STRUCTURAL DESIGN CRITERIA FOR SCHOOLS AT MANSEHRA

TASK ORDER 15-A 1.0 GENERAL The structural Design criteria describes general design requirements applicable to the structural design of all building elements, structures and foundation, thereof to ensure adequate strength for the whole structure and all parts, thereof for safe support of all superimposed live and special loads in addition to the dead loads. All structures and their components for the captioned project shall be analyzed for all phases of construction for a high degree of structural competence, reliability and ease of construction, as per the various standards & codes as described below. 2.0 2.1 DESIGN LOADS DEAD LOADS 2.1.1 Dead loads are the vertical loads due to the weight of all permanent structural and non-structural components of a building, such as walls, built-in & moveable partitions, floors, roofs and finishes including all other permanent construction. 2.1.2 Dead loads also include the weight of all fixed services equipments, such as piping, heating & air-conditioning ducts / equipments, elevators and the weights of all other fixed equipments. 2.1.3 The vertical and lateral pressures of liquids are also treated as dead loads. 2.1.4 Dead loads shall be calculated from the unit weights given in table 11.1 of Building Code of Pakistan or from the actual known specific weights of the materials used. (Table-1) 2.1.5 Where the position of partition walls are not known on the plans, the beams & the floor slabs shall be designed to carry in addition to other loads, a uniformly distributed load per sq ft of not less than one third of the weight per ft of the finished partition but not less than 20 psf, if the floor is to be used for office purposes. 2.1.6 All depressed slabs shall be filled with foam concrete of density 50 Pcf. 2.2 LIVE LOADS 2.2.1 Live loads are the loads superimposed by the use and occupancy of the building not including the seismic and dead loads.

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2.2.2 Live loads include loads due to intended use and occupancy of an area, personnel, moveable equipments, lateral earth pressures, vehicle and impact loadings. 2.2.3 For the subject project, floor live loads as per occupancy and intended use requirements, are as given in Table-2. Live loads given in the table are the minimum live loads for the design of the listed areas. For any area not listed, minimum design live loads shall be as listed in Table 11.2 of the Building Code of Pakistan. 2.2.4 For elevators, cranes and other moving loads, equipment manufacturers information shall be used for wheel loads, equipment loads, and weights of moving parts. If not otherwise specified by the equipment manufacturer, impact and crane runway horizontal forces shall be in accordance with the section 11.3.7 of Building Code of Pakistan. 2.2.5 The reduction in assumed total live floor loads given in sub-section 2.2.3 may be taken in designing columns, walls, other supports & foundations in accordance with Section 11.3.5 and Table 11.3 of Building Code of Pakistan. 2.2.6 The floor area live load may be omitted from areas occupied by equipment whose weight is specifically included in dead load. Live load is not omitted under equipment where access is provided. 2.2.7 Ceiling Supports The support of ceiling (other than false ceiling), ribs of skylights, frames and coverings other than glazing of access hatches and similar structures shall be designed for the following loads: 1) 2) 5 psf distributed uniformly over the whole area or area supported and 225 Lb concentrated over a length of 5 inch or in the case of coverings, over a square of 5 inch side so placed as to produce the maximum stresses in the affected members.

2.2.8 Parapets & Balustrades Parapets and balustrade shall be designed for the minimum loads given in Table 11.4 of Building Code of Pakistan, expressed as horizontal forces acting at top of handrail or coping level. 2.3 DYNAMIC / VIBRATIONS LOADS Dynamic effects caused by vibrating loads of equipment and machinery such as pumps, fans, screens, and compressors shall be determined by established analytical methods or design data from suppliers. It is intended to minimize the vibration effects as far as possible by provision of shock absorbing materials in accordance with supplier's recommendations.

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2.4

SEISMIC LOADS The area of the subject project lies in seismic High Seismic risk". This corresponds to Zone 4 (Z = 0.40) of Uniform Building Code (UBC) 1997. Seismic loads will be computed according to UBC-1997. Provision of special structural elements like shear walls or ductile frames for sustaining stresses caused by earthquake forces may be required. All structures and their components shall be analyzed and designed to withstand lateral forces caused by wind and seismic loads which ever produces more critical effects. Fault lines exist near the project site. We are taking the distance to the source as less than 2km which is most critical according to UBC97.

