Felix P. Vaccaro. The corporation has been recognized as a legal entity by the Government of Honduras.
operations until
of the
decree promulgated in the City of Mexico on September 28 by
the governor of the Federal district provides that no person shall
be obhged to work more than nine hours daily, and the nine hours The same decree prescribes referred to must not be consecutive. and that commercial houses shall be open from 8 a. m. to 1 p. from 3 p. m. to 7 p. m. Rest on Sundays and on national holidays is made obligatory. Butcher shops and places where fruit, vegetables, milk, bread, wood, charcoal, corn, and fodder are sold are required to be open on Sundays and feast days from 6 to 10 a. m. Violation of the decree is punishable with a fine of from 5 to 100 pesos, and for the second offense imprisonment is added to the fine. A decree has been issued by the governor of the State of Puebla, effective October 1, 1914, doublirg the tax on PULQUE, the national beverage of Mexico, brought into the State, and triplmg the taxes on houses sellirg beer, aguardiente, and other spiritUnder date of September 15 of the present year, the uous Hquors. department of fomento has issued an important explanatory circular referring to the decree of August 29, 1914, concerning the procedure to be followed by persons interested in mines who desire to safeguard their properties, an extract from which is as follows: "The petition requestir g the restormg of minirg papers and denouncements made from February 19, 1913, to August 15, 1914, to their original state, or the reissue of deeds granted during the same period, must contain the requisites prescribed in article 15 of the mining law covering denounceme its, together with the number of the docket to which the petition refers. Upon filing the petition the
840
mining ageJit will enter it as in the case of a Jiew denouncement, in accordance with the regulations prescribed in paragraph 6 of section 7 and articles 13 and 17 of the regulations of the mining law. The mining agent must dehver to the petitioner a duplicate of the statement entered in the register, together with the data mentioned in paragraphs 1 and 2 of article 21. If no objections are filed within a month, the mi.ning agent will send to the department of fomento If objeca copy of the petition and the documents relating thereto. tions are made, they must also be sent to the department of fomento for decision in accordance with articles 41 and 43 of the mining Rafael Perez Taylor has been appointed by the departlaw." ment of public instruction to write a series of articles on the SCHOA MINING association has LASTIC MOVEMENT in Mexico. been formed in the City of Mexico. T. P. Honey is president and The department of communications has Emil Berthier secretary. been re:[uested to extend the time in which to construct the RAILWAYS included in the concession granted to Belgian interests undei* the Huerta administration and covering a proposed investment of The State of Michoacan has presented to the about $20,000,000. National Museum in the City of Mexico a collection of HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS, among which are papers which were the property of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, the hero of Mexican independence.
NICARAGUA
Tlie
American
of Bluefields has recently published
an
article
on
GOLD MINING in eastern Nicaragua in which it is stated that while no

great bonanza gold mines have been discovered in the Republic, there are strong veins now being worked in the mining zones of the country
which give promise of paying handsome dividends, notwithstanding the fact that most of the ore extracted is comparatively of low grade, assaying but a few doUars per ton. The ores are not free milling and only about 40 per cent of the gold contents can be extracted from them by the methods at present employed. It is estimated that there are large quantities of gold ore between the Lone Star and the Hidden Treasure mines in the Pis-Pis district. AU of these ores require the
cyanide treatment for the extraction of the gold. In addition to this there are placer mines in the Republic which are said to be rich producers. One advantage Nicaragua has in the operation of gold mines is the liberal mining law that allows with each claim a denouncement of 250 acres of agricultural lands, thereby enabling the exploiter of
PANAMA.
mines
to raise a large part of his foodstuffs in the
is
841
neighborhood of the he so desires. Then, agaia, the wages of native Nicaraguan miners, as compared with the scale of miners in the United States, are much lower, and, inasmuch as the cost of labor is one of the largest items in running a mine, this fact is favorable to the exploitation of mines in the Republic. Recentlyexperienced and well-equipped prospectors with ample financial backing have been looking over the Pis-Pis district, and it is confidently expected that some exceedingly good prospects will be found. A PARCEL POST convention with Panama has been signed in the City of Panama by the Nicaraguan minister, and it is understood that an extradition treaty is soon to be concluded between the two countries. For reasons of economy the legation at Panama is to be abolished. Senator Demetrio Cuadra has been elected PRESIDENT of the Senate and Congressman VirgiHo Guardian speaker of the Chamber of Deputies. President Diaz has appointed a commission to study the FINANCIAL SITUATION with the object of devising means for remedying it. The members of the commission are Octaviano Cesar, Albert J. Martin, Evaristo Carazo, Gregorio Pasquier, J. R. Navas, Benjamin Elizondo, and Toribio J. Tijerino, jr. The Government has accepted the offer of Brown Bros. &, Co. and J. & W. Seligman & Co. to sell the 51 per cent of the stock of the Pacific Railroad held by them. The purchase price is $1,000,000. A recent executive decree suspends the FREE IMPORTATION OF FINE STOCK for breeding purposes, as well as the free importation of agricultural instruments and seeds. Tiie former law not only allowed the free importation of blooded cattle and horses for breeding purposes, but returned to the importer the freight and other expenses incurred in making these importations.
place where mining
carried
on
if
On September
interesting
1,
1914, President Belisario Porras delivered an

to the National Congress,
MESSAGE
assembled at the
capitol in the City of
Panama
in regular session.
Among
other
things the Executive said, in substance, that a general plan
had been
adopted for the construction of a network of telegraph lines in the Republic, including the purchase of the necessary material. Telephone and telegraph lines are being built in aU the districts of the Commonwealth, copper wires, strung on iron posts set in concrete bases, being used. A commission of lawyers in the country has
842
THE PAN AMEEIGAN UNION.
been selected to prepare new national codes. The commission has begun its work and hopes to submit to Congress during the coming year a large part of the results of its labors. The receipts and disbursements of the National Government from January 1, 1913, to June 30, 1914, were as follows: Receipts, 6,270,124 balboas; disbursements, 5,847,794 balboas, or an excess of receipts over expenditures during the period referred to of 422,330 balboas. The Government has borrowed S3, 000, 000 from the National City Bank of New York to be used excUisively in the construction of railways. The loan was made at the rate of 97 cents on the dollar. The same institution has contracted with the Government to establish a bank of issue in Panama and to do a general banking business in the country. The capital the bank proposes to use for this purpose is The bank will make $1,000,000, which may be increased if desired. mortgage loans on long time even as long as 20 years. The number of schools in the Republic is 518 with an enrollment of 23,445 pupils of both sexes. The school of arts and crafts has been installed in a building specially fitted up with electrical and mechanical apparatus, and all departments of the school have been equipped with new machinery of the most appropriate and modern type. -On September 3 last the Governments of the United States and of Panama
signed a
TREATY
fixing definitely the
boundary
of the
Panama
Canal Zone. An ARBITRATION CONVENTION has been concluded between Panama and Portugal, under the terms of which both nations agree to submit all questions of dispute of a judicial nature arising between them to the Permanent Arbitration Tribunal at The Hague, provided always these questions do not affect the vital interests of the country, the independence and honor of the high contracting parties, nor the interests of other nations. During the National Exposition of Panama, which will be held in the City of
Panama
in
1915,
three
INTERNATIONAL CONGRESSES
will
meet namely, the pedagogic, the sanitary, and the engineering. A committee has been appointed to look out after the interests of each
of these congresses.
Â company with a capital of $150,000 has been incorporated to erect a modern STEAM LAUNDRY in the City of Panama. It is proposed to sink wells to provide the plant with water. The laundry will employ about 75 persons, and will have in service four wagons and one automobile. It is reported that the machinery, which will be of the latest design, is to be purchased in New York. Â MOTOR BOAT SERVICE between Panama and Aguadulce is to be established. It is proposed to make two trips a week on a 10-hour schedule. A small LIGHTHOUSE is to be constructed at Pata Pallina Bar to indicate the entrance to the Aguadulce Channel. Gen. Federico Barrera has been appointed GOVERNOR of Veraguas.
IMPORTATION
salt until
President Scherer has promulgated a law authorizing the FREE of floui-, wheat in the grain, maize, and common
of the present year. The lighterag and appHcable to these articles according to the customs laws now in force are payable as formerly, Â recent executive decree makes EXPORT DUTIES payable in paper currency or gold If paid in gold the rate of exchange at the option of the exporter. Steps have been taken will be iixed by the treasury department. by the Board of Trade of Asimcion to secure the passage of a bill by Congress authorizing the canahzation of a number of rivers in the interior of the Republic with the object of facihtating steam navigation by vessels of light draft engaged in the transportation of freight. The same organization, with a view to avoiding abuses, recommends that a law be enacted requiring CONTRACTS FOR LABORERS to work in the mate or Paraguayan tea fields, to be made exclusively in Posadas, the principal labor center supplying the Paraguayan tea district with help. According to the press, the President of the Repubhc, who recently made a visit to the progressive city of Para-
December 31
statistic taxes
AGRICULTURAL SCHOOL at that place doing excellent work, and that considerable construction work is WIREbeing done on the pubhc roads which lead from the city. LESS telegraph communication has been estabhshed between the Mangrudo Station near Asuncion and Coquimbo, Chile, on the Pacific coast, a distance in a straight line across the Andes of 1,550 kilometers. The Asuncion Station has also succeeded in communicating The with the Bahia Blanca Station in the Argentine Repubhc. Boletin Industrial is authority for the statement that a vein of COAL has been discovered within 1 meter of the surface near the village of Arequa, Paraguay. A law has been enacted authorizing the AGRICULTURAL BANK to lend to the banks of Asuncion 25,000,000 pesos (paper), payable in 6, 9, and 12 months, at the rate of 9 per cent interest per annum. As payments on account of this loan are
guari, reported that the
is
made
tion
to the Agricultural
Bank
the
bills
are to be retired from circula-
a moratorium of 20 days For the appHcable to debts payable in gold or in foreign money. purpose of encouraging the development of RICE CULTURE in the Repubhc, the Agricultural Bank of Asuncion is offering to furnish farmers and plantation owners in Paraguay with an excellent quality of seed rice at very low rates, guaranteeing, at the same time, to buy the crop produced at fixed prices, which will insure a fair remunera-
and burned.
The same law grants
tion to the cultivator of this cereal.
The seed
rice distributed
843
by
844
Central Paraguay
Since August 15 last the the bank was obtained from Italy. RAILWAY has run but one through train per week from Asuncion to Buenos Aires and return. The train now
Buenos Aires on Tuesday at 6 a. m., arriving at The return train leaves Buenos Aires on Friday and arrives at Asuncion at 8.30 p. m. on Sunday.
leaves Asuncion for
the latter place on Thursday.
The President of the Republic has ordered the making of a survey and the compiling of an estimate for the construction of a PUBLIC HIGHWAY to connect the branch of the Vitor Railway with the Sigues, Majes, and Camana Valleys. This road will be suitable for automobile traffic. Should it be built by contract the President is authorized to guarantee the payment of the work from the annual For road appropriation fund of the Department of Arequipa.the purpose of encouraging the
RUBBER
industry in the Depart-
ments
of Loreto
sections of
and Madre de Dios, the great rubber producing Peru, President Benavides has, with the unanimous con-
sent and approval of his cabinet, issued a decree reducing the export
duty on rubber originating in these Departments. Rubber coming from the Madre de Dios River and its tributaries and exported through the port of Mollendo shall pay export duties as follows: 2 per cent on rubber the London quotations of which fluctuate between 25d. and 36d., 4 per cent on rubber fluctuating between 37d. and 38d., and 6 per cent on rubber quoted at 49d. and over. The export duty on the lower grades of rubber is based upon the same scale less a
discount of 30 per cent.
With
the object of encouraging the
importation of useful
SEEDS AND PLANTS,
and at the same time
facilitating the strict observance of the provisions of the sanitary
laws of the Republic concerning such importations, the Chief Executive has decreed that imports of seeds, cuttings, plants, and shrubs for cultivation and propagation, shall be made solely through the customhouse at CaUao and the post office at Lima. The proper
wiU have at their disposal the services with the Central Agronomic Station and the department of agriculture for the examination of such seeds and plants. The owners of RENTED HOUSES in Lima, in cooperation with the municipal authorities of that city, have decided to reduce the rent of houses occupied by the middle class and by workmen 30 per cent on all rents under 40 soles (about $20) per month. The exploiters of COAL mines in the Huancayo, Jauja, and Yauli
officials
at both these places
of experts connected
SALVADOE.
845
zones propose to furnish their product to the cities of Lima and Callao at prices less than those charged since the beginning of the European war for English and Australian coal. Efforts are being made to
secure a reduction in railway freight rates on coal, and
Callao and
the
if
successful,
the coal companies claim that they will be able to deliver coal at
at considerably lower prices than those ruling at time for imported coal. The association for the protection of AGKICULTURE, with headquarters at Lima, has elected the following officers: Antonio Grana, president; E. L. Houghton, vice president; Felipe Espantoso, treasurer; and Miguel Checa and Salvador Gutierrez, secretaries. An executive decree of September 16 last makes the town of Ferrenafe, Province of Lambayeque, a city, thereby giving it the privileges accorded under the laws to an incorporated municipality. The Government of Peru has granted to the Cerro de Pasco Mining Co. authority to coin 340,000 ounces of Peruvian silver refined in the United States.
Lima
present
qsss^SS'
SALVADOR.
The President of the Repubhc of Salvador, Dr. Alfonso Quinonez Mohna, who succeeded to the presidential office on August 29, 1914, on the resignation of President Carlos Melendez, has appointed the following CABINET: Dr. Cecilio Bustamante, minister of interior (gobernacion) Sr. Samuel Luna, minister of finance; Dr. Pio Romero Bosques, minister of war and marine; and Dr. Francisco Martinez The BLTDGET of the GovernSuarez, minister of foreign relations. ment of Salvador for 1914-15 gives the receipts as 14,896,850 pesos, made up of customs revenues, 9,645,750 pesos, and internal revenues, 5,251,100 pesos. The expenditures are calculated at 14,843,312.65 pesos, which leaves an excess of estimated receipts over estimated The Government has granted expenditures of 53,537.35 pesos.
;
Frederick F. Searing or his assigns the right to establish a MORTThe authorized capital of the bank in the Republic. is $10,000,000 American gold or its equivalent in national money. The main office of the corporation shall be in the City of San Salvador, but branches may be established at any place within or without the Republic, with the approval and consent of the Government. The duration of the charter is 50 years, but that of the exclusive priviThe bank may commence operations leges of the bank is 10 years. The corporation as soon as it has a paid-up capital of $1,000,000. has the right to issue its own bank notes until 1925. These notes
GAGE BANK
67998Bull. 514
12
846
are redeemable
on presentation, must not be issued in excess of double amount of the paid-up capital, and the bank shall always have on hand in cash in its main office in gold or silver coin, or the equivathe
lent in intrinsic value of gold
and silver bullion, a sum equal to 50 per cent of the amount of its bank notes in circulation. The full text of the concession is published in Spanish in the Diario del Salvador of The Congress of Salvador has ratified in full all August 26, 1914.
the resolutions, conventions, and recommendations (mociones) of the Fourth INTERNATIONAI. CONFERENCE of American States A law has been passed by the which met in Buenos Aires in 1910. Congress of Salvador regulating the manufacture and sale of ARMS and ammunition, and prohibiting the manufacture of war suppUes A law has been promulgated except for account of the Government. imposing stamp taxes of 3 per cent of the seUing price of transfers of REAIj property and subjecting to heavy fines persons who
infringe the requirements of this law.
The national AGRICUL-
TURAL FAIR,
which held its opening session in the City of San Salvador on August 1 last, was a great success. One of the most interesting exhibits was that of the model farm, in which great pains were taken to explain scientific agricultural methods.
An
executive
decree
of
September
17
regulates
the issue of
of 4,000,000
TREASURY WARRANTS
thorized
to cover the popular loan recently au-
by the Congress
of
Uruguay
to the
amount
These warrants are divided into three series, of the values of 500, 100, and 50 pesos, respectively, and each warrant has a form printed on the back to be filled in when interest is paid. The warrants are numbered, are signed by the secretary of the treasury, bear 8 per cent annual interest, and are subject to a minimum amortization of 6 per cent annually. Both the interest and amortizaThese warrants are tion services are to take place every two months. to be issued at par, the law providing that 1,000,000 pesos be offered between the 1st and the 5th of October, 10 per cent of the amount The warrants will be issued under date of October. to be paid in cash. 1, will bear interest from that date, and 50 pesos will be the lowest The Congress of Uruguay has amount issued to any person. enacted a law imposing graded TAXES on inheritances, legacies, and gifts. These taxes vary according to the amount involved and the degree of relationship. The amount of revenue they are expected A STATISTICS to produce annually is about 1,000,000 pesos.
pesos (peso
= $1,034).
VENEZUELA.
847
consisting of 3^ mills per thousand on the official valuation of imports, IJ mills on exports, 3 per cent surcharge on licenses in Montevideo, and 4 per cent additional taxes on various items has
TAX
Montevideo has with the Acquarone Co., of the national capital, for the construction of 400,000 square meters of gilsonite PAVEMENT in the municipality of Montevideo, with the
been levied hy Congress.
authorized the
city council of
The
mayor
to contract
privilege of increasing or decreasing this
amount 20 per cent

to
if it is
deemed expedient.
Congress.
The contract
is
subject
the approval
of
recent executive decree authorizes the legations of
the United States and of England in Montevideo, and the consulate
New York, to receive gold that banks, merchants, or private persons may desire to deposit for account of the Government or the Bank of the Republic, to be paid in Montevideo to other banks, merchants, or private persons, and the same authorization is given for the making of payments and the transfer of funds which are at the disposal of the Bank of the Republic. The receipt
general of Montevideo in
of to
money and the making of payments referred to in the decree are be made in accordance with instructions received from the Bank of the Repubhc. The National City BANK of New York has asked the Uruguayan Government, through the legation of Uruguay
United States, if the establishment of a branch bank of that Montevideo would be agreeable to the Government, and an affirmative reply has been given to the bank. The law imposing a TAX ON WINES provides that imported fine and extra fine wines shall pay at the time of importation an internal tax equivalent to The internal tax imposed by 15 per cent of their appraisement. the law of July 14, 1900, on liquors, bitters and similar preparations, vermuth, cognac, and other alcoholic beverages of foreign origin is repealed and is substituted by another tax, payable at the time of importation, representing 15 per cent of the appraisement value Artificial wines or similar beverages, under whatof said beverages.
ever
in the
institution in
name
imported, are subject to the existing tax of 7 centavos
per
liter.
The publication
of the series, siring
of a
new volume
containing a
RECAPITULA-
TION OF THE LAWS and

to
decrees of the Republic, the sixteenth
Persons dehas been ordered by the Government. PROFESSIONS or occupations in Venezuela which require a degree, title, or diploma may, if considered competent, on application and the payment of 100 bolivares ($20), obtain
practice
848
a temporary license from the department of the interior before the formal examination.
An
takini>;
additional
sum
of 1,000,000 boli-
vares ($200,000) has been added to the BUDGET to pay the exSuccessive sowings of penses of the department of the interior. have been carried on recently with excellent results in lands situated in the valley of Caracas from seed obtained from Asia, North Africa, the Argentine Republic, and the Canary Islands. In the valley referred to two crops can be harvested annually, so
WHEAT
that the land can be made to produce an annual yield of 100 quintals per hectare under intensive cultivation and for a short period of time until the soil is impoverished. The best results were obtained by a rotation of crops and the harvesting of but a single planting of The Government has wheat yearly from the same piece of land.
granted permission to Felipe Francia to construct a TELEPHONE line between Caucaguita plantation. State of Aragua, and the town Sr. Don Nicolas Veloz has been of Tejerias, in the same State. The school appointed VICE CONSUL of Venezuela in New York. of ARTS AND CRAFTS for women in Caracas has established another course of instruction for the teaching of embroidery. SCHOLARSHIPS to the number of 17 are to be allotted by competitive examination in the normal school for males, and to the number of 23 for females, the examinations to be held in Caracas. According to data compiled by the bureau of statistics of the Venezuelan Government there were, on December 31, 1913, 227 MINES The minerals in the Republic, covering an area of 188,089 hectares. represented and the number of mines are as follows: Asbestos,
1;
asphalt, 20; coal, 7; copper, 29; iron, 47; iron
and copper,
1;
gold, 74; petroleum, 47;
and argentiferous
lead,
1.
The President
of the Republic has reorganized the CABINET as follows: Dr. Pedro M. Arcaya, minister of the interior; Gen. Ignacio Andrade, minister of foreign relations; and Santiago Fontiveros, minister of fomento. An executive decree of September 19 declares the following MINES, which did not belong at that time to private persons or companies, to be inalienable: Anthracite and bituminous c al, lignite, naphtha, Sr. Hector Pereira Alvarez has petroleum, asphalt, and pitch. Sr. Don been appointed CONSUL ad honorem in Philadelphia. Francisco J. Yanes has been appointed to represent the Government of
Venezuela at the Nineteenth International
CONGRESS OF AMER-
The title to a SILVER LEAD MINE, under the name The conof "Argentina, "has been granted to Ramon Dominguez. tract made in 1909 by the Government of Venezuela with J. G. Aldrey ICANISTS.
for the exploitation of the Naricual
and other COAL MINES, as well Guanta Wharf, in the State of Anzoategui having expired, these enterprises have been taken over and will be operated by the
as the
Government.
ARGENTINA' BOLIVIA BRA.XIL, ' CHILE ' COLOMBIA
3ECEMBER 191 BULLB^J^ OF THE
5 T
John Barrett,
Fraatcisco
J.
Director GeiVBRAL.
YaaEvS, Assistant Director.
iVii7MA^M;2\-?sIICAl^^GUA-A\&XICO
MOAJDURAS
G O VELFLNIIMG B O AR^D-OF
BULLETIN
OF THE
PAN AMERICAN UNION

DECEMBER
1914

GABLE ADDRESS FOR UNION AND BULLETIN
: : : :
D.C.,U.S.A.
" PAU,"
WASHINGTON
'
-?^^n^^^
SUBSCRIPTION
English edition, in " Spanish edition, Portuguese edition,
'
RATES FOR
THE;.
BULLETIN
$2.00 1.50 1.00
.75
countries of the
Pan American Union,
year.
French edition,
'
An ADDITIONAL
CHARGE of
50 cents per year, on each edition, for
Pan American Union.
WASHINGTON
1914-
Page.
As
tourist
and trader see Costa Rica

traveler in South.
849
A commercial A Venezuelan
Reception
of
America
XII
863 878
sculptor
ambassadors from Chile and Argentina
880
883
Pan America
in the magazines An invitation to Brazil International democracy Bolivia's commercial possibilities Peru: A rich commercial field Practical mediation and international peace "Railway expansion in South America Hunting the Spectacled Bear of the Andes A near view of coffee in MexicoEarly Mexican maiolica Central American mineral resources and mining policies Among the rubber collectors of the remote S. A. hinterland Financial conditions in Argentina at the end of October The present best policy toward S. A. trade Bank acceptances and dollar credits Facilities for shipping to S. A. The Central American court of justice.
governing boardThe ambassadors from Chile and Argentina Pan honor new ambassadors Pan American educational relations Prof. L. S. Rowe at La Plata University Ambassador Xaon honored Postpone Panama expositionSpanish pavilion at Panama-Pacific Exposition Southern Commercial CongressPan American mass Death of Mr. Rockhill Latin American trade conferenceCruise around South America Scientific expeditions to South America Southwest museum expeditionDeath of Frederic Brown London Times review Prof. Shepherd's book S. A. society at University of Minnesota Postpone Fidelity Trust Co. cruise News service with Latin America Hardware in Latin America The new Republic National Association of
of
Pan American notes

Important meeting
929
American Society
to
Manufacturers.
Book notes
952
of
Commerce
Peru
for 1913
963
Latin American foreign trade
1913 General survey
974
Subject matter of consular reports

Argentine Republic Publication exchange Participate in naval review S. A. football convention- Lumber exports Zoological garden opened Bagging manufactures United States eaition of La Prensa Agricultural displayExports and imports.
Bolivia
Wireless telegraphy course National-bank report Schedule revision Guaqui Ry. Yungas charcoal Coliunbus day celebration Student league Rentals reduced Public baths-
983
985
986
Money orders
Brazil
issued.
987
Railroad in Matto Grosso Railway extensionsTelephone franchise Commerce 1914 New steamship line Peat deposit discoveredNabuco statue imveiled- Aerial and submarine
school.
Chile
Ore specimens- Scientific exploration Stock fair Investigate foreign markets Telephone concession Agricultural machinery exhibit Railway developments Reservoir plansFruit growers' society
988
Coal tender.
989
Colombia
Cattle statistics- Cattle industry Army
tration
and navy supplies Contraband regulations Arbicommittee Diplomatic annalsNational holiday Mejia statue.
Costa Rica
Historical relics Commemorative
990
stone Silver coinage Issue gold bondsNational bank
Ill
established Ratify arbitration convention.
IV
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Page.
Cuba
Cuban commercial associationConstraction of Gran HippodromeCultivation of tobaccoComplete Guines waterworksNaval cadets Diplomatic representation of SwitzerlandInfant sanitary defense Restrict immigration Demise of diplomat.
991
Dominican Republic
Survey of highway Import laborers Collection of dutiesNavigation regulationsExhibit commission organized Road construction Duty revenues Historia Ecclesiastica published Blanton Mining Works.
992
Ecuador
Library of national writers Ambato-Curaray extension Normal school course Government revenues for budgetNational holiday Advisory committee Coin silver Trade-mark law amended Mantas warehouseLiquidate public debts Police pensions.
993
Guatemala
Gymnasium
Haiti
Public-health
994
instructor Concession to marble appointment Honor to President Cabrera.
companyElectric
light concession Consular
995
committeeTelegraph managers Post-offlce inspector currencyCirculating currency New newspapers.
Incineration
of
paper
Honduras
Attorney for distilling company Mutual-aid society Tennis club organized Lumber concessionsPublic auction of land.
996
Mexico
Internal debt
997
iacreased Restrict liquor sales Petroleiom exports Registration of property Handiwork exhibitionMunicipal waterworksNew prison school Hemp exports.
established
Henequen exportsModel schools
Wireless stations
Nicaragua
Special congressional session
998
Abolish consulates Historic caimonBudget reducedNormal

law Commission government Approve
postal con-
school excursion Municipal land
vention.
Panama
Demographic statistics Scholarship to Columbia Obaldia wharfConsular appointmentsGovernment sugar plantations Panama in 1915.
999
Paraguay
Banco constructorCodification committee Paraguayans lic Reduce fare to students Gold payment of duties.
1000
in
Uruguay
Bank of the Repub1001
Peru
Celebrate Chilean independence Coin silver Extend arbitration period Gold coinage at
Lima Agricultural
Salvador
Liquidate debts
tration
statistics.
association
foundedRatify sanitary conventionRailway extension.
1002
Approve customs convention Locust campaign Automobile club Arbiconvention Mtmicipal employment bvueau Economic war measures Navigation
Uruguay
Arbitration treaty with Italy Payment on debt Standardize time Preparatory Intemptional Commission Inheritence tax Improve Negro River Brazilian colony proposed
1003
Exposition exhibit Modify benk charter Meat export
taxAgricultural
cattle
fair.
Venezuela
Prize medical
1004
essay Sanitary office activities Import breeding tory-Abolish customhouses Traction cable authorized.
Academy
of His-
VOL. XXXIX.
DECEMBER,
1914.
No.
AS TOUIIST All TIAJ SEE COSTA MCA' V

you heard the song of the banana the song that is wafted out on the tropical night as thousands of bunches of fruit are dehvered to mechanical loaders by barefooted men and women with songs on their lips and bananas on their heads ? Bustle, work, song, and chant have made '^the night swing merrily on," and ere the coming of the dawn hundreds of tired workers lie half asleep about the steamship piers and along Limon's water front. Fifty, eighty, or possibly a hundred thousand bunches of bananas have passed from their native heath to the refrigerated hold of a modern ship; each worker has borne his share of the burden and now he rests from his labor; the cargo has been "sealed" and the vessel weighs anchor for her northern port. Thus has the tourist who tarries at Costa Rica's principal seaport witnessed a busy tropical scene, most picturesque as well as interesting. Such, however, is only a glimpse of one of the country's industries an industry that produces 11,000,000 bunches of fruit in a single year, or about half the world's supply. As we journey toward the heart of this wonderland, yet so far from complete devel-
HAVE
opment, we shall see something of other crops of sights that please and instruct the traveler within the country's hospitable boundaries. What has Costa Rica to attract me, asks the tourist looking for Just as much and more than sights a little beyond beaten paths. many sections of the world teeming with tourists, might be the answer. Climatically, the country is an all-the-year resort, with summer in the lowlands and perpetual springtime in the highlands; over its mountains and along its swift and winding streams primitive man has left traces of workmanship that cause us to wonder at
By
William A. Reid. Pan American Union
staff.
849
AS TOUEIST
AND TRADEE SEE COSTA
RICA.
851
his ability; the quaint clatter of the two-wheeled oxcarts, often seen
meander along ancient highways, are animated picand past; the peculiar and really inviting little hotel that has arisen from earthquake ruins at Cartago furnishes the visitor with a pleasant home from which to begin the horseback journey (six hours) to the crest of the volcano Irazu, there to stand
by
scores as they
tures linking present
entranced
gazing
at will over Costa Rica's forest and plain to the
world's greatest oceans stretching endlessly into space; the 3-mile

trolley trip
from Cartago takes one to the famous Bella Vista Springs, the temperature of which is 135 F., and a recognized cure for rheumatism and a score of other ills; in San Jose the modern electric light
shines on the
herself
;
museum with
its
precious relics as ancient as

is
Rome
indeed, and in brief, Costa Rica

its
a country of scenic beauty

all
with attractions peculiarly
own.
Like
other lands,
its attrac-
tions often mingle with disappointments
disappointments
because
and conveniences have not yet become as general as the foreign visitor might wish. Costa Rica is still in the making; and one of the leading factors in
modern
facilities
formative process is the little schoolhouse that dots the landscape. Formerly, poverty was a barrier that kept many native children away from school for want of proper clothing. To-day the system of cheap uniforms for boys and girls leaves no class distinction; and the law of truancy is so rigidly enforced that practically every child in the land Of pubUc funds devoted to various departments is attending school. of the Government, the bureau of education receives one-half of the total amount. This hberality toward the education of the country's youth has been working marvels, and hf ting the humblest child from
this
a state of dependency to a field of usefulness.

in vocational training.
is this fact more pronounced than Of the country's half milhon cattle, comparatively few of their hides are exported they are made into leather and then into shoes by the persons whom the vocational schools have taught the trades of tanning and shoemaking. Hardwoods abound, and the youth is being taught to convert this product into a useful article
In no branch of learning, perhaps,
fraction of its real value.
rather than continue to ship the natural log to foreign lands at only a The escobilla or fiber plant, which is plen-
tiful in many sections, is being transformed into cords and ropes at a factory near San Jose, and in this age of utihty it appears strange that some similar enterprise has not taken advantage of the vast area of
lands that
for cords
lie
and ropes, but
covered with wasted banana leaves and stalks, not only for the manufacture of the best grades of
writing paper.
The average person planning a trip to Panama, and they are to be counted by thousands, wishes to see as much as possible of tropical and subtropical life. No adjacent county offers easier access or more varied sights than does Costa Rica. A night on tropical waters and
NATIONAL THEATER, SAN
JOSE,
COSTA RICA.
This beautiful theater, one of the finest in the world, was erected from the proceeds of a tax on colfee at a cost of more than 81,000,000 gold. The edifice is of stone, trimmed with the finest Italian marble and stucco. The mosaic work was done by European artists especially employed for that purpose. The ceiling shown in the picture was the work of a famous Italian artist.
TYPICAL PRIVATE RESIDENCE OF A FAMILY OF WEALTH IN COSTA RICA.

In various cities of the Republic are to be seen new residences combining ancient Spanish architecture with the more modern styles of building construction. This is especially noticeable in San Jose and the surrounding suburbs.
854
the distance
is
message
capital,
may
covered from Colon to Limon, and if desired a wireless engage a parlor-car seat from the latter city to the
is
San Jose, 103 miles distant. About this time the intending visitor inquires what kind of clothimg demanded by Costa Kica's cUmate; hence it may be worth while in
passing to offer a suggestion as to weather conditions that
may
be
expected.
Costa Rica, it should be remembered, is traversed by a great mountain chain which divides the country into innumerable sections and valleys. One of the high peaks, Irazu, rises 11,200 feet above sea There are but two seasons, the dry and the wet. Rain usually level. falls from May to November in the central region on the Pacific side,
but
this
should not be understood as being continuous.

is
On
the Atare rela-
lantic side of the mountains, as a rule, the reverse conditions prevail.
January
the coolest month, while
December and February
tively cool.
The months
of
May and June
are the hottest, but gener-
ally the heat is not oppressive. The mean annual temperature in the temperate lands varies from 57 to 68 F., and the foreigner after residing for a time in the temperate region may safely live in the low country without especially endangering his health. Costa Rica's main artery of commerce is her transcontinental railroad from Limon, on the eastern shore, to Puntarenas on the Pacific, a distance of 172 miles. From the main trunk fine there are various branches, which give the country a total of about 430 miles of railway. Starting at Limon, a ride over the railway presents a series of tropical and mountain views the equal of which are difficult to find elsewhere. First, the train passes through lowland forests which appear to be impenetrable, and the traveler shudders to think of the trials and hardships of the engineers who pioneered their course through swamp and wilderness. At Siquirres, 36 miles from Limon, the tourist has time for a short walk, and here a busy scene presents itself if a ship happens to be waiting for cargo at Limon; the five railway tracks lying in front of the httle station are holding five trains loaded with bananas, and each train is hauhng many cars. Other trains are to be seen in the distance, truly reminding one that he is in "banana land." The full story of the banana is intensely interesting, but limited space prevents a further description of this vast industry. However, in passing through this land with its millions of bunches of growing fruit, it may be interesting to know that the land cost the present owners only about $3.25 per acre. One company now has about 25,000 of its 100,000 acres under cultivation. Most of the banana laborers are native Jamaicans, and some of their little villages along the railway bear such names as New York, Culpeper, Buffalo, Freehold, Virginia, New Jersey, etc., which rather startle the northern visitor as the stations are called by the trainmen. Native names of course predominate, but those adopted from the United States indicate that not a few of the chief workers hail from northern climes.
856
While in "banana land" the tourist should not fail to partake of banana that is, the griddle cake made from banana meal. The latter is manufactured by cutting the banana into strips, drying the fruit in the sun, and then grinding and sifting it; the yield being about 25 per cent pure meal, and the pancake itself a novel article of food for the northern visitor. The banana has a food value per pound of 460 calories, or more than three times that of the
a by-product of the
ordinary cabbage, so generally consumed in many countries. As our train proceeds, we begin to note the changes that nature presents. Lowlands fade from view and mountain and river offer new sights. Onward and upward the train winds and climbs, and by
we are high up in the mountains where tropical heat only a memory, and coats and wraps are called into service. On reaching the coffee region the question arises, have you ever tested Costa Rican coffee ? On the London market it is quoted at a higher rate than that of any other country of the American Mediterranean; this is saying much when we remember the many excellent grades of coffee that this section of the world supplies. Next to the banana industry, that of coffee growing occupies the most important place in the Republic. In 1912, an average year, this product was valued at $5,000,000, of which Great Britain purchased the largest amount, with Germany second-best customer, and the United States
early afternoon
is
third.
As a rule, the native Costa Rican drinks much stronger coffee than do the people of the United States, and this fact is true all over Latin America. Cups are small and the liquid so black that the newcomer hesitates to partake, but the habit gradually grows on him, and ere long he takes his coffee as do the people among whom he sojourns. Another beverage for which the country is famous is matina and matinita, two varieties of cocoa which are extensively cultivated. The matinita is considered the better, and it contains all the properties that our factories need to produce the finest grade of commercial cocoa or chocolate. The plant becomes productive in about three years, while the matina requires double that time. Strange as it may seem, oranges and pineapples are not yet seen in large quantities in Costa Rica, and this fact can hardly be explained when such a vast industry has been buUded on the banana. Were like attention
directed to these and other varieties of fruits, most excellent results would doubtless reward the labor. Like Hawaii, Porto Rico, and Cuba, Costa Rica will produce the fruits who will start the canning industry on a large scale ? Another feature of industry which the traveler is likely to notice and admire is the work of the native artisan. In detail the latter' handiwork is seen to advantage in many buildings, notably in the splendid granite theater in San Jose an edifice that would be a credit to any country; in the new hydroelectric power installation on the Virilla River, about 6 miles from the capital, are to be seen many
A SCENE NEAR THE TERMINAL OF THE COSTA RICAN RAILWAY.