2.6

SEISMIC DESIGN Seismic Design Parameters Seismic Zone Factor Z Soil profile Types Occupancy Category I Structural systems R Seismic Coefficient Ca Seismic Coefficient Cv Near Source Factor Na Near Source Factor Nv Seismic Source Type For Zone = 4 SD As per soil report 1.25 As per 5.5 As per 0.66 As per 1.28 As per 1.5 As per 2.0 As per A As per (Table 16-I) (Table 16-J) (Table 16-K) (Table 16-N) (Table 16-Q) (Table 16-R) (Table 16-S) (Table 16-T) (Table 16-U)

3.0

LOAD COMBINATIONS The various load cases applied to structures in combination with the required strength factors are indicated in Table-3. The load combination producing the maximum resultant forces and moments shall be used in design.

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3.1

MODULUS OF ELASTICITY For Concrete Ec = 57000fc (psi) For Reinforcement Es=29x10 psi (AC1318-2005 Section 8.5.1) (AC1318-2005 Section 8.5.2)

3.2

CRACKED MOMENT OF INERTIA Beams Columns Walls-Uncracked Cracked Flat plates & Flat Slabs 0.35 Ig 0.70 Ig 0.70 Ig 0.35 Ig 0.25 Ig

Inertia of T-beam is nearly equal to 1.5 to 1.7 times the rectangular beam section, so T-beam inertia with a multiplier of (1.5*0.35=0.5) is used in the model, which equates the cracked section conditions mentioned above. Inertia properties for rectangular beams are used with a multiplier of 0.35 to equate the above conditions. 3.3 DEFLECTION CRITERIA (UBC-1997 Table 19-C-2) Deflections to be considered

Deflection Limits Flat roofs not supporting or attached to Immediate deflection due to live L/180 nonstructural elements likely to be load damaged by large deflections Floors not supporting or attached to Immediate deflection due to live L/360 nonstructural elements likely to be load damaged by large deflections Roof or floor construction supporting or That part of the total deflection L/480 attached to nonstructural elements likely occurring after attachment of nonstructural elements (sum of the to be damaged by large deflections long term deflection due to all sustained loads and the immediate deflection due to any additional live loads.) L/240 Roof or floor construction supporting or attached to nonstructural elements not likely to not be damaged by large deflections. 3.4 DURABILITY Concrete cover and minimum section dimension are chosen to satisfy the Special provisions for Seismic Design. Beam: Width of member, bw, is not less than the smaller of 0.3h and 10 inch. (ACI-318-05, 21.3.1.3) 4

Type of Member

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Column: The shortest cross-sectional dimension, measured on a straight line passing through the geometric centroid, is not less than 12 inch. (ACI-318-05, 21.4.1.1) The ratio of the shortest cross-sectional dimension to the perpendicular dimension is not less than 0.4. (ACI-318-05, 21.4.1.1) 7.7.1 Minimum concrete covers to the nearest reinforcement (including links) as per ACI is as follows: Slabs Slab (Exposed to weather) Beams Columns Shear wall Retaining walls (Earth facing) Retaining walls Foundation (Bottom) Foundation (Top) Piles Piles Caps 4.0 4.1 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM STRUCTURAL FRAMING Structural elements e.g. slabs, beams columns and footings are combined in various ways to create structural systems for buildings and other construction space. For the selection of a suitable framing system for a building, the determining factors are: Appearance, functional & aesthetic requirements. Limitations on the size of structural members as imposed by architectural design and practical constraints on the basis of structural considerations. Clear spans and height required. Loads, including special loads. Availability of materials, skilled labor and construction equipments. Special building uses which influence the shape and layout of a structure e.g. for an auditorium, an efficient acoustical form and good sight lines may set the shape of the building and indicate the use of a particular system. For a gymnasium requiring a long clear span and high open space, an efficient long span system such as truss, arch, dome and shell or suspension system may be most feasible. Integration of structure with respect to architectural details, mechanical equipment, occupancy requirements etc. Economy, not merely in structural frame but also the overall economy in the finished structure. 5 1-1/2 1-1/2 1-1/2 1-1/2 3 1-1/2 3 2 3 3

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Except for the very simple and ordinary structure, study of several alternative system, materials and layouts will be made, before the final scheme is set. From many alternatives, the criteria for the selection of the best structural system for a building would be its compliance with the functional and aesthetic requirements in an efficient and technically sound manner. 4.2 4.3 Generally all buildings are reinforced concrete structures with RCC pitched roofing. FLOOR AND ROOF CONSTRUCTION 4.3.1 Selection of proper floor and roof system will be based on: Spans, loads, deflection limitations, etc. Acoustical and thermal insulating properties Fire resistance. Framing details: attachment to supports, support of hung ceilings, ducts, light fixtures, piping, etc.

4.3.2 Typical assemblies of floor and roof construction for the various buildings of Schools have been envisaged as:a) b) One way slab supported by monolithic concrete beams. Two way solid slab supported by beams on the column lines on all sides of each slab panel.