The
distance of 103 miles from Limon to San Jose is now made in comfortable chair cars of modern few hours after leaving Limon the train begins construction and equipment in about 7 hours. to climb heavy grades, the scenery becomes more picturesque, and the traveler enjoys the cooler breezes of the mountains.
Courtesy of El Loco.
OBSERVATION END OF A CAR ON THE NORTHERN RAILWAY OF COSTA

The Northern Railway
RICA.
Co. has established modern machine shops in San Jos^, and this car illustrates one of the late products. The framework of these coaches is native Second-class cars are made largely from "bitter cedar," with natm-al finish.
AS TOURIST AND TRADER SEE COSTA RICA.

varieties of
859
masonry, in ironwork, which indicate that the trade schools have brought the lesson of modernity which, combined with ancient handicraft passed down from generation to generation, produce a structure of permanence, utility, and
of the skilled native laborer, in
work
carpentry, bricklaying, cement construction,
etc., all of
beauty. In manufacture, Costa Rica has vast room for expansion. The two shoe manufacturing establishments, equipped with modern machinery, produce a footwear that finds a ready sale, not only locally but beyond the country's boundaries. A number of sawmills are
awakening the echoes of the forest; 250 coffee-curing establishments do their work by modern machinery; sugar-cane mills and a few refineries are showing what might be done on grander scales, while local tanneries are beginning to consume vast numbers of hides that formerly were shipped to foreign countries. Music and flowers are to be enjoyed all over the country. In Limon, under royal palms and amid countless blossoms peculiar to the tropics, the military band in the evening draws the people to the central plaza; while among the promenaders may be counted the
citizens of
many
nationalities.
Likewise, in San Jose, in Cartago,
Heredia, Alajuela, and elsewhere the dreamy music of the Latin
may
be heard alike in public park or private patio to the delight of native
and stranger. San Jose, the capital since the removal of the seat of Government from Cartago, stands in a beautiful valley at about 3,800 feet above sea level. The city has a population of 40,000; and since the advent of the railroad from either ocean, is rapidly becoming modernized. A number of new buildings, among which may be mentioned the magnificent $1,000,000 theater and many private residences, bespeak an air of well-being and prosperity. San Jose's hotels, however, have not modernized in keeping with the city's other strides, and to the
stranger this neglect is hardly understood.
A fine new hotel is planned

Republic
and
and
ere long the discriminating traveler will
plaint.
this
The climate
have no cause for comis most delightful, During fact alone should attract large numbers of people.
of this section of the
the building of the Panama Canal many of the officials made more or less prolonged stays in the Costa Rica capital and elsewhere in the highlands to great advantage to the health of themselves and their
families.
combined States of Rhode Hampshire; or, to be There are about exact, the area is given as 23,000 square miles. 410,981 people, which makes nearly 18 persons to the square mile, or one-half the density of the population of the United States. At the beginning of 1913 the population of the country was 399,424; during the year the actual increase was 11,557 persons. The excess of births over deaths was 8,364; excess of immigration over migra-
The Republic
is
about as large
as the
Island, Massachusetts, Connecticut,
and
New
ONE OF THE MANY BEAUTIFULIIiWATERFALLS IN COSTA

The rough topography by many
tourists.
RICA.
responsible for many short rivers and streams, some of which form most attractive falls and picturesque nooks. The tourist with brush and camera is just beginmng to pay attention to these phases of natural beauty. The fall shown in the cut is easy of access and is visited
of Costa
Rica
is
SCENE IN A COFFEE WAREHOUSE IN COSTA RICA.

The production
of coffee being the second in importance of the agricultural crops of the various stages of growth and marlieting occupy the attention of an army of workers. latter are women, as will be seen from the picture, which is typical of the coffee various districts.
country, the Among the
many
warehouse of
70015 Bull. 614
862
THE PAN AMEEICAN
UNIOIsr.
number of births during the year was 17,746, or more than in the previous year; during 1913 there were 9,382 These figures, it will be readily seen, deaths, or 4 more than in 1912. disclose a most healthful economic condition; and, with the progressive young ruler, Don Alfredo Gonzalez, as a guiding spirit, great and substantial advancement may be expected along all lines of economic and commercial development. The commerce of the country for a recent average year amounted to $20,000,000, the exports and imtion 2,328; the total
621
ports being about equally divided.
Two events of recent occurrence are likely to prove of vast importance to future commercial and industrial development of Costa Rica. A country having so many raw products awaiting man's appropriation, had not the important elements of coal and oil to reduce her products to commercial use. In 1898 a discovery was made by Dr. Jose M. Castro, of San Jose. Coal was found, and chemical analysis proved it good for steaming purposes. Further development naturally followed, and at present 8 outcrops of coal have been discovered in various sections. The most important coal region is known as Talamanca; the coal found there is about 30 miles southeast of Limon and 3 miles from the Caribbean coast. Oil has also been found in the same region, and as these two impor-
tant industries are developed, as they most hkely will be, the few
factories
now
existing
may be
greatly
augmented
in
number and
use-
fulness to thecountry.
More than ever before Costa Rica is in the limelight of travel; the number of travelers is an advertisirg medium that can not be excelled. The visitor, however, to secure the best results from his sojourn, must remember that although the country is ancient and interesting, modern facilities and comforts have not yet reached
rapidly increasing
the highest standards. new regime, however, reigns over the land.
Through the
(if
exi-
gencies of fate one of the world's youngest presidents
not the
youngest) occupies the chair of chief executive. On May 1, 1914, a member of the National Congress was called to the highest ofEce in the gift of the Republic, This young man, already distinguished in the halls of legislation, is barely 37 years of age. He is tall, slender, highly educated, speaking English and other foreign languages with marvelous ease; he has traveled extensively in Europe, Latin America, and the United States, and will doubtless bring to his newer duties the best ideals of foreign lands as well as those that are native to his On his landed estates of Heredia, on the political rostrum, or soil. in the drawing room he is equally at home. But he loves the land and outdoor Ufe, and only a few months ago he expressed to the writer his ardent desire to devote more time to the cultivation of the soil and the increase of his herds. As fate has decreed, this desire may be carried to far greater service in the development of lands of the whole Republic.
A COMMEICIAL Tli;i IN SOUTH AMEIICA

Barbados is the gateway of and its pretty capital of Bridgetown with the "spots" and prices in American money which are always paid in English coin, and other attractive features of romantic West Indian life. Anyone in Barbados can get to about any place he pleases along the Spanish Main, in and out of the smaller islands, even to Cuba, the Dominican Kepublic, Jamaica, and Porto Rico. There are all sorts of intercolonial connections at Barbados, and it is a cheerful round-up for commercial travelers who cover this
of
My Dear
Mr. Editor: The island
the Caribbean Sea.
I love the little place
territory.
endeavoring with this region. In the first place, the islands are so close to the United States that the trip is not long nor does one get the feehng of being far away from home. It is a matter of a few days to jump to Barbados and from Barbados to plenty of other places. Or, going a little farther afield from Barbados one can make good connections by an English, German, French, ItaMan, or Spanish steamer along the Gulf coast of South America,
I
is
reaUy would advise the
man who
for the first time
to get experience of Latin
America
to begin
which means Colombia and Venezuela. I feel rather weU acquainted with Barbados and I enjoy the trip from there to Colon or from Colon to Bridgetown. I just let my imagination run loose and sink back into what we call the romantic old days of the buccaneers and of the Spanish galleons. Every point of land or protected cove has its history, and besides the history I know there is no more beautiful region of the world, not even excepting the Riviera or the shores of the Adriatic, than this Gulf coast of South America. Of recent years the tourist steamers put on for winter travel have recognized and advertised this fact, and everyone who makes
the trip goes
home
enthusiastic over the beautiful natural scenery of
You may think this a strange way for a commercial traveler to narrate what he ventures to call his experiences
these tropical shores.
around South America, but indeed, Mr. Editor, if even a commercial traveler can not get enthusiastic over the picturesqueness of this area he wiU miss lots of the pleasure of travel and perhaps even be handicapped in his interpretation of his selling functions. To get into the spirit of the thing one must be a nature lover, as are the Latins, and have an eye for the artistic. At the same time, also, this is the best
1
The last
of the series of 12 articles
commencing in the January number
of
the Bulletin.
8G3
SCENES IN BARBADOS.
Upper
picture: Dock scene and new bridge leadiag into the city of Bridgetown. Center picture: Street scene and some of the conveyances for use of tourists in visiting the places of interest. Lower picture: Section of the harbor at Bridgetown. Two of the imusual sights of this city and the island are the extremely white roads and the
vast
number
of windmills.
865
way to understand the temperament of the people and have a perception of their wants and needs from a commercial viewpoint.
down to business. If a man is going to try to cover he can take any one of the steamers above mentioned, which will land liim at La Guaira or Puerto Cabello for Venezuela and at Cartagena (sometimes Barranquilla) for Colombia. And from these main ports he can enter the interior; and when he is finished, he can from there take a steamer back to New York. Just to finish the round trip of South America, we can assume that he does these two countries and goes on to Colon, the place from which he started. For the coast towns of Venezuela, many of which are really important as trading centers, he must take a local coasting steamer. These towns are Cumana, Carupano, and Barcelona, east of Caracas, with a few other stops, which he may or may not care to make; and west of Caracas is Maracaibo, which can be reached also by other lines. The most interesting place near Barbados is Trinidad, which is a thoroughgoing British insular possession with a good trade, dependent largely upon the market for asphalt, much of which comes from here. Cumana is a city of perhaps 15,000 inhabitants, with a good deal of industrial activity. Barcelona is not actually on the open water, but is connected by railway with the port of Quanta. The two together will give, probably, a population close to 30,000 inhabitants. Corupano is another good town of local importance, the population being, perhaps, 15,000, but the agricultural resources are abundant and the people are good spenders for articles which they need or which meet their fancy. But, let me tell the truth, Mr. Editor. I did not on this last trip of mine go westward from Barcelona. I came straight home that is, to New York because I was tired, in the first place, which is merely an incident, but chiefly because I found that commercial conditions were beginning to be disturbed, and I thought it would be
Now,
to get
this territory,
wiser for
me
to
make
my
report at once.
But
as I
this Httle story of
mine
as complete as circumstances
want to make wiU permit, I

this
am
adding what I know to be practical suggestions about
Gulf
coast of South America and can
more
easily, therefore, recur to
my
early experiences when, as a matter of fact, I left Colon
eastward, touching Colombia

favor, please let
it
first.
If this
and came explanation meets your
go at that. On one of my trips, then, I left Colon on a queer little Italian steamer for Cartagena. Some really fine French, Spanish, German, or Enghsh steamers can be taken on this route if the traveler wants to wait for them; but I had no time to waste, and therefore took the first one advertised. Since then, I understand, two excellent vessels have been added to the Italian line, making travel quite modern and comfortable. Cartagena is about 400 miles (48 hours' steaming) from Colon. The city itself
geg
868
is
The interesting, old in history, but acquiring a modern spirit. population is about 37,000. It is perhaps the most important port in Colombia, although Barranquilla runs it pretty close. From both the Magdalena River can be reached, and this is the only highway to the immense interior of Colombia. The money of Colombia has had its ups and downs, until what is still called the peso is equal only to 1 cent of United States gold money; that is, 100 pesos to the dollar. But the Government is making every effort to establish its currency without fluctuations, so that gold, either United States or British, is the quite staple exchange. In fact, the United States dollar is pretty nearly the unit and has a value of 100 pesos. The capital of Colombia is Bogota. To reach it from Cartagena one must take a little railway journey of 65 miles to the river, where steamboats are the only means of transportation. Then for 600 miles upstream to the south the river is the highway. This trip may take 3 or 10 days, according to the depth of water and the traffic. At La Dorada the passengers transfer to a railway which carries them 22 miles farther south around a series of rapids. Then again by steamer to the station of Giradot, where the rather new railway goes over mountains 82 miles to the plain of Bogota and to the city itself. If time is no object, the old mule trail over the mountains is to be preferred, but I assume that the traveler The distance is in a hurry and that the railway is in good operation. from Cartagena to Bogota has been covered in 5 days, but it is best
to allow 10, so that every
hour saved
of
may
be placed to one's
there
credit.
is
Bogota
is
a fine city, the people are most cordial, and one
really astonished at the of goods in
amount
demand.
It is
and the variety a pity that the good American commercial

it
money spent
traveler does not visit this interior as

to the fraternity
is
deserves.
know
the
gossip too frequently expressed about the cool reception accorded
from the States when they come here, but the not warranted by the facts. The business man goes there for business and if he is straightforward and honest he will get the business no matter what his nationality may be. Let me give an instance of what I mean. A friend of mine who is more venturesome than most, decided to go to Bogota. He was told that he could not do a dollar's worth of business and that other nationalities had it all. He had the address of one man who at times had made purchases from his house, but he was told that this man would be one of his worst enemies. Instead of being frightened, he went directly to this man, spoke to him frankly, said he had nothing to do with politics, that he would not discuss politics, and that he wanted to ask this man's cooperation in selling the goods represented. His frankness won his case. The m.erchant saw his point and granted
gossip
SCENES IN BOGOTA, COLOMBIA.

The top
picture shows the Avenida de Colon, one of the most important thoroughfares of the Colombian capital. At the left is the monument of Columbus, and at the right that of Isabella the CathoUe. The bottom picture shows the cathedral and park. Bogota has a population of over 120,000. It is situated on a level plain, 8,564 feet above the sea. Its business life is active and social conditions unusually pleasing.
870
business interview. My friend demonstrated the worth of what he had to sell, and the man was convinced that the business proposition would be in the interests of both of them. He therefore took the agency, allowed my friend to solicit the trade, and now this very merchant in Bogota is one of the most active and enthusiastic dealers in the Yankee-made goods which all prophesied would find no market whatever. This, Mr. Editor, is the experience time and time again. We commercial travelers are not abroad
him a
for politics nor for international fencing. We can make friends wherever we go if we stick to our business. If we do not stick to business and dabble in matters which really do not concern us at all we are wasting our own and others' time. The second town of importance in Colombia is Medellin. This is perhaps even more commercially active than Bogota. It is a city of from 50,000 to 60,000 inhabitants, is a commercial center, and to MedeUin is contributed much of the product of the many mines which are working or about to be worked in the neighborhood. It is well worth visiting, and the traveler who wiU spend time for these two cities in Colombia alone wiU have his eyes opened to the possibilities of this big Republic. In going down the river, after he has visited MedeUin, let him go as far as BarranquiUa, which is the foot of navigation on the Magdalena. This is also a brisk, active, and important city, as aU the consular reports will show. From here, by studying the itinerary carefully, I caught a steamer eastward into Venezuela. The money of Venezuela is in one sense very simple and in another sense rather perplexing to one who mixes rather freely with the people. The unit is the bolivar, which has the same value as the French franc, of almost 20 cents. Year in and year out the value of the United Stâtes gold dollar is practically five bolivares, with a slight variation above or below this figure. All financial transactions use the peso sencillo as their basis. The trouble comes when one pays little biUs on the street, for here a so-called peso should be worth 4 bolivares (that is, 80 cents), but there is also the term of peso-fuerte, which is 5 bolivares, or the equivalent of our gold dollar. Now, if one is not careful, he pays, when he is told, for instance, that a certain thing costs 5 pesos, 5 full gold dollars, which means just 5 good bolivares out of pocket. The neatest rule, therefore, is to assume always, when speaking of pesos, that they mean the peso of 4 bolivares, and not to pay a fuerte until this price is well understood on both sides. How, Mr, Editor, can I express my enthusiasm for that country itself, and even my love for its people? I know I wiU not be supported by every one in my praises, but, nevertheless, I am expressing my own opinion, and others are entitled to theirs. My own experiences there have been nothing but delightful. I have been successful as a rule, which is one cause, and I have never once met any-
STREET SCENE, BARRANQUILLA, COLOMBIA.

Barranquilla, the most important commercial city of Colombia and capital of the province of the same name, is situated on the Magdalena River 15 miles from its mouth. A railroad 18 miles long connects the city with Puerto Colombia on the seacoast, where there is an excellent pier. An extensive commerce is carried on from the Barranquilla docts with the interior by river steamers, and a large part of the foreign trade of the Republic passes through this port. The principal exports are coHee, hides, tobacco, cacao, rubber, ores, etc.
INTERIOR OF A RETAIL STORE IN BARRANQUILLA, COLOMBIA.

Display of imported goods.
A COMMEECIAL TEAVELEK IN SOUTH AMEEICA.
873
thing that was distasteful or unpleasant or contrary to that subtly hidden meaning in the word sympdtico. He who enters Venezuela with an open mind and a warm heart is sure to be rewarded. The little daily events which go so far to making life pleasant are abundant in their occurrence in any part of Venezuela I have ever visited. Let me illustrate. I am particularly fond of going to the early market in Caracas, where all the busy life of that city is found in its' greatest charm. One morning I wanted to buy some fiovrers, and in passing let me add that the flower market of Caracas, if one gets there early enough, is one of the gayest places I ever visited. I ordered from'one He finally got them for me, of the vendors a certain kind of rose. and explained the delay. At that moment two young girls of the types of the vivid beauty for which the Venezuelan ought to be famous, in all their youthful innocence they were not of the higher social class, but they were undoubtedly respectable came up to me and asked to see the roses, which perhaps to them were unknown. I explained their fragrance and the reason why I liked them, and then, with such little gallantry as even the Anglo-Saxon can acquire after a long association with the Latin, I gave each girl a rose as a keepsake of the morning. They thanked me sweetly, and went on with their own purchases, and thus the incident closed. But can you imagine such a happening in, say, the rush of Fulton Market in New York, or the Old French Market in New Orleans? The whole affair was apparently so trivial, and yet it showed the kindliness and good spirit and trustfulness toward the stranger. Dozensôf little incidents like this I could mention as having characterized my various visits to Venezuela. Some may laugh at me for indulging in them and for narrating them as part of a seemingly serious article on the commercial side of Venezuela, but indeed he who can not feel this kindliness, who can not enter into the spirit of the people, whether it be in Venezuela, or Argentina, or Costa Rica, will not meet the greatest success, even in the more commercial side of disposing of his goods, or in the
social side of feeling that these peoples are just as interested in Hfe as
he is, ar3 working just as hard to attain certain ends, andâre just as thoroughly unselfish humans as we like to think we are. I pity the man who would not get the fun and the pleasure out of his otherwise sometimes very wearisome travel, far away from home, in Latin America. And if he does catch this spirit of the Latin, he will find his activities bring greater reward to himself in another field. Let's see now whether I can get down to business and suppress all my enthusiasms of my little reminiscences and of my sentimentalities about Venezuela, and give some wholesome advice as to the best way to study it. By all means, then, let the commercial traveler go first to La Gaaira and as soon as he can catch a train go to Caracas. I say this because Caracas is the capital of the country and the center
Upper
picture: An unusually good view of the Falls of Tequendama. The effect of the yellow water ^.as it makes its ?reat leap is, uuder certain sunlight conditions, lilce a mighty stream of molten gold. I<ower picture: Mountain ssenery in the heart of the Andes, photographed by Mr. Arthur W. Du Bois, son of the former U. S. Minister, during his 10-day journey to visit the Muzo mines, the greatest deposit of emeralds the world. These mines are between the great Sabana of Bogota and the Magdalena River, and are a Government monopoly. They produce a handsome revenue each year. The best emerald ever taken from this mine was valued at $75,000.
A COMMEECIAL TEAVELER
IN"
SOUTH AMEEICA.
875
of this business area, and La Guaira can be visited later. Caracas is only 22 miles, an easy two hours, from La Guaira, and is not at all a hard trip considering the picturesqueness of the railway. Caracas deserves at least two weeks from the fact of its b sing the capital. It is not easy to push onesself for the first time into a business acquaintance, although this very reserved encounter at first makes the second or third visit so much the easier to one who has already had satisfactory commercial deahngs with them.
The territory contiguous to Caracas Hes along the so-called German railway which runs between Caracas and Valencia. The first city of
importance on this railway is La Victoria, of perhaps 10,000 inhabitants, but a very brisk, energetic place and worth a visit. It is 59 kilometers (say, 37 miles) from Caracas, and its possibiUties can be pretty weU analyzed. The next place is Maracay, 31 kilometers farther on (about 20 miles) and somewhat the same kind of place. Back of Maracay are several smaller towns, but these need be visited only by the man who has to sell any particular class of goods which he thinks such an agricultural population might need. Then comes Valencia, second only to Caracas, in this part of Venezuela. It has a population of 50,000 inhabitants or more, and is really a city in every sense of the word. I have walked the streets of Valencia and made inquiries at many of the shops there, but seldom have I seen our good Yankee products, while I have noticed many European wares which were probably serviceable of their kind, but were nothing to be compared with what we can ourselves sell to our own advantage and to that of the people who should use them. Venezuela is really such a short distance from the States that there is no good reason why our commerce ought not increase and why we should not to our own profit purchase the raw materials which they produce. Valencia is the commercial area of which Puerto Cabello is the seaport, and the same rule apphes here as it did for La Guaira; that is, that Puerto Cabello should be visited after the possibilities of Valencia are well understood. The two places are 54 kilometers (say,
35 miles) apart.
a steamer can be taken to Maracaibo, 725 This represents an entirely distinct part of Venezuela and is of itself the important trading center from which a great interior is fed. If one wishes to go farther inland undoubtedly something can be accomphshed thereby; but I question the advisabihty of attempting the trip until one is thoroughly famihar with the trading conditions in the city itself. Now, Mr. Editor, I am going to close this letter. I can not write with the detail nor with the spirit which has prompted me hitherto.
kilometers (450 miles) to the west.
I
From Puerto CabeUo
am
depressed because of what I fear
is
about to happen
if
the
threatenings in Europe should eventuate into actual facts.
The
fore-
REPRODUCTION FRo'M a
The
TAINTINc, BY
THE FAMuUS VENEZUELAX ARTIST, DON
TITO SALAS.
original of this work was exhibited at the Paris Art Exhibition last year, where it was greatly admired. It represents the hardships and sufferings of the people during the Venezuela war for independence.
STREET SCENE IN MARACAIBO, VENEZUELA.

fnis city of 50,000 people is situated on the western shore of Lake Maracaibo, from which there are four ship channels to sea. he lake has an extensive trade with interior towns in Venezuela and Colombia, which is made possible by several railroads leadiag southward fi-om this body of water.
'i
A COMMEECIAL TRAVELER IN SOUTH AMERICA.
877
boding was upon me as I left the Amazon, and for that reason, as I explained at the beginning of this letter, I hurried home. Such meager facts as I have given now are all that I dare trust myself to During my last visit to Venezuela everything was prosperous, write. commerce was active, and business men were all hopeful. Now, from what I can learn, business men are fearful, and I dare not run the danger of misleading anyone by asserting that now is the time to make a visit to this dehghtful country with the sole object of attempting a business campaign. The country itself is still as rich as ever and the people are as charming. So much must be borne in mind. I am myseK confused as to what advice I must give, and therefore it is perhaps the wisest course to attempt to give no further advice at all. This is, therefore, the end of my letter. My own
interpretation of the future of the area of the Caribbean Sea
all
is
not at
cloudy, but I feel that patience
is
necessary before
we can hope
right way.
win that success which undoubtedly wiU come if we go at it in the I ha-ve therefore resolved to end right here, and shall devote my next and last letter to what I promised when I began to write a resume of my own ideas of the South American market. VlAJERO.
to
70015 Bull.
VFWF7ITFI AW
visitor to
is
^ffTf FTf)'
THE
ising
Venezuela passing through the public buildings little statue which he sees in a conspicuous place in each of the official departments. This
usually attracted to a
figure, the chiseled
head
of a
woman,
is
graceful in outline,
of a promBasalo, who is receiving^considerable notice on account of his sculptural conceptions and splendid executions of them. Although comparatively a young man, for Senor Basalo is not yet 30, he has already established a creditable reputation in the fields of art and his models of stone and bronze may be seen on exhibition with those'of masters of older years and greater experience. Early
classic in features,
and
forcible in expression,
the
work
young sculptor
of Caracas, Senor
Don Pedro M.
youth Senor Basalo evinced a particular appreciation of the and beautiful and encouraged by the warm interest of friends who could foresee in his artistic efforts a worthy career, he
in
aesthetic
entered the School of Fine Arts (Escuela de Bellas Artes) in Caracas.
Here under the guidance of accomplished professors the talents of the young sculptor were rounded out and developed by careful and
scientific training.
then the sculptor mind began to create and the skillful finand wax. Figure and statue issued from his studio. It was not long before his work became known and admired, and this recognition found expression in a fitting honor an award of one of the cherished Government scholarships to continue his sculptural studies abroad. The accompanying illustration reveals the range of the young man's efforts. Heads or groups, monuments or statues, aU reflect the creative mind of the artist, the deft touch of the skilled workgers to ply the clay
And
man, the artistic temperament of the aspiring sculptor. The figure numbered 1 and 2, already referred to, is the standard bust accepted by the Venezuelan Government and by presidential decree has been ordered placed in each official department and bureau. It is entitled Republic of Venezuela and holds the same relation to that country The as does the symbolic figure of Columbia to the United States. monument numbered 3 is an idea conceived by the sculptor expressive of American Peace. The figures numbered 4, 5, and 6, display the versatility of the sculptor and show an ability to create and interpret his ideas in stone The bust of the aged man is a or bronze with force and vigor. notable example of facial expression, full of feeling and character. The middle picture is an imaginative concept both descriptive and symbolic. The head of the soldier has been named El Negro Primero by the sculptor and is a tribute to the memory of a valiant negro soldier who fought heroically during the Venezuelan war of independence, and fell at the memorable battle of Carabobo, The last picture in the series is a view of Senor Basalo's studio at Caracas.
878
:STUDIO 'AND MODELS OF
THE VENEZUELAN SCULPTOR, SENOR DON PEDRO

BASALO,
M.
UipPS
fmWk CHILE ANE
December 1, 1914, Sr. Don Eduardo Suarez Mujica presented his credentials to President Wilson accrediting him in the capacity of ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary of Chile to the United States. On December 3, the Argentine minister, Sr. Dr. R6mulo S. Naon also presented his letters of credence designating him ambassador extraordinary and pleni-
ON
potentiary of the Argentine Republic to the United States. Ambassador Suarez Mujica and Ambassador Naon have served at Washington as envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of their respective countries since 1911, but with the recent elevation of the diplomatic mission of both these countries in the United States the distinction and honor of serving as ambassadors were happily conferred
upon these diplomats.

letters of credence, Sr.
In presenting his
Mr. President:
for this
Suarez Mujica said:
An
evolution fruitful in substantial and progressive development
ness
sion
this
continent has been in operation of late through the agency of the neighborliand concord with which the Governments of America with a clear comprehenTo of our common destinies have begun to join their aspirations and efforts. evolution our two Governments are contributing with special and sincere zeal,
and
I feel that I
am
personally qualified to bear witness to the elevated spirit of fra-
ternity,
harmony, and peace with which Your Excellency and your Secretary of State have cooperated at every stage where the action of both Governments had
points of contact.
and high expression of that new current which has created deeper relabetween the Government and people of Chile and the Government and people of the United States is found in the friendly initiative which raised the class of the mutual diplomatic representation of both countries by establishing an American embassy at Santiago and a Chilean embassy at Washington. The benevolence of my country's Government has conferred upon me the honor of
resulting
tions
being the
first
emissary of Chile's friendship in this
new
dignity.
If in
carrying out
my
Government's instructions which are to continue indefatigably to promote the cordial entente of the two countries both in political and commercial affairs if in carrying out my Government's instructions as I said I may count, as has fortunately been the case until now, upon the favor and wise cooperation of Your Excellency and your eminent Secretary of State the two most intense expressions of the pacifist sentiment of this Republic I am sure beforehand of my ability successfully to achieve the object of the mission with which I have been invested.
EECEPTION OF AMBASSADOES FROM CHILE AND ARGENTINA.

May
it
881
Your Excellency to accept the sincere wishes that I formulate in the name of the Government of Chile, and in my own for the growing prosperity of the United States and Your Excellency's personal happiness. I place in Your Excellency's hands the autograph letters which accredit me in the capacity of ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary of Chile.
please
President Wilson replied to the ambassador's remarks in the lowing terms:

Chile, they
fol-
Mr. Ambassador: Widely separately geographically as are the United States and have been intimately associated in the history of this hemisphere by like popular institutions and by close ties of commerce and friendly intercourse. To preserve and promote this good relationship is of deep interest to me, and I have
viewed with pleasure the steady growth of the importance and intimacy of the interchange of thought and feeling between the two countries. The steady advancement of Chile in the family of nations and its increasing influence in Latin America make its counsel of value in the affairs of the American continents. For these reasons I deemed it meet and fitting to recommend the raising of the diplomatic mission of the United States at Santiago to the rank of embassy. To the satisfaction it gave me to approve the measure by which this was accomplished is added the gratification I feel at the reciprocal action of your Government in raising to like rank its mission at Washington. I should be glad under ordinary circumstances to welcome any accredited ambassador of Chile, but enhanced pleasure is given me by receiving, as I am now happy to do, as the first accredited ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary of Chile to the United States, a gentleman who, in his lower rank of envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary, had given so many evidences of his cordial good will and
had
conducted his mission as to win our esteem. good wishes you express, both in the name of your Government and on your own account, for the prosperity of the United States and my personal happiness, and I ask you to be so good as to assure your worthy President of the like sentiments which the Government of the United States and I personally entertain for his welfare and for the prosperity of the Chilean people.
so
I sincerely appreciate the
On
being received, Dr.
Naon spoke
States of
as follows
first
Mr. President: The United
America was the
Nation in the world
to
be diplomatically represented, thereby giving recognition to our entity as a sovereign nation at the first dawnings of our political emancipation. In these days this great Republic is also that which extends to the Argentine people and Government further eloquent proof of the respect they have won for their earnest endeavors for civilization and progress by taking the initiative of raising its representative at Buenos Aires to
the highest rank in the diplomatic roll. Thus is the traditional friendship of the two countries evidenced at all times, consistent in its manifestations, and that which on yesterday was the expression of common
hopes is to-day the expression of consummated achievements and happy auguries. I am, therefore, Mr. President, voicing the sentiments of my Government and people when I express in their names the high value in which both hold the friendly initiative with which it has pleased Your Excellency's Government to honor us and the great pleasure they have found in responding thereto.
matic
need not expatiate on the character of my mission at the outset of my new diplooffice. I cherish the hope that in the three past years it has fallen to my lot to give expressive evidence of the friendly nature of our sentiments and of the yearning for their unbounded expansion through the intimate and reciprocal acquaintance of our two peoples, thus emphasizing a friendship that has not wavered for an instant
I
882
heretofore
and will stand unshaken hereafter because it rests not on conventional grounds but on existing reciprocal interests and common ideals, sentiments, and
principles.
In placing in your hands, Mr. President, the letters which accredit me in the capacity of ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary of the Argentine Republic near your Government, I have pleasure in conveying to you in the name of the President of the Republic the affectionate expression of his consideration for Your Excel-
and Government and the assurance of the admiration and sympathy with which the Argentine people follow the marvelous progress of this great Nation.
lency's person
Accepting the ambassador's credentials, the President replied:

Mr. Ambassador: The Government of the United States has viewed with keen interest and sympathy the growing development of the Argentine Republic. It has been especially impressed, not only by that Republic's increased importance in the family of nations but as well by the enlarged influence which it exerts in the affairs of Latin America; and the Government of the United States has been glad to recognize this importance and influence by raising its diplomatic mission at Buenos Aires to the rank of embassy. The approval of the measure by which this was accomplished was one of the most pleasing official acts I have had to perform; and the action of your Government in raising, in reciprocation, its mission at Washington to
like rank has
added
to the satisfaction I feel in seeing the
United States and Argentina
thus drawn into closer and more intimate association.
Since the independence of Argentina its relations with the United States have been Of the long line of distinguished gentlemen who friendship. have represented your nation at Washington, to none is more credit due than to you
marked by imbroken
for preserving and promoting cordiality and mutual consideration in the intercourse between the two countries. Consequently, feeling confident as I do that your endeavors will continue to be directed toward the same end, I am gratified that President de la Plata should have, by selecting you, appointed ds the first ambassador of Argentina to the United States a gentleman whose friendship and good will have been proven and who has won our sincere esteem, and I accept from your hands with real pleasure your credential letters as such. I am sensibly appreciative of the friendly sentiments to which you give voice on behalf of your Government, and ask you to convey to His Excellency your President my cordial greetings to him and my best wishes for his personal welfare and the prosperity of the great nation of which he is Chief Magistrate.
AN AMEIICA IN Ti MAGAZINES
;.
An
Work,
Invitation to Brazil,
Brazil to the United States, in the

is
by Domicio da Gama, ambassador of December number of The World's
a short but able article in which the author pays an eloquent men of Brazil and their earnest, heroic work in the building up of a great nation. So much attention has been given to the material resources and the industrial and commercial possibilities of his country that the ambassador very justly thinks that "It is particularly important at this time that more attention should be paid to
tribute to the
the builders of the nation which
many
consider only as an exploitable land."

I
bilities.
people in this country seem to In this connection he writes:
do not now speak of our much advertised natural resources, of our material possiI will not present figures or statistics, or burden memories with strange, unromantic names. All that may be found in the reference books, in the files of the Department of Commerce, in the library of the Pan American Union. I only wish to
say that nature
man who,
is not everything to Brazil; that man also counts there, and it is this generation after generation, has been steadily working to build up a great nation upon a vast and generous land. A century of poUtical existence has not elapsed for us, but we do not consider ourselves so young that we can play with our
destinies.
America, Brazil felt from the beginning the republic men had charge of souls, and they transmitted to their descendants their noble traditions of civic virtues; from the Andradas to the Rio Brancos the mighty chain of personal abnegation and almost And so intense is this sentireligious devotion to public service remains unbroken. ment of love of country strong as a natural force that it does not even appear to
Like the United States
of
sponsibilities of national life;
our
first
them
as deserving a reward
as worthy of a prize.
This sense of civic duty brings about a kind of passion for sacrifice. Men die working over their desks as soldiers do on a battlefield, and it was not glory nor personal profit that they entrancedly sought. But their example is followed quietly, as it should be^ in every field of public actiAity. In religion, in arts, in science and letters, in industry and war, in public administration and law, in general philanthi-opy, we have Brazilian
to fill with statues the galleries of a national pantheon. Meanwhile, in the hearts of their countrymen they have their virtual monuments. And this is the principal, the sounder stock of our social, of our national capital. It is not, therefore, an illegitimate ambition to claim that if we have not yet attained the highest condition of external consideration which is the mark of greatness in the political international world, we are certainly prepared to make a good showing when
names enough
our sister nations call us forward. We in Brazil have come spontaneously to the United States and have learned something from your experience in life, be it political, social, or industrial. In return you
should come to see how the lessons are applied in another land, under different skies, by men of other traditions. Our climate is mild, our hospitality is warm. Let citizens of this country who are interested come to Brazil and even if they should fail to find
that they had expected to see in a great republic they certainly will find that ours a country well worth knowing, with untold possibilities of material development combined with the ideals that make for true greatness among nations.
all
is
Photograph by Harris-Ewingr.
BONIFACIO, "FATHER OF BRAZILIAN INDEPENDENCE."

In his tribute to the patriotic men of Brazil, Ambassador da Gama writes in the December number of The World's Work: "In religion, in arts, in science and letters, in industry and war. in public administration and law, in general philanthropy, we have Brazilian names enough to fill with statues the galleries of a national pantheon." Among these names perhaps none shines with greater luster than that of Jos6 Bonifacio de Andrada e Silva, the leading spirit to bring about Brazilian independence and one of the first to advocate the abolition of slavery in that coimtry. As guardian of Dom Pedro II he wielded a powerful influence on the destinies of the liionarchy of Brazil and on the development of the subsequent Republic
which was established nearly a quarter
of a centurj- after his death.
STATUE OF DOM PEDRO II AT FORTALEZA STATE OF CEARA, BRAZIL.
886
issue of
is the title of another article, in the same The World's Work, which is a partial reproduction of the masterly address delivered by Dr. Komulo S. Naon, first ambassador
International Democracy
from the Argentine Republic to the United States, before the American Bar Association, October 22, 1914. The ambassador points out that the principle of international democracy has at every moment of his country's history inspired its foreign policy, and that its adherence
to the
method
of settling international disputes
by
arbitration has
demonstrated the humanitarianism of the nation.

as follows:
He
writes in part
Another manifestation of our humanitarianism may be found in the propaganda which our country has been conducting for international arbitration as a means of settling disputes between nations, adopting a formula which is at the present time the highest perfection of that system. One of the most illustrious statesmen of my country thus had occasion in 1880, as minister of foreign affairs, to affirm that arbitration had always been a noble and constant aim of our people, and that "The Argentine Government can show its adherence for a long time to that principle which wisely considers both the interests of justice and the altruistic requirements of humanity." In fact, since 1896, when the Argentine Republic concluded with Chile her first arbitration treaty for the settlement of boundary questions pending at that time and such others as might thereafter arise our efforts to bind ourselves with all other countries of the world through compulsory arbitration have not ceased for a single day. As early as 1867 our great President Sarmiento, the biographer of Lincoln and the intimate friend of Horace Mann, proposed to the Government of the United States, while Argentine minister in Washington, a general arbitration treaty so comprehensive that it altered the jurisdiction of the Federal Supreme Coiu"ts of both Nations, in order to advance the cause of international jiistice. Sarmiento was at that time an enthusiastic champion of the peace societies which even then were endeavoring to secure the establishment of permanent tribunals for the settlement of international disputes. In 1874 the Argentine Republic solemnly declared before the whole world that "she was determined, with treaties or without treaties, to put an end by arbitration to all of her international controversies." And later, until the year 1902, the Argentine Republic also submitted all her other boundary questions to arbitration, celebrating the respective treaties with Paraguay, Brazil, and Chile, submitting always respectfully to adverse decisions, even when they implied lamentable losses on more than one occasion to the integrity of the national territory. It was this manifest respect for the cause of arbitration which led a distinguished publicist and diplomat to acclaim the Argentine Republic as "the champion of arbitration on the continent." After hearing this, you will not be surprised if I aflfirm that my country was the first to strive for the success of a formula establishing compulsory arbitration with-
out limitations, proclaiming and defending

congresses
it
in
all
the deliberations of international
and conferences in which she has participated, and finally including it in the numerous treaties of arbitration which she has entered into between 1899 and the present date. In all of them the following clauses have been inserted: "The contracting parties agree to submit to arbitration all questions of any nature that may arise between them, provided they do not affect the provisions of the constitution of either State, and can not be settled by direct negotiations." The extent of this formula is such that it is limited only by the sacredness of the constitution. It has been described by an eminent professor in La Revue de Droit
International as "the characteristic Argentine formula."
of the
It received the
applause
whole world at the Second Hague Conference; and when, diiring the sessions
'As early as 1867 our great President Sarmiento. the biographer of Lincoln and the intimate friend of Horace Mann, proposed to the Government of the United States, while Argentine minister in Washington, a general arbitration treaty so comprehensive that it altered the jurisdiction of the Federal Supreme Courts of both nations, in order to advance the cause of internationaljustice." (Ambassador Na6n, of Argentina, in his address before the American Bar Association, Oct. 22, 1914, reproduced in part in the December number of The World's Work.)
888
of that congress,
the Argentine and Italian delegates signed the general arbitration which now binds the two nations, its president, Count Nelidow, and the eminent Leon Bourgeois hailed it as the most advanced type of arbitration treaty that could be recommended as an example. Baron Marschall von Bieberstein, the eminent German diplomat and ambassador of Germany to that conference, also acclaimed it as the model international arbitration treaty, and the universal applause and acceptance given to the Argentine formula on that occasion was later regarded by some as the extension toward Europe of the Argentine policy on international arbitreaty
tration.
And
I cherish
the belief
perhaps in my pride as an Argentinethat

my
for
it is
the recog-
nition of the moral conscience of

vitality, that
country, rather than her enormous economic
now and always has won
her the esteem and respect
of
the civilized
world.
of Bolivia to the
Commercial Possibilities, by Ignacio Calderon, minister United States, is one of the interesting contributions The author gives to the December number of the World's Work. a brief geographical and historical sketch of BoUvia and deals with the remarkable commercial progress the country has made during the last 15 years and concludes with the following pertinent and suggestive analysis of the reciprocal trade relations which should be estabhshed between the United States and his country:
Bolivia's
Events that are now saddening the world have come to show the necessity of developing amongst the American Republics a community of interests that will strengthen the democratic principles upon which rest their political structure. The greatest part of the exports from South America are needed and consumed in the United States, and the southern Republics can find here manufactiu:es, machinery,
and
addition to this established relationship American capital might with American enterprise and energy, the growth of our commercial relations would rest upon more solid and broader economic foundations. Bolivia perhaps more than any of the other southern Republics would, and will, wel"
so forth.
If in
now be
available, together
come the increase of her commercial relations with the United States. Amongst the variety of Bolivian products exported principally to Europe are rubber, copper, zinc, bismuth, silver and gold, coca leaves, peruvian bark, raw hides, alpaca,
wool, tin, etc. Most of these products are needed in the United States, especially tin, which in America is exclusively a Bolivian product, as in no other part of the hemisphere is it commercially obtainable. The United States uses about 50 per cent of the world's output of tin. For want of a smelting plant here, all of more than 40,000 tons of Bolivian concentrates has formerly gone to England and Germany, to be treated and made into tin plates, and brought to the United States, where tin cans are so
much
Oat
used.
of the $33,147,984 worth of exports from Bolivia in 1912 the United States receivel $152,976. Bolivia imported in the same year from the United States $1,791,916 worth of goods, and brought from Europe and the neighboring Republics $18,516,590
worth.
Taking into consideration tin and rubber, two of the principal Bolivian exports much needed in the United States, it will be seen that they represent about $30,000,000. This amount sold to the United States would enable Bolivia to buy from the United States a far greater value in exports than the $1,791,916 worth that Bolivia took in 1912. Flour, lumber, cotton goods, mining machinery, sewing machines, typewriters, shoes, petroleum, canned goods are imported now into Bolivia, but the amount and quantity of these importations could easily be increased tenfold,
that are ao
890
should the Boliviaa products come direct to the United States and could the business men of Bolivia find proper credit facilities to receive in exchange many of the American manufactures. Trade implies mutual confidence and good faith, and to maintain it each party must bestow its best care to furnish to the other exactly what is required, in good time and in a proper shape, and obligations must be met when due. There will never be a friendly increase of foreign trade relations if foreign customers find want of courtesy and an arrogant spirit of superiority. Neither will southern merchants tolerate being taken for rogues and be asked to hand over the cash before the goods are delivered. European exporters know by experience that nowhere is there higher commercial honor than in South America, nor are longer terms granted elsewhere with more perfect confidence and success. The economic union of the Republics of South and North America will consolidate the bonds of political ideals that now bind them. We in democratic America have repudiated the Old World's theory that above the individual citizen exists an entity called the State, before which private rights disappear, and whose mission is to grow
and law. We in America believe and welfare of the community and each of its individual members; that the sum total of their happiness and welfare makes the greatness of the nation. We believe in justice and right and, inspired by these noble ideals, will advance the true civilization of mankind to the fulfillment of the old heavenly promise of "Peace on earth and good will toward men."
and expand
regardless of
is
any respect
for justice
that nothing
greater than the freedom
ister of
Commercial Field, by Federico Alfonso Pezet, minUnited States, is another interesting contribution to the December number of The World's Work. The minister
Peru:
Eicli
Peru
to the
upon the effect of the breaking out of the European war upon the economic relations between the United States and the countries of South America, upon the national awakening to the possibilities of closer commercial relations between this country and Latin America, and the eventual effect of the opening of the Panama Canal on the trade relations between the United States and the west coast of South America. With this last consideration he deals
dwells
as follows:
tries of
many possibilities for the counthe west coast. It is to be your opportunity and our opportunity. The opening of the Panama Canal precisely at this time is of paramount importance to
This terrible war opens great vistas and creates
But it does not, it can not South America as it does to you and us, because it does not bring it any closer to Europe or the United States. The state of war will undoubtedly bring about an appreciable increase in your trade with the east coast of South America, but this will not be a permanent trade because, once the war is ended, and when normal conditions are reestablished in Europe, those countries will regain their preeminent position in those markets. The slope of the South American Continent in a northwesterly to southeasterly direction brings the west coast very much nearer to the Eastern States of North America. A direct Line drawn from Washington, D. C, south cuts through the city of Lima, so you see that a geographic freak and the wonderful achievement of American genius has made us close neighbors through the canal. This advantage should be properly utilized by you and us at this time. And what Europe did for you, and what she is now doing for eastern South America, and you yourselves have done for your own West, you should in turn do for the west coast of South America.
North America and
to
the west coast of South America.
mean
as
much
to eastern
892

; .
Our principal trade must be with you the canal has made this possible Why should we buy the millions of dollars' worth of manufactured goods from far-away Europe when we are now close neighbors, and have a direct route of travel? Why should we send our raw materials to feed European industrial plants, when you can utilize them just as well here, and return them to us in their improved state as manufactured Why should we look to Europe for the capital with which to articles that we need? develop our material resources, when you can supply us with this and assure for yourselves the advantages that
European capital has already acquired in eastern South
we look to Europe for men to assist in the exploitation of our many resources, when we ha,ve your trained and tried men at our very doors, ever eager to open new fields that will be profitable in every sense?
America?
should
Why
No
nation,
no people, has ever developed
itself;
never in the history
of
the world
has progress come spontaneously from within. The European nations, by successive wars, and through the migrations of races, have become what they are to-day. Each race, each nation, has in a measure contributed to the growth, the development, the
wealth, the progress
The
great southern continent

its
and culture of the others. And so it must be in the future. must receive from outside the necessary assistance in
order to attain
proper development.
is
No
coast.
section of the continent offers to this country greater inducements than the west
And
believe that no nation on the west coast
destined to a greater future
than Peru.
With a territory that covers more than 600,000 square miles, it is by reason of its varied products one of the few self-supporting countries in the world. With liighlakes, forests
lands and lowlands, moiintains and plateaus and plains, valleys and deserts, rivers, and pastures, Peru possesses every possible kind of climate and conseall
quently lands suitable to

ores of industry.
races
and
soils for
every product, while
its
mineral
resources are untold, embracing the precious metals, fuels of every class and all of the
The war
in Europe has lifted the veil that covered the great South American
Panama Canal shows the people of this country the route that they should follow to reach the land that dazzled by its opulence the discoverers of America. It is there, as it was in the early dawn of the sixteenth century, with its
Continent, the
untold possibilities inviting development.
Practical
Mediation
and
International
of the
of
Sherrill, in the
December number
its
an appreciative consideration
mediation and
of the
Peace, by Charles H. North American Review, is the work of the recent "A-B-C"
far-reaching international effect
among
the nations
Western Hemisphere.
of
The present deplorable state of affairs in Europe is woefully in need some practical plan whereby peace may be established, and Mr.
mediation of the three
Sherrill takes occasion to point to the recent
South American countries through whose good offices the United States and Mexico avoided a war which seemed imminent and inevitaCertainly the results of this mediation were practical and the ble. effects beneficial. Some of the results are dealt with by Mr. Sherrill
in the following excerpts
written to point out that a peace plan of the most practical nature has and matured on our side of the ocean, a plan that has succedeed in averting a war, whilst in the Old World a whole continent is plunged into a dreadful maelstorm of armed strife from which it will take years to recover. This plan is what
This article
is
been both
initiated

is
893
Brazil,
generally
known
as the
A-B-C mediation
the friendly
offer
by Argentina,
and Chile of their good offices in the difficult situation which arose between our country and Mexico growing out of internecine strife in the latter' s territory. The two most outstanding results of this mediation in the Mexican crisis are, first, that a high court of public opinion has been established for the Western Hemisphere, and, second, that the Monroe doctrine has suddenly become continental and is no longer, even in the opinion of Latin America, unilateral and constabulary. For the first time in the political life of the New World we have seen appear a high court of public opinion, appealing so equally to Latin Americans and Anglo-Saxon Americans as to secure for its conclusions a respectful acceptance both in North and South America, an acceptance far harder for any one country to disregard than even the formal decisions of The Hague tribunal. Indeed, in many ways it is the most practical result of that praiseworthy machinery for international peace which the successive meetings at The Hague devised and fostered. We call it a high court of public opinion. And why not? Who will gainsay such a title? Did it not consider in formal, patient, and decorous fashion the various sides of a vexed question, and was not the result of its effort the averting of a war a war wholly unnecessary and yet, save for this mediation, dangerously imminent because affronts to national dignity were in the air, affronts which no nation could brook? A court must be respected to be influential, and of international courts this is especially true, lacking as they do the police powers enjoyed by a court whose jurisdiction is limited to its own nationals. A court must have gained the indorsement of public opinion to be really effective, and the one we are discussing is a tribunal which possessed that indorsement for the excellent reason that it was the product of
that very public opinion.

If
cated
the public opinion of Argentina, Brazil, and Chile had not already been eduup to approving this offer of mediation, it would never have been made, but,
it
thus approved,
carried with it so great a prestige as to insure the acceptance of the
mediators' conclusions
by Mexico, another Latin -American
country, an acceptance
which nothing fathered by an Anglo-Saxon country could have achieved. It will take a little time for the people of the United States to realize how powerful an agency for international good such a tribimal as this possesses in the Western Hemisphere, because we as a people do not yet know how much more powerful is public opinion in South America than among us. That it is so powerful is due to several reasons. One of them and a most important reason was sensed by Henry Clay when, during his campaign in Congress for the recognition of the independence of the struggling Spanish colonies, he pointed out the amazing excellence of their pressmore and better newspapers, said he, being then published in Buenos Aires than in all of Spain and Portugal. Those high journalistic traditions have been worthily maintained, and it is difficult to overestimate the educational influence of good newspapers upon the public opinion of people so
devoted to their parusal as are the South Americans.
Nor
so
by newspaper reading alone that out friends to the south of us have become generally enlightened upon international questions as to be able to produce so
is it
sensible, so practical a solution of a difficult
problem affecting two nations
as this
mediation has proved to be. Their great universities have long devoted more attention to international law than have ours and have interested in that subject many leaders of their bar, men of the type which in our country would be drawn rather to advising upon large internal affairs. By reason of the popularizing by South American imiversities of international law as a study, their educated men come to the task of treating a concrete case involving two or more nations much better equipped than we do. This should not surprise us, because such questions have for years enjoyed the
attention of a greater proportion of their leaders in thought than has been the case in the United States. * * *
70015Bull. 614
894
And now
tion,

as a preface to
speaking
of
the second great result of this A-B-C media-
South-American press whose influence we been both delightful and significant to note the wide appreciation by those journals of our action in accepting this proffered mediation and in waiving any indemnity for the military occupation of Vera Cruz which circumstances forced upon us. This appreciation is delightful because it shows a changed attitude of Latin-American public opinion toward us, and it is significant because it indicates a brotherly tendency to understand the altruistic undercurrent of our national spirit. Our hearty acceptance of the mediation has done more to convince South America of our total lack of any desire to annex territory than did our successive withdrawals from Cuba after intervention there. They are more convinced now of the integrity of our purposes than even they were by two other recent and splendid proofs thereof, viz, our defense of Venezuelan territory in 1895 and our action in being the only nation to return to China a large portion of the Boxer indemnity. And now for this second great result of the A-B-C mediation, which is nothing more or less than the assumption by South America of her share in the responsibilities and development of the Monroe doctrine. In that regard surely no development more important than this mediation has taken place since President Monroe sent his famous message to Congress on December 2, 1823. At last South America realizes the altruism of our point of view in regard to that essential feature of our foreign policy, and at last our people have come to appreciate the immense practical value of South American
and
also as a constant reader of that

is
have seen
so great, that it has
public opinion in questions affecting the welfare of nations in our hemisphere.

else than by means of this mediation could this splenaid two-sided realicome to pass so promptly? It is nearly five years now since the importance of joint action by Pan-American countries in settling Pan American difficulties began to be discussed in Buenos Aires. The idea was well received there, particularly by its ablest journalists, and it was especially clear in the remarkable mind of Dr. Davila, the talented editor of La Prensa. To talk at anj'- length with him was to be converted to the crusade for the idea, and it was my privilege later to urge some
And how
zation have
such joint action
to nearly 200
commercial bodies
all
inspiring ideal it was, but
what a long and weary
struggle
over our country. A most seemed ahead before the
consummation "so devoutly to be wished." And now it has swiftly come true, a beautiful and splendid fact, a precedent to be followed, a standard set up which shall restrain any but forward steps in the fixture.
Railway Expansion in South America, in the November number of Moody's Magazine, is the fifth of a series of articles by Mr. Frederic M. Halsey, and deals with the development of the railways of Brazil. Omitting the statistical and descriptive matter dealing with the commercial interests and the cities, the following paragraphs embody
the salient features of the article referring to the railway interests
Brazil ranks twelfth among the nations of the world in its total of railway mileage^ Argentina being the only South American Republic surpassing it. The vast increase in the Republic's trade has stimulated the construction of railroads, and continually through this means new sections of the country are being placed in communication with the outer world. The size and extent of Brazil is little realized outside the Republic's own boundaries, its area being equal to that of the United States (excluding Alaska), England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Holland, Belgium, Portugal, and Switzerland combined. The population of Brazil is estimated at upward of 23,000,000. * * *
The
coast
existence of
many
rivers
for extensive railroad building.
and the greatest river
and a vast seaboard has greatly obviated the necessity Brazil not only has upward of 4,000 miles of seain the world, the Amazon, the basin of which covers
byb
to 3,000 miles in length.
about 3,350,000 square miles, but also has fully a dozen rivers averaging from 1,000 Most of these rivers are tributaries of the Amazon; 10,000 miles of river are navigable for steamers and 20,000 miles additional navigable for
boats and light-draft vessels. The mighty Amazon, which is upward of 3,300 miles in length, is navigable for steamers for 2,500 miles (to Iquitos, Peru). At the
flat
is 2 miles in width, and as it flows eastward widens until at its mouth it is 150 miles wide. The principal island in the delta of the river is more than twice the size of the State of Massachusetts. Although coffee and rubber are the two principal products of Brazil, many other commodities are noted among the Republic's exports. Manufacturing also plays a
Peruvian-Brazilian boundary the river
it
part in Brazil's industrial progress;
it is
estimated that there are in the Republic
an investment of nearly 1300,000,000 and employing nearly 200,000 hands. Despite the large number of rivers within the bounds of the Republic, there were in operation early in 1914 a total of 15,246 miles of railway, while about 4,000 miles additional were either under construction or approved. The Government operates
of 3,500 industrial establishments, representing
upward
a portion of the existing mileage.
The Government-owned lines directly operated, although well managed and equipped, are less successful than a majority of the privately-operated railways in the Republic. The principal Government-owned line is the Central of Brazil Railway,
operating about 1,250 miles of road. This railway has its terminus at Rio de Janeiro, from which place it extends into the interior, branching out in several directions and reaching a number of important cities, including Sao Paulo, Bello Horizonte, capital of the State of Minas Geraes, etc. The Government expects to extend this system through the heart of the Republic to Para, on the Amazon River, 2,270 miles from Rio, a step which will do much to develop the northern and central portion of this vast country. The railway at present carries annually about 25,000,000 passengers and a large tonnage of freight, consisting of coffee, iron ore, lumber, sugar, etc. On October 13, 1914, there passed into hands of receivers the Brazil Railway, an Anglo-American enterprise incorporated in Maine, United States of America, in 1906. This railway system, which consists of a number of consolidated lines extended and joined together into a unit, is the largest system operating in the Republic of Brazil and one of the largest enterprises of its kind in South America. The company was controlled by the so-called Farquhar-Pearson syndicate, and until recently there was every indication that large profits would result from the undertaking; in fact, full dividends of 6 per cent per annum were paid on the preferred stock during 1911, 1912, and 1913. However, the great European war coming as it has in the midst of a business depression in Brazil, demoralized the railway's business and prevented the company from securing funds to finance its requirements, necessitating a receivership.
The
track, located
Brazil Railway, as of June 30, 1914, operated directly 3,362 miles of main mainly in the States of Sao Paulo, Parana, Sta. Catherina, and Rio
Sul.
Grande do
large interest
was
also
held in the Paulista Railway (715 miles
operated), running through the central portion of the State of Sao Paulo; the
Mogyana
Railway (1,084 miles) operating in northern Sao Paulo and in Minas Geraes; also in the Madeira-Mamore Railway (226 miles), described in a later paragraph. Subsidiary companies, whose entire capital stocks are held by the Brazil Railway, have been engaged in the building of extensive ports, docks, warehouses, etc., at Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul; also in lumbering, cattle raising, colonizing, etc. A total of about 560,000 acres of forest lands is owned or leased by the Brazil Railway; also about 6,000,000 acres of agricultural lands and a total of 8,163,081 acres of cattlegrazing lands.
The
gross earnings of the Brazil

to $14,305,665.
amounted
Railway (for lines directly operated) for 1913 Gross earnings for a similar period of the Paulista and the
^%
RAILWAY DEVELOPMENT
The above photographs show the
IN BRAZIL.
substantial character of the railway stations even in the smaller towns of Brazil. The upper picture shows the station at Piranhas, a picturesque village at the head of navigation of the lower San the station in one of the small interior shows Francisco River. The lower towns of the State of Rio Grande do Sul.
598
pany, as
THE
PAK"
AMEEICAN UNION.
Mogyana Railway totaled $20,934,335. The total capitalization of the parent comof December 81, 1912 (latest statistics available), amoimted to 120,000,000
In
is
6 per cent preferred stock, 132,000,000 common stock, and $76,679,579 bonds. addition secured notes were outstanding. * * *
The Madeira-Mamore Railway, probably the most

around a chain
isolated railway in the world,
located far in the interior of South America and affords a
means
of routing traffic
of dangerous rapids which prevent navigation through portions of the Madeira, Mamore, and Beni Rivers. The route followed by the railway was surveyed a number of years ago by Col. George Earl Church, an eminent American engineer, and a party of followers, a large number of whom lost their lives owing to the climate,
swampy nature of the country traversed causing great hardships. Following Col. Church's survey numerous attempts were made to open this possible
the heat and the
trade route.
First a canal was authorized, but as this scheme did not seem to be was decided that a railway should be built. A company was launched in 1872 and a contract to build the line was let to the Public Works Construction Co. The latter company started work on the enterprise, but were shortly compelled to give it up. In 1877 the task was again attempted, this time by P. T. Collins, of Philadelphia, who succeeded in completing 19 miles of line and locating 40 miles additional. The difficulties of the undertaking proved too great, however, and work had to be abandoned. In 1903 the treaty of Petropolis made between Brazil and Bolivia imposed upon the former in exchange for territories gi'anted by Bolivia a guaranty that the railway should be constructed. Brazil subsequently let a contract to Joachim Catranby, who transferred it to the present owners of the line. * * * The Madeira-Mamore Railway has its terminus at Puerto Velho, from which point it extends southwestward and southward through the forest and jungle, following the route of the river. The railway en route crosses a number of small streams; here and there along the route small villages and towns have sprung up. The railway passes opposite Villa Bella, Bolivia, near which town the Madeira River divides to become the Mamore and the Beni Rivers. Each of these rivers has its soiu'ce in the Bolivian Andes, the former in the State of La Paz and the latter in Cochabamba. The Madeira-Mamore Railway's present southern terminus is at Guajara MLram, on the Mamore River, beyond which point the river is navigable for some hundred of miles. From Guajara Miram the railway has been surveyed to Riberalta, on the Beni River. This extension, which will be 62 miles in length, will pass around the various cataracts in the Beni River and will open a trade route of great importance to Bolivia. The Government of the latter Republic has authorized a railway from La Paz to some point on this river, which railway will provide an outlet for the trade of tne Andean plateau, on which most of the Bolivians have their homes. Prior to the construction of the Madeira-Mamore Railway the passage around the falls was an extremely difficult and dangerous task and the cost of handling freight prohibitive. It is to be sincerely hoped that the owners of the railway will be able to overcome their financial difficulties and meet with the success which they so justly deserve. Despite a considerable falling off in business during the second half of the year, gross earnings for 1913 reached the encouraging total of $1,701,335, while net
feasible it
earnings amounted to $812,335.

1912, $1,000,000 preferred
The company had outstanding, as of December 31, and $10,000,000 common stock. Approximately 12,600,000
60-year 6 per cent bonds were likewise outstanding, a portion being guajranteed by tne Brazil Railway and a portion by the Port of Para Co. Brief mention will be made here of four other important railways operating in Brazil;
all of
these are controlled by EngUsh companies. The Leopoldina Railway, operating 1,700 miles
of
main
track, extends from Nich-
theroy, an important city located on Rio de Janeiro Bay, northward through the valley of tne Paranahyba River, traversing the Provinces of Rio, Minas Geraes, and Espirito Santo. Four rugged mountain ranges are crossed by the main line and many spec-
RAILWAY EXPANSION
Upper picture: Construction
train at
IN BRAZIL.
work on the Madeira-Mamore Railway. Lower picture: Locomotive used some_35 years ago during first attempts to construct tlie Madeira-Mamore Railway.
900
on the main line
by tae builders. The maximum grade about 8 per cent, wnile on the division which runs from Rio to Petropolis the grade reaches the maximum of over 15 per cent. The gross earnings The company had of this railway system for the year 1913 amounted to $9,351,855.
tacular feats of engineering were performed
is
outstanding December 31, 1912, $65,000,000 stock and debentures. Substantial dividends have been paid by the company for a number of years. The Sao Paulo Railway is 134 miles in length and produces more revenue per mile than any other railway in the Western Hemisphere. The line extends from Santos,
via Sao Paulo, to Jundiahy, with a branch to Bragantina. The railway enjoys a monopoly of the traffic between Sao Paulo and Santos and annually carries over onehalf of the world's supply of coffee.
The company has outstanding approximately
which dividends of 14 per cent and upward are paid annually, also $5,000,000 preferred stock and $10,000,000 debentures. The railway At Sao Paulo a magnifiis one of the best maintained properties in South America. cent passenger station has been erected, while excellent terminals are owned at Santos. The Great Western of Brazil Railway operates 1,010 miles of main track, extending from Pemambuco into the interior and northward along the coast. The railway handles a considerable traffic in sugar, cotton, timber, etc., and is a successful enterGross earnings for 1913 were approximately $3,750,000, and substantial diviprise. dends are annually being paid (6 per cent in 1913 on common stock). The com$15,000,000 ordinary stock, on
pany's total capitalization is approximately $19,000,000. The Brazil North Eastern Railway operates approximately 475 miles of road, located in the State of Ceara. The railway has its tidewater terminus at Forteleza (or Ceara, as it is sometimes called), to which port it brings cotton and cotton products in fair amoimts; a large portion of its line is leased from the Government. Its importance is likely to be greatly enhanced upon the completion of a large additional mileage
being constructed by the South American Construction Co. The State of about the size of Illinois and its population is approximately 1,000,000. Although suffering in common with many other countries from overextension and from the effect of the great war now being waged in Europe, Brazil, owing to its vast area and unlimited resources, should have a very bright futiire, particularly in the great interior, which is at the present time but sparsely settled. The Republic is at present in rail communication with Uruguay and Argentina, and in a few years trains will be running into Paraguay and Bolivia, through which latter Republic direct
which
Ceara
is
is
rail
communications with the Pacific coast will be established.
in a recent
Hunting the Spectacled Bear of the Andes, by Wilfred H. Osgood, number of Outdoor World and Recreation, is an entertaining story of the killing of one of these very rare varieties of animals. The party started on the hunt from the little town of Menocucho, about 25 miles from Trujillo, near the foothills of the Peruvian Andes. Mr. Osgood writes:
busied ourselves a few days^collecting birds and small mammals and during time the station agent's 19-year-old son. Max, frequently proposed that I go with him on a short hunt for bears. Finally I decided to do so, although I was somewhat suspicious of the young man's enthusiasm, and still more so of the extremely arid region in which he'proposed to hunt. On a previous trip in the mountains of Colombia I had found signs of spectacled bears only in dense humid forests, and had been inclined to believe that was their natural habitat. However, so little was known of So their habits that a chance to learn anything whatever was not to be neglected.
this
far as I
We
to
them
knew, no American or English sportsman ever had killed one, and references in literature were'extremely fragmentary.
courtesy ot the
New York
/ouIo-j.mI Sn.iety.
THE SPECTACLED BEAR.

The spectacled
only
bear, Ursus ornatus^ is strictly an Andean species, and the in captivity in the United States is in the posNew York Zoological Society. Mr. Wilfred H. Osgood is one of the few American naturalists who has succeeded in securing even a dead specimen In hunting the spectacled bear of the Andes he describes, the hunt near the foothills of the Peruvian Andes, which resulted in his securing this rare trophy.
known specimen
.
session of the
902

mountains so near that we could go one day and a few hours of one evening and the next morning for Therefore, only simple preparations were necessary. * * *
live in
The bears here were said to come back the next, having
hunting.
Some 3 miles after starting we rounded the point of the first hOl, and behind it came into view of a bold mountain running up about 1,500 feet almost sheer from the level of the playa. Later we entered a narrow gorge walled in by reddish-brown scarps of great beauty. The mountains about us and to be seen ahead were not of great height, but extremely rugged and imposing. We continued on until noon, the sun getting hotter and hotter, although at 10 o'clock it had seemed almost unbearable. The large blackish cacti, which at first were very few and scattering, became more
numerous, and most
of
large green shrub, one of the zapotes,

little
the mountain's sides were rather thickly sprinkled with them. was practically the only other growing thing.
distance it somewhat resembles a large, coarse manzanita, but it grows in rounded clumps, 6 to 8 feet high, the leaves of its lower branches touching the ground, so it might be compared also to a large, green inverted basket. Its pendant eUiptical fruit consists of a hard outer shell inclosing numerous rounded seeds, said to be a favorite food of the bears. That this was true I had no doubt, always providing any bears were in the country, for there was absolutely nothing else for them to eat. Signs of small ma mm als, except an occasional fox track, were wanting, and birds were very scarce, several species of doves being almost the only ones seen. At noon Max, who was some 200 yards in the lead, hurriedly dismounted and started off afoot frantically motioning me to follow. He was a very excitable Teuton, quite unable to restrain himself when on the hunt, and, though now he seemed very much in earnest, he might, indeed, be after no more than a fox or even a flock of doves. However, I hurriedly unstrapped the gun, while he and the dogs rushed off toward the mountain opposite.
isolated,
At a
on the run across the rock-strewn river bed, followed gave my canteen of water after it had collided once or twice with my camera as the two flapped against my back. Max was nearly a quarter of a mile ahead, and I soon saw him climbing up the side of a narrow quebrada which opened into the main canyon. A minute more and I heard the dogs yelping, and then the crack of a gun. Pedro said, "oso seguro" (bear, for sure), but I still felt doubtful. Bears in such a desolate place and in the middle of such a hot day violated all my northern ideas of such hunting. But it was indeed a bear in fact, there were two, although at first I saw only one, apparently dazed and dodging in and out among the rocks not a hundred yards from Max. I now hurried in earnest, jumping from rock to rock as fast as possible, although I was perspiring and heated to a degree unequal ed in any previous experience. Then there was another shot and, as I came into the mouth of the quebrada, I saw the bear stretched across a large bowlder, badly disabled, but still giving fight to the dogs. Max ran excitedly toward me, calling out in mixed Spanish, German, and English, though all I could understand was, "Queeck! queeck! dos osos! " Just then I saw the second bear bounding in and out among the bowlders apparently headed straight for Max, whose old muzzle-loading gun I knew was empty. I never had much belief in charging bears but this was a species whose habits were almost wholly unknown not only to me but to naturalists in general, so I was open to conviction. For a moment I had all the sensations of going to another man's rescue, as I could hear Max wildly shouting above me, and the last time I'd seen the bear it was not far from him. After a quick scramble through some cacti and horn bushes I came out at the top of the bank and found no bear in sight. Max, now fairly frantic with excitement, rushed me along, gesticulating and even trying to take my gun from me. Finally I saw the bear making up the side of the mountain at all speed and just as I raised to fire it stopped and stood broadside on a big shelving rock about 250 yards away. Hot, out of breath, and unduly excited by my frenzied companion, I shot wide. The bullet
as possible I started
As soon
by
Pedro, to
whom
903
appeared to strike Ms quarters, for they dropped down for an instant and then he picked himself up and disappeared behind a rocky prominence. Instead of following immediately I lost a little time trying to get the dogs to take the trail, but they were too far gone, almost spent in fact, and lay panting with happy-looking faces, but absolutely no go left in them. Seeing the hopelessness of trying to get any assistance in this way I hurried up the mountain side, and soon saw the bear climbing slowly and groggily, but steadily upward. He had a good lead in altitude as well as distance, and not long afterward passed behind some rocks and failed to reappear. I continued up for nearly 1,000 feet to the point where I'd last seen him and there found a number of caverns, into one of wliich, no doubt, he had retreated, so I gave it up and sat down for the first time to cool off. * * * As a hunter I had some regret at not having brought down my bear, but as a zoological collector I looked mth satisfied eyes on the one already dead and counted myself lucky. It was an adult female in good condition, and we estimated its weight at about
100 pounds. Its coat was fairly long and glossy black with quite extensive irregular white markings about the head and throat. The hair on the back is 3 to 4 inches long, and although not equal to that of the prime northern black bear in softness and density, the fur is greatly beyond what might be supposed would be necessary or even tolerable in such a hot climate. I had all too little opportunity to observe the live animal. The glimpses of the one that escaped were very fleeting and interrupted, Tjut I could not fail to observe its quickness and great agility as it leaped and dodged in and out among the scattered bowlders. This sort of ability in bears is usually underestimated, however, and perhaps the spectacled bear has no more activity than
his northern cousins, although the precipitous nature of his habitat
would seem
to
require a
maximum.
When Max sighted
the bears one was parado (standing upright),
They seemed at of its identity until it dropped and walked. be rather dazed and acted as if they didn't know whether to run away or not. Evidently he had little difficulty in approaching them, and even when I arrived on the scene one was still within easy range.
and he wasn't sure
first to
A Near View of Coffee in Mexico, in the November number of the Tea and Coffee Trade Journal, is an interesting account of the coffee industry in Mexico by Mr. E. G. C. Terry, who speaks from an
experience of 20 years ot close association with the people ol the coffee-growing section of the country and who is, or rather was, a
a coffee grower himself.
in
The
'following excerpt details the
method
of coffee cultivation, gathering,
and
its
preparation for the market
vogue
in the southern states of Mexico:
In Mexico, as elsewhere, coffee plants are grown from seeds, and the seedlings are either raised in small nurseries or planted under the shade of cultivated trees. These seedlings are transplanted into their permanent ground at eight months when strong and hardy. They are placed at certain distances so as to allow plenty of space upon
maturity.
spoiled children they have to be
and demand a lot of attention these pretty little trees. Like humored and coaxed. For example, they refuse to So one has to flourish in the shade and equally sulk and droop if in the sunshine. provide companionship a nurse as it were in the shape of a larger, taller tree, which, placed sufficiently near to allow moderate sunshine to filter through, at the same time affords protection from wind, storm, or other menaces. Such sheltering trees can be either banana, a clump of cane, or such other "crop" as the planter may elect. Thus a companion crop of say, bananas, sugar-cane, or other products can be grown alongside of the coffee itself with added resultant value.
They
are very fussy
A BRANCH OF MEXICAN COFFEE TREE WITH RIPENING BERRIES.

'Coffee trees are pruned and topped if conditions require, though frequently they are left untouched 'from cradle to grave.' Later, when the berries are developing, keen watch must be kept, for the branches are so brittle that they frequently snap off like so many icicles if the weight of the berries proves too heavy for them." (Mr. E. G. C. Terry in " near view of coffee in Mexico, in the November number of Tea and Coffee Trade Journal.")