4.4

EXPANSION AND SEPARATION JOINTS Arrangements of these joints will be made on the following principles: Joints will be provided only to avoid extremely irregular plan shapes & to avoid excessively long interconnected structures. In general, maximum interconnected length will be limited to about 180 ft. This is acceptable only if the structure is temporarily separated at about 60 ft long intervals or less by "shrinkage control pour strips" which are left open for at least 30 days after placement of concrete on each side. Width of joint will be at least 1 or informed by structural engineer Building separation joint width shall be as per UBC code considering storey drifts. Double columns will be provided at joints or structure will be cantilevered from either side to joint.

4.5

FOUNDATIONS AND SUBSTRUCTURE The bearing capacity of the soils and other factors pertaining to foundation design, will be evaluated as per recommendations laid down in the soil investigation report. In general, foundations for various structures will be isolated / combined bases or strip footings and raft foundation. Arif & Associates 6

5.0 5.1

MATERIAL PROPERTIES REINFORCING STEEL 5.1.1 All reinforcing steel used as principal reinforcement shall be hot rolled high yield deformed bars conforming to ASTM A 615, having a minimum yield strength of 60,000 psi. 5.1.2 Bar spacing, splices and reinforcement covers shall conform to the ACI Code requirements. 5.2 CONCRETE 5.2.1 All reinforced concrete except for columns shall have minimum compressive cylinder strength of 3000 psi at 28 days unless otherwise indicated on drawings. The reinforced concrete for column shall have minimum compressive cylinder strength of 3000 psi or 4000 psi at 28 days as mentioned in respective column schedule of building and at some locations for reinforced concrete slabs and beams also mentioned in respective drawings. 5.2.2 All structural concrete may consist of Ordinary Portland cement, as per findings of Soil Investigations reports. 5.2.3 Adequate protection shall be given to concrete against direct exposure to earth and to possible physical damage at locations like vehicle entrances by use of bitumen coating, corner angles, bollards etc. 5.3 STRUCTURAL STEEL 5.3.1 All design, details, fabrication and erection of structural steel shall be in accordance with the AISC Manual of Steel Construction. 5.3.2 All structural steel shall conform to the requirements of ASTM A 36 steel with minimum 36000 psi yield strength. Minimum thickness of structural members except purlin and grits shall be: 5/16 for exterior exposure 1/4 for interior exposure

Minimum thickness of gusset plates shall be 3/8. 5.3.3 Anchor bolts shall conform to the requirements of ASTM A307 with a limiting allowable tensile stress of 20,000 psi on net area. Anchor bolts shall be supplied with thread length for two nuts. Nuts shall conform to ASTM Specification A 307. 5.3.4 All shop connections shall be made with high strength friction grip bolts conforming to ASTM specifications A325 or by welding. All field connections (except noted otherwise) shall be friction type high tensile bolted connections except for grits, purlins and door frames where ordinary bolts Arif & Associates 7

conforming to ASTM specifications A-307 may be used minimum size of bolts shall be in. for main members and 5/8 in. for secondary members. 5.3.5 Structural component which are to be welded shall be designed with materials specified and recommended for welding and their fabrication shall conform to the referenced welding codes.

6.0 6.1

METHOD OF ANALYSIS To evolve designs for estimate purposes the analysis of structures shall be carried out using approximate methods of analysis. 6.1.1 For vertical loads the analysis for a floor shall be carried out considering that floor only. Further ends of the columns shall be considered fixed. 6.1.2 For horizontal loads due to seismic loads cantilever or portal method shall be used. 6.1.3 For foundation design, loads shall be assessed on the basis of Catchment area of each column. 6.2 The analysis for final design shall be carried out using computer aided methods of analysis and design as listed below. a. ETABS Extended. 3-D Analysis of Building System. Structural Analysis Programme (Static & Dynamic Finite element Analysis of Structures). Design of Slabs & Footings as per ACI . Code.

b.

SAP-90 / SAP-2000

c.

SAFE

6.3

DEFLECTION The vertical deflection and lateral displacement of any structural component shall be limited by the values set forth in ACI Code.

7.0

DESIGN METHODS All reinforcement concrete structure shall be designed by the ultimate strength method, as defined in ACI 318 except for all concrete liquid retaining or sanitary engineering structures which are designed and detailed based on the working stress design method as recommended by ACI committee 350. A minimum factor of safety against sliding or overturning of 1.5 shall be used for all structures. Arif & Associates 8 7.1

7.2 7.3

Structural steel design for normal loading condition shall be based on the working stress method in accordance with part 1 of AISC specifications. Future Loads As future equipments and building extensions are anticipated, therefore all main structural elements shall be designed accordingly and be specifically notified on the drawings.