The
treelets settled to their taste,
905
one must now keep them free of weeds and watch unceasingly for a certain dangerous little vine always found in the vicinity of coffee trees and which, if left there, will twine itself about them and cause strangulation
and death.
and topped if conditions require, through frequently they "from cradle to grave." Later, when the berries are developing, keen watch must be kept, for the branches are so brittle that they frequently snap off like so many icicles if the weight of the berries proves too heavy for them. The shrubs flower when 3 to 4 years old, at which time the foliage is a vivid, lustrous green, the blooms and subsequent berries growing in small clusters along the twigs. From January to March the bushes break into masses of white bloom, the berries developing in July and thereafter. About September these berries begin to mature; by October and November they are quite ripe, when harvesting begins. Incidentally, this is the hour when the unfortunate planter (if he be a foreigner) experiences the time of his life in agonizing attempts to pick out good "hands" from the crowd of Indians, Mexicans, and general what-nots available for the gathering of the crop; and after such weeding out to keep the pickers up to their work or at work at all. For the moment coffee is ripe it must be gathered. If it is left on the bush just a short overtime rain may come or some other case of "fuerza mayor" (work of Providence) may ruin part or all of the crop. The most provoking thing about coffee is that it ripens slowly, one berry at a time, deliberately, in a "poco a poco" manner that drives an Anglo-Saxon planter to distraction. So as each berry reddens and ripens it must be picked. Moreover, picked in a careful almost persuasive fashion, with a slow gentle twist. Otherwise the twig may be bruised and the bush will not flower at all next season. Mexican coffee crops are mostly gathered by women and children, whose light>
Coffee trees are pruned
are left untouched
for the work. The berries, as twisted from the bush, these pickers drop into a basket which they wear suspended from the neck, Pickers are paid from 25 to 30 cents for each its capacity being from 10 to 15 pounds. basket filled, or, during times of peace and exchange parity, an equivalent of 12
small Indian fingers are peculiarly fitted
cents
United States currency. After being picked, taken to the "beneficio" (mill) and weighed, the coffee must undergo the identical subsequent processes whether the plantation be a small one
without modem machinery or a large establishment with up-to-date improvements. In the former case much more handwork has to be done, however, with correspondingly
slower results.
At the large "fincas " coffee as picked is sent by tram to the mill, where it is weighed in pulp to ascertain the quantity of coffee produced per acre and to determine the value and condition of the berry as gathered. Next it is thrown into a receptacle, whence
fed to a pulping machine on the lower floor. From this it is fed automatically into a stone trough, where the berries are thoroughly washed. From such troughs the berries go to the "espumador," or whirlpool, where separating begins. In this
it is
process the good berries, sinking, are taken straight to the pulper, where they are pulped by revolving over a perforated cylinder, which makes ordinarily 200 revolutions per minute. This takes away the pulp, which passes off to sewerage, while the coffee beans drop down into a separator, then through a cylinder by way of troughs to tne fermenting tanks. Thus the different grades of coffee are kept separate, and the good coffee is precipitated into large tanks and left for some 30 hours to lerment. Such fermentation is necessary, because every coffee berry (except the "caracolillo," or peaberry, which is called a freak of nature) is composed of two flattish beans the peaberry being merely one single round grain. These flat beans are covered with a sweet slimy substance known as "honey," which must ferment and rot off before the coffee can be washed. If not washed the bean takes a yellow color instead of a blue-gray tint, which is the one to be desired.
906
After fermentation the coffee is automatically raised to the mechanical washer^ where any remaining honey is washed off, and the berries are then carried to a channel washer where the operation is completed by hand labor. All the preceding processes have been automatic, and, of course, save a great deal of time when compared with the old-fashioned handwork. The channel washer is a long, narrow trough. Into this the coffee is thrown, and a stream of fresh water turned on. Then the laborers swirl it about with wooden padImmediately thereafter comes the dles, eventually thoroughly cleaning the beans. drying of the product, accomplished by simple sunning in a "patio " or open courtyard when there is no drying machine. Where the latter is used the coffee is placed in a revolving hopper and hot air blown onto it until tiie gi'ains are entirely dry. After such drying the last treatment of "polishing" is in order. This is merely a matter of loosely rubbing the grains together to shake off any remnants of the thin, tissue-like membrane and to give it what is known in the trade as "style." By the way, none of these many handlings affect the flavor of the bean. Only one thing will ever injiu-e it, which is, to be remiss or incomplete in the drying, which will give it a raw or musty flavor. After "polishing," the coffee is ready for the market. It is packed into stout,, close sacks of about 132 pounds capacity each, stenciled with the name of its hacienda, and then, per mule train, freight car, river boat or steamer, according to its locality, started off on its journey to market. The first yield of a coffee tree is from 4 to 5 ounces; the second year twice as much,,
while the third crop doubles the previous year's yield. Planters consider that 1 This, however, is a very conservaof berries per tree is a good average return. tive estimate, since almost always in the tropics there is a yield of 5 pounds to the tree. Many Mexican coffee growers, while awaiting with more or less impatience the maturing of their crop, cultivate the many other products which can be grown along
pound
with the coffee itself. For all of the Mexican fruits, such as pineapples, oranges, bananas, tobacco, cane, etc., there is a constantly increasing demand, and a Mexican coffee planter need never find time hang heavy on his hands.
Early Mexican Maiolica, by Harold Donaldson Eberlein, in American Homes and Gardens for October, 1914, is a most interesting account of the early Mexican pottery. The Aztecs had achieved considerable skill in the ceramic art, but their efforts were confined It was not until the Spaniards to the production of unglazed ware. introduced the art of glazing that the beautiful and artistic warfr known as maiolica began to be a product of Mexican skill. In this
connection Mr. Eberlein writes
This is true, at least, so far as most of us in America Although Mexico is our next neighbor, we really know but little of the country or her history as compared with the knowledge of European countries deemed essential for every educated person. The majority of people, and wellinformed people at that, do not know that the making of maiolica in Mexico was a craft, important both artistically and commercially, as early as the last quarter of tha sixteenth century, and that it so continued until near the middle of the nineteenth, when it fell into a debased condition from which in recent years attempts have
Mexico
is
a land of surprises.
are concerned.
been made
to restore it to its
los
former dignified estate.
Puebla, or Puebla de
Angeles, to give the town
its full
name, a
city
founded by
the Spanish conquerors in 1531, 115 miles southeast of the City of Mexico, at the foot of Popocatepetl and Ixtaccihuatl, ivas the first seat of various manufactures introduced into the New World by Earopean craftsmen and here, among other enterprises,.
MEXICAN JAR.
Jar with iron cover, lock, and key. Period of 1700, showing Spanish influence in decoration. (lUustrattng "Early Mexican Maiolica," in the October number of American Homes and Oardens.)
Courtesy of American Homes and Gardens.
MEXICAN VASE.
Showing decorations in blue. Italian and Chinese influence. Puebia, 1660. (Illustrating "Early Mexican Maioliea," in the October number of American Homes and Gardens.)

gliss factorits
909
and potteries were established. For nearly three centuries Puebla was the only place where ma'olica was made in the Western Hemisphere. The art of glazing, brought over by Spanish maiolica workers the Aztecs had made only unglazed
and there is little doubt that by 1575 or 1580 Mexicans made tiles of excellent quality, which were produced in sufficient quantity to render the new land almost independent of Spanish importations. Tiles were not the only objects made, for the craftsmen turned out all the various articles usually fasMoned by potters. By 1653 the industry had assumed sufficient importance in Puebla to warrant the incorporation of a potter's guild, with stringent regulations and i)enalties attached for their infraction. The manufactiu-e and sale of pottery was regulated by law and no one might practice the trade of a potter without examination by the inspectors A certain standard of quality in the wares was rigorously enjoined and of the guild.
pottery
jealously guarded.
-prospered,
fine,
From the rules of the guild we learn that there were three grades of pottery the common, and the yellow. The difference lay in the workmanship and
the
the
glaze employed.
parts.
Two
clays were used, white
of firing and not to varying proportions of the clay ingredients. After the various pieces were shaped and allowed to dry they were put in the first kiln.
the
The amount
variations in color to
and red, being combined in equal be found in the body in different pieces is due to
\Vlien taken out of the kiln they were dipped in the liquid glaze or enamel and then allowed to dry. The decorations were then painted on in vitrifiable colors made from metallic oxides and the pieces were subjected to a second firing, during which the colors
ing.
became incorporated with the glaze and took the appearance of underglazed paint' The glaze for the finer ware was made of 25 parts of lead to 6 of tin; the glaze * * * for the common and yellow ware had 25 parts of lead to 2 of tin. It was permissible to use five colors in decorating the finer ware, and for the common
ware three colors were permis-sible. This did not mean that the use of so many colors was in any sense prescribed, and many of the finest pieces have monochrome decoration. If vases and other ornamental pieces had polychrome decoration before the beginning of the eighteenth century, they have disappeared. Tiles, however, which were classed as common ware, have been found in three colors and undoubtedly date from the seventeenth century, as they were built in the walls of churches and convents erected at that period. Blue, green, and yellow were favorite hues for tile
decoration.
The manufacture of Mexican maiolica may be divided into four well-defined phases, which began at successive dates, but several of which continued concurrently. The first was the Hispano-Moresque phase, which lasted till the end of the seventeenth century, and shows a strong Moorish influence which is characterized by strapwork and interlacing scrolls. The second phase was the Spanish or Talavera, so called because the style of design peculiar to the maiolica
ticed
the inspiration for a t^ê of decoration developed

of the eighteenth.
made at Talavera, in Spain, furnished by the potters of Puebla and prac-
by them from about the beginning of the seventeenth century to almost the end The third phase was the Chinese, in which the motifs and style
were derived from Chinese pottery and porcelain imported into Mexico in the early seventeenth century. This style made its appearance about 1650 and endured to the end of the eighteenth century. The last phase was the Hispano-Mexican or Pueblan, which began about 1800 and lasted till slightly past the middle of the century, when By comparing dates, therefore, we it sank into a totally debased commercial style. see that the Spanish or Talavera and the Chinese phases apparently possessed the greatest vitality and enjoyed the longest vogue, lasting concurrently, as they did, throughout for the greater part of two centuries. * * * One of the characteristics of the Spanish Talavera maiolica was the introduction of animal, bird, and human forms along with flowers and foliage, oftentimes crowded to-
70015Bull. 614
Homes and Uardens.
MEXICAN
Upper
TILES.
left: Tile in blue. Aztec influence. Puebla, 1650-1700. Upper ri?ht: Tile in blue. Santa Rosa de Lima, Puebla, 1650-1700. Lower left: Tile, blue ground, design in white. Chinese influence, 1650-1700. Lower right: Tile in blue, orange yellow, and black. San Miguel, Puebla, 1680.

getlier
911
without the least feeling of restraint in composition. Blue figure work on a white enamel ground was also characteristic. These features the Talavera phase of Mexican maiolica incorporated, and another distinctive peculiarity is found in it besides the tattooed ornamentation "rudely painted in dots and clashes in dark blue," which appears on many of the pieces of this period. It is distinctly impressionistic in suggestion and must be regarded at a distance to get its real artistic value and see the coherence of its design. Another highly characteristic type of decoration found upon the Mexican Talavera maiolica consists of flowers, birds, or heavy conventional patterns boldly silhouetted in raised dark blue, nearly covering the white surface. So early as the forepart of the seventeenth century trade relation of some magnitude existed between Mexico and the Orient, and naturally enough a good deal of excellent pottery and porcelain from Cathay found their way through this channel to the shores of New Spain. Naturally enough, also, their presence produced an appreciable effect upon the color, design, and shape of the Mexican pottery. The Chinese influence, once introduced, lent a new refinement to the work made at Puebla and continued a powerful factor in the maiolica industry until quite the end of the eighteenth century. This influence is easily detected in color, a full rich blue; in shape, in the contour of jars, which closely follow the lines of the ginger jars, and also in the contour of vases, of which not a few were potted in the inverted pear form; finally, in types of design and methods of decoration we find not only Chinese figures and decorative motifs freely employed but a noticeable following of Chinese forms of combination.
Central American Mineral Resources and Mining Policies

title
is
the
under which the Revista Economica of Tegucigalpa, Honduras, has been publishing a series of articles descriptive of the mining industry of the various Central American countries. The mineral wealth of Costa Rica is dealt with in considerable detail in the third article of the series, and the following excerpts will give an idea as to the present development of the mining industry and its future possibilities as a field of
investment:
The Mstory of Costa Rica mining operations reaches back into colonial times. Some of the largest gold mines have been worked in a primitive way with success for several centuries, and the mineral treasures brought up to the light of day by the old Spanish gold seekers are said to have been almost fabulous. One of the richest gold mines, called "Tisingall," had to be abandoned because of the hostility of the native Indians; the mine itself was then completely destroyed by them and the locaUty closed up by changing the course of the neighboring streams. After quelling the uprising it was impossible for the Spaniards to locate the rich mine again. It is
thought at present that this mine lies hidden in the bed of one of the larger streams, and that a number of other mines worked with success by Indians and Spaniards
now lie hidden under heavy forest growths. But enough of the past. Tliis progressive country with its varied which the Spaniards named "Costa Rica" with good reason, now
interest in other countries.
national wealth,
arouses a lively
its
Distinguishing
this
still
itself for a
long time past with
stable
and responsible government,

for
scantily populated Republic offers opportunities
investment of foreign capital equaled by few countries. Its abundant and diversmineral wealth, which is coming more and more to the front, is already attracting the attention of large capitalists to-day. Abundant forests, unlimited hydraulic power, some means of local transportation, though still too few, are favorable conified
ditions for successful working of the diversified deposits of iiseful minerals.
The
geological picture of Costa Rica is bright
where
free gold
and
silver ores are
and rich. Aside from numerous places found, mention may be made of copper, wolfram,

magnesia, nickel, iron,
found.
913
cinnabar, and coal. In connection with these minerals, kaolin of the best quality, cement, alumina, and ochre for coloring purposes are
Rica are generally of volcanic origin and formed of diorites, Black bowlders are found in a good many places. The climate of the mining region is pleasant and healthful. On the mountain of Aguacate the temperature almost always reaches 72 F. The waters are pure and abundant and can be utilized in a good many of the mines as motive power. The Albangares River, which traverses the mining district of the same name, gives a force of 850 horsepower. There is excellent building timber, which can be obtained and used in the mining works at moderate prices. The mining zone of Costa Rica, 8,800 feet on the average above the level of the sea, is found on the Pacific slope; it extends from northwest to southeast and includes the following three districts: (1) The Albangares mines; (2) the mines of Montes de Oro; (3) the mines of Monte de Aguacate. The Albangares Gold Fields Co., working with a capital of |2, 500, 000, is located 18 leagues from Puerto Iglesias, with a good wagon road; from this locality to Punta Arenas (on the Pacific Ocean) is a distance of 20 leagues. The situation is favorable for the exportation of ores and the importation of the machinery necessary for the works. The mine of "Tres Amigos" is worked at present by the company of the Albangares Gold Fields Mining Syndicate. The "Boston" mine belongs to the Costa Rica Esperanza Mining Co., and is being worked at present. The Albangares mines extend over about 150 square leagues of territory and are situated in the Province of Guanacaste. * * * The mines of Monte del Aguacate were discovered in 1815, and it is estimated that from 1820 to 1845 they jsroduced a quantity of gold and silver worth about eight million American dollars. With perfected machinery, 12,000,000 more would have been takeu out. The Aguacate mining district is composed of five groups, as follows: Aguacate, Sagrada Familia, Los Castros, Quebrada Honda, El Porvenir. The Sagrada Familia is situated in the canton of San Mateo, Province of Alajuela; it belongs to W. J. Ford & Co.; work has been resumed there since 1901. Los Castros is located in the same canton. This mine was discovered in 1822 by Nicolas and Pio Castro. Quebrada Honda, situated in San Mateo, is the property of Mr. Demetrio Iglesias. El Porvenir, along the Machuca River, not far from San Mateo, produces gold and silver; it belongs to the Rio Grande Co., and was claimed in 1900 by Mr. Gorenaga y
of Costa
The rocks
porphyries, and basalts.
Garcia.
Monte del Aguacate has

It
for its proprietors of the third
Federico Tinoco
&
Co.
remains
to say a
few words
and
last district, that of
Montes de Oro,
composed of the following mines: La Trinidad, which is at present the property of an English company, the manager of which is Mr. W. J. Ford; it is situated at San Mateo, Province of Alajuela; La Union, which is situated at Montes de Oro, in the section of Punta Arenas, is the property of the Costa Rica Union Mining Co., of San Francisco, Cal., and has not been worked for some years; La Macacona was worked about 30 years ago by a native company with a small capital; it was bought in 1899 by R. A. Crespi & Co.; Bella Vista, which belongs to the Thrayer Mining & Milling Co., situated in the district of Miramar, in the Territory of Punta Arenas. Independent of these groups of mines there are others which have been worked or where work is now going on. * * * An examination of the claims filed shows that there are a great many other places in the country that have concealed in them minerals of value, such as gold, silver,
copper, zinc, mercury, iron, lead, marble, onyx, lignites, petroleum, etc., all of them mines that need only capital and experience to be worked. It is to be noted
that the gold ores extracted generally contain little silver, but there are said to be
rich deposits of this latter metal in the country.
MINING IN COSTA RICA.

'The
zone of Costa Rica, 8,800 feet on the average above the level of the sea, is found on the Pacific slope: it extends from northwest to southeast and includes the following three districts: (1) The Albangares mines: (2) the mines of Monies de Oro: (3) the mines of Monte de Aguacate." (Revista Economiea of Tegucigalpa, Honduras.)
minmg
915
There is a collection of specimens of Costa Rican ores in the Philadelphia Museum and in the Smithsonian Institution at Washington. The workers in the mines are good, intelligent workers; their wages are not high, amounting to about 3 colons a day, or 1.35 in American money; ordinary labor is
the mines of the Costa Rica Exploration Co. an expert on the subject, and a large part of the progress of the mining industry in Costa Rica is due to him. Ex-President Iglesias, another eminent miner, is the owner of the greater part of the mines of Aguacate Mountain. A great many important personages and capitalists of the country are interested financially in the mining enterprises, and some believe that inside of 10 years or so the working of mines will be the principal industry of Costa
of
paid for at about half this rate. Mr. Roberto A. Crespi, the manager
and one
of
the leading stockholders,
is
Rica.
The mining laws are framed in a very liberal spirit. The Government has always observed a protecting and friendly attitude toward mining enterprises. In the time of Gen. Tomas Guardia a law was passed exempting from military service the men working in the mines. The Albangares Mining Syndicate has secured for itself, through contracts with the Government, concessions and advantages which the nation would doubtless grant to similar enterprises which, with well-defined purposes and with a capital deemed sufficient by the Government, would propose to organize companies for working the mines, seeing that, in granting these concessions, it had no other object in view but
I the great concessions obtained by the Albangares syndicate is that all

veins existing on the lands of the
its
the mining
company and on
those
it
may
acquire afterwards are
property, provided that it does not leave more than three consecutive years pass without working one or more of these veins. The other advantage consists in the exemption of all national taxes that may be provided for on its properties or on the products of the mines and on all the other works and accessory operations related to the working of said mines. The length of time for which this privilege or this concession holds good is 50 years. The machinery, tools, and explosives intended for the mines in general can be imported free of customs duties. The Albangares syndicate has assured itself this concession for 50 years; it includes not only free entry for machinery, tools, and explosives, but also of all necessary materials for the reduction of the ore, coal, fixed and rolling equipment for the construction of railroads, tramways, moles, telegraph and telephone lines, and the wood that it may import for the construction of shops and buildings and for use in the tunnels of the mines. The enterprise is also exempted from the payment of mole taxes, when it makes use of its own moles, but if it uses the Government moles it has to pay a tax of 5 colons per ton of 1,000 kilograms. The syndicate pays to the Government, according to the terms of the contract, a direct tax of 1 per cent per year on the gross product of the enterprise during the first 25 years of the contract, and 2 per cent on the same gross
product during the following 25 years. The company will also pay the municipal taxes already existing or which may be imposed later for building roads, bridges, schools, and for lighting and other public
services in the district
The minimum
sterling.
capital of the
where the properties of the syndicate are situated. company, according to the contract, must be 50,000
As we have
just said, the concessions granted
Goldfields Syndicate can be obtained
by any
founded and organized, which
solicits fi-om
by the Government to the Albangares other company of standing, already the Government in due form the con-
But it goes without saying that the concessions mentioned can not be extended to badly organized companies, the objects of which might not be well defined and whose capital might be insufficient.
clusion of a contract to this effect.
PAN AMEEICA
IJST
THE MAGAZINES.
917
Eemote South American HinterRubber World, is a comprehensive description by Leo E. Miller, the well-known explorer for the American Museum of Natural History, of the methods of collecting and marketing rubber in the remote regions indicated. Mr. Miller, in his four years of almost constant exploration and travel in the wilds of South America, has spent much of his time in the haunts of the rubber gatherers, and his entertaining descriptions give the
land, in the
Among
the Rubber Collectors of the
November
1,
1914, issue of the India
reader first-hand information relative to one of the greatest industries of the South American Continent. He writes
It has rarely been my privilege to penetrate into more primitive regions than the headwaters of the Orinoco, or into a land of greater promise than is found along the upper reaches of the Gy Parana, better known as tlie Rio Machado. The Gy Parana, it might be well to state, is one of the largest affluents of the Madeira. For many years its lower course has been known to adventurous seekers of orchids, rubber, and other natural products, all of which have been yielded in abundance; but it is only within the last few years that the course of the upper river has been thrown open to navigation of any kind. Even now only an occasional dugout ventures beyond the zone of pestilence and rapids into the land of hostile Indian tribes; but the way has nevertheless been opened, and within a comparatively short time this region will be giving up its fair quota of the natural riches that lie hidden in the vast, untrodden wilderness. The Orinoco is, no doubt, better known by name than the Machado, and at present it must suffice to give merely a vague idea of the remoteness of its hinterlands by citing that it requires approximately three months of travel from Ciudad Bolivar, 240 miles from the mouth of the mighty river, to reach the rapids of Guajaribo, far above the mouth of the Cassiquaire; beyond that point the river is wholly unknown. On February 28, 1913, I stopped at the barraca of one Senor Paiaquete, far up on the Orinoco, beyond the mouth of the Ventuari. The main building stood on a high bank 30 feet above the river, and was occupied by Senor Paraquete and his assistants. Several large rooms weie used as a venta or store and a fair stock of provisions and merchandise was carried. On one side was the camp of the full-blooded Indian employees, Maquiritares from the regions of the Cunacunuma, who lived in small palm-leaf huts with their families. On the other side stood long, thatched buildings, open all around, with scores of hammocks strung from the posts and beams; these were the quarters of the natives -Venezuelans and Zambos. In tlie rear, and some distance away, stood the smokehouses, completely inclosed with palm leaves except for one small door opening. Trails led into the forest from a number of points, and numerous dugouts tied to the landing indicated that work was also prosecuted on the other
.
Often, especially in the case of the Indians, man and wife worked Old-fashioned methods are employed entirely. The trees are girded with strips of palm pitch at the base which intercept the latex and deflect it into a folded This system is rather wasteful and injurious to the trees. leaf placed underneath.
side of the river.
together.
There is no fixed rule or custom for tapping the trees, the men hacking into the bark random, but occasionally the herringbone pattern of cut is used. Each man has two routes, and endeavors to have from 300 to 500 trees on each, seldom more, often He takes one less, according to the abundance of the rubber trees in the locality. trail one day, and the other the next, thus permitting the trees to rest on alternate days. If it rains the day's catch is spoilt, as latex mixed with water is worthless. The season of 1913 had been a poor one; at the beginning the flow was abundant and That was in of good quality, 100 pounds of latex yielding 60 pounds of rubber. December; by May 500 trees were producing only 25 pounds of milk, and this was of
at

such poor quality that
it
919
Of course, the trees
contained but 40 per cent of rubber.
had become weakened as the season advanced, wliich also accounts for the decrease in yield, but the main trouble had been almost constant rains long befoie the regular wet season. The milk was weighed as brought in by each man at midday and credited to his account; in the afternoon the whole force repaired to the smokehouse to work up the day's catch. A kind of wood called Mazarandul is used exclusively for the smudge; it is of a deep reddish color and grows plentifully along the river. The cost of transportation between the Upper Orinoco and Ciudad Bolivar is enormous. In the first place, the distance is very great and the river is full of rapids, necessitating long overland portages; all provisions have to be brought up, and the crude product has to be taken back down; there is always a great loss both ways from theft and wreckage, and as there is no regular system of navigation beyond the mouth of the Apure, the difficulties encountered in securing boats and crews are tremendous. The headquarters of the Orinoco rubber gatherers is San Fernando de Atabapo, containing about 100 huts, which is the only settlement above the Cataract of Maipures. In February the town was almost deserted. In May it was full of life. Numbers of people were arriving daily; there was dancing and gaming, eating and drinking, day and night, and many a man spent his entire season's earnings in a few evenings. The sight was not unlike that formerly seen in the western mining camps of our own country. Representatives of the big houses in Ciudad Bolivar, which had made advances
to the concessioners,
were there
of
to see that
they received
all
the rubber collected
by
their debtors.
The governor
the department (Alto Orinoco)

are not
made
*
his
home
*
farther
down the
river,
on the Rio Cataniapo, near the Rapids
of Atures.
abandoned during the rainy season but as the floods advance stand isolated above the muddy water, crowded with their human inhabitants, cMckens, pigs, and dogs. Many of the houses are built on piles, and the water comes up until it touches the floor. Cooking and washing are done on the front porch and canoes are tied to the posts in readiness for instant flight if necesBehind the huts, banana sary, or to use in gathering wood or visiting the neighbors. palms bend and bow gracefully as the current tugs at their bases, and a few vultures are usually perched on the roof. The whole presents a scene of devastation, but the people seem perfectly happy. If there is any high country within reach, the men may cut timber and collect copaiba oil or hunt for various kinds of gums. The gathering of Brazil nuts forms one of the chief occupations, and thousands of tons are brought down the various rivers annually. Canoes are hollowed out, palm leaves and poles for new huts are brought in, and everything is made shipshape so that there may be no delay in beginning the rubber season when the water recedes. There are invariably a few men in each camp who are famed for their prowess with gun and harpoon, and it has been my pleasure on several occasions to accompany these nimrods of the tropithe
cal jungles
On
Machado the rubber camps
on their long rambles in search
of
meat.
At Calama on the Madeira,
just opposite the
mouth
of
the Machado, are located
the headquarters of one of the best organized rubber companies I have found anywhere during my four years of explorations. It is the establishment of Asensi & Co., who
men; to-day they employ 3,500 men all told, and produce 700 tons of rubber annually, besides large quantities of copaiba oil, tobacco, lumber, and other natural products. Their concessions cover the entire country bordering the Machado and Commemoracion, extending inland a distance of 30 kilometers on each side of the water. In addition, the concern controls large tracts on
started business 18 years ago with 8
the Madeira.
The
buildings at Calama are large and comfortable, and besides living

cattle barns.
quarters include modernly equipped offices, storerooms, warehouses, carpenter and
machine shops, and

employees,
treatment.
resident physician
is
retained for the care of the

of of
who are brought down from the camps and cared for when in need Each department is in charge of competent officials, and the spirit
920
cooperation and efficiency is plainly visible even to the casual observer. All steamers plying on the Madeira call at this port, wliile numbers of the fleet of privately owned launches and other craft are arriving and departing at all hours of the day and night.
To reach the farthest outpost, each parcel has to be carried on four different launches, twice on mule back, eight times on men's backs, and five times in canoes and batelaos, a form of transportation at once difficult and time absorbing. In the working camjjs conditions are better than in many other regions. A rigid set of rules has been formed regulating the tapping of rubber trees, with which all
Provisions in enormous quantities are sent upriver.
tappers are compelled to comply in bleeding the precious Hevea Brasiliensis.

a long-handled, narrow-bladed ax
is
At
first
Used, which enables the
men
to
make an
incision
at twice their height from the ground.
ence
of at least 4
spans
is
(all
No tree is touched unless it has a circumfermeasurements are made with the hands, for convenience)
apart, so that
if
and
all
cuts
must be two spans
a tree has a circumference of 12 spans,
a circle of 6 spans
made each
day.
At
first
these cuts are of too great height above
the ground to permit of cups being placed to catch the latex, but they are necessary to simulate the flow of the sap, which nature intends to cleanse and close the wound
so that
it
may
readily heal.
tree,
To
facilitate the healing process
right angles
with the
but slantingly.
Each day
span below that of the previous day, so that within a cuts are within reach and the flow of milk is sufficient to be collected. A small tin cup is pushed into the bark under each incision, into wliich the sap flows. A shorthandled ax is now used and the rows of cuts, one beneath the other, are continued until the ground is reached, when new ones are started just halfway between the old ones, and this is continued indefinitely, so that the original openings are not reached again until many years later, when they have of course completely healed. The collector starts out in the early morning making the cuts and placing the cups, then he
the cut is not made at new ring of cuts is made one week after starting a tree the
and collects the catch. * * * Great care must be exercised in smoking the latex of Hevea. If allowed to stand too long, the finished product will contain numerous small holes like a cheese, and If prepared while perfectly fresh, it is smooth will be graded as of inferior quality. and firm and of the best quality. In preparing rubber in the old way that is, by pouring the latex over a paddle and revolving it in a column of smoke until a ball weighing several pounds had been formed there was always a considerable amount of loss to the producers, and for the following reason: It required the run of many days to produce a ball of this size with the result that on some days the latex was prepared properly and a peifect layer was added to the rapidly growing ball, while on other days the layer added was of a porous consistency. When the ball was finished and cut open for inspection the two qualities showed plainly and the whole
retraces his steps
ball,
including the
first-class layers,
The Asensi company has evolved

all this loss.
was classed as entre-fina or second quality. method of working up the latex that eliminates
Instead of the paddle, a

is
wood cylinder nine
or ten inches in diameter
and
off
a foot
wide
shallow spool.
vantages.
used; there are low flanges on the ends, and the whole resembles a After having been smoked the cylindrical piece of rubber is slipped
the form and cut open, resulting in a flat slab. This process possesses many adEach slab represents one day's -work for one man; the quality of the rubber is immediately visible, and the surface presented to the smoke is so large that
takes less time to prepare the latex.
is lost
it
The
flat slabs
pack
easily
is
and save
all
the
no possibility of mixing the two qualities, and the slabs dry perfectly and cut down the dead weight of water. In smoking the latex of Hevea Brasiliensis the nuts of Attalea Excelsa are used exclusively for the smudge.
space that
in packing the large, unwieldy balls; there
921
Financial Conditions in Argentina at the End of October, in the
November number of The Americas (pubHshed by the National City Bank of New York) summarizes the situation as viewed by Mr. R. O. Bailey, who has been in Buenos Aires since August 1, 1914,
engaged in arranging the preliminary details in connection with the establishment of a branch of the National City Bank of New York
in that city.
The following excerpts give the
salient features of
Mr. Bailey's communication:

There are signs of revival of business, but the readjustment of the disturbed economic position of Argentina depends upon the abundance of the growing cereal crop. The present outlook is for a plentiful harvest. There is still time, however, for damage to be done and predictions are made with these reservations. The customs receipts of the Argentine Government so far this year are about onethird less than the amount collected last year during the corresponding period. The great problem at present is to adjust the expenses of the Government to the decreased
account of the pressure of other matters, especially those pertaining commercial and industrial crisis. Congress was unable to agree on any definite plan for the budget prior to end of its session. President De La Plaza has therefore called a special session for the sole purpose of considering ways and means of reducing the various items of the budget of 1916. * * * Although the decrease of imports affects the Government seriously on account of
revenue.
to finances affecting the
On
the consequent decrease in duties collected, this

as its foreign indebtedness
is
is
otherwise beneficial to the country,
its gold reserve, which would otherwise be drawn down in satisfying abnormal European needs for the metal. About one-third of the old crop of maize has been exported and bottoms are in sight This, with the for the larger part of the remainder for the first part of November. exports later on of new crop wheat, will enable the country to liquidate a large part of its foreign indebtedness and start again with a new slate. The foreign exchange tangle, due to the large amount of exchange in transit when the war was declared, is gradually being straightened out with the assistance of the international moratorium, which provides for an extension of these obligations. There is still a large amount pending settlement, however, as banks and commercial
decreased and
it is
able to protect
houses were accustomed to work with capital obtained through the sale of long paper on Europe. They have been obliged to restrict their local credits to provide for the retirement of this paper and in turn merchants have been obliged to liquidate merchandise stocks. Many have been obliged to assign, even though at normal values their assets would have exceeded their liabilities considerably. All exchanges are, therefore, practically on a basis of canje transfer and the business is limited to the settlement of the reduced current transactions that are made on a cash basis, to payment of credits that have been called in Europe, and to the remittances for the needs
which always reach large totals. which Government finances have been handled in previous years of prosperity has tended to alleviate abnormal conditions that have affected all parts of the world, and it is safe to say that Argentina's position, when
of Argentine families abroad,
The conservative manner
in
everything
is
considered,
is
very favorable.
All of the treasury notes of the National
retired during the prior administration so that this resource is available for liquidation of current expenses that may be urgent without creating an
Government had been

unwieldy amount
of floating debt.
The Present Best Policy Toward South American Trade, by Hon. John Barrett, Director General of the Pan American Union, is another short article in the same number of The Americas, which
.Aw.^'
Us
III
^'S
ft-
6^^
o
1^4 St; -2
< o
H W
'&a
l1
tit

outlines commercial conditions in Latin
923
affected
America as
by the
not alone
European war.
Mr. Barrett writes in part:

is
Advices emphasize that what

the manufactured products
rates for
of
needed
at this
hour in Latin America
is
the United States, which are required in very con-
siderable quantities, but generous credits on these purchases, markets at reasonable
raw products which usually go to Europe, ready money and loans. If Latin America can sell at a fair figure her accumulating raw products and buy in turn through receiving financial help and cooperation in the form of advances and
United States exporters, importers, and bankers, the situation will be speedily remedied and the commercial interests of the United States and Latin America will truly enter upon a new era of Pan American commerce and comity. * * *
credits from
The European war, while greatly lessening the sources of Latin-American imports and the market for exports, and opening a correspondingly greater opportunity to United States exports and imports, has so unavoidably affected Latin American financial resources and commercial machinery that it must require several months or a year before conditions can readjust themselves and permit results that many United States business men expect immediately. * * * A great stream of letters and telegrams from both North and South America are daily pouring into the office of the Pan American Union, as the international American bureau of information, and they prove the widespread interest in the field and opportunity; but they are invariably answered not only with the statement of the actual opportunity but with an admonition that the Latin-American market, while vastly potential, is at this moment embarrassed by a serious financial stringency and dislocation of commercial conditions for which it is not in itself to blame. The opportunity of the hour, therefore, in a word, is not so much one for immediate large sales of United States manufactured products as one for cooperation and mutual help, together with careful investigation of commercial conditions and preparation to meet future competition.
Bank Acceptances and Dollar Credits is another notable article in. The Americas, which deals with the probable effect of the Federal
reserve act in financing foreign trade and thereby offering material aid
especially to the
and the countries
development of trade between the United States of Latin America. The following excerpts give
the gist of the article.
One of the immediate difficulties arising from the conditions produced by the European war is that of financing foreign trade. Since the outbreak of hostilities there has occurred in most of the important financial centers of the world a more or less complete breakdown of exchange facilities and international credit. This is especially true of our trade with South America. The war has created an
opportunity for selling our manufactures in place of those normally supplied by European countries. But it has also caused the withdrawal, to a large measure, of Europe's financial support, on which South America has placed extensive reliance.
Without outside credit her buying power is seriously curtailed. One of the conclusions reached by the Latin-American trade committee is that, unless the restriction of commercial credits be remedied, we will not only be imable to extend our trade, but we will lose a considerable portion of that which we already have. If we accept an estimate by Mr. John Barrett, Director General of the Pan American Union, New York alone may lose for this reason $200,000,000 worth of business with Latin America
this year.
Can
it
be expected that our banks, already under severe pressure, can render appre-
ciable service in meeting this extraordinary condition?
-924
The power of acceptiug bills of exchange recently given national banks by the Federal reserve act, facilitating the establishment of an active discount market, has an important bearing on this problem. It has, in effect, created a vast amount of potential credit hitherto imavailable, which can be used only in financing foreign
trade.
The
act referred to reads, in part, as follows:
"
Any member bank may accept drafts or bills of exchange drawn upon it and growing
out of transactions involving the importation or exportation or goods having not more than six months' sight to run; but no bank shall accept such bills to an amount equal at any time in the aggregate to more than one-half its paid-up capital and surplus.
"Any Federal reserve bank may discount acceptances which are based on the importation or exportation of goods, and which have a maturity at time of discount " of not more than three months, and indorsed by at least one member bank. * * * In Europe the need of the standardization of commercial paper receives its proper
recognition.
Each merchant
bill that is
selling
an accepted
marketable.
made
is siifEciently
good, the bill
goods on time sees to it that he is provided with If the credit of the house to which the sale is would be acceptable, but if not the buyer must
arrange for a
bank acceptance.
An
becomes the
direct obligation of the
placed in general circulation, and is determined solely by the current rate
accepted bill is like a certified check, in that it bank accepting it. As such, it can be readily available for discount at any time and at a price
of interest.
between the methods in vogue here and in Europe has been that commercial transactions were financed in this country by notes; in Europe by bills The one constitutes an unsalable investment; the other a prime, quick of exchange. Credit resources of American banks have been strictly limited to the amount asset. European banks, on the other hand, have been in a position to of their real assets. assume a contingent liability far in excess of this limitation by accepting and trans-
The
difference
ferring bills of exchange.
by the London bill are not overstated in an article appearLondon Economist, just prior to the war, which reads: "The bill on London is the currency of the world. It is the only currency of the world. It represents gold, but it is better than gold and is preferred to gold because transferable with greater rapidity, greater'ease, greater certainty, and infinitely less It has, therefore, become the universal world currency, which, and which risk of loss. alone, the producer and handler of all nations will accept as wholly satisfactory and sufficient. There is nothing like it elsewhere. No such function is performed by a The
services performed
ing in the
on Paris, on Berlin, or on New York. " In ordinary times the amount of money employed in the London bill market is estimated at 12,250,000,000. The importance of the new source of credit which will be placed at the disposal of American manufacturers, exporters and importers, by the operation of the Federal
bill
may be appreciated when it is considered that the combined and surplus of all the national banks amounted in June to 11,781,530,601, and The amount of accepted bills of exof New York City banks alone to 1237,705,000. change arising out of foreign trade transactions which the new law permits to be outstanding at any one time may aggregate 50 per cent of these amounts. Assuming the average time the bills will run to be four months, the annual volume of foreign trade capable of being financed in this way alone can equal one and a half times these huge figures. It is possible that a partial solution, at least, of the problem of financing a growing trade with South America and other countries may be found here, in spite
reserve banking system,
capital
of
the unusual difficulties resulting from the effects of the war.
Now
that the Federal reserve act has given this country the opportunity,
it is
hoped that banks and the business community generally will cooperate to the end that an international discount market will be established for service to our commerce. Not only is this essential to the success of the new banking system now
sincerely

it is
925
way the bill on New York can be made an acceptable being initiated, but form of payment to foreign merchants. If we can not hope to establish the dollar immediately in the high place now occupied by the pound sterling, we can at least
the only
strive to raise it to a higher position than it has heretofore held in public regard, and,
by
degrees, establish direct dollar exchange throughout the world.
Facilities for Shipping to South America, in the
same publication,
gives the following assurance that adequate shipping facilities to South and Central American countries are at present available to
the exporters of the United States:
A canvass among ship owners and operators, however, indicates that there is no tendency on their part to curtail existing schedules, and that, for the present at least, there is nothing to warrant any anxiety on the part of prospective shippers of inadequate shipping facilities. The loss of the Vandyk is looked upon as the destruction of a vessel by fire would be regarded; that is, as an unfortunate accident of chance and not as evidence of a serious and widespread danger sufficient to cause the cessation of all shipping in those waters. The statement is freely made that ships can be
found to carry the freight. Furthermore, there are several lines operating from with ships of American or neutral registry, and which
New York
to
are, therefore,
South America immune from
the interference of war vessels of belligerent countries. The west coast is well served by the American steamers of the New York & South American Line, which operates a regular service to Peru and Chile through the Panama Canal, without transshipment. It is additionally served by the American steamers of the Panama Railroad Co. and
the United Fruit Co., which ply regularly between New York and Colon, where freight can be transshipped to the steamers of the Compania Sud America de Vapores and the Peruvian Steamship Co., both sailing under neutral flags for ports in Chile and Peru.
is reached by vessels of the United States & Brazilian Steamship Line, the Lloyd Brazileiro, and Punch, Edye & Co., which fly American, Brazilian, or Norwegian flags. The Barber Line is operating an American vessel, the Dochra, between New York and Argentina, the next saiUng being scheduled for November 30. December will see the inauguration of another regular service of steamers, under the American flag, between New York and the River Plate, provided by the Norton Line, which has recently transferred two steamers from British to American registry for this purpose, the San Francisco and Bantu. The plans of manufacturers of this country for entering the South American field at this time should not, therefore, be unduly influenced by any consideration of inadequate shipping facilities. It is true that freight rates are 25 per cent above nor-
Brazil
mal and that war insurance rates on freight sent by merchantmen of belligerent nations adds materially to the cost of doing business, but these same conditions apply to shipments from Europe and other competitive countries while South America is dependent upon overseas' sources for many indispensable lines of manufactured articles.
St.
The Central American Court of Justice, by Joseph Wheless, of the Louis (Mo.) bar, in the December number of Case and Comment (Rochester, N. Y.), is an article which deals in a most comprehensive way with the formation, scope, and activities of this unique international tribunal. Mr. Wheless is the author of a compendium of Mexican law and has practiced in the Mexican courts, while his contributions to the Bulletin of Comparative Law of the American Bar Association are well known. In this instance he deals with a subject that is especially pertinent, as he describes a tribunal which
70015Bull. 614
6
926
has been established for some years and where practical and efficient work has averted international strife in Latin American countries and whose counterpart, on a larger scale, could have been established The in Europe and perhaps averted the disastrous war of to-day. following excerpts touch the salient features of the court:
tuted
The most notable tribunal In idealism and in among men, is the Central American Court
potential practicality ever instiof Justice, established in Cartago,
reality of the
Having in mind the triumphant Supreme Court of tlie United States, and the embryonic (and now seemingly aborted) permanent court of arbitral justice of the Hague, this may seem an exaggerated estimate of this new international tribunal. But the American Supreme Court is an interstate coiu-t of an "indissoluble union" of States into one national government, and The Hague tribunal is neither a court nor permanent; while the jurisdiction of both is far more restricted than is that of the Central American court. The latter, too, owes its origin to the consummate genius of the American
Costa Rica, under the treaty of Washington of 1907.
Secretary of State, Elihu Root,

international court
who
inspired
it
with the lofty conception
of
a true
which he sought in his instructions to the American delegates to the Second Hague Conference, to have impressed upon its proposed tribunal: "It should be your effort to bring about a development of the Hague tribunal into a permanent tribunal composed of judges who are judicial officers and nothing else; * * * and who will devote their entire time to the trial and decision of international causes by judicial methods and under a sense of judicial responsibility." This is the judicial ideal realized in the constitution of the Central American Court of Justice, the essential features of which, and of its far-reaching jurisdiction, as traced in these pages, must vindicate the high hopes entertained for this unique
international court.
The convention
in
for the
establishment of a Central American Court of Justice recites
its preamble that the Governments of the named Republics "for the purpose of maintaining unalterable peace and harmony in their relations, without in any case being obliged to have recourse to the employment of force," conclude a convention for "the constitution of a court of justice charged with realizing such high aims."
In its first article the parties agree to constitute and maintain a permanent tribunal "to which they bind themselves to submit all controversies or questions which may arise among them, of whatsoever nature or origin they may be, in the event that their respective chancelleries have not been able to reach an agreement." There is here no reservation of "questions of national honor or vital interests," as is the vogue in so many treaties of arbitration; every question between honorable nations is submitted to the judicial settlement of a court of justice in the same way that law-abiding citizens have recourse to the courts instead of to the code duello of the street fight to settle their questions of personal honor or vital interest. The jurisdiction of the court is further defined with the amplest latitude of power of oyer and terminer, in Articles II to IV, in terms which I epitomize slightly from the Spanish text as follows: " This court shall likewise have jurisdiction of questions which individuals of one Central American country may raise against any of the other contracting Governments on account of the violation of treaties or conventions and in other cases of an international character, whether their own Government supports such claim or not, provided that the remedies which the laws of the respective country afford against such violation shall have been exhausted or a denial of justice be shown. Also of all cases which the contracting Governments by mutual consent may submit to it, whether
arising
between two
or
more
of
them
viduals, as well as of cases arising
or between any of said Governments and indibetween any of said Governments and individuals

when they mutually consent to submit such question to the court. Also of national questions which by special agreement may be submitted to it by any
Central American Governments and that of a foreign nation
.
927
interof the
Also of conflicts which
may
arise
between the
is to
cial decisions or
legislative, executive, and judicial powers, and when the judithe resolutions of the National Congress shall not be respected."
The
court
have
its
seat at Cartago, Costa Rica,
where the munificence
of
Mr.
Carnegie erected a handsome palace of justice for its use, which has since been destroyed by an earthquake. The court is composed of five judges, one appointed by each
Republic, "and selected from among the jurists who possess the qualifications which the laws of each country prescribe for the exercise of high judicial office, and who enjoy the highest consideration both because of their moral character and their pro-
Two substitute judges, having like qualifications, are to be appointed also by each country, from among whom vacancies are to be filled. The attendance of all five judges is requisite to make a legal quorum in the decision of the court. The judges and substitutes are appointed by the legislative power of each country for the term of five years, and may be reelected; their salaries and the expenses of the courts are paid equally by all the countries. The judges enjoy the privileges and immunities granted to the highest magistrates, and in the other contracting countries have those of diplomatic agents. The judges during their term can not hold any other office or engage in the practice of their profession. At the beginning of each annual session the court will elect a president and vice president, appoint a secretary, treasurer, and other necessary officers, and draw up an estimate of its
fessional ability."
expenses.
*
is
empowered to make its rules of organization, to formulate the rules of procedure which may be necessary, and to determine the forms and terms not prescribed in the convention. In compliance with this provision, the court, which was
The
court
immediately organized by the appointment of judges of exceptional ability and adopted its "reglamento" or rules of internal organization, and its "ordinance of procedure." The former concerns the character and organization of the court, its jurisdiction and powers, the regulations concerning the judges and officials All these are merely compleof the court, and the modus operandi of the court. mentary of the provisions of the convention, or matters of internal routine, and need not be stated. I will quote, however, the declaration contained in Article I, in which the judges thus express their formal estimate of the court and its functions: "The object of- the Central American Court of Justice is to guarantee with its authority, based upon the honor of the States, and within the limits of the powers which have been granted to it, the rights of each of them in their reciprocal relations and to mainIt is, by its nature, by its attributions, and by tain peace and harmony among them. the character of its jurisdiction, a permanent court of international justice, with power to adjudge and decide, upon petition, all the cases included in its constitutive
integrity,
law."
*
of
The formal inauguration
the court took place on
May
15, 1908,
amid much
cere-
an occasion, in the handsome building erected at Cartago. Hardly had the court been installed, before it became possessed of its first case, and for the first time in the world's history was the solemn spectacle presented of a court This first of justice sitting in judgment between nations, parties litigant before it. case is remarkable in several respects, beginning with the unique fact that the court itself by telegraph, on July 8, invited the parties to invoke its jurisdiction, instead of prosecuting a war of the Republics just pledged to unaltered peace and friendship,
mony
befitting so notable
Another remarkable feature is that, in response to the telegraphic invitation, formal complaints were promptly lodged with the court by the Government of Honduras against El Salvador and Guatemala. These complaints, together with all the pleadings and orders in the cause, were transmitted by telegraphindeed, an innovation in
928
court procedure.

The
record in this cause celebre
* * *
is
183 pages of opinion of the court,
which
recites in extenso the pleadings,
documentary, and oral evidence, the consid-
erandos and judgment of the court.
court at once, on July 13, 1908, made an interlocutory order in the nature of a writ of injunction, prohibitory and mandatory, in which, "in order to fix the status
The
in which the high interested parties are to remain pending the final decision of the case," it ordered and adjudged the following remarkable dispositions:
"The Governments of El Salvador and Guatemala must (a) refrain from any military measure or movement, naval or land, and from all acts, of whatsoever nature, which might directly or indirectly imply interference in the Republic of Hondiu-as; (6) confine in one place all emigrants suspected of being interested in the Honduran revolution or of being hostile toward the Honduran Government; (c) prevent preparations from being made, or any kind of requisites intended to help or foment the conflict
prosecute any person who abets the struggle in disarm and confine in one place any revolutionary force entering their territory; (/) discharge any Central American emigrants holding positions as officers in their service, and compel them to reside in their respective capitals, subject to strict vigilance; (g) reduce their military forces to the proportion necessary for their ordinary service, plus the detachments required at suitable places along the frontiers for the purpose of preventing assistance being offered the revolutionists in the shape of men, war stores, or subsistence supplies. On its part, the Honduran Government shall refrain from any act of hostility against the aforementioned Republics. Signed by all the judges and countersigned by the secretary of the coiut. Mirabile dictu The simple decree of a court stopped the war, the sovereign defendants submitted to judicial writs, the revolution in Honduras collapsed! Law had triumphed over arms, and an order of court over a Latin American revolution. All the parties readily accepted the judicial decision; a casus belli thus became a res judicata. My friend. Dr. James Brown Scott, president of the American Society
within their
territories; (d) rigorously

(e)
any manner;
'
'
Law, and editor of its quarterly journal, commenting on this decision, decision marks a great progress toward the judicial settlement of international disputes, and shows the complete analogy between public and private
of International
aptly says:
"The
law." * * * Before closing this study of the truly remarkable tribunal of Central America, I can not forbear to add a plea for its greater usefulness by extending its jurisdiction through the adhesion of the other Republics of America, thus transforming it into a real Pan
American tribunal
nations of the
for the
adjudication of
all
questions and controversies
among the
New World. A greater and nobler temple,
erected at Colon or Panama,
on the line of what President Wilson happily terms "the new center gravity of the world," and which brings the three Americas close together at a common center of material interest and spiritual unity, would be the noblest monument to America's colossal mechanical achievement. The Panama Canal, open to the peaceful trafl&c of the world, and the Pan American court, dedicated to peace through justice in all America would be the most ennobling inspiration to the coming ages, and America's
enduring contribution
to
the welfare of the world and ad majorem Dei Gloriam.
Over
the portals of this temple should be sculptured the golden words of Secretary Bryan, addressed to the assembled nations of America: "God has made us neighbors; let justice
make us
friends."
CAI
IMPORTANT MEETING OF GOVERNING BOARD.
United States and the diplomatic representatives in Washington of the 20 Latin American countries, met on December 8, 1914, in the board room of the Pan American Building, and adopted the followof the Secretary of State of the
THE
Governing Board
of the
Pan American Union, composed
ing preamble and resolutions
The Governing Board

1.
of the
Pan American Union

is of
declares:
of inter-
That the magnitude
of the present
European war presents new problems
national law the solution of which
equal interest to the entire world. 2. That the form in which the operations of the belligerents are developing redound to the injury of the neutrals.
3.
erents
is
That the principal cause for this result is that the respective rights of the belligand of the neutrals are not clearly defined, notwithstanding that such definition demanded both by general convenience and by the spirit of justice which doubt-
less
animates the belligerents with respect to the interests of the neutrals. That considerations of every character call for a definition of such rights as promptly as possible upon the principle that liberty of commerce should not be restricted beyond the point indispensable for military operations. On these grounds the Governing Board of the Pan American Union resolves: 1. A special commission of the same is hereby appointed, to consist of nine members,
4.
of
thereof,
2.
which the Secretary ex officio.
of State of the
United States
shall
form part, acting as chairman
This commission shall study the problems presented by the present European
war, and shall submit to the governing board the suggestions it

interest.
may deem
of
common
In the study
of questions of a technical character this
commission will
consult the board of jurists.

3.
tions as
Each Government may submit to the committee such plans or suggested resolumay be deemed convenient on the different subjects that circumstances
these resolutions consists of the
The committee appointed under

Secretary of State, Hon. William
J.
Bryan, chairman; Senor Domicio da Gama, Ambassador from Brazil; Senor Don Eduardo Suarez Mujica, Ambassador from Chile; Seiior Dr. Romulo S. Naon, Ambassador from Argentina; Senor Dr. Carlos Maria de Pena, Minister from Uruguay; Senor Don Federico Alfonso Pezet, Minister from Peru; Senor Dr. Alberto Membreno, Minister from Honduras; Senor Dr. Gonzalo S. Cordova, Minister from Ecuador; and Seiior Dr. Carlos Manuel de Cespedes, Minister from Cuba, secretary. At the meeting, which was presided over by Secretary Bryan, in his capacity of chairman ex officio, most of the members of the board and the chairman himself spoke each in turn. The preamble and resolution
929
PAN AMERICAN NOTES.
931
introduced by the Ambassador of the Argentine Repubhc, with the addition introduced by the Minister of Uruguay, show the concern felt by all the people of the 21 Republics of America because of the European war as a world-wide calamity, and also in so far as it affects the interests and commerce of the American Republics. This is considered one of the most important meetings of the governiag
board, and marks a new era in Pan American solidarity. The special committee appointed under the resolution has invited all the Governments of the Union, through their respective representatives in Washington, to present to the committee such memoranda or propositions on the subject as they may deem expedient, so that every one of the countries concerned may have an opportunity to cooperate in framing such suitable measures as may secure the amelioration of the conditions that exist to-dav.
THE AMBASSADORS FROM CHILE AND ARGENTINA.

Early in December President Woodrow Wilson ofhcially received ambassadors extraordinary and plenipotentiary two distinguished diplomats of America, Sr. Don Eduardo Suarez-Mujica and Sr. Dr. R6mulo S. Naon, erstwhile envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of, respectively, the Repubhc of Chile and the Argentine Republic. The elevation of these gentlemen to the position of ambassador reflects distinction upon the high character of their
as
Once again the Pan American respective diplomatic missions. Union extends congratulations to these members of the governing board who have been so singularly honored. Elsewhere in this issue there are pubMshed in full the cordial expressions of comity and
amity exchanged between the ambassadors and^the President of the United States on the occasion of their presenting their letters of
credence.
PAN AMERICAN SOCIETY TO HONOR NEW AMBASSADORS.
Announcement has been made that the Pan American Society of the United States, of which Hon. Hemy White is the president and Secretary of State Bryan and Ambassador da Gama of Brazil are honorary presidents, will entertain its members at a luncheon to be given at New York City, the latter part of January, in honor of the distmguished diplomats, Sr. pon Eduardo Suarez-Mujica, and
Dr. Romulo S. Naon, who have been officially received as ambassadors extraordinary and plenipotentiary of, respectively, Chile and Argentina.
Sr.
THE ARGENTINE AMBASSADOR, DR. ROMULO S. NAON, AND THE UNITED STATES AMBASSADOR TO ARGENTINA, HON. FREDERIC J. STIMSON,
Photograph taken in fiont of the Department of State Building when the two the Secretary of State Bryan. Ambassador Stimson is near the automobile, with
following.
called
upon
Na(5n
PAN AMERICAN NOTES.

PAN AMERICAN EDUCATIONAL RELATIONS.
933
title Intellectual and Cnltural Relations Between the United States and the Other Eepublics of America, the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace has published a very interesting report made by Dr. Harry Erwin Bard on the recent tour of the principal capitals of South America by a party of university men. This tour, conducted under the auspices of the American Association for International Conciliation and with the sanction and support of
Under the
the Carnegie
lows:
This tour
is
Endowment, was organized
for purposes set out as fol-
a part of the general plan of the American ABsociation for International
Conciliation to encourage exchange of visits between persons distioguished in different

callings or professions in the
United States and in other Republics
of
America in conis to
nection with the work of developing closer intellectual and cultural relations between
the peoples of these Republics.
The immediate
object of this visit
become
acquainted with some of the leading personalities of the countries to be visited, to know some of the more important institutions, to become familiar with the method and material of instruction in certain important subjects, such as geography, history,
languages, etc.,
and to gather information and to collect material relative to different phases of higher education, particularly such as will have especial interest for graduate students of the
will tend to
United
States.
much will be accomplished which improve instruction in our schools in the geography of the South American States, the history of early civilization ia the New World, and in Spanish colonization in South and Central as well as in North America; to promote instruction in the Spanish and Portuguese languages and the better articulation of this instruction with the It is life and the institutions of the peoples of America who speak these languages. hoped also that through these visits the exchange of students, of teachers, and proBack of all fessors or specialists in different fields may be successfully encouraged. this is, of course, the development of a common knowledge and experience which is fundamental to good understanding and friendly relations between nations.
It is expected that as a direct result of these visits
That the tour was made at an opportune time and that it wiU be productive of far-reaching and beneficial results must be patent to aU who read this report. Courtesies and hospitable attentions were shown the party in every city visited, and many of these pleasant
incidents are mentioned specifically.
of the party It
is
evident that the
members
were gratified by these cordial receptions, and, to quote Dr. Bard, ''It is certain that all members brought back with them a more adequate conception of the countries visited and of their people than they could have received in any other way, and that the general impressions on both sides were good." In the following paragraphs Dr. Bard strikes the keynote of this important effort to bring the peoples of the United States and the other Repubhcs of America into closer touch socially and intellectually:
Nothing perhaps could have served quite 'so well to bring out the importance of at this particular time looking to the development of closer relations of an intellectual and cultiu-al character between our people and the people of these other Republics or to prepare the way for successful work of this kind as has this visit which
work
934
the the past, more now.
wisdom and geBerosLty of the endowment made possible. If this need existed in Owing to the present unfortunate conditions in Europe, tnese Republics of America are practically cutoff from these important nations with which their political and commercial relations, as well as their intellectual and cultural
relations,
have been closest. More, then, perhaps, from necessity than from choice and commercial relations with us become closer day by day. If these relations are to be free from needless friction and vexatious misunderstandings, and close friendly relations with these countries are to be maintained and strengtliened, the more rapid development of closer relations of an intellectual and cultural character with them is really imperative, and in this work the interest of all institutions of culture and learning in the United States and in those countries should be enlisted and their effective cooperation secured.
will their political
PROF. LEO
S.
ROWE AT LA PLATA UNIVERSITY.
Advices from Argentina refer to the recent presence of Prof. Leo S. Kowe in that country and his series of lectures at the National University of La Plata in terms of cordial praise. Dr. Rowe has concluded his courses at the university and is now touring Chile and Peru, improving every opportunity to develop a better understanding between the United States and the countries of Latin America, encouraging closer ties of friendship and intercourse, and
creating a stronger
Pan American
spirit.
many
years with Pan American affairs. Dr. Rowe conspicuous position he occupies in Pan American
of the
is
Intimately associated for is entitled to the

circles.
As
pro-
fessor of political science in the University of Pennsylvania
and
chairman
Prof. character.
American Academy
of Political and^ Social Science,
Rowe
qualified to speak authoritatively
on questions
of this
At La Plata he
delivered three courses of lectures, viz,
a series of public addresses, an advanced course on problems of interIt
national law, and a course to special students on municipal problems. is, moreover, peculiarly appropriate that Prof. Rowe should have
been favored with this opportunity to speak at La Plata, from which university he received the honorary degree of LL. D. Dr. Rowe's public addresses were well attended and received wide publicity in
the press of Argentina.
AMBASSADOR NAON HONORED.
The
feature of the sixteenth annual dinner of the Pennsylvania
Society in
New
York, given December
12, 1914,
was the presentation
of a gold medal| to Sr. [Dr.
Rcmulo S. Naon, ambassador of Argentina. Former Gov. Edwin S. Stuart, of Pennsylvania, in presenting the medal aUuded to Dr. Naon as the diplomat "who within
the past week, on behalf of his Government, has sought to define the
and justice." In his speech of acceptance the ambassador dwelt on present commercial
rights of neutral nations on principles of right
RECEPTION OF HON. HENRY
GOVERNMENT PALACE, SANTIAGO, NOVEMBERaQ,
P.
FLETCHER AS UNITED STATES AMBASSADOR TO CHILE, AT THE

1914.
Upper: The reception-room at the palace of La Moneda where President Ram6n Barros Luco of Chile received the credentials of Ambassador Fletcher. Front ro.v, left to right: Sr. Don Absalon Valencia, minister of justice; Sr. Don Guillermo Barros Jara, minister of interior; the United States Ambassador; the President of Chile; Sr. Don Manuel Salinas, minister of foreign affairs; Sr. Don Julio Garces, minister of public works; Sr. Don Alberto Edwards, minister of finance. Second ro .v: Sr. Don Carlos Castro Ruiz, subsecretary of foreign affairs; aid-de-camp of the President; Capt. Earl Biscoe, military attache. United States Embassy; secretary of the President; George T. Summerlin, first secretary of the embassy; aid-de-camp of the President; Perry Belden, second secretary of the embassy; Mr. Harriman, private secretary to the ambassador. Lower: The ambassador and official party leaving the palace of
",
under military
escort.
936
conditions in Argentina and the opportunities for the development of trade relations between his country and the United States and the promotion of the common interests of the two great Republics.
OPENING OF EXPOSITION AT PANAMA POSTPONED.
The Bulletin
is
in receipt of advices stating that the opening of
the National Exposition of Panama, which was to have taken place on January 1, 1915, in commemoration of the building of the Panama
Canal, has been postponed until
March
first of
13, 1915.
Inability to
is
have
everything in readiness by the reason for the postponement.
the year
ascribed as the
SPANISH PAVILION AT THE PANAMA-PACIFIC EXPOSITION.
movement has been
started
by the Ibero-Americans
of
San
Francisco to provide a special pavilion at the Panama-Pacific International Exposition to serve as a general headquarters for all Spaniards and people of Spanish descent who may visit the exposition. The organization is known as the League of the Ibero-American Race,
drawn from the various Spanish societies and established in San Francisco, and includes members of the diplomatic and consular corps of several foreign governments. The local organization expects to interest numerous Spanish societies throughout the Americas and hopes to raise a fund
and
its
membership
is
organizations
already
sufficient to build a creditable pavilion, thus
adding to the comfort
and pleasure of thousands of Spanish-American visitors. Consul Count del Valle de Salazar, of Spain, has been made honorary president of the league, and Consul General Encarnacion Mejia, of Salvador, honorary vice president. Prof. Oreste OuiUe is the active president; Sr. Fernando Garcia, chancellor of the Spanish consulate, secretary general; and Sr. Adolf o Vico, executive 'secretary.
SOUTHERN COMMERCIAL CONGRESS ESTABLISHES BUREAU OF

TRANSLATION.
The Southern Commercial

service to
Congress, in order to be of
its
still
greater
American manufacturers and exporters, has established a

connection with
foreign trade department.
to translate circulars, catalogues, booklets,
bureau
of translations in
The bureau wiU undertake

business letters,
of the world.
etc.,
from the leading commercial languages be done by educated natives of the several countries, all of whom have had experience as official and That attractive literature, printed in the correct private translators. and technical language of the country in which trade is desired, is an essential element in the building up of foreign commerce is patent to
into and
is
The work
to
ZT: P<m 0+3
<a
938
every business man who knows anything of the value of advertising, and the Southern Commercial Congress is to be congratulated on its progressive spirit in thus furnishing the means whereby such literature may be published in any language desired.
THE PAN AMERICAN MASS.
The Pan American mass which has become a notable feature of Day celebrations at Washington, was again solemnized on Thursday, November 26, 1914, at St. Patrick's Church. The President of the United States was officially represented by Secretarv of State Bryan. Attending the mass and uniting in praises for peace was a large number of high officials including members of the Cabinet, justices of the Supreme Court, members of the diplothe Thanksgiving
matic corps, especially from the countries of Central and South America, and others prominent in the official and social life of the Cardinal Gibbons, Bishop Patrick J. Donohue, of Wheehng, Capital. W. Va.; Bishop Thomas J. Shahan, of the Cathohc University of Washington, together with other church dignitaries occupied seats within the chancel rail and assisted in the mass. The church was
adorned with the colors of the 21 American nations of the Western Hemisphere, and the pews reserved for each of the embassies and legations were designated by thg flags of the countries they represent. The special prayer for peace was read by Right Rev. Monsignor William T. Russell, rector of St. Patrick's Church, who inaugurated Preceding the prayer, Rev. John Cavathese services six years ago. naugh, president of Notre Dame University, of Indiana, preached a stirring sermon in which he expressed the hope that
here in this
may
shall
arise a
new world, aloof from inherited animosities and ancient grudges, new civilization, whose watchword shall be brotherhood, whose
shall
there
ideal
be service and whose dream
be the reign
of
peace and universal good
will.
Rev. Cavanaugh paid special tribute to President Wilson and Secretary Bryan for their efforts in the direction of peace. Following the church services Monsignor Russell was host at a luncheon in the rectory of the church at which a number of distinguished guests met. Monsignor Russell, as toastmaster, welcomed and thanked them for their assistance in making the Pan American celebration a success. The speakers were Cardinal Gibbons, Secretary of State Bryan, the ambassador from Brazil, Sr. Domicio da Gama, and Director General Each of the guests was preBarrett of the Pan American Union. sented with a silver medal struck for the occasion and bearing on one side a reproduction of the Christ of the Andes statue, and on the obverse this inscription, "St. Patrick's Church, Thanksgiving Day, Nov. 26, 1914. Rt. Rev. William T. Russell."
mm
mn^
u^^
"i-^"^^
JS-'h
940

DEATH OF MR. ROCKHILL.
Hon. WilUam Woodville Rockcame as a severe shock to his many friends in official and private circles at Washington and in the foreign countries where he had served with honor and distinction. It was but a short few months ago when the Bulletin in these very columns extended sincere fehcitations to Mr, RockhiU on his appointment as foreign
The sad
intelligence of the death of
hill,
at Honolulu,
adviser at large to the President of the Chinese Repubhc. Mr. Rockhill achieved remarkable success in his diplomatic career, having reached through the various grades the high position of ambassador. His diplomatic missions included that of minister to China and Greece, and ambassador to Russia and Turkey. For a number of years he was Assistant Secretary of State, and was also a former director of the International Bureau of American Republics, now
the Pan American Union. An experience]of his early ^career which is frequently recounted was his fearless penetration into Thibet disguised as a Chinaman, an undertaking fraught with grave peril In the death of Mr. Rockhill the world has lost one of the few great
authorities
on China and the Orient, and America one
of its foremost
diplomatists.
LATIN AMERICAN TRADE CONFERENCE OF THE
NEW
YORK,
NEW
HAVEN & HARTFORD
R. R.
An important conference on Latin American trade was held under the auspices of The New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad at Boston, Mass., Tuesday, December 15, 1914. The gathering was arranged by the industrial bureau of the railroad and a Ust of speakers
fully conversant
with general trade and banking conditions in the
countries of South and Central America addressed the meeting.
The meeting which was preceded by a compHmentary luncheon took place at the' New American House and was weU attended by
prominent manufacturers and commercial representatives of Boston and other New England centers. Mr. Howard Elliott, chahman of the board and president of the railroad, presided, and introduced the following speakers: Director General John Barrett, Pan American Union; W. S. Kies, foreign department. National City Bank of New York; Dr. Edward E. Pratt, Chief, Bureau Foreign and Domestic Commerce; Prof. S. O. Martin, graduate school of business administration. Harvard University; Hon. John F. Fitzgerald, chairman, committee on foreign trade, Boston Chamber of Commerce; Dr. W. E. Aughinbaugh, editor LesHe's, New] York; Thomas F. Anderson, secretary, New England Shoe and Leather Association; V. Gonzales, NaA souvenir booklet tional Association of Manufacturers, New York. entitled, "Trade Opportunities in South America," was presented to

PAlSr AMEEICAlil'
NOTES.
941
In tabloid form this pamphlet presents manufacturer and exporter seeking information on the subject of foreign trade.
those attending the session.
a
number
of useful suggestions to the""
CRUISE AROUND SOUTH AMERICA.

All-around- the-world tours as well as the shorter trips to Europe having been cut out, for the time being, by the European war at least as far as the habitual tourist and ordinary traveler is concerned
now
is the accepted time for the confirmed globe-trotter, as well as for the occasional wanderer, to acquaint himself with the scenic beauties, hospitable people, and commercial opportunities to be found in the countries of Central and South America and the charming islands
of the
West Indies. Numerous opportunities will be given the ''wanderlusters" of the United States during this winter to thus bask in the genial sunlight of warmer climes and to revel in delightful scenes
and new experiences. Among the several tours that have been arranged and widely advertised is that of the Kroonland, under the management of Charles H. Gates, of Toledo, Ohio. This vessel,. of 22,000 tons displacement, specially arranged and adapted to touring purposes, and sailing under the United States flag, is advertised to leave New York at 9 a. m. January 21, 1915. The trip around the continent of South America has been arranged to consume 82 days, and
will include stops at the largest ports of Cuba, Jamaica, Panama, Peru, Chile, Strait of Magellan, Argentina, Uruguay, Brazil, Trinidad, Martinique, and Porto Rico. Tours such as this enable travelers to see many of the best features of foreign countries at perhaps the least expense, and certainly with the least personal inconvenience, attending any other mode of travel. At no time in the recent
past has general interest been so centered on South and Central
America
less
as just now, and tours embracing these countries will doubtprove the most attractive offered to the American public during
the coming year.
SCIENTIFIC EXPEDITIONS TO SOUTH AMERICA.
Other fields for scientific exploration having been more or less exhausted, or perhaps made somewhat impracticable because of the European war. South America has become the Mecca for scientists, explorers, and adventurous seekers for unusual knowledge generally. Several expeditions have recentlj^ been organized with the view of
scientifically exploiting the southern continent.
Prominent among
be noted that of Mr. Leo E. Miller, the well-known naturalist of the American Museum of Natural History, of jNew York, who is something of a veteran in South American exploration, having recently devoted over four years of his life in adding to the world's
these
may
70015 Bull. 614
PAN AMEEICAN NOTES.

knowledge
943
of the faunal conditions in the wilds of South American Accompanied by Mr. Howarth Boyle as his assistant, Mr. Miller sailed from New York on October 21, 1914, for Puerto Colombia, Colombia, expecting to go up the Magdalena River to Puerto
forests.
Berrio, thence to proceed overland to Medellin,
where he expects to
of
establish his headquarters pending a four or five months' stay for
zoological studies.
These studies are 'to embrace a section
both
the central and western cordillera of the Andes, beginning a few thou-
sand feet above the Magdalena and continuing to the top of the range to the frigid region of Santa Elena; then down the slope to the Cauca, and up to the top of the western range to Paramillo, and down the western slope to the Atrato. This is one of the most mteresting faunal regions of Colombia and doubtless much will be learned concerning the origin and distribution of life in South America. This work being completed, Mr. Miller will proceed to the west coast of Panama for a month's study of that region, and will then sail down to Antofagasta, Chile, proceeding from there to the high mountain region and making Sucre his base of operations for long excursions to Lakes Titicaca and Poopo, and down the eastern slope .of the Andes into the lowlands of Brazil and Paraguay. If possible the expedition will later descend the Beni or the Pilcomayo Rivers, and finally return
by way
of the
Amazon.
Another notable venture of the same character is the Collins-Day South American expedition, organized under the joint auspices of the Field Museum of Natural History, of Chicago, and the American
This expedition of Natural History, of New] York. be under the patronage and direction of Mr. Alfred M. Collins, one of the directors of the Philadelphia GeogTaphical Society, Mr. L. Garnett Day. of New York, [and W. F. Walker, a graduate of Yale University. Mr. Robert H. Becker will be the special repwill
Museum
Museum and Mr. George K. Cherrie, recently Roosevelt South American expedition, will represent the American Museum. They will go via Mollendo to La Paz, Bolivia, to Cochabamba, and thence down the Mamore River to the Madeira and into the Amazon. Their object is the study of natural
resentative of the Field
a
member
of the
history and the collection of specimens, especially of birds and
mammals, and will take with them all necessary equipment for this purpose. The expedition is to leave New York on December 26,
1914.
THE SOUTHWEST MUSEUM EXPEDITION.
An expedition, under the aupices of the Southwest Museum of Los Angeles, Cal., was recently organized for the purpose of securing educational photo-records and motion-picture films of the remarkable
natural scenery, ancient ruins and monuments, and the picturesque
944
and interesting peoples of Spanish America and the South Seas. The well-known explorer, naturalist, and writer, Dr. Charles F. Lummis, is the scientific director of the expedition. Leaving Los Angeles Harbor early in December the steamer is to make stops at the most interesting ports on the west coast of Mexico, Central and South America, giving opportunity for the party to make inland excursions to places of scientific and historic interest. From Valparaiso the expedition is to go to Easter Island to examine and photograph its remarkable prehistoric monuments and hieroglyphs, and thence to Pitcairn Island, Tahiti, the Christmas Islands, and to Honolulu, returning to San Francisco for a week's stay at the PanamaPacific Exposition, thence to San Diego, "The Harbor of the Sun," for a few days' visit to the Panama-California Exposition, and thence back to Los Angeles. The entire trip is to cover some 15,000 miles and will take about five months.
DEATH OF FREDERIC BROWN.

It is with profound regret that the Bulletin records the death of one of the ablest and staunchest friends of Pan America, Frederic
Brown, erstwhile secretary- treasurer of the Pan American Society of the United States, which occurred on November 28, 1914. While specific details of his active and successful life are not as yet available, it may be stated that he was in his thirty-ninth year when death cut ofi" his promising career. His early education was gained in the public schools and at college in Brownsburg, Ind., where he also took up the study of civil engineering, which he subsequently prosecuted in New York. In 1902 he became manager of the export department of the H. W. Johns-Manville Co. and later was sent to the Dominican Republic to assist in the organization of the National Bank of Santo Domingo. Much of his life thereafter was spent in Latin American countries and in connection with the business interests of their people, and he was generally regarded as an authority on the commercial relations between the United States and the southern Republics. His knowledge of the Latin people and his sympathetic understanding of their fine qualities
made him
their friend,
toward promoting cordial relations between his own country and the other American nations were highly appreciated in both hemispheres. While secretary-treasurer of the Pan American Society he had frequent occasion to deliver addresses and lectures before chambers of commerce, business organizations, economic societies, etc., throughout the United States, and his thorough familiarity with and able presentation of the subject of Latin American commercial relations were universally lauded by the press of the Upon learning of his death a special meeting of the cities visited.
and
his efforts
DR. JUAN CARLOS BLANCO,

Minister of Public Works of Uruguay, who is coming to the United States on Special Mission to return the visit of Hon. Elihu Root in 1906, and to represent his Government at the formal opening of the Panama Canal. He is expected to arrive about the middle of January, and will travel extensively throughout the country, making industrial and commercial studies of interest to his department. Dr. Blanco is one of the leading men of Uruguay, and an advocate
of closer
Pan American
relations.
946
executive committee of the Pan American Society was called on December 2, 1914, and the following resolutions were unanimously
adopted:
Whereas Frederic Brown, the secretary-treasurer of the Pan American Society of the United States, died on Saturday, November 28, 1914. Whereas Mr. Brown had been associated, in the office which he filled, with the society since its organization and had devoted his energies and ability to building it up and making it a favorable influence for the betterment of the relations between the United States and its sister American Republics: Be it Resolved, That the executive committee of the Pan American Society of the United
States, called in special session for this purpose, express its regret that death has reactivities to which he was so earnestly devoted; that the committee extend to his bereaved widow and to the other members of his family profound sympathy in their loss, and that copies of this resolution be spread upon the records of the society and forwarded to his widow and other members of his family.
moved Mr. Brown from the
THE LONDON TIMES REVIEWS PROF. SHEPHERD
BOOK.
In the literary supplement of the London Times of October 1, 1914, appeared an extended review of Prof. William K. Shepherd's Central and South America. The following excerpt will show the complimentary nature of the British critic's comments on this notable work of an American professor:
The Home University Library
Series has received a notable addition in a
volume
on Central and South America by Prof. William R. Shepherd, a writer who has every It is a little book, qualification for being regarded as an authority upon the subject. but compact with valuable information admirably arranged. To compress into a very brief space an account of the colonization of Latin America, of its early history, organization, and methods of government, and of the rise, the political fortunes, and the economical and social development in modem times of the 20 Republics which have taken the place of the Spanish and Portuguese colonies is a difficult task. To accomplish it clearly and intelligently without presenting the reader page after page with an uninviting mass of dull, dry, bewildering statistics bespeaks that masterly grasp of detail which comes from the combination of wide knowledge with real historical Prof. Shepherd has aimed, as he tells us in his preface, at so arranging the insight. contents of his book as to describe the phases of civilization through which Latin America as a whole and its several States have passed in the course of its history, and to draw from the varying conditions of progress in this country or in that illustrations of similarities or of differences in character, spirit, or attainment; and he has succeeded in his aim. Many far more pretentious works upon Latin America have appeared in recent years; there is none with which we are acquainted that gives more evidence than does this volume of an intimate familiarity with the subject or treats it more fairly and sympathetically.
SOUTH AMERICAN SOCIETY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA.
The Bulletin is in receipt of an interesting communication from Mr. James Newbery, of Argentina, who is at present a student at
in
the University of Minnesota, in which he states that so much interest South American affairs has been manifested by the student body
PAN AMERICAN NOTES.
947
studies of social, political,
that a society has been organized for the purpose of making special and commercial conditions in the various
countries of the southern continent.
university are
men from
Among the students at the Argentina, Peru, Mexico, Cuba, and from
of the Central American countries, and their familiarity with Latin American affairs will materially aid the society in its work. The Pan American Union is always ready and glad to be of assistance in any way possible to such organizations of young men, and herewith extends its best wishes for the success of the new society.
some
CRUISE OF THE FIDELITY TRUST CO. CANCELLED.
As this issue of the Bulletin goes to press, word has been received that the plans of the Fidelity Trust Company of Baltimore for a
South American commercial cruise have been cancelled.
BETTER NEWS SERVICE WITH LATIN AMERICA.
At a recent meeting of the Chamber of Commerce of Newport News, Va., the matter of an improved news service between the United States and the coimtries of Latin America was generally discussed, and the following resolutions, which embody the sahent facts anent the situation, were passed
Whereas there has recently been much discussion in regard to closer trade relations with the countries of Central and South America, and as to the best method of accomplishing this purpose; and Whereas close trade relations depend upon the mutual, cordial, and friendly understanding of the parties thereto and a knowledge and appeciation of their conditions and wants, the trade relations between strangers being such only as arise from actual necessity; and Whereas our knowledge of the Latin-American peoples, to whom we are so closely attached politically, and theirs of us, is little better, if any, than that which we possess of the inhabitants of Thibet; and Whereas nothing is so conducive to the existence of a proper understanding and appreciation between peoples as the daily exchange and publication of news in newspapers of general circulation; and Whereas our news service with South America is totally inadequate, if not altogether negligible, such as is transmitted passing through European hands, and being molded to suit European state and trade policies: Therefore, be it Resolved, That it is the sense of the Chamber of Commerce of Newport News, Va., that immediate and appropriate steps should be taken toward the establishment of an adequate news service between the United States of America and all of the countries
of
Latin America; and be

Resolved,
it
further
be sent to the Chamber of Commerce of the United States of America, with the request that this matter be taken up by it and urged to some definite conclusion.
That a copy
of this resolution
These resolutions
reflect a feeling that is doubtless
shared to a
greater or lesser extent
by representative
interests of the
American
PAN AMERICAN NOTES.
949
continent, and it is to be sincerely hoped that the new era of PanAmerican development which is dawning in a most gratifying manner wiU see a decided improvement in this particular phase of inter-
national intercourse.
HARDWARE AND ALLIED PRODUCTS
IN LATIN AMERICA.
The Pan American Union has received through the courtesy of the American Hardware Manufacturers' Association a limited number of copies of a pamphlet entitled, "The Latin American Opportunity for American Hardware Manufacturers." This is a reprint of an address delivered by Director General John Barrett at the annual meeting of
that association in Atlantic City, N. J., October 29, 1914. An appendix to this monograph contains a schedule showing importations of hardware and allied products by Latin America from foreign countries and the share furnished by the United States. Copies of this booklet may be had upon appUcation to the Pan American Union.
"the NEW REPUBLIC."

The Bulletin desires to acknowledge a welcome addition to its Ust. The New RepubHc, "a weekly journal of critical comment on national affairs," is a refreshing innovation in the field of
exchange
periodical literature in the United States.
In
its
initial
which appeared November

be:
9,
1914, the founders stated that
it
number, would
* * * A weekly critical review which publishes neither illustration nor fiction, but which seeks rather and above all to mold opinion. It will be a journal, that is, Its influence will depend upon the abiHty of its management to formulate of ideas. and disseminate ideas; ideas which will touch the imagination, keep curiosity alive, intensify conviction, and exert a force an immediate force in the direction of sound Its work will be to play a stream of fresh and honest thought on every sigaction. nificant phase of intellectual and practical activity in American life; upon current literature, art and the drama; upon science, public and private business, and education; upon politics, industry, and society.
Quite some task, to be sure, but, judging from the issues that have come to this office, the foimders are making good their promise. It is in truth "a journal of ideas," and while| not iconoclastic in its expression its criticisms are trenchant, keen, and wholesome withal, and will give the reader, whatever may be his own predilections, considerable food for thought. Editors and contributors evidently have the courage of their convictions and the reader is convinced of their honesty of thought and entire independence of any favoritism with
While the New which characterized such a large section of the periodical press of the United
respect to poHtical parties, race, creed, or color.
RepubUc manifests none
of the
muck-raking
proclivities
Photogiaphs, by Harris-Ewing.
THE EMBASSIES
IN
WASHING ION O F
New
eTSIsIiIL,
MEXICO, CHILE, AND ARGENTINA.

I Street,
Upper, Brazilian, 1780 Massachusetts Avenue; center, Mexican, 1413
and Chilean,
Hampshire Avenue. On Street; lower, Argentine, 1600 December 3, 1914, the Argentine diplomatic representatives their newly created character and rank of ambassadors.
December
1, 1914,
1013 Sixteenth the Chilean, and on

in
were received by President Wilson
PAN AMERICAN" NOTES.

States
951
in its criticism
it is aggressive in its tone and constructive doubtless become an important factor in molding public opinion, at least in the ranks of the earnest and thoughtful people of the United States who keep abreast of the times,
some few years

and
ago,
will
and
it is
to be
this
venture as
inception.
hoped that there are enough of these to make such a new pubhcation a pronounced success from its very
THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF MANUFACTURERS REPORTS.
The National Association of Manufacturers of the United States is to be commended on its enterprise in issuing a series of special bulletins for the purpose of keeping its members promptly advised of all
developments affecting the export and import trade arising out of the At the time of this writing five of these special reports have been issued. Such intelligent cooperation with the representative business interests of the country in an endeavor to secure and maintain a broader exchange of foreign trade is worthy of every encouragement, and reveals a proper appreciation of the importance of careful study and investigation for effective trade campaio-ns.
present struggle in Europe.
The' Commercial
Laws of the World, comprising The Mercantile, Bills of Exchange, Bankruptcy and Maritime Laws of all civilized nations, together with Commentaries on Civil Procedure, Constitution of the Courts, and Trade Customs in the original languages interleaved with an English translation contributed by numerous eminent specialists of all nations. American edition. Consulting editor. The Hon. Sir Thomas Edward Scrutton, Judge of the King's Bench General editor: William BowDi' ision of the High Court of Justice, England. stead of the Middle Temple, barrister at law, London, with a general introduction in the professor of law law school of the Leland Huberich, by Charles Henry Stanford Junior University. Boston, The Boston Book Co. To be completed in 35 4 volumes; price, $9 each. Volumes I, II, III, V, VI, VII, VIII, X, XIII, XIV, XV, XVI, XVII, XVIII, XX, XXI, XXII, XXIV, XXV, and
XXXII,
The
laws of
all
received.
utility of a
work
of this character,
giving in comparative form the commercial
the countries of the ciAilized world is recognized by every practitioner Too often this adA ice is called on to ad\ ise in matters of international commerce. Generally speaking, it has first asked when the case has reached the acute stage. reached tliis stage before the persons in interest themselves know of it. Questions
of
maritime
liens,
commercial paper, factors and brokers, bankruptcy, partnership,
stock companies, alien traders, sales, bills of lading and responsibility of carriers, only to mention a few of the cases arising under foreign law, the circumstances of which may be known only through a brief cable message and requiring prompt
action, present puzzling contingencies
same
is
even to the best equipped lawyer. very aptly put by Justice Scrutton in his preface to the work:
a
This
ship is chartered by an Englishman to load cotton in Egypt lading executed there and deliver it in Antwerp, and on the way puts into a Spanish port in distress, the English lawyer, suddenly called upon to ad\ise, looks hastily for a work in which he can find the law of Germany, Egypt, Belgium,
"When
German
under
bills of
or Spain, applicable to the point in question."
Eên supposing him to be a linguist and having access to a well-stocked library, the chances are many to one that the lawyer will not be able to lay his hands on the book n eded. On the other hand, if he be a German, Frenchman, or South American, and the question one involving English or American law, it is even less likely that
be fruitful. supply this need that the work under consideration was undertaken. The need of the work is apparent, but is it possible adequately to satisfy this need? Can the commercial laws of fifty-six countries (and that, too, counting such aggregations as the United States, British Possessions and Protectorates, and Dutch East Indies as single units) be presented with original text and translation in such a manner as to be of any substantial use to the practicing lawyer? The undertaking is a stupendous one. Let us look at a few of the factors involved
his search will
It is to
in the solution thereof.
countries treated.
There must be something approximating identity of subjects for all of the Commercial law is a very elastic term and may comprehend much or little, but even so, a work purporting to deal with the commercial law of a number of countries is in its essence comparative, and so must not depart too far
First.
from some standard
Yet subject headings, groupings, and, in fact, all and artificial. They could not be otherwise, even granting that jurisprudence be a science, about which there is much to be said for and against. The task of regrouping these arbitrary groups makes the undertaking more than doubly diflacult. If it were true that each of the countries
of uniformity.
classifications of laws are
more
or less arbitrary
952
BOOK NOTES.
of tlie
953
world had evolved from within itself its own system of laws without regard any other country and had its own peculiar nomenclature, then the task of presenting these laws in comparison and from the practitioner's standpoint would be a task much too complex and difficult to be undertaken. Fortunately for the compiler and for the practitioner this is by no means true. Second. Differences of commercial usages and customs upon which commercial laws are and must be radicated. It may be granted that the purpose of all man-made lawS in every country is to act as signposts indicating the line of natural right and justice as between man and his fellow in their dealings the one with the other. But these dealings, in other words, commerce, both in the small and in the large, have always and everywhere moved a step in advance of commercial laws. The path is trodden before In placing these signposts the intelligent purpose has been to the signposts are placed make them conform to certain so-called basic principles and to this end the trodden path may be corrected. But these basic principles themselves, while intended to serve as exponents of right and justice, are rooted on habits, customs, and usage. Granting the fundamental ideas of right and wrong are the same over all the world, though it would be difficult to maintain this, but even so granting. It does not follow that a principle of law conceived in one locality and there conformable in the highest
to
.
therefrom.
degree to this fundamental, ethical standard, may not in another locality widely depart The principle of law is only an application of ethics to conditions, and if the conditions be not the same, then the application that is, the law can not be the
same.
party.
of
Take,
It
for instance,
the matter
of principal
and agent and the
rights of a third
may be sound
doctrine and founded
upon natural
right that in one locality
the world the principal should be bound, in certain cases, by the acts of his agent, this principle might work rank injustice in another part of the world where the tripartite duties and obligations of principal, agent, and third party have not the same
but
foundation.
No man can comprehend, and therefore no lawyer can intelligently advise, regarding the commercial laws of a country in all their ramifications as applicable to commercial life and usage unless he be adept in the idiom, has lived in the country, is thoroughly soaked in its civilization, history, and customs, and has studied and practiced his
profession therein.
Notwithstanding, a work of the kind under review has practical utility. Not because it is sufficient. That it can not be. But because it gives light in cases where light can not otherwise be procured. Not in one case in a hundred in actual practice will it be feasible to consult foreign counsel. In a large proportion of cases time presses. It is then that this work, carefully examined, will prove its value. In some cases mistakes may be made, but it is safe to say that a mistake made due to misconstruction or misapplication of the law (and many such must arise) will never
be
bad a mistake as one due to total ignorance of the law. been said that "a little learning is a dangerous thing ", but it ertheless that no learning is oftentimes a much more dangerous thing.
so It has
is
true nev-
Nuevo York en todo sus Fases,

by
per Clovis Ochoa (New York in its various aspects, Clovis Ochoa, sent bv the Government of Chile on special mission to the United States and Europe). Illustrated with plates, photographs, and a colored map. Printed at Santiago, Chile, 1913. Octavo, 600 pages. Price, $2.50. For sale by Brentano and the American News Co.
The author states, and with evident truth, that when he arrived in New York he could discover no guidebook in Spanish which would be of service to him in finding his way about the city and in giving him detailed information of many points of interest on which the stranger should be posted. So strongly did he feel the need of such a
book that he spent considerable time in collecting data, in verifying much that was common knowledge and yet apt to be inaccurate, and in systematizing his facts for
954
who aided him
THE PAN
He
AMEEICAIST UNION.
sincerely thanks the
publication in readable form.

officials,
many
persons, especially
in his work, and then presents the book to Spanish readers

it
them to escape the trials which beset him, he was becoming acquainted with the place. And he has accomplished Ms work commendably. Besides the map, a street index, and similar tabulated information, there are chapters on New York's history, its architecture, its theaters, schools, and public buildings, its business activity, the Everything of interest receives attention and universities, churches, and societies. must be of supreme value to those speaking Spanish. The suburbs are not forgotten, and several excursions aroimd New York are suggested. Considering the many visitors who in increasing numbers come to New York every year for pleasure or business, the book can be recommended as a trustworthy guide for those who, in the beginning at least, must have some book in Spanish to satisfy their inquiries concerning
and
travelers in the
hope that
will permit
as a Spanish-speaking Adsitor, while
the great city
The Railways
This
little
of
South and Central America.

1914.
By
Frederick M. Halsey.
New
York: Francis Emery Fitch.
183 pages.
at a
Price, $1.50.
most opportune time and its wealth by commercial and industrial corporations that are interesting themselves more than ever before in the possibilities of the great Southlands. The student of economics will also find its pages filled with matter closely allied with the progress and welfare of nations.
work comes upon the market
of
information will doubtless be greatly appreciated
The work, as its name indicates, contains statistics and other information concerning the important railways of all Latin America and various islands of the West IndicF It is divided into three parts: South America; Mexico, Central America, and Panama; and the West Indies. Each of the three parts is divided into chapters, covering a country or a group of countries. The chapters begin with a brief description of the
railway development and other information regarding the country or countries. These data are followed by tables and notes giving details as to colonization, mileage,
amount of freight and number of passengers carried, and nature of the country traversed by each of the various railway lines. The tables in most cases are rendered in both pounds sterling and in American gold. At the end of the book there are appendices containing additional information of interest. The highest railway in the world, that built by the famous Meiggs in Peru, and several others are given special notes relative to the unusual difficulties
earnings, financial condition,
history, location
attending their construction. Three maps, one of which
is large and shows the general railway development of Latin America, and which was recently published by the Pan American Union, add interest to the text as well as being ueeful for reference. As a whole, the publication will fill a need; and the few minor errors, which it is almost impossible to avoid in a work of this character, will be overlooked and the author congratulated for the pro-
duction of a valuable addition to the railway literature of Latin America.
Reports to the Board of Trade on the Conditions and Prospects of British Trade in Central America, Colombia, and Venezuela. By Mr. G. T.
Milne, special commissioner. Presented to both Houses of Parliament. don, T. Fisher Uriwin, 1913. Price, 2s. 8d. (about 55 cents).
Lon-
As in all of the publications of the British Board of Trade, the pages are full of valuable information on commercial conditions in the region discussed, and can be made available not only by British merchants, but alsoilay those in the ITnited States
interested in foreign commerce.
The admirable index
of
the
first
four pages gives
There are navigation and shipping intelligence, information on banks, suggestions on popular tastes, comparative prices, and other similar details. There is also a clear railway map of Central America. Anyone interested in the region examined in this report must
a clue to the contents, which treats of a great variety of subjects.
find
it full of
useful data.)
BOOK NOTES.
955
Evaporation in the Cane and the Beet-Sugar Factory. By Edward Koppesschaar. A theoretical and pra('tical treatise. London, Norman Rodger, 1914.
Pages 116, price
7s. 6d.
(about $1.85).
For the technician engaged in sugar production this niust proAê valuable, especially in association with other books on the same subject and from the same publishers. As the authorities are almost all Dutch, and have had great experience in their chosen field, their opinions and methods deserve attention.
Hints to Homeseekers. A Book of Agricultural Opportunities, by W. J. Geib, U. S. Department of Agriculture. State Journal Printing Co. (Madison, Wis.), Price |1. 50. 1913. Pages 274, illustrated with diagrams and maps.
While the book deals chiefly with advice to those in the United States who desire remove from one part of the country to another, it has pages on the opportunities in Canada, and not a few of the suggestions can be applied to the agricultural hometo
seekers
who
where new land
turn their glance toward the areas in Latin America, like Argentina, is open to the settler.
Chart of the World.

This
is
G.
W. Bacon &
Co. (Ltd.), London.
a well-mounted diagram of a
new
proposed system to chart the Avorld on a
scientific basis.
Health and Sickness in the Tropics.

in
Remote
is a trained physician with responsibilities and duties in the tropics (Portuguese east) Africa and writes from his own knowledge. There are chapters on residence, hygiene, the teeth, food, water, use and abuse of alcohol, clothing, and similar matters. An entire section is devoted to diseases and accidents, with
AmeUa. The author
Guide for Travellers and Residents Districts. By (Dr.) Leonard Bostock, British vice consul, Porto Pages 94. Price 2 shillings (about 50 cents).
of
the simple medical and surgical treatment which is needed and which a nonmedical person may apply. Certainly no simpler or more practical book could be placed in the hands of one intending to go to the Tropics for either a visit or residence.
Kelly's Directory of the Merchants, Manufacturers, and Shippers of America, 1914. Pubhshed by the Kelly PubHshing Co., New York, 70 Fifth Avenue (with agencies in Paris, Hamburg, Birmingham, Glasgow, Leeds, Liverpool, Manchester, Sheffield). Pages 783; thin paper.
This annual index now in its third edition covers the United States, Canada, and Latin America, The index is divided so as to include in one section the countries, towns, etc., and in another the trades or occupations of the business men in those towns. The fact that this compilation has reached its third year is an indication that it has found a field where its information is of value to those engaged in foreign Special attention must be called to the statement that free copies of the trade.
index will be presented to institutions in foreign countries estabUshed for the purpose of extension of the American export trade, provided that the American consul located in that city makes the request therefor. It is probable that as time goes on
an edition will be prepared with Latin America by itself, thus separating those Repub lies from Canada and the United States, because the bulk may soon render the book
unhandy should
it
continue
its
present growth.
International Congress of Americanists. Proceedings of the XVIII Session, London, 1912. Parts I and II. Prepared by the Editorial Committee, London,
Harrison
&
Sons, 1913.
It is impossible to give a
subjects, all
by
scholars,
resume of the collection of brilliant essays on American and all contributing to our knowledge of the Western Hemis stated,
isphere, both past
in the hbrary of the
and present. When it Pan American Union,
it
however, that these studies are can be taken for granted that they may
be consulted by students interested in materia Americaria.
956
of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, has just issued Special Agents Series No. 81, with the title " South America as an Export Field," a thoroughly practical volume of 216 pages, of the regular size of Government publications, from the Government Printing From the contents it is seen that a survey of the continent as a whole i^ Office. given, and that there follow subdivisions devoted to each Republic and the Guianas in alphabetical order, each country being presented in detail. The physical features, population, agricultural, pastoral, and mining activities, the manufacturing industries, transportation, chief cities and ports, and the foreign trade are examined. The postal regulations and tables of the money of each country are given. In not a few instances special hints are added, wherever the trade indicates them, concerning the probability that manufacturers in the United States can increase their exports by careful and systematic effort with that purpose in view. At the end of the volume general postal information and a list of departmental publications on South America
South America as an Export Field. The United States Department of Commerce, through the Bureau
are given.
In reading the book with the interest it merits, many good points impress themselves on the memory. For instance, emphasis is laid on the fact that of the importations into^South America the great majority are manufactured goods, a fact that, of course, appeals'to^manufacturers in the United States. The explanation of this condition is very clearly explained on page 7, and should be encouraging to those who are studying the possibilities of export. Details of steamship lines, of railways, and of crops are given, and in some cases the local crop seasons are defined, although omitted in others. In this connection it would have been well to hint what seasons are favorable to commercial travelers, provided any difference at all needs noting for selling merchandise. This newer book, with the several publications of the Department of Commerce,
especially that in 1908, Winning Foreign Markets, and the Foreign Credits, in 1913, are most serviceable and practical guidebooks to the traveler, and the Bureau of
Foreign and Domestic

far offered in
these details.
Office,
mentTrinting
Commerce deserves the thanks of the country for the aid thus Sold by the Superintendent of Documents, GovernWashington, D. C, for 25 cents.
The Physiography of the Bio Grande Valley, N. Mex., in Relation to Pueblo Culture. By Edgar Lee Hewitt, Junius Henderson, and Wilfred William Robbins.
Bulletin 54 of the Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institu-
tion, 1913.
A technical studypf physical conditions indicated in the title, must be a substantial contribution to research work on the study of the early inhabitants of that portion of the United States. It has the characteristic thoroughness of everything done by the
Smithsonian Institution.
Patents and Trade-Marks, in Central and South America. 1914. Published by Obligado & Co., publishers of "Patentes y Marcas," the official journal of the Argentine Patent Office. 343 Bartolome Mitre, Buenos Aires. AVhile this is, to some extent, a publication 'for commercial use, it nevertheless presents in a handy volume of 55 pages the essential information needed for the registration of patents and trade-marks in the Latin-American Republics. The brochure is on file at the library of the Pan American Union.
Trade Relations between United States and
Brazil.
By
A. G. de Almeida.
Dr. de Almeida presented this essay to the Boston'Chamber of Commerce, in recognition of their tour around South America. He sets forth the resources of Brazil and calls attention to the advantages of reciprocal trade between the north and south.
The pamphlet
to read
it.
It
is bound to leave a good impression on'all who have the good fortune was issued from the press of the Hooper Printing Co., Boston.
BOOK NOTES.
The Indians
of the
Illustrated Price, $2.50.
957
Terraced Houses. By Charles Francie Saunders. Pages 293. by photographs by the author. G. P. Putnam's Sons. New York.
In 26 chapters and 3 appendices the author gives his experiences among the Pueblo Indians of New Mexico and Arizona, and enters a plea that they be studied with due care to preserve them from annihilation and to be allowed to live out their true lives
in their
own way.
It is
an interesting book and has a sincere sympathy with these
aborigines of which the United States should be proud.
Proceedings of the American Society of International Annual Meeting, April 24-26, 1913 (Washington).
Law
at the
Seventh
Las Americas.
Organa Oficial
Association. Published by U. S. A., Junio (June) 1914,
De La (Official Organ of the) Pan American States them at their office, 102 West 32d Street, N. Y.,
Tomo (Volume)
1.
monthly review published by the Pan American States Association (Inc.) has recently appeared for distribution and circulation, principally in Latin America, and also to be read by all in other parts of the world who appreciate the value of a good monthly in Spanish, devoted to a great extent to Latin American affairs, or to conditions in the United States which bear directly upon Latin America. The voliune has a worthy appearance and is effectively illustrated, special attention being given to the description of the projected new building of the Pan American States Associa-
A new
New York. A nimiber of attractive advertisements, Ln Spanish, are found both at the front and back. This new monthly publication will be a permanent addition to the Library of the Pan American Union.
tion in
CJhile: Its
land and people. The history, natural features, development, and industrial resources of a great South American Republic. By Francis J. G. Maitland. London: Francis Griffiths, 34, Maiden Lane, Strand, W. C. 1914. Sold in the United States by James Pott & Co., New York. 293 pages, illustrated by 44 photographs and a map. Price, ten shillings, six pence (about $2.50).
all
this
The Republic of Chile deserves new book by Mr. Maitland is
the attention given
it
in the last few years
and
a real contribution to the newer literature on that
It is written from the British point of view, but criticisms of certain English South America are freely presented along with much deserved praise for his coimtry's activity on the continent. Considerable attention is given to history, but a great deal more to the people of Chile themselves in their present relationships.
country.
faults in
Among
the interesting chapters are, for instance, "Partridge Shooting in Chile," Social Life," "How the Panama Canal will Influence Chile," "Patagonia and Its Sheep Farms," and especially XXXII, the chapter which deals with "Art, Literature, and Journalism in Chile." As not sufficient attention has hitherto
'Women and
been given to the imdoubted its appearance here.
art influences at
work in the Republic,
it is
well to note
El Tecolote.
The Annual Review published by the students of the Department of Spanish in the Commercial High School, San Francisco, Cal., is certainly an ambitious little volume, and shows what rapid advance the students really It is interested in Spanish can make when they give serious attention to it. interesting to note the number of Spanish- American students at the school. One (put into Americanism" of the articles has the title, "The Significance of Pan
attractive Spanish), by Prof. Wm. Fisher, Secretary of the Pan American Society of the Pacific Coast, in which great praise is given to the Pan American Union, to its director general and subdirector for the vital influences toward this Pan
Americanism.
"Conquest of the Tropics."

United Fruit Co. & Co., New York.
It is
The story of the creative
By
Frederick
Upham Adams.
enterprises Illustrated.
conducted by the Doubleday, Page
1914.
Price, $2.00.
In this book Mr. Frederick Upham Adams tells about the conquest of the Tropica, the first of a series of volumes which the publishers intend to issue dealing with
70015Bull. 614
958
the "Romance of Big Business." There is no attempt to disguise the fact that the book gives interesting points in the origin and development of the United Fruit Co., but the story is one of decided interest and is much more than an account of the commercial success of this corporation. Life in the Tropics is the subject of many a pen picture and can be recognized easily by those who know what the Tropics really mean. If all the voliunes of the series are as absorbing to the general reader as this one there will be no question of their success and of the genuine storehouse of information they
offer to
the reader.
Commercial Monographs.
am.a; Nicaragua. Review.
Costa Kica; Guatemala; British Honduras; PanEdited by Edward Neville Vose, of Dun's International
These five monographs have recently appeared in attractive form, after having been given originally in the regular International Review published by the house of R. G. Dun ^ Co., of New York. They contain abundant information, commercial and otherwise, on the countries mentioned under each title, are well illustrated, and serve a very useful puipose for anyone who is preparing himself for a visit to thio part of the world. The facts, figures, and other data presented in each f)f them are well up to date and trustworthy.
Scientific
South America. Book VIII of a series of geographies which includes other great subdivisions of the world. By Ellis W. Heaton, B. Sc, F. G. S. London, Ralph, Holland & Co. 90 pages, illustrated.
Geography.
of this title,
Price 1 shilling (25 cents).
The
contents are given in two parts: G(iueral considerations and the South American
There are 21 maps and diagrams in the text, which has seven chapters, an appendix with geology in relation to geography, and a glossary.
Republics.
Roosevelt.
By
Dr. Carlos de Vasconcelos.
monograph on Mr. RooBevelt's visit by the author, who has spent several years in the United States and has already written, for Brazilian readers, his impressions on the Republic of North America. The last pages of the pamphlet are devoted to the
Portuguese text of the address delivered by Sr. Teodoro Roosevelt on the 24th of October, 1913, at the Historical and Geographical Institute of Rio de Janeiro,
BoUvia.
cal, Physical,
Breve Resumen, Histdrico, Ffsico y Politico. (Descriptive sketch. Historiand Political.) By E. Diez de Medina. Third edition. La Paz,
Bolivia, 1914.
In reality this pamphlet of Bolivia can be uhed as a guidebook, to which the beginning chapters serve as a suitable introduction. Many facts, like the tables of distances and the itineraries of various travel routes, are inaccessible in any other publication, and the author has crowded into his 142 pages a wonderful amount of useful data. An excellent map of the Republic is given at the end.
Mining Code
Nicaragua.
of the
Republic
of
Nicaragua.
Price, |3.
By
F. A.
Browne Webber.
Managua,
47 pages.
1914.
a translation of the mining code of Nicaragua of 1906, with subsequent Mr. Webber, the translator, is a resident of Nicaragua and is a graduate of the faculty of law of the University of Leon. The booklet is divided into 17 chap-
This
is
amendments.
ters,
and
of course takes
up the many
plied with
by
foreign companies that seek
a valuable addition to the literature English-speaking people.
and other formalities that must be commining enterprises in the Republic. It is on mining and will be especially helpful to
legal
What We May Learn from

Fourteenth Street,
This
is
the Other Americas.
By
Charles Grandpierre.
207 West
New
York.
It
a unique production.
copies are for sale.
The
writer says that
was printed at sea aboard the S. S. Verdi, and no he is not satisfied with the book; and for
BOOK NOTES.
this reason
959
he has waited some months before giving out copies to a few friends, or "I am conscious that the idea is good and that it contains a few good things which have not been published in this country. Later, if the work is offered to the public, the Bulletin may review it more extensively.
to quote his words,
Les Palmiers.
Paris.
By
C. L. Gatin, Doctor of Science.
Octave Doiu et
Fils.
338 pages-
This is a French work There are 46 illustrations that accompany the text and aid in making the book tractive and interesting to those whose labors lie in scientific fields.
All
on the natural history and description of the various palms.

at-
About Coconuts. By Roland Belfort and Alfred 1914. Price 11.50. Press, London. 200 pages.
is
J.
Hoyer.
The
St.
Catherin
a most interesting volume and is calculated to open the eyes of the average reader who is unfamiliar with the countless uses to which the coconut now contributes. The lay reader will be able to form some idea of the gigantic strides made in the devel-
This
of the coconut industry when it is mentioned that the value of the world's output for the year 1913 was estimated to exceed $375,000,000, or nearly double the value of the world's output of rubber. That we are only on the fringe of gigantic developments in the industry is clearly and interestingly shown by the writers of this book, both of whom have spent much time in the Tropics and in studying firsthand the various phases of the industry.
opment
Report
of the
New
York Produce Exchange.
pages contains a vast amount of detail that is of special interest and others engaged in that special line of business. It contains the charter, by-laws, rules adopted by the exchange, list of members, etc., and covers the operation of the exchange from July, 1913, to July 1, 1914.
of 383
This volume
to financiers
Filters
Filter Presses for the Separation of Liquids and Solids. A. Buhler. By John Joseph Eastick, F. I. C. 184 pages. London. Norman Rodger.
of F.
is
and
From
the German Price 12 shillings.
This
of
a technical work and will be of great interest to those engaged in enterprises

it treats.
which
It has 327 illustrations
and many
of
them contain
essential
mat-
ter in detail.
Rubber and Rubber Planting.

G. P. Putnam's Sons.
By R. H.
Lock, Sc. D.
Cambridge University
Press.
245 pages.
Price |1.50.
Diu-ing recent years interest in the rubber-planting industry has extended far
beyond that comparatively large section of the community which is engaged in trades more or less directly connected with rubber. In fact, this material enters so intimately into the daily life of almost everyone that there will probably be few to whom the romance of the rubber fails to make an appeal. The writer. Dr. Lock, is assistant director of the Government botanic gardens in Ceylon, and those who are familiar with the marvels that have been accomplished in growing tea and rubber in that picturesque island will be greatly pleased to see the pictures that the author presents to his readers. The book is divided into 11 chapters,and each one is filled with interesting matter both for the professional and for the
amateur.
West Indies Scenery.