8.0

CODES AND REFERENCES The design, fabrication and erection shall in general conform to the latest editions of the following codes which are to be applied with proffer engineering judgment. 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 Uniform Building Code 1997. American National Standards Institute Specifications. ACI-318, Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete. American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC), specification for the Design, Fabrication and Erection of Structural Steel for Buildings. AWS "Structural Welding Code II AWS 01.1 AISC Manual of Steel Construction.

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TABLE - 1 DEAD LOADS 1. Roof Finishes including insulation and water proofing treatment or as per actual 2. Floor Finishes: i) ii) iii) Terrazzo/ marble/ local granite flooring incl level screed Ceramic/ Glazed/ Vinyle tiles flooring incl. level screed Plain cement concrete flooring incl. level screed 30 psf 30 psf 30 psf 40 psf

3. Ceiling Finishes: i) ii) 4. Plaster (not required where there is false ceiling) False Ceiling including supporting structure 5 psf 3 psf 7 psf as per actual location and actual weight 20 psf As per actual loads according to manufacturer's information. as per actual weight.

Piping, Ducts, Cables:

5. Masonry Walls including plaster 6. Light Partitions for Office areas 7. Fixed Service Equipments Mechanical/Electrical equipment for example elevators, pumps, fan coil units compressors etc. 8. Facades including glazing tiles etc.

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TABLE 2 LIVE LOADS

NO.

AREA

UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOAD (psf)

CONCENTRATED LOAD APPLIED, UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED OVER A SQUARE OF 1 ft SIDE (lb).

1.

Assembly buildings such as public halls theaters, auditorium etc. a. with fixed seating b. Without fixed seating 60 100 30 40 400 600

2. 3. 4.

Bed Rooms / dormitories Class Rooms Corridors a. for buildings subject to ground loading. b. all other buildings.

80 Same as to which they give access 100 40 To be determined but not less than 100 50 100 30

2000

5. 6. 7.

Dining Rooms Dressing rooms Drive ways and vehicle ramps. Garages for car parking only Gymnasium Houses, apartments & hostels.

600 400

2000 2000 800 400

8. 9. 10.

CONCENTRATED Arif & Associates 11

NO.

AREA

NIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOAD (psf)

LOAD APPLIED, UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED OVER A SQUARE OF 1 ft SIDE (lb.).

11. 12. 13. 14.

Indoor supports facilities areas for equipment. Laboratories including equipment. Landings Laundries

To be determined not less than 40 60 Same as the floors to which they give access To be determined but not less than 60

400 1000 -

1000

15.

Libraries a. b. Reading area Book storage area 50 80 40 80 To be determined but not less than 150 60 100 50 70 1000 1000 600 1000

16. 17. 18.

Lounges Machinery Halls Circulation space therein. Motor rooms, fan room & the like including weight of machinery. Mosque Office a. Filing & Storage space b. Office for General use c. Office with computing data processing and similar equipment

600 1000 600 1000

19. 20.

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NO.

AREA

UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOAD (psf)

CONCENTRATED LOAD APPLIED, UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED OVER A SQUARE OF 1ft SIDE (lb). 800 800

11. 22. 23. 24.

Projector Room Shop Floors Stages Stairs

100 80 125 Same as the floors to which they give access 60 40 40

25. 26.

Toilets Hospital Wards

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TABLE - 3 LOAD COMBINATIONS Concrete Structures (Ref. ACI 318 and ANSI A58.1 in relation to ETABS load combination
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. DCON1 DCON2 DCON3 DCON4 DCON5 DCON6 DCON7 DCON8 DCON9 DCON10 DCON11 DCON12 DCON13 DCON14 = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 1.4 D 1.4 D + 1.7L+0.55S 1.32 D + 0.55L + 1.1EQX +0.22S 1.32 D + 0.55L - 1.1EQX +0.22S 1.32 D + 0.55L + 1.1EQY +0.22S 1.32 D + 0.55L - 1.1EQY +0.22S 1.32 D + 0.22S + 1.1EQX 1.32 D + 0.22S - 1.1EQX 1.32 D + 0.22S + 1.1EQY 1.32 D + 0.22S - 1.1EQY 0.99 D + 1.1EQX 0.99 D - 1.1EQX 0.99 D + 1.1EQY 0.99 D - 1.1EQY

Load combinations for sanitary engineering structures shall be in accordance with recommendations of UBC and ACI. Notations D EQX, EQY = = Dead Load Earthquake Load (DCON `s) = Required ultimate strength for concrete structures to resist design loads or their related internal moments and forces as defined in ACI 318. Snow load

Live Load

S =

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