Reid
By
&
Co.
London.
Frederick Alcock, F. R. G. S. Price 4 shillings.

artistic talent
Published
by Andrew
It is rare to see business
and
combined.
Those who are familiar with
the author's Trade and Travel in South America, a work that has aided many of us in city and country all over South America, are rather siurprised to see a work of
art
by the same author. West Indies Scenery
consists of 22 water-color sketches of natural scenery; they

to
were made by Mr. Alcock on voyages
and from the Tropics, and many
of
them
960
are highly interesting
jects
and show the hand of the finished artist. Some of the subwhich caught the artist's attention are picturesque Kingston; Roseau from the sea; Plymouth, the capital of Montserrat; Blue Mountains, Jamaica; La Popa Hill, Cartegena; a glimpse of Grenada; Castries, St. Lucia; etc. The historical and topographical notes are by H. B. J. Ward, B. A.
Chronological Digest of the "Documentos Ineditos del Archive de las Indias." Benjamin M. Read. 161 pages. Price |1. Sante Fe, N. Mex.
By
This is a painstaking work bearing on unedited documents of the Indies; the object being to make public more than "half of the true history of the discovery and conquest of the New World which has not been published." The work indicates a vast amount of tireless energy and it should appeal strongly to those interested in Spanish history and the beginnings of our country. Mr. Read is the author of a number of books on history and is an accomplished scholar, especially in connection with the
development
of
our great southwest.

to Brazil.
The Stanford Expedition

499 pages.
1914.
Vol.
1.
By.
J. C.
Branner, Stanford University.
This
the
is
the
work
of the Stanford
director.
of a collection of papers dealing with the various phases of Expedition to Brazil in 1911, of which Dr. Branner was the The expedition was composed of eight scientists from the several departfirst
volume
and several Manaos and to the new railway on the Mamore-Madeira. Everywhere special attention was given to scientific investigation, such as studying the geology, ichthyology, entomology, and malacology of the several sections. A second volume of these papers will be issued later, including a report on the reptiles and additional papers on entomology and geology.
ments
of the university. of the
They
visited a long section of the Brazilian cost
members
party proceeded up the
Amazon
to
The
Tourist's California. By Ruth Price $1.25. 1914. 395 pages.
Kedzie Wood.
Dodd, Mead
&
Co.
New
York.
This book is written by the author of "The Tourist's Russia," "The Tourist's Spain and Portugal," etc., and the thousands of readers of those works will also profit and be guided by the present volume. As the flow of travel starts westward to marvel at the sights that have been prepared at San Francisco and at San Diego, the guidebook will be an indispensable requisite, and Mrs. Wood's book will doubtless be as popular The first chapter records routes westward from the leading cities as her other works. of the Atlantic seaboard; then follow descriptions of restaurants along the way, hotels, excursions to points of interest, festivals, sports, brief bits of history and the early settlers, the California cities, a visit to the Yosemite, the big-tree country, and various other places that the traveler will delight to know. There are a number of illustrations and a detailed map of California.
California Coast Trails. By J. Smeaton Chase. and Boston. 326 pages. 1913. Price $2.
Houghton, Mifflin Co.
New York
This book records the sights and experiences of a horseback ride from Mexico to The object was to view the country in a leism-ely manner and see some of its less commonplace aspects; the older manner of life in the land; the ranch house of Gringo days; the Franciscan Missions; relics of the era of the padre and the don;
Oregon.
the large, slow life of the sheep and cattle ranges; and whatever else that might be found on the "backwaters of the hurrying stream of progress." The little expedition consisted of two men, each mounted upon a horse, together with cooking outfit, blankets, and other needful accessories for living the outdoor life. There are 22 chapters, which take the reader in imagination from southern California to the boundary of the State of Oregon and lay before him many interesting side lights on people and things far from the railway and the beaten lines of travel. The book has 16 illustrations from pictures made by the writer and his companion.
BOOK NOTES.
961
Latin America. A series of addresses delivered at Clark University in November, 1913, by leading officials, scholars, and travelers. Published in book form by G. E. Stechert & Co. New York.
History of Mexico. 1914. 581 pages.
By Hubert Howe
Price |2.
Bancroft.
The Bancroft
Co.
New York
many books, most of which convenience into six parts, as follows: Aboriginal, Spanish Conquest, Colonial Period, Revolution, United States of Mexico, and the Growth and Condition of the Republic. Many illustrations add life to the text, which is a clear and condensed narrative of history and is given in sufficient detail to meet the requirements of the scholar as well as of the general reader.
is
This history
another standard work
by
the author of
are of a historical nature.
It is divided for
The Panama Gateway.
By
Canal Commission. Illustrated. 459 pages. Price, $2.50.
Joseph Bucklin Bishop, Secretary of the Isthmian New York. Charles Scribner's Sons. 1913.
sents the subject from the very
and certainly authoritative volume on the Panama Canal prefirst discovery of Balboa in his march across the land from ocean to ocean, down to the Completed Canal, as is the title of the concluding Part V. Part I is altogether historical Part II discusses the French Effort and Failure; Part III gives the details of the American Purchase and Control; and Part IV details the Period of Construction. There are in addition four appendices, with data on the Canal Commissions; Appropriations and Expenditures; An Act to Provide; and Equipment at Period of Greatest Activity. The illustrations, over 60 in number, are exceptionally fine. Undoubtedly the book will be on the shelves of all libraries as one of the trustworthy documents for the future historian of canal activities.
This almost
official
;
The Panama Canal.
Pictorial View of the World's Greatest Engineering Feat Linking the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. With a brief history and description. By Thomas H. Russell, Member National Geographic Society. The Hamming Publishing Co. Chicago, 111. A series of about 70 photographs of the Canal and related conditions in Panama. The photographs are 4 by 6^ inches. Price,
paper, 25 cents; cloth, 50 cents.
Measurement
of Vessels for the Panama Canal. Special Commissioner on Panama Canal Traffic and ernment Printing Office, 1913.
By Emory
Tolls.
R. Johnson, Washington, Gov-
This very exhaustive and comprehensive report of 600 pages, with diagrams, maps, and tables covering the subject, was issued by the Secretary of War toward the end of 1913. It is on the shelves of the Library of the Pan American Union for reference by
those interested in the matter.
The Republics
of Central and South America. By C. Reginald F. R. G. S. With 16 illustrations and 9 maps. London, J. M. Dent New York, Charles Scribner's Sons. 1913. Pages 522. Price, $3.
literature
Enock,
&
Sons.
The author has already contributed extensively to the

and
is
on Latin America,
well qualified from experience, study, and sympathy to speak of the Republics of America. The present book is an epitome of the present condition of these Republics,
so arranged in
one volume that most
of
The illustrations are exceedingly good, and the maps are

they do not in
all cases
the essential facts are thus easily at hand. of practical service, although
text.
uphold the statements in the
Each country receives
notice in regard to population, geographical features, products, and industry. Taking the book for what it is given by the introduction, it is one of the most serviceable of
its
kind.
Tour ThToughL South America.

the author.
New
York, James Pott
By A. S. Forrest. With 145 illustrations by & Co. Pages 355. Price, $3.
This tour was made merely for travel and enjoyment, and the book is largely a personal narrative, with sufficient text of general information to keep the reader posted
962
is
on the chief characteristics of the countries visited. One attractive feature of the tale the illustrations, which are all from the author's pencil, and therefore they carry
his artist's interpretation of
what he saw.
The Champlain Tercentenary.
Final Report of the New York Lake Champlain Commission. Prepared by Henry Wayland Hill, LL.D., Secretary of the Commission. Albany, J. B. Lyon Co., State Printers. 1913.
In July, 1909, representatives of France, Canada, and the United States, and of the several States bordering on Lake Champlain, united in celebrating the three hundredth anniversary of the discovery of that lake by the great pioneer whose name it In perpetual memory of Samuel Champlain there was erected at Crown bears.
Point, the scene of the discovery,
and 300 years
after the event, a lighthouse
em-
blematic
Champlain, and later, in 1912, May 3, a further celebration took place, when a French delegation came to the United States to add the token of France to They were received in New York, Washington, and on the historic this memorial. ground itself, with cordiality. The complete report of these events is incorporated It must be mentioned, as indicative of the broad sense with which in this volume. the term I>atin America should be used, that the building of the Pan American Union was opened to the visitors and a ball given in their honor by the Director General.
of
General
Map of the Mexican Gulf Oil Fields, prepared and compiled by N. Paulsen, of Tampico, Tamaulipas, Mexico, and New York (Station O, Box 72).
3 by 5 feet on a scale of 1:100,000, with and can be ordered from the designer, who engineer and has had access to many other maps, some of them prepared
A series of five sheets,

colored areas.
is
the
maps being about
The
set sells for $80 gold,
a civil
under Government supervision.
As
this region
tant in the industries of the country, these
has recently become very impormaps must be exceedingly valuable for

oil.
those especially interested in the production of
COMMERCE OF PEIU FOl

191
THE
exports.
total foreign trade of
the report of Sefior
Don
Peru for the year 1913, according to Oscar F. Arrtis, chief of the statis-
tical division of
which 6,088,776
customs, amounted to 15,226,556 libras, of libras were imports and 9,137,780 libras
The figures for the year 1912, according to the same report, were: Imports, 5,140,339 libras; exports, 9,438,581 libras; total, 14,578,920 libras. There was, therefore, an increase in imports for the year 1913, as compared with the preceding year, of 948,437 libras, anda decrease in exports of 300,801 libras, or a net increase in the foreign trade of 647,636 libras. Estimating the value of the libra at $4.86 United States gold (the same as the British pound sterling), the value of the Peruvian foreign trade for the year 1913 would be: Imports, $29,591,451; exports,
$44,409,610; total, $74,001,061. On the same basis the figures for 1912 would be: Imports, $24,982,047; exports, $45,871,503; total,
This shows an increase in imports of $4,609,404 and a $70,853,550. decrease in exports of $1,461,893, or a net increase of $3,147,511.
Ten-year table offoreign trade.
Year.
964
Countries.
COMMERCE IMPORTS
*
as, 591.451.
PERU
1913
EXPORTS
$44,409,610.
* 74,001,061.
BOLIVIAr
Pan American Un/on
966
THE PAN AMEBIOAN UNION.
COMMEKCE OP PERU FOB
1913.
967
968
COMMEKCE OP PERU FOR

The imports, by
principal articles, for the years 1912
1913.
969
and 1913 were:

1912
Cotton, linen, woolen, and silk goods Woods, fine or conunon, and small boards for making cases. Coal
677,140
205, bi(2 157, ^b 334, 2ub
664,601
312, < 24
301,321 250,319
215, /4T 163, 193
Machinery, mining
Industrial oils Machinery, agricultural Rails, with accessories, for railways
75,bl6 97,114
65, 7bl 154,V)b7 98, 760
Coined gold Paper, blank or printed Corrugated iron in sheets and bars Carts, automobile trucks, and tramway cars. Rice, husked
Machinery for the arts and trades Lard Pharmaceutical specialties Cement, Roman or Portland Dynamite and like explosives Guayquil reeds for building
Hats, all kinds Nitrate and other
fertilizers
110,024 78,975 47,000 122,903 88,200 62,807 63,006 69,808 60,129 39,139
65,5'i2
144,011 13u,ui9 127,002 112,745 112,506

llii,2oO
112,200 92,007 87,402 71,692 71,704 78,164

6U,i>88 03, ooO
Wines
Spare parts for machines of all kinds Locomotives and portable engines Leaf tobacco and cigarettes Thread, linen and cotton Electrical apparatus and accessories Underwear, cotton and woolen Perfumery
Pipes, cast iron or steel Agricultural implements
Condensed milk Preserved fish and meat Benches and chairs Paraffin and stearin Paints and varnishes
Distilled liquors
Candles Granite ware

Jewelry, gold, silver, or platinum, with or without precious stones. Tools and implements, ships' Tinware, plain or painted Bottles, glass, for aerated waters
56,989 63,517 58,153 27,832 2,380 47,957 52,127 26,178 36,222 60,424 46,398 21,877 44,825 42,095 26,823 29,203 23,984 36,088 31,207 24,392 29,491
24^013 16,417 26,877 29,242 1,126 24,296 13,245 22,105 26,873 19,943 18,734
17,431 19,449 10,489 30,606 28,165 6,612 11,564 14,442 16,604 12,646 16,214 10,695 2,136 11,630 1,168
62,070 68,889
5b, 841
50,000 50,146 48,978 48,205 46,b49 46,202 43,062 42,207 40,969 40,338
-37,749
35,769 36,448 34,744 34,638 32,b30 32,050
Leather
Wheat and Tea
other flours
Quinine for irrigating or mining. Chinaware. plain or decorated.. Dyes and colors Scarfs, woolen or sUk Games and toys Soaps, fine, and common Handkerchiefs, cotton Glassware. Vessels for the coasting and export trade. Boo' s, blank or printed Sardines, canned
Pumps
Sweetmeats
Transmission belting Clothing Oil cans, hasps, etc., of bronze or brass. Chests of drawers, cots and bedsteads Aerated waters
Wire
Percussion caps
Sleepers
,
Printing presses and accessories
Fireworks
Lace
Fancy crackers and

Sugar, refined Cranes
biscuits
Steam
boilers
Caustic soda and carbonate of soda Girders, framework, etc., for building.
Rubber, manufactured A m munition

Pickles
Took, mechanics'
Butter Boots and shoes Ma vpnle soap Olive oil and other edible
Bitters, mistela,
oils
and like liqueurs
970

Articles.
COMMERCE OF PERU FOR

c503000i00CC)00C0ÔOC0C000
>
1913.
971
ooO'?<ocoDiot-ot^'^r-
oicOoioicÔ-^CÔWOi-^
)
-^ CO C^ -^ Oi QO OS CD <N OC C^ i-t (N ''J^ TJ^ CO
T-( f-t
oOôoto-foeGOr-iococo
OOSCDCVI'^-ÎVOOOOOOOCOCO
c4oo6i-H"^<Dcoicc^"MOiocdiiD (DM'ico6o:ooi<Ncc5ocdo(Ncc5 coc^(Mg?cDr--^<McDr^^ro-<co
OOOOOiOOtOr-iMNO
rMT-Hcooiocoooodooco
oicdiocJ^Dcêo^-v'c^cD
3i?4"*O:)00CÔ5tÔiO<O
i-HOScDOOCOOÔOi
Oiod-^rcoootociciioi-H'
00^0000'-Ht-cO^-^0'<J-OSCO
't*^005-<5'^tÔOOi(NCOC
SOWO"*OOODOOt^0"*'^C0OO0i'ÔOiCOi0i0 ooo>oowccoo:>oootM^t^rôcoa5ci-*r-oO'Mtôi
CC^Ô^^C^*C^'^Ô'^'-ÔC^cdN06^DC^c4lCCDO^^TPO0i
lO r^ OS
1-H
CO Oi oc
55
|>0 10(MC<3>-1
IStzSl 30COCC03C otoc^co?ocoioioc^cot^r^

CD
*rrÔicnicDccn-iocorîo<M
^ CO y-ô6 GO lo O CS CO o as
s_gs
?s_?^__s
OlOO-H-<tOOOOMr^Mt^C 05
-O"
t- (M IN
(N(N(MCO
>
ira
to < oo 00
t^-0>OOiOt^rÔOOOtÔ(Mi00 1NC
i-;TOo6-HOOC>iO(N--!o-HC<i<cc6c odoct-ôooi-HoiGoodoocc-î^wcoc
OlO 05C0
ocireicooiM-a-^CMmCT^ôcô-
Si
oTeTeiToo'
O S^
fe-5^'~ST;V^Q
^
3 D o o S
5<gS^slllilllllltfl^l^&
x53
SWcq
972
THE PAN AMEBIC AN UNION.

iSSS?
"cq^'i-Tc
*c<aiMT-irt
8SE
lo (N
c<icooo02;.-;00:
cocOT^di--o6o6cccoc
jsn;s
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d^gg
ggsss
i-IcScocîo
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ss
88
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cd>oco
loSco
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to to
<)<
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g ss;
COMMERCE OF PERU FOR

The exports
of
1913.
973
1910,
minerals
by
countries, for the years 1909
and
were as
follows:
974
THE PAN AMEBICAN UNION.

1
N 00 -! M 00
M CD
'
T-l T
OUSCÔO r^
to -^
00
f-*
eocJioeoior~--*tîMM<
OOCO O^
00Tt<^-*oico.-H00.-i-*5
CD
(Nirs-^fir^coccco-î-ioo
.,-!-'
^ Mr
OO
CDlOtOCOOpiMClOW
,,
;S5S?
>iOrHn<00C<<^>Ot
oo-<(ooooocie<>ooa>oj
_.-I
CO
I>Oi
SS3 CM ^-^ CO o O lOCiOOO 'OC

a:i
c
OSOMlMOlOiOOltOO i-HO"*côcocDcOTr^
I:~OOTl-rH00C<imrHO
jcorÔiOOcoocM
oococcoc^'-HCMiOkoai OO.-iC-jT-icDOi0r-(CD
oj
1
^mooocoO!
>
>
CD CO CD C^ CO O < rp 00 O' m 00
o-fl<03coMOiM-5;Or
lO rr
TI<
CO lO >
)-<**oo-<r'ôOGOoou:> 00 t^ rH -* -J (N jrOO
)
ooioeor-(cot^.-i-*ooo iraSc<i?^(Mco>raoaj
osoiooe scccncocoowMC
>r^
ill
lC<MOiC^C^-îr3COl
CO CD CO CO rH TP lO
C
TJ. CD tH CD
OOOCOCOOOr
"3 C -V* r-l rCD
w3coOrHiooc^"2orlONCO00t~-a<r^00Ot^
O rH
Ôi-ioOiOrH-a-cDt
O-TOOOt^COOOOC
as
t-*
COOOOOCDIOIOOO
DCêOIMCDOOOOO(MO OOcOt^COCOtÔlOIÔ OOOi-i'OJlrÔt^Nr-i

>
CO ||r-tioc<ir-.coio
lO-^
OOO COC
o 00 o t^ OS o 00 (MIO OOCMCMCNNrH
00 -f
UdocoSimooO'2'Oco ooirarâico-HOO(Mc:
)
II II II
MC<l?^.-^SoOtio.
cooot-^coi>-rHoocnc
lO -^ Oi
O <M 0 00
goTcD-^-^-O-ffl^-C
5.1 H o
i-
'^
o S
2S
t3>
LATH AMEIICAN FOIEIGN
TMDE
THE
exports,
IN 1913^--GENEML
.".
SUIVEY
foreign
for the year 1913,
;.
-;
commerce
of the 20 Latin American countries customshouse valuations, was $2,864,-
of which amount $1,325,752,^27 represented imports and $1,539,123,597 exports. For the preceding year the figures (revised and corrected) are: Imports, $1,242,512,578;
876,224,
$1,573,533,307;
total,
$2,816,045,885.
The
increase
in
imports for the year was $83,240,049, and the decrease in exports $34,409,710, showing a net increase in the total trade of $48,830,339. The decrease in exports was very much less than was expected prior to the compilation of these statistics. Nineteen twelve had shown a phenominal increase of over $287,000,000 in exports as compared with 1911. It was thought, therefore, that if the trade of 1913 came within $150,000,000 of the high water mark of 1912, it would show a most satisfactory and flourishing condition. As a matter of fact, however, it falls short less than $34,500,000, and exceeds the export trade of 1911 by more than $250,000,000. Even the decrease over the high-water mark of 1912 is more apparent than real, being due not to a shi-inkage in the volume of exports, but to a fall in price of one or two commodities. The increase in imports for 1913 over the preceding year is approximately the same as the increase of 1912 over 1911. The purchases of Latin American countries in two years increased about $165,000,000. It is proper, in connection with the figures given in the tables accompanying this survey, to state that these figures, when used comparatively, that is totals of one country compared with totals of another, do not represent aggregates of identical units comparable the one with the other. The figures are in aU cases based on customshouse valuations, and these valuations are predicated on widely differing theories of appraisement. Until there be an international agreement for uniformity in collecting and stating commercial statistics, there can be no correct totaling or comparisons of countries in groups. The totalings given above must therefore be treated as approximations only, although the units going to make up the same are fairly accurate, each viewed within itself and from its own standpoint. Of course comparisons of totals by years, 1912 and 1913 for instance, being composed as they are of the same integers, are not open to a
like criticism.
In
many
of the Latin
ing the largest trade
American countries and these the ones havcustomshouse valuations of imports are based
975
976
upon rigid appraisements in comparatively few classifications. This, by operation of forces pressing always in one direction, necessarily,
shows values much
less than true values. Valuations in exports, generally speaking, approach nearer a uniform standard, and in addition approximate somewhat more
closely
commercial values.
CONSTANTLY INCREASING VOLUME OE TRADE.

Comparisons for one or two years sometimes fail to show the real commercial progress of the countries whose statistics are under observation. The stream of imports and exports the former depending for its volume in all the Latin American countries on the volume of the latter moves by undulations and not under constant pressure. It is therefore necessary, in order to arrive at something
like accurate conclusions in estimating the trade of these countries,
In 1897 the imports of all little over $400,000,000, and theu" exports for that year less than $500,000,000. In 1913 the imports were over $1,300,000,000 and the exports over $1,500,000,000the Latin
to take for
comparison longer periods.
American countries were only a
LATIN-AMERIGA
COMMERCE-1913
TOTAT>
$Z,864r,876,Ee4.
PAN AMERICAN UMOf^
978

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COCOOCOT)<OOtÔM
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io-ir^r^(Mr^coc<iooo
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05
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Crc4'M~IM'~C0~00'~o"0<r<N~O'
i_gS_8SSSS_S_S^
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fl
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3 2 S a t.^ o o 03 ID M
a>
LATIN-
AMEKICAN FOEEIGN TEADE IN

MOIOO
I
1913
I
GENERAL SURVEY.
979
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lis
s
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CD
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>
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CD 00 i-rrCcrTc^r'^ Oi'cDO^
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MrHtgotôo
co'J'c
-"
oocOTj.'Tcccocoair-os
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O CO
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"
lOiO^^ -r
"O cq oi
(M'~(M''Tr"'0 c
.a.
Ill I 1^11
>

980
THE PAN AMEKECAN UNION.

EXPORTS.
On
in one class
the contrary, Latin American exports, while in general falling that is, raw materials for use in manufacturing, metals
and primary food products yet, owing to the great differences of soil, climate, rainfall, and other natural conditions, the proximity to or 'remoteness from markets and the degree of development in transportation, are widely differentiated in the several countries.
The greatest mining development is in such countries as Mexico, Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Chile. But there is a wide difference in the character of mining and in the class of minerals exploited in Gold is produced, but in no very great quantities, these countries. in many of the countries, but only in Mexico and Colombia does the production of gold attain to figures of world importance. Silver is produced in many countries, but only in Mexico to a considerable amount. The rarer metals, platinum, vanadium, and the like, are found, often in good-paying quantities, all through the Andes, from Colombia to Chile. Chile, Peru, and Bolivia are the principal producers of copper; Cuba of iron ore, although the great deposits of Chile and of Brazil will undoubtedly soon come into the market. Mexico and Peru are at present the principal sources of the Latin American supply of crude oils, but the known fields of Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Central America will no doubt soon be developed. Bolivia is the great source of tin and bismuth. The exportation of forest products, outside of rubber, ivory nuts, and quebracho, has not attained in any country the importance
that
it is
destined to attain in most of them.

as a forest product
is
Rubber
exported from
all of
the Latin Amer-
ican countries except those of the southern third of South America that is, excepting those within the Temperate Zone. Brazil is the
principal exporter.
Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Mexico, and Central America all produce considerable amounts. The export of woods, particularly fine cabinet woods, can scarcely be said to have made a beginning in any of the countries. Its principal development has been in the countries bordering on the Carib-
bean.
The great
of the Latin
possibilities of the
animal industries in nearly,
if
not
all,
American countries as a basis of an export trade have been taken advantage of in comparatively few of them. Outside of Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, and southern Brazil, animal industries are generally limited to supplying home needs and the exportation
The great possibilities of western etc. Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Mexico, and Central America as meat-exporting countries await development in
of by-products
hides, hoofs,
Brazil, Bolivia, Peru,
the future.
LATIN AMERICAN FOEEIGN TRADE IN

Coffee
is
1913
GENERAL SURVEY.
981
of all the countries bordering on the Caribbean, and, in addition, Ecuador, Peru, and BrazilBrazil, of course, being the principal soiu-ce of the world's supply of coffee.
an export
Cacao is produced in general in though not in the same localities.
all
the countries producing coffee,
The export
and hay
is
of grain, wheat, oats. Unseed, Indian corn, flour, bran,
from Argentina, although Chile exports some small quantities of these farm products and in addition beans and fruits. Outside of the countries named, most Latin American countries are importers of wheat and flour. This condition will exist for some time
to come.
Cuba
is
excess of
all
the principal sugar country, its production being far in the rest of America; but the Dominican Republic, Haiti,
also exporters.
and Peru are
DISTRIBUTION OF TRADE.
controls nearly three-tenths of all Latin AmeriThis is over one- third to one-half more than that controlled by its nearest rival, the United Kingdom, and double or more than double the proportion of Germany. To many Americans this statement sometimes causes surprise. The erroneous impression too often left by writers on Latin American trade subjects, particularly if they be North Americans, is that the United States is woefully behind in Latin American trade. This is far from being true if the whole trade be taken as a basis. The following tables show the total trade of Latin America for the years 1912 and 1913 and the proportionate share of the four leading commercial countries in this trade:
The Urited States
can trade.
Total trade, 1912, all Latin America.
Imports, $1,242,512,578; exports, $1,573,533,307; total, $2,816,045,885.
SHARE OF FOUR LEADING COMMERCIAL COUNTRIES.

Imports.
Per cent.
Exports.
Per cent.
Total.
United States.... United Kingdom
Germany
France
$304,481,093 308,644,559 208,158,295 103,377,408
24.50 24.84 16.67 8.32
8531,788,884 311,494,911 187,091,942 124,276,240
34.43 19.79 11.88
$836,269,977 620,139,460 395,250,237 227,653,648
29.70 22.02 14.04
Total trade, 1913, all Latin America.
Imports, $1,325,752,627; exports, $1,539,123,597;

876,224.
total,
$2,864,
SHARE OF FOUR LEADING COMMERCIAL COUNTRIES.
982

states,
In the northern group of

Haiti,
Mexico, Central America, Cuba,
and the Dominican Kepublic, to which is added Venezuela and Colombia in South America, the United States controls about 60 per cent of the whole trade of these 12 countries, as is shown by
the following table;

REPORTS RECEIVED TO DECEMBER
1,
1914.
AEGENTINA.
1914.
Wolfram available for export Meat exports from the River Plate.
Steel sash Monthly Bulletin of Agricultural Statistics.
Aug. 21 Aug. 24
William Dawson, jr., consul, Rosario. Leo J. Keena, consul general, Buenos
Aires.
Aug. 26 ...do...
Aug. 27
Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept.
2
William Dawson, jr., consul, Rosario. Leo J. Keena, consul general, Buenos
Aires.
"
Foreign commerce of Argentina, six months 1D14. Boletin Mensual de Estadistica Municipal " Advertising electricity at Rosario Argentine trade
AdverclsiUf, agencies in Cinematograph films
3
4
7
Do. Do. William Dawson, jr., consul, Rosario. Leo J. Keena, consul general, Buenos
Aires.
Buenos
Aires.
,
14
Trade extension Edible oils and groceries from Southern States. Tobacco
Argentine exports for September, 1914... British purchase of Argentine meat Boletin Mensual de Estadistica Agricola. Establishment of grain elevators Electrically driven cars
17 21 22
Do. William Dawson, jr., consul, Rosario. Do. Do. Leo J. Keena, consul general, Buenos
Aires.
Sept. 26
..do....
Sept. 30
Do. Do. Do. Do. William Dawson,
jr.,
consul, Rosario.
Rice.
Aug. 15
Aug. 19
..do
Railways
Veterinary remedies Alcassus foot Trade extension
Do Wiadow
Aug. 22 ..do Sept. 15

Sept. 17 Sept. 18
glass
Commercial depression in Brazil. Kerosene blowtorches Market for cotton waste

CHILE.
Albro L. Bumell, vice consul general, Rio de Janeiro. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do.
Trade notes Trade extensions Letter from Mr. G. L. Burdus, ageacies for and catalogues
tures.
Sept. Sept.
of of
David
J.
D. Myers, consul, Iquique.
Iquique,
who desires
...do....
Do. Do.
Do. Do. Do. Do. Do.
A. B. Easterling,vice consul, Valparaii
American manufacSept. 15 Sept. 21

..do....
Paralyzation of the nitrate of soda industry
Trade extension Umbrellas Parcels post between European countries and Chile. Church candles
Silos
Sept. 23 Sept. 24
do.
Barber supplies Eflects of the European war.
Sept. 26 Sept. 29
Do. Do.
Commerce and
Coolcinf, fats in
industries.
Sept.
(2)
Isaac A. Manning, consul, Barranquilla.
Colombia.
Do.
C.
Donaldson, consul, Port Limon.
DOMINICAN EEPUBLIC.
List of dry-goods dealers
Sept. 23
Automobiles
Sept. 25
Sept. 28
H. Watson, consular agent, San Pedro de Macoris. Charles H. Albrecht, vice and deputy consul general, Santo Domingo. H. Watson^ consular agent, San Pedro
de Macons.
Charles H. Albrecht, vice and deputy consul general, Santo Domingo.
Lighthouse at La Romana.
Oct.
This does not represent a complete list of the reports made by the consular officers in Latin America, but merely those that are supplied to the Pan American Union as likely to be of service to this institution. 2 Undated.
983
984

Reports received to December
1,
1914
Continued.
Title.
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC
As a result of negotiations between the minister of Colombia at Buenos Aires and the minister of foreign affairs of the Argentine Republic an exchange of OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS and Government documents between the two countries has been estabHshed. The Argentine Government has accepted the invitation of the United
States to participate in the
NAVAL REVIEW to be held at Hampton
Roads
and has designated the dreadnaught Moreno, under the command of Rear Admiral Betbeder, to represent A South American FOOTBALL the country upon that occasion. CONVENTION was recently held in Buenos Aires, and in addition to adopting general rules and regulations go vernmg the game definite plans for the South American championship contests for 1915 were formulated. The Roca and Rio Branco cups, offered by the Governin
February,
1915,
ments
the
of Argentina
and
Brazil, respectively, are the prizes for
which
international series of contests are to take place in South Santiago del Estero has become one of the great America.
first
LUMBER
months
crossties,
of
producing sections of Argentina. During the first nine 1914 there were marketed 17,000,000 logs, 7,000,000
400,000 girders, and 5,000,000 pieces of miscellaneous The southern ZOOLOGICAL GARDEN, established by the municipal council of Buenos Aires in the park of "Los PatriThe minister cios," was opened to the public on October 16, 1914.
timbers.
of agriculture has appointed a
bility of
manufacturing
BAGGING
commission to investigate the feasiin suflB.cient quantities to supply
the demand of the home industries.
grain producers of the country, thus stimulating The Argentine newspaper. La Prensa, has
planned to publish a special AMERICAN EDITION on January 1, 1915, which will contain contributions from prominent and representative writers and publicists selected from the various countries The collection of AGRICULTURAL of the Western Hemisphere. SAMPLES prepared by the Grain Exchange of Buenos Aires for the Panama-Pacific Exposition at San Francisco has been on exhibition The exhibit contains over 1,700 samples in the Argentine capital.
of cereal, foraging,
factures thereof,
and oleaginous plants and the various manuand gives a comprehensive idea of the agricultural The exportaresources and their development in the Republic. tion of FROZEN AND CHILLED MEAT during the month of
September consisted of 161,091 frozen wethers, 214,642 frozen During quarters of beef, and 121,167 chilled quarters of beef. the first six months of 1914 Argentina imported 8,173,000 pounds of
985
986
cottonseed oil, an increase of 390,000 pounds as compared with the corresponding period of last year. Imports of olive oil for the same period were 26,627,000 pounds, a decrease of 2,300,000 pounds as compared with those of the first six months of 1913.
free course of
WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY
lished in the National School of Telegraphy,
of the director of mihtary wireless, and it is students of that institution. The NATIONAL OF BOLIVIA has just published its seventieth semiannual report to the governing board, which is accompanied by a balance statement of July 30 last which indicates a net profit of 510,179 bohvianos. The direction of pubhc works authorized the company of the GUAQUI RAILWAY to reduce the trafEc of that line. Consequently the trains which used to run between Challapampa and Viacha on
has been estabunder the supervision compulsory for aU the
BANK
Sunday and Thursday mornings and on Mondays and Wednesdays

m. have been discontinued, as has also the international mail In view of the actual scarcity of COAL for the railways of BoHvia, it has been determined to substitute for it charcoal manufactured in Yungas. The woods of this place are of wonderful quaUty for such a purpose, especially the wood from the tree called "vlU ca," whose product develops an intense heat suited to foundries and other industries using high units of heat. The Bolivian Congress has decided to honor the DISCOVERY OF AMERICA and has ordered that the 12th of October of every year be celebrated by all the schools, institutions of learning, and ofFcial geographic societies of the RepubUc. ^The students of Cochabamba have organized in that city a society called PROTECTRESS LEAGUE OF STUDENTS and have estabhshed a university By decree of September 6 last, the President of the library. Repubhc orders that the RENTALS in force on July 31 last shall be reduced as foUows: Those not exceeding 100' bohvianos per month, 20 per cent; those over 100 and not exceeding 200 bohvianos per month, 15 per cent; and those exceeding this amount per month, 10 per cent. The decree shall be in force until December 31, 1916. The prefect of La Paz has supphed the city with two PUBLIC BATHING PLACES ui the Orcojalmira River, of which one is for men and the other for women. The former is 32 feet wide by 49 feet long; the latter has the same length by 26 feet wide, and both are
at
1 p.
of Sundays.
BRAZIL.
987
more than 3
ORDERS
value of
feet deep. In 1913 the department of MONEY BoHvia received 22,591|'money orders, representing a 1,548,632 bolivianos, and sent 22,767, amounting to 1,561,557
of
bolivianos.
On
October
12, 1914, the
FIRST RAILROAD LINE
built in the
State of Matto Grosso was officially opened to traffic. The line extends from Itapura, State of Sao Paulo, to Esperanza, State of Matto Grosso, and its entire completion wiU mean the linking up of Â recent Corumba with th commercial centers of the Repubhc. Government decree approves the plans for the construction of 17
kilometers of the
of the Central
RAILROAD
of
Railway
between Lages and Macao, a branch Rio Grande do Norte, whose cost of conSr.
struction
been granted a franchise to estabMsh a
Jose O'Donnell has conThe Diario necting all the municipahties of the State of Catarina. Official has pubhshed the figures for the FC REIGN TRADE of Brazil for the first eight months of 1914. The total trade amounted to 928,990,165 milreis, of which 486,349,438 milreis were exports and 442,640,727 milreis were imports. While these figures show a
is
estimated at 1,063,807 milreis.
TELEPHONE SYSTEM
decided falling
of the
off in the foreign commerce of the country on account European war, they also show a very flattering balance of trade m favor of the Repubhc, amounting to 43,708,711 milreis. According to recent information from Curityba in Porto Amazonas, the "Empreza de Navegacao Fluvial Brasileira" has estabhshed a The congress of the STEAMSHIP LINE on the Iguassu River. State of Sao Paulo has granted to Jordiana da Costa Machado a 15-
year franchise for the estabhshment of a
STEAMSHIP SERVICE
on the Rio Pardo from the municipahty of Caconde in Minas Geraes On November 11, to one of the stations on the Mogyana Railway. 1914, the service of the new SERRA DO MAR RAILWAY was
officially
inaugurated bi the presence of the President of the Republic
and other officials. This branch of the Central Railway of Brazil, running between Belem and Barra da Pirahy, was begun in July, 1913, and its completion means much to the development of this
section.
^The
inauguration of
the
first
93
kilometers
of
the
MONTES CLAROS BRANCH

recently celebrated.
of^the Central
RaUway of Brazil was
The fine runs^ through the Diamantina and Cabral Mountains, whose rich mineral resources will thus be made
988

and industrial development of Montes In the municipality
available, while the agricultural
Claros will doubtless be greatly stimulated.

of Itapemirim, State of Espirito Santo, a
DEPOSIT OF PEAT
some 30 kilometers wide and
been discovered. Samples have been taken to Rio de Janeiro for analysis, and the Government engineers state that the calorific properties are very great and that the deposit wiU furnish an admirable substitute for coal. The value of the discovery is enhanced by the fact that the deposit is located close to the railway station and harbor of Itabapoana. The bust of the lamented Brazilian statesman and former ambassador to the United States, JOACHIM NABUCO, was unveiled in the department of foreign relations of the BraziHan Government in Rio de Janeiro on October 10, 1914. The Government of Brazil has decided to instaU an AERIAL AND SUBMARINE SCHOOL on Rijo Island.
6 meters deep, has
interesting collection of
Museum of Valparaiso an from some rich and typical mines of Chile. The noted North American botanist, Mr. J. N. Rose, of the Smithsonian Institution, arrived recently at Santiago, Chile, where he is preparing for a SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATION. On October 8 last the official inauguration of a STOCK FAIR organMr. Isaac Silva has presented to the
ORE SAMPLES
ized
by
the National Society of Agriculture took place with appro-
priate ceremonies at Santiago, Chile.
The exposition was held
at
Ât
Quinta Normal in the capital and was one of the most interesting and
successful stock expositions ever celebrated in the country.
a meeting of manufacturers, merchants, and farmers, held during the

first
days of October last at the department of foreign affairs, the matter of carrying CHILEAN PRODUCTS to the North American markets was considered. In this connection it was agreed to ask the National Government to put at the disposal of the National Society of Agriculture one of the vessels of the navy in order to make a trip of commercial propaganda to foreign ports. The wine manufacturers of Chile recently held a meeting for considering measures to secure foreign markets for CHILEAN WINES in the United States and Europe. Permission has been granted to Sr. Florencio Rioja to exploit a TELEPHONE SYSTEM between Arica and Puerto Montt and all the intermediate towns and villages. On October 12 last a
permanent exposition
of
AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY
was
COLOMBIA.
established
in
989
by
the minister of industries at the agricultural institution
the city of Santiago.
The construction
of
the
RAILWAY
between Confluencia and Tome was finished about the middle of The director of put lie works has appointed a comOctober last. mission of engineers to make a practical study of the plans for the construction of RESERVOIRS at Piquenes and La Laguna, at the
mouth
of the
Coquimbo River.
society of
FRUIT GROWERS
was organized
in Santiago for the purpose of
promoting the exporta-
tion of fruits, fresh, dry, or in cans, and to establish sanitary fruit The National Railmarkets in the principal cities of the country. ways have requested lids for the supply of 300,000 metric tons of
COAL
every year during three years at the following places: 125,000 tons at Valparaiso, 135,000 tons at Concepcion or Talcahuano, and 40,000 tons at Corral. The deUvery shall begin before January 15,
The bids must contain the name of the bidder or his representname and location of the mine, and the analysis of the mineral. The payments will be made in
191 5.
ative, the quality of coal offered, the
drafts of the treasury of 90 days sight, on London, or cash, at the option of the direction of the national railways.
In the Department of the Atlantic there are 713,933 heads of 13,480 sheep, 32,626 goats, 83,960 mules and donkeys, and 36,084 horses having a total value of $21,708,860 American gold. In the Department of Santander the statistics of the CATTLE INDUSTRY are as follows: Cattle, 73,543 head; mules, 13,487; horses, 12,382; donkeys, 4,512; sheep, 13,436; goats,
cattle; 87,343 hogs,
The Chamber of Representatives 23,295; and hogs, 29,678. recently approved a bill which determines the method which will be observed for the purchase of ammunition, armament, vessels, equipment, and other supphes for the ARMY AND NAVY of the RepubIt also enacted a law relative to the partition of CONTRABAND GOODS and punishment of the contrabandists, which orders that the contraband goods shall be distributed as follows: Seventy per cent for the national treasury, 15 per cent for the one who appreSr. Antonino Olano hends it, and 15 per cent for the denouncer.
lic.
member of the in Quito, Ecuador, with the purpose of rendering Volumes III and decisions on the claims of Colombian citizens. IV of the Diplomatic and Consular Annals of Colombia, compiled
has been appointed a
ARBITRATION COMMITTEE
which
is
to
meet
70015 Bull. 614
10
990
THE FAN AMERICAN UNION.
by Dr. Antonio Jose Uribe, have just been published. According to the Colombian press, this work is a valuable contribution of Dr. Uribe to the history of the foreign relations of the country and an important contribution of the Eepublic to the study of diplomacy in America.
The National Congress has declared
as
NATIONAL
HOLIDAY July 5,
1915, the first centennary of the battle of El Palo.
In order to commemorate this battle the Government wiU create a secondary school in the city of Santander, Cauca, and an agricultural station in Caloto or its suburbs for the high class cultivation of
and for the practical teaching of the cure and prevention of the diseases of such plants, especially cacao, tobacco, and sugar cane. Within a short time a STATUE of the Colombian patriot, Col. Liborio Mejia, decreed by the National Congress in 1911, will be erected in the city of Rionegro, Antioquia.
tropical plants
Sr. Pedro Loria, son-in-law of the celebrated Costa Rican patriot, Mora, has given to the International Museum of Costa Eica a number of valuable HISTORIC RELICS which belonged to the lamented A COMMEMORATIVE STONE has been placed in the Mora. house in which the famous ex-President Mora was born 100 years ago. The ceremonies attending the unveiling of the stone were attended by high officials of the Government, the diplomatic corps, the school
children,
of
Licentiate Jose Pinto, delegate and the general public. Guatemala to the CENTRAL AMERICAN INTERNATIONAL BUREAU, entered upon the duties of his office as president of the The President of Costa Rica has bureau on September 15 last.
ordered placed in circulation 150,000 pieces of SILVER COIN of the value 'of 10 centavos each, and 507,217 silver coins of the denomination of 5 centavos each. These coins were made in the Under a decree of October 6 United States mint in Philadelphia. last, the President of the Republic authorized the secretary of the treasury to issue GOLD BONDS to the value of 2,000,000 colones (1 colon equals $0,465), redeemable one year after the establishment The President of peace in Europe or before that time if possible. of Costa Rica has issued a decree, under date of October 9, establishOF ing a financial institution known as the NATIONAL COSTA RICA. This bank is empowered to issue bank notes up to 4,000,000 colones guaranteed by recent issues of treasury bonds and by other securities, and will make loans to the Government of an
BANK
CUBA.
991
amount not
colones which the
The remaining 2,000,000 authorized to issue will be loaned to the public at an annual rate of interest not exceeding 10 per cent, to be used in developing the national wealth of the country, encouraging the harvesting of crops, promoting the growing of cereals, stimulating
to exceed 2,000,000 colones.
bank
is
and for employment in any way necessary growth of commerce. The Congress and President of Costa Rica have ratified the diplomatic convention subscribed in Washington on March 16 last, extending for a period of five years the ARBITRATION CONVENTION concluded between Costa Rica and the United States on January 13, 1909.
the business of factories,
to aid
and
assist the
The CUBAN COMMERCIAL ASSOCIATION, organized for the purpose of attracting visitors to the Island and in affording them a comfortable and pleasant stay, has just opened its offices in the Hotel Plaza, of Habana. The work on the GRAN HIPPODROME of Habana, now being constructed near Marianao and connected with the capital by excellent electric car fines, is progressing finely. The hippodrome, when completed, will compare favorably with the Important exbest of its kind in France, Spain, and England. periments have been carried on in the Province of Pinar del Rio, in the CULTIVATION OF TOBACCO and especially in fertifizers employed for that purpose. The proper analyses are made in the different laboratories at the experimental school of the ProvincCj^ and the results of these experiments are distributed among farmers together with a Ust of the precautions which should be taken in The order not to be deceived by those who sell poor fertifizers. Cuban Congress has made an appropriation of $150,000 to complete the of the town of Guines, in Habana Province. By an Executive decree it has been ordered that the students on board the training ship Patria shall hereafter be called "GUARDIAS MARINAS," and that students now on board the ship shall be appointed to fiU vacancies in the ranks of second class sailors. The Government of Switzerland has informed that of
WATERWORKS
Cuba
of its desire to estabfish a
DIPLOMATIC REPRESENTA-
TION
Cuba and in other American Repubfics, with residence at Habana. The colony of DEFENSA SANITARIA INFANTIL, established at the Triscornia Encampment, has given excellent results. More than 400 children have been cared for, and have
in
received not only the benefits of good nourishment, comfortable
992
and sanitary
future.

shelter,
It has
but also practical and useful training for the been decreed that the immigration department
shall not permit the
LANDING OF PERSONS who
come
to
Cuba
because they have been expelled from other countries. During the month of September, 1913, the value of the EXPORTS from the port of New York to those of Cuba amounted to $3,224,406, while during the same month of the present year the value of exports
amounted
to
$5,657,442,
or
CESAR
L.
PINTO, Cuban
an increase of $2,433,040. Mr. minister to Venezuela, died at Caracas
on the 10th of November. The remains of the deceased diplomat were taken to Habana, Cuba, on board the vessel Cuba, of the Cuban Navy.
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
The SURVEY of the road from San Pedro de Macoris to Hato Mayor has been finished and the construction work has commenced. The region traversed by this road produces large quantities of cocoa which are exported through the port of Macoris. The managing
director of the Porvenir Sugar Co. has been authorized to import from the neighboring West Indies 800 LABORERS, who will be employed during the sugar-grinding season of 1914-15. The
President of the Republic has decreed that the

the certificate of the manifest or
of the consular invoices
list of
DUTIES
relating to
and those which heretofore had been collected by the consulates, shall hereafter be collected by the customhouse where the inspection of the merchandise is made. The proceeds of the duties shall be exclusively applied to the payment of the members of the consular service. In accordance with a resolution adopted by the Fourth International American Conference, it has been decided that the OFFICE HOURS of the Dominican consulates shall be the same as those of the customhouse of the different places where they are established. In conformity with an executive decree, the authorization granted at different times by the Executive Power to foreign vessels to render COASTWISE SERVICE at the ports of the Republic has been withdrawn. Hereafter this service shall be exclusively rendered by national vessels between the ports of San Domingo, Macoris, La Romana, Samana, Sanchez, Azua, and Barahona. The Angelina Sugar Plantation, of San Pedro de Macoris, has requested permission to bring 1,200 LABORERS FROM THE DANISH ISLANDS to work on the plantafreight of a vessel
ECUADOE.
tion.
lic
993
In 1913 the value of the
amounted
of the Repubto $19,742,225, divided into imports, $9,272,278, and
FOREIGN TRADE
exports, $10,469,947.
of the necessary
The commission appointed

to
to take charge
work
EXHIBIT DOMINICAN PRODUCTS
at
the San Francisco Exposition has been duly organized. The work which will be done in the first stretch of the leading from the capital to Cibao will cost $85,000, and wiU be started at an early date in the direction of San Carlos to the Alcarrizos. The DUTIES collected in the month of August by the customhouse of the port of
ROAD
San Domingo amounted to $53,367.28. In the month of September the customhouses mentioned below collected the following amounts: Azua, $5,863.01; La Romana, $3,445.33; Macoris, $38,425.30; Monte Christi, $21,773.21; Samana, $2,878.36; Sanchez, $32,963.93; San Domingo, $68,285.81, and Tierra Nueva, $666.82. The second volume of the HISTORIA ECLESIASTICA of Santo Domingo, written by Lie. Carlos Nouel, has been pubhshed. The Blanton Copper Mining Syndicate, located 27 miles west of San Domingo city, has ordered a IOC-ton CONCENTRATING MILL from a New York machine company.
ECUADOR
=^::s^=â^S
The Congress
of the
Republic bas ordered the establishment of a

(Library
of
BIBLIOTECA DE ESCRITORES NACIONALES

National Writers).
committee presided over by the minister of public instruction shall select the works for the library. In order that the national printing office may be able to render this new service, an appropriation of 30,000 sucres has been made, to be applied
improvement of the office. The engineer of the Ferrocarnacionales" (national railroads) and the director general of public works are now engaged in a thorough examination of the survey, through Pelileo, of the AMBATO TO CURARAY RAILROAD, in order to determine whether it is convenient or not to construct the line through this section. In the "Instituto Juan Montalvo" will soon be inaugurated a normal course which will be called "intensivo," the exclusive object of which is to obtain the greatest posThe attendants sible number of NORMAL-SCHOOL TEACHERS. of this course of studies must have diplomas as teachers and be from The Congress has decided that all the GOV18 to 25 years old. INCOME obtained in 1915, including that created by special decrees and for special purposes, shall be regarded as a comThe mon fund only for the purposes of preparing the budget.
to the
' '
riles
ERNMENT
994
of September, which is the anniversary of the independence of Chile, shall be celebrated as a LEGAL HOLIDAY throughout the Republic- In consequence of the crisis brought about by the European war it has been decided to organize an ADVISORY COMMITTEE at Guayaquil, the duties of which wiU be to suggest to the minister of the treasury measures The Bank of which should be taken in connection with said war. Ecuador has been authorized to order abroad the coining of a sum
Government has decreed that the 18th
which
shall
not
exceed
700,000
sucres
in
fractional
SILVER
COINS.
as follows:
(1)
Article 6 of the
TRADE-MARK LAW has been amended
"The
following can not be registered as trade-marks:
by
Letters, words, names, coats of arms, emblems, or symbols used the Republic or the municipalities or by foreign states or cities.
(3) The name of an indi(2) Immoral expressions or drawings. vidual or legal entity, unless represented in a peculiar or distinctive shape. (4) A trade-mark which has already been registered or used by another person or concern, if applied to articles of the same kind. (5) The name or picture of any person without his consent, or that
when said person is dead." Article 14 of the same law The registration of a trade-mark may be amended as follows be applied for personally or through an attorney duly authorized to The Chief Executive has been do so by a power of attorney."
of his heirs
shall
'
'
Mantas.
MENT
at the port of authorized to construct a new pubhc The Chief Executive has been authorized to apply as much as 40 per cent of aU the Government income to the PAYOF DEBTS in current accounts with the banks of the country, and to use for the same purpose up to 60 per cent of the
WAREHOUSE
The Presifunds provided for public credit and public works. dent has been authorized to grant PENSIONS to members of the national police who become crippled or invalids during the servThe Medical School of Guayaquil and the Medical Institute ice. of Quito wiU receive monthly subsidies from the Government in order to promote the establishment of MUSEUMS, exhibits, etc.
Percival
W.
of
Fuller,
Government
an instructor contracted in London by tne Guatemala to teach in the GYMNASIUM and phys-
ical-culture classes of the schools of the Republic, has
commenced
to
organize his work in the principal educational centers of the country. 'The concession granted to the Guatemala Marble & Mining Co. gives it the following privileges: The exportation free of duty
HAITI.
of
995
marble taken from its mines; the right to construct and operate a railway from the marble quarries to the junction with the Guatemala Railway; and the right to utilize the Santa Cruz and Hondo Rivers for hydroelectric installations. The ELECTRIC light and
power plant
at Mazatenango has been granted exclusive privilege for 10 years to continue furnishing light and power for that town and vicinity provided it equip its plant with such modern machinery and
make it an up-to-date installaHuehuetenango has been authorized to import free of duty the machinery required for the installation of an electric light and power plant. Sr. Trumann Gile McGonigal has been appointed CONSUL of Guatemala in Mobile. -Sr. Eduardo Lainfiesta has been appointed CONSUL GENERAL of Guatemala in New Orleans. With the object of honoring Licentiate Manuel ESTRADA CABRERA, President of the Republic of
be necessary to
of
tion.
appHances as
may
The municipahty
Guatemala, for the great services he has rendered his country along educational lines and especially for his activity in promoting popular instruction in the country, the Congress of Guatemala has decreed that the chief event of the principal day during the next school celebration shall be the placing of medallions with the image of Estrada Cabrera, the protector of education in Guatemala, in places of honor in the temples of Minerva throughout the Republic.
Committees of PUBLIC HEALTH have been established at Leogane and Petit Goave. M. Casis and P. P. Bigord, respectively, have been elected chairmen of these committees. The National Government has placed Charles Pierre Louis and Franc Delinois in
Leon charge of the land TELEGRAPH office of the Republic. Archer, who has been appointed POST-OFFICE inspector, took charge of his office on October 22 last. The central amortization
board, acting in accordance with the laws of the country, incinerated on October 19 of the present year, bank bills of the denomination of 5 gourdes each amounting to 97,490 gourdes. Up to that date bank
bills of
the denomination referred to had been burned to the value of 1,184,960 gourdes, which, added to the sum first mentioned, makes a The issue of bank notes of total incineration of 1,282,450 gourdes. this class amounted to 2,000,000 gourdes, which leaves outstanding
for circulation 717,550 gourdes of the 5-gourdes denomination. Three new have recently been founded in Puerto
NEWSPAPERS
996
Principe,
two of which are weekly and one semiweekly. One of these newspapers, entitled La Revolucion, is under the direction of Edgard Francis; another, L'Eoho, is issued from the printing establishment of August A. Heraux, and has for its object the pubhcation of concise and true news of the day and of cable dispatches; and
Le
Petit Journal,
a political, literary, scientific, and commercial
publication, under the direction of
Bernard
&
Co.
The
latter
paper
gives special attention to commercial advertising.
The Chief Executive has authorized Mr. Carmelo d'Antoni, in accordance with the laws of the Republic, to assume the office of The Society general attorney of the Honduras Sugar Distilling Co. of SOCOEEOS MUTUOS, called EL PEOGEESO, has been recognized as a juridical entity and its statutes have been approved. The society was founded at the port of La Ceiba, Honduras, for the purpose of promoting the moral and intellectual improvement of all its members, and to do everything possible to secure work for them A CLUB DE TENNIS, the by-laws of whenever they need it. which shall be drafted in accordance with those of the best tennis clubs of Manchester, is to be organized at Tegucigalpa. The materials and equipment have already been ordered and a contract has been entered into for the construction of a suitable pavilion for the club. The National Congress has approved the contract made between the
President
of
English
latter
is
company which has

authorized to cut
Honduras and the Mahogany Syndicate (Ltd.), an its domicile in London, whereby the
such public forests as the Aguan Eiver and
may
its
CEDAE AND MAHOGANY timber in be found in the lands comprised between tributaries, the Patuca, Guayambre, Jalan,
and Caratasca. Under the contract the company agrees to pay to the Government the sum of $8.40 American gold for each mahogany or cedar tree it may cut, besides paying the proper export duties. Congress has also approved the contract whereby the Chief Executive granted to Mr. Eamon Funes the necessary permission or authorization to cut mahogany and cedar trees for a period of five years. The contractor or grantee shall pay to the Government an annual sum of $8,400 in American money. Congress has authorized the Chief Executive to sell LOTS up to 800 square meters in length each, contiguous to the port towns of the Eepublic, and which can not be used
for agricultural purposes.
The
sales of the lots shall
be at public
auction.
MEXICO
The Executive Power has created an
INTERNAL DEBT
amount-
ing to $130, 000, 000, through the issue of paper money or currency, the redemption of which shall be carried out in such form and on such terms as may be fixed by a special decree later on. During the
month
of
September the
EXPORTS OF HENEQLEN
La
amounted
to
53,851 bales, weighing 9,567,997 kilograms, valued at $3,219,822. The governor of the State of Michoacan has established four
MODEL
SCHOOLS
the
(Escuelas Modelo) in the Zamora,

districts of said State.
and Zitacuaro
Piedad, Uruapan, Mexico intends to increase

stations
number
of
WIRELESS TELEGRAPHIC
and
to extend
To this end the reach or scope of the Mazatlan, Tampico, and Guaymas Stations has been increased. The power of the Chapultepec Station will be
the working radius of those existing at present.
be able to communicate with any place of the Federal District has addressed a circular to the prefects under his command, wherein he proscribes the prohibition of the SALE OF LIQUORS and of pulque During the first 20 days of October the within their jurisdictions. EXPORTS OF CRUDE PETROLEUM through the port of Tampico for different ports of the United States amounted to 681,680 barrels. The exports during the same period in 1913 amounted to
tripled in order that it
in the Republic.
may
The governor
734,880 barrels.
During the month
of
September the exports
of
petroleum through Mexican ports amounted to a total of 1,303,452 barrels. The preparation of the general REGISTRATION OF PROPERTY of the Repubhc has been ordered. The owners, or
interested parties, proprietors, or managers of estates existing in
Mexico, or of capital invested in farms, city properties, cattle, mercantile, industrial, and manufacturing interests are required to file with the Classifying Board (Junta Clasificadora) of each municiA TAX of 60 pality an itemized statement as to their properties. On the cents on each ton of crude petroleum has been imposed. 1st of November an EXHIBITION of handwork was inaugurated at La Corregidora de Queretaro, the Industrial High School of the
capital.
The municipal
Mexican
WATERWORKS
can, near the
capital, will
of the town of Coyoabe completed at an early date.
The
principal or director of military instruction has ordered that a

of
SCHOOL shall be established at the military prison of Santiago. The EXPORTS OF MEXICAN HEMP made through the port
Progreso during the month of October amounted to 98,938 bales, the weight of which was 17,500,707 kilograms.
997
NICARAGUA
The President
of the
Republic caUed a
SPECIAL SESSION OF
enactment
of laws
CONGRESS
required
session
for the purpose of discussing the
by the present economic condition commenced its labors on September
of the country.
10 last.
The The Nica-
rauguan CONSULATES at Mobile, Ala., and Liverpool, England, An ANCIENT CANNON were abolished on October 1, 1914. found on the Cardon Island near the port of Corinth, has been given to the United States Government in exchange for three modern cannons. The cannon in question was used at the siege of San Sebastian during the eighteenth century. Two coats of arms are inscribed upon it, one being those of Castile and the other those of Â decree of September 28, 1914, reduces a Spanish province.
of the Government of Nicawas recently made to Sabanagrande by the students of the NORMAL SCHOOL for girls at Managua. A special train carried the young ladies, accompanied by the principal, assistant principal, and teachers of the school, to the station at Sabanagrande, from whence they proceeded in vans and carriages to San Cristobal plantation where luncheon was serVed and outdoor The MUNICIPAL LAND amusements provided for the party. LAW of Bluefields is being strictly enforced by the local authorities.
the general
ragua,
BUDGET
of expenses
Ân interesting excursion
recent decree provides that the mayor of Bluefields shall not decide petitions for vacant municipal lands unless the parties in interest show receipts for the payment of the tax of SIO established
for the benefit of the municipal treasury.
notification concerning vacant lands
If after the survey and have been made, the petitioners
should allow 15 days to elapse without presenting the municipal tax receipts referred to, the proceedings shall be withdrawn in conformity with article 30 of the agrarian law. The law prohibits the erection of buildings on vacant municipal lands within a year from the date of their allotment, under penalty of a forfeiture of the lands to the
municipality, providing the buildings erected are 15 feet or
more
in
Congress has authorized width by the same dimensions in length. the municipahty of Rama to install a COMMISSION GOVERNMENT to govern the city on and after December 1, 1914. The law provides that the President of the Republic shall appoint the members of the commission. Congress has approved the POSTAL CONVENTION made with the Government of Panama.
compiled by the bureau of demography of the Governthat the marriages, births, and deaths in the Republic in September, 1914, were as follows: Marriages, 79, of which 9 were by the civil and 70 by the ecclesiastical authorities; births, 1,264, of which 647 were males and 617 females; and deaths, 641, of which 357 were males and 284 females. The Federal Government has granted a SCHOLARSHIP to Ricardo A. Morales, a promising young Panaman student who has distinguished himself in the study of civil government at home, for the purpose of enabling him to complete a course in pohtical science and pedagogy in the University of Columbia in the city of New York. The at Port Obaldia in the district of Anton has been opened to public service recently by order of the treasury department of the Federal Government. Âlejandro Ami C. has been promoted from the position of
Statistics
ment
of
Panama show
WHARF
CONSUL
of
Panama
at
Southampton
to that of consul general at
Genoa, Italy. Federico Boyd, jr., consul general at Hamburg, has been temporarily transferred to the consulate at Southampton. A biU has been introduced into the Congress of Panama authorizing the Federal Government to buy and equip two SUGAR plantations in the Province of Los Santos. Under this plan it is proposed to order the necessary sugar machinery from a Cincinnati manufacturer, sell the plantations to companies organized for the purpose of exploiting the same, and install the machinery at the places indicated y the purchasing companies. The companies engaging in this enterprise are to be hmited companies, authorized to issue stock of a value not to exceed 25 balboas per share. The purchasing companies are to reimburse the Government for the selling price of the plantations, payments to be made in annual installments of 3,750 balboas each, the first installment to become due within a year after the plantations commence operations, and hke amounts to be paid annually until Early in 1915 the the obligation to the Government is liquidated. national exposition to be held in the city of Panama proposes to issue
1
a nicely
entitled
bound and profusely
illustrated book, putlished in Spanish,
This book will contain material prepared by noted Panaman writers on the Panama Canal, on the history A section of the of the Isthmus, and on topics of national interest. book will be devoted to demographic and commercial statistics and the natural wealth of the Repubhc and its industrial possil iUties. The work will also contain articles on the laws and literary progress of the country. The edition is to consist of 50,000 copies. It will be published by the Diario of Panama and edited by J. D. Arosemena.
"PANAJMAIN
1915."
Messrs.
to the
Juan Crossa and Enrique Faella have made an application department of interior requesting the approval of the by-laws
and the recognition of the juridical entity of the BANCO CONSTE.UCTOE, of Paraguay, which was established on the 6th of April of the current year. The institution has already deposited 10 per cent of The the capital subscribed, which amounts to 2,000,000 pesos.
COMISION CODIFICADORA has

that
it
reported to the ministry of justice has finished the drafting and revision of the articles concerning The natives of Parathe bill on the organic law of the tribunals. guay residing in Uruguay have organized a society, the members of which will meet for the purpose of keeping in mind their native country. This society, called EL CENTRO PARAGUAYO, will strengthen the ties which unite the two countries, will commemorate the historical events of its native country, and will make an active propaganda for the purpose of bringing about a better mutual The Congress has acquaintance between the two countries. authorized the Chief Executive to establish a bank which will be known as the BANCO DE LA REPUBLICA, the offices of which will be at Asuncion. This bank may be created directly by the President of the Republic or by private parties, by means of a contract, for a term of 50 years. The bank will have a capital of gold, $2,000,000 of which will be subscribed by the $6,000,000 Government and $4,000,000 by private parties, with the understanding that the capital may be increased to more than $20,000,000 in gold. The institution will be authorized to issue currency or paper
will be redeemable on presentation, may issue obligabe intrusted with the transactions of the State Treasury, may act as financing agent of the same both in the country and abroad, The FRENCH ma.y issue mortgage cedulas.and receive deposits. NAVIGATION CO., "Sud Atlantique," the vessels of which saU weekly from Bordeaux to Buenos Aires, has reported to the president of the Universi :y of Asuncion that it has decided to make a reduction of 50 per cent on the passages of the students of Paraguay who desire The president of the to go to Europe to finish their studies. Republic has ordered that until further notice EXPORT DUTIES shall be collected in gold or in legal currency or paper, and that the Minister of the Treasury shall fix the rate of exchange, for the payment of the duties in paper money.
money which
tions,
may
1000
The national
as
colors were hoisted at the Government Palace, as well on other public buildings of Peru, in order to render homage to the
anniversary of CHILEAN INDEPENDENCE. This demonstration of courtesy and friendliness has made a very favorable impression in
Chile.
The Mining
Co. of Cerro de Pasco has proposed to the Govof 340,000 ounces of
ernment the
COINING
Peruvian
silver, to
be
refined in the
United States.
The company promises
to
pay
to the
State 8 per cent of the total of the coins thus obtained. By virtue of an made between the Governments of Peru and France the term fixed for the adjustment of the questions submitted by Peru to the Arbitration Tribunal of The Hague has been extended
AGREEMENT
three months.
The
NATIONAL MINT OF LIMA
has lately been
coining large amounts of gold.
The Sociedad Minera (Mining Society)
de Morococha, dehvered to the mint gold bullion brought from the United States which, after having been weighed, yielded a sufficient quantity for the coinage of more than 24,000 (Peruvian). The Chuquibamba Mining Co. has also delivered to the mint sufficient gold Agriculturists and bars to coin more than 1,000 (Peruvian). cattle raisers residing in Lima have estabhshed the ASOCIACION DE DEFENSA AGEICOLA, which will be composed of the landowners and managers of farms of the Republic, as well as of the representatives of agricultural and cattle-raising corporations. The
SOCIETY
intends to request of the Government such legislative and economical improvements and measures as may promote the progress of the agricultural and cattle industries, also to spread knowledge and information concerning these industries by means of lectures, distribution of pamphlets, establishment of Ubraries, and other means of instruction; to devote proper attention to the use and apphcation of fertilizers to promote the creation of agricultural banks to devote proper attention to land hygiene and stimulate agricultural and cattleThe Peruvian Government has raising contests and expositions. approved the resolution which was adopted by the Fourth Internatioanl Amencpn Congress which met at Buenos Aires on international sanitation, by virtue of which article 9 of the SANITARY CONThe President of the ReVENTION of Washington is amended. pubUc has authorized Mr. Juan I. Valladares to make the preHminary studies for the construction of a RAILROAD from the port of Chancay to Cerro de Pasto and to report to the Government the result of his studies within a term of two years.
; ;
1001
SALVADOR
of the Government of the Republic of Salvador for The the current fiscal year appropriates 86,010 ($418,540) toward the payment of th3 1,000,000 loan, and 2,100,000 pesos for the settlement of pending contracts, salaries in arrears, interest, etc., or a total
BUDGET
tion purposes.
disbursement of 3,146,350 pesos (p3so = $0,422) for general amortizaThe President of Salvador promulgated, under date of August 20, 1914, a congressional decree approving the resolution of the Fourth Pan American Conference, held in Buenos Aires in
The Government 1910, concerning CUSTOMS REGULATIONS. has ordered the civil and military authorities to render all the assistance within their power in the destruction of the LOCUST pest, and has offered a prize of 500 pesos to the person or corporaf'on initiating IMPORTS FROM the most effective way of destroying the plague. The by-laws of SPAIN in 1913 amounted to $106,592.68 gold. the AUTOMOBILE CLUB of Salvador, an association recently organized with headquarters in the Federal capital, which encourage the
lation of
and improvement of public roads, the reguurban and rural traffic, and the placing of signs along public highways for the information of travelers, have been approved by the Federal Government. The President has promulgated the agreement made on May 13 last with the United States extending for
building, maintenance,
a period of five years the ARBITRATION CONVENTION concluded Ân ElMPLOYbetween the two countries on December 21, 1908. MENT BUREAU has been established in the city of San Salvador, under the direction of the police department, for the purpose of assistWith the object ing persons out of work in securing employment. of improving the situation arising out of the European war, the Government has established, among other economic measures, the following: The maintenance of the official rate of exchange at 156 per cent until further notice, the issuance of a decree approving the departmental orders prohibiting exports of silver in coin or buUion, and requiring the placing on sale of the cereals in the possession of the In 1913 ships to the number of 813 called agricultural company. at PORTS OF SALVADOR, transporting 573,852 packages of merchandise and 6,036 sacks, 399 bundles, and 79 packages of mail matter. The Government has issued an order requiring all foreigners who enter the country to have in their possession at the time of landing at least $100 in American gold. Persons suffering with hydrophobia, leprosy, typhoid fever, sypbihs, tuberculosis, and insanity, as well as vagabonds, prostitutes, and beggars, are prohibited from
entering the Republic of Salvador.

1002
URUGUAY
Discussions in the Congress of
Uruguay
relating to the
ARBITRA-
TION TREATY made
between Uruguay and Italy show that this treaty covers a wider scope than that of any treaty concluded up to the present time wdth South American countries, inasmuch as it does not exclude from the operations of the treaty questions concerning the honor and sovereignty of the two countries, subjects hitherto excepted by all former treaties. The minister of Uruguay in
London has obtained the funds necessary for making the quarterly payment on the CONSOLIDATED URUGUAYAN DEBT. An executive decree of March 17, 1914, concerning the designation
been placed in force department of foreign relations. The marking of time is indicat-ed at midnight by hour, at 1 o'clock a. m. by 1 hour, and so on consecutively up to 24 hour. In compliance with a request from the Government of the United States, the Government of Uruguay has decided to adopt the proposal made by Great Britain
of
time from
to 24, beginning at midnight, has
in the offices of the
that
the
business
of
the
PREPARATORY INTERNATIONAL
among
the
COÎMISSION be
members
intrusted to a commission chosen from
board of the permanent arbitration tribunal of The Hague, the board itself selecting the members of the commission. The executive power has prepared a new law concerning the taxing of INHERITANCES, legacies, and gifts. The The minister of law was promulgated on September 17,1914. public works has made a trip through the interior waterways of the country for the purpose of studying a vast plan whose object is to make the NEGRO RIVER and its tributaries navigable to a greater The consul of Uruguay at Porto degree than they now are. Alegre, Brazil, has reported to his Government that a number of Brazihan famihes desire to establish a COLONY in Uruguay. Each one of these famiUes has a capital of not less than $500. The TABLES which the Uruguayan Chmatologic Institute will forward to the exposition at San Francisco have recently been on exhibition in the halls of the observatory in the Prado at MonteCongress has passed a law modifying the charter of the vedio. BANK OF THE REPUBLIC, and making the capital of the bank 25,000,000 pesos (peso = $1,034) and the reserve fund 10,000,000 A tax has been imposed on EXPORTS OF MEAT made pesos.
of the administrative
At the AVICULTURAL FAIR during the present year. recently held in Montevideo, a National Association of Aviculture was organized to aid in the development of that industry in the
country.
1003
VENEZUELA
The Academy of Medicine of Caracas has given a prize of 1,000 bohvares ($200) to Sr. Enrique Tejera for the best essay submitted during the competitive contest of that association. "AnkilostomoThe national sanitary office at sis" was the subject of the essay. Caracas sends on Sundays and other suitable days a part of its office force to places in the immediate vicinity of the Federal Capital to examine and treat indigent persons who suffer with ANEMIA. The
combating the evil effects of this disease among The governor of the State the poor have been highly satisfactory. of Portuguesa in the Repubhc of Venezuela has issued a decree providing for the importation into that State of a certain number of BREEDING CATTLE of superior pedigree for the purpose of crossDr. Rafael Lopez Baralt has been ing same with the native stock.
results obtained in
elected an active
TORY.
The
member of the NATIONAL ACADEMY OF HISCUSTOMHOUSE at Ano Colorado was abolished on
October 16 last. Upon the date referred to the customhouse at Cristobal Colon was opened for imports and exports with jurisdiction over the maritime littoral from Promontorio de Paria to Punta Playa, the banks of the River Guarapiche and the Colorado, Francis, and San Juan canyons from Maturin to the mouth of the Gurapiche River. On the same date the customhouse at Imataca was also closed and a new customhouse estabhshed at Barrancas on the Orinoco River. The jurisdiction of this customhouse includes the fluvial zone of the delta of the Orinoco from the Orinoco fork at the Cano Piacoa to the mouth of aU the branches and channels which empty into the ocean The minister of pubhc works has through the Orinoco River.
authorized Walter Albert LileU to construct a TRACTION CABLE from Valencia to Nirgua, thereby facihtating access to the towns of Bejuma, Miranda, Montalban, and Salon. Work on the Hne must be commenced within a year and completed within the two following
years.
1004
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Ambassadors from Argentina and An Early American Explorer

Chile, Reception of*

Argentine-Brazil-Chile Mediation, The Argentina: Address Book, English

Expansion of Samples for Panama- Pacific Exposition

journey through Argentina

Banks Banco Popular of Buenos Dutch bank organized

151 151 150 647

Bridge over Salado River, rebuilding

Census of 1914 Commercial and industrial

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industry, capital invested in

Bold type indicates special

Corn crop, big

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Argentina to Chile Holland, increase of trade with

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Mileage Total length

Steamship service of the Pacific Stock fair, national Stock, value of

Buenos Aires Steam Navigation Co

475 319 824 319

475 475 824

Telegraphy, wireless, in Argentine waters

TradeHolland, increased trade with

Argentina Continued. Wine production

Garden opened to public As Tourist and Trader See Costa Rica

Automobile service Banks

Bathing places, public, in La Paz

Brewing industry Cabinet change

Conference, Foiirth International, adherence to conventions of

Congress of Americanists, Nineteenth

Chairman and secretary of Diez de Medina, Dr. Don Eduardo,

Electric-light plant, Potosi negotiates for purchase of

Holiday in honor of discovery Jungles, trip through

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Mining operations Timgsten in Bolivia

exchanged with Argentina

Sanitarium, Hispanic-Bolivian, opened in

La Paz and Achacachi

632 633 630

The Sea and the Jungle The Stanford Expedition

Land and People Commercial Laws of the World

Hints to Homeseekers Indians of the Terraced Houses

"Documentos Ineditos del Archivo de

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Kelly's Directory of the Merchants, Manufacturers, and Shippers of America,