Poularikas A. D.

Legendre Polynomials
The Handbook of Formulas and Tables for Signal Processing.
Ed. Alexander D. Poularikas
Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC,1999

1999 by CRC Press LLC


1999 by CRC Press LLC

21

Legendre Polynomials

21.1 Legendre Polynomials

21.2 Legendre Functions of the Second Kind
(Second Solution)

21.3 Associated Legendre Polynomials

21.4 Bounds for Legendre Polynomials

21.5 Table of Legendre and Associate Legendre
Functions

References

21.1 Legendre Polynomials

21.1.1 Denition
21.1.2 Generating Function

w

(

t, s

) =

w

(

t, s

)

21.1.3 Rodrigues Formula
21.1.4 Recursive Formulas

1.
2.
P t
n k t
k n k n k
n
n n
n n
n
k
n
k n k
n
( )
( ) ( )!
!( )!( )!
[ / ]
/
( ) /
[ / ]

'

0
2
2
1 2 2
2 2
2
2
1 2
even
odd
w t s
st s
P t s s
P t s s
n
n
n
n
n
n
( , )
( )
( )

+

<
>

'

1
1 2
1
1
2
0
1
0
generating function

P t
n
d
dt
t n
n n
n
n
n
( )
!
( ) , ,
1
2
1 0 1 2
2
L

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) , , n P t n t P t nP t n
n n n
+ + +
+
1 2 1 0 1 2
1 1
L

+
+

P t t P t n P t P t P t n
n n n 1
1 0 1 2 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ( ) ( ) , , , derivative of L

1999 by CRC Press LLC

3.
4.
5.
6.
Figure 21.1 shows a few Legendre functions.

21.1.5 Legendre Differential Equation

If is a solution to the second-order DE
For

TABLE 21.1

Legendre Polynomials

FIGURE 21.1

t P t P t nP t n
n n n

( ) ( ) ( ) , ,
1
1 2 L

+
+
P t P t n P t n
n n n 1 1
2 1 1 2 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) , ,L
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) t P t nt P t nP t
n n n
2
1
1

P t P t t
0 1
1 ( ) ( )
P
0
1
P t
1

P t
2
3
2
2 1
2

P t t
3
5
2
3 3
2

P t t
4
35
8
4 30
8
2 3
8
+
P t t t
5
63
8
5 70
8
3 15
8
+
P t t t
6
231
16
6 315
16
4 105
16
2 5
16
+
P t t t t
7
429
16
7 693
16
5 315
16
3 35
16
+

y P x n
n
( ) , , , ) ( 0 1 2 L
( ) ( ) 1 2 1 0
2
+ + t y ty n n y
t
d
d
dy
d
n n y

_
,

+ + cos :
sin
sin ( )

1
1 0

1999 by CRC Press LLC

Example

From (21.1.4.4) and

t

= 1 implies For
For and so forth. Hence

21.1.6 Integral Representation

1. Laplace integral:
2. Mehler-Dirichlet formula:
3. Schli integral:
where C is any regular, simple, closed curve surrounding

t

.

21.1.7 Complete Orthonormal System

The Legendre polynomials are orthogonal in [1,1]
and therefore the set
is orthonormal.

21.1.8 Asymptotic Representation:

= xed positive number

21.1.9 Series Expansion

If

f

(

t

) is integrable in [1,1] then
0 1 1 1 1
1 1


nP nP P P
n n n n
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ). or n P P 1 1 1 1
1 0
, ( ) ( ) .
n P P 2 1 1 1
2 1
, ( ) ( ) P
n
( ) . 1 1
P t t t d
n
n
( ) [ cos ] +

1
1
0
2

P
n
d n
n
(cos )
cos( )
cos cos
, , , ,

< <

2
2
0 0 1 2
0
1
2
P t
j
z
z t
dz
n
C
n
n n
( )
( )
( )

+
1
2
1
2
2
1

{[ ( )] ( )}
/
1
2
1 2
2 1 n P t
n
+

+

1
1
1
1
2
0
2
2 1
0 1 2
P t P t dt
P t dt
n
n
n m
n
( ) ( )
[ ( )] , , L

n n
t
n
P t n ( ) ( ) , ,
+

2 1
2
0 1 2L
P
n
n n
n
(cos )
sin
sin ,



+

_
,
+

1
]
1

2 1
2 4
,
f t a P t t
n n
n
( ) ( ) < <

0
1 1

1999 by CRC Press LLC

For even

f

(

t

), the series will contain term

P

n

(

t

) of even index; if

f

(

t

) is odd, the term of odd index only.
If the real function

f

(

t

) is piecewise smooth in (1,1) and if it is square integrable in (1,1), then the
series converges to

f

(

t

) at every continuity point of

f

(

t

). If there is a discontinuity at t then the series
converges at

21.1.10 Change of Range

If a function

f

(

t

) is dened in [

a,b

], it is sometimes necessary in the applications to expand the function
in a series in the applications to expand the function in a series of orthogonal polynomials in this interval.
Clearly the substitution
transform the interval [

a,b

] of the x-axis into the interval [1,1] of the t-axis. It is, therefore, sufcient
to consider
The above equation can also be accomplished as follows:

Example

Suppose

f

(

t

) is given by
Then

a
n
f t P t dt n
n n

2 1
2
0 1 2
1
1
( ) ( ) , , L
[ ( ) ( )]/ . f t f t + + 0 0 2
t
b a
x
b a
a b x
b a
t
b a

1
]
1
<

+
+

1
]
1
2
2 2 2
, ,
f
b a
t
b a
a P t
a
n
f
b a
t
b a
P t dt
n n
n
n n

+
+

1
]
1

+
+
+

1
]
1

2 2
2 1
2 2 2
0
1
1
( )
( )
f t a X t
X t
n b a
d t a t b
dt
a
n
b a
f t X t dt
n n
n
n n
n n n
n
n
b
a
n
( ) ( )
( )
!( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )

0
1
2 1
f t
t a
a t
( )
<
<

'

0 1
1 1
a
n
P t dt
n
a
n

2 1
2
1
( )

1999 by CRC Press LLC

Using (21.1.4.4), and noting that

P

n

(1) =1 we obtain
which leads to the expansion

Example

Suppose

f

(

t

) is given by
The function is an odd function and, therefore,

f

(

t

)

P

n

(

t

) is an odd function of

P

n

(

t

) with even index.
Hence

a

n

are zero for

n

= 0,2,4,. For odd index

n

, the product

f

(

t

)

P

n

(

t

) is even and hence
Using (21.1.4.4) and setting

n

= 2

k

+ 1,

k

= 0,1,2 we obtain
where we have used the property

P

n

(1) =1 for all

n

. But
and, thus, we have
The expansion is
a P a P a a a
n n n

+
1
2 1 1 0
1
2
1 [ ( ) ( )], ( )
f t a P a P a P t t
n n n
n
( ) ( ) [ ( ) ( )] ( ), < <
+

1
2
1
1
2
1 1
1 1
1
f t
t
t
( )
<
<

'

1 1 0
1 0 1

a n f t P t dt n P t dt n
n n n
+

_
,
+

_
,

1
2
2
1
2
1 3 5
1
1
0
1
( ) ( ) ( ) , , ,L
a k P t dt P t P t dt
P t P t P P
k k k k
k k k k
2 1
0
1
2 1
0
1
2 2 2
2 2 2
0
1
2 2 2
4 3
0 0
+ + +
+ +
+


( ) ( ) [ ( ) ( )]
[ ( ) ( )] ( ) ( )
P
n
n
n
n
n
n 2
1
2
2 2
0
1 2
2
( )
( ) ( )!
( !)

_
,

a
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k k
k k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
2 1 2 2
1
2 2 2 2 2
2 1
1 2
2
1 2 2
2 1
1 2
2
1
2 1
2 2
1 2 4 3
2 1
+
+
+
+

+
+


+
+
+

1
]
1

+
+
( ) ( )!
( !)
( ) ( )
[( )!]
( ) ( )!
( !)
( ) ( )!( )
!( )!
f t
k k
k k
P t t
n
k
k k
( )
( ) ( )!( )
!( )!
( )
+
+

+ +
0
2 1 2 1
1 2 4 3
2 1
1 1

1999 by CRC Press LLC

21.1.11 Expansion of Polynomials

If is an arbitrary polynomial, then where =
If

q

m

(

t

) is a polynomial of degree m and

m

<

r

, then

Example

To nd

P

2

n

(0) we use the summation
with

k

= 0. Hence

Example

To evaluate for

m

0 we must consider the two cases:

m =

odd and

m =

even.
(a)

m =

even and

m

0
The result is due to the orthogonality principle.
(b)

m =

odd and

m

0. From the relation (see Table 21.2)
with

t

= 0 we obtain
Using the results of the previous example, we obtain
q t c x
m k
k
k
m
( )

0

q t c P t c P t c P t
m m m
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) + + +
0 0 1 1
L c
n

n q t P t dt n
m n
+

_
,

1
2
0 0 1 2
1
1
( ) ( ) , , , . L

<
1
1
0 q t P t dt m r
m r
( ) ( ) , .
P t
n k
k n k n k
t
n
n
n
k
n
k
k
2 2 1
0
2
1
2
1 2 2 1
2 1
( )
( ) ( ) ( )!
( )!( )!( )!

+
+

P
n
n n
n n
n n n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n 2 2 1 2 2 2
0
1 2 1
2 1
1 2 2 1
2 1
1 2
2
( )
( ) ( )!
( )! !
( ) [( )!]
[( )!] !
( ) ( )!
( !)

0
1

P t dt
m
( )
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
0



P t dt P t dt P t dt P t P t dt
m m m m
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

+

1
1
1 1
1
2 1
P t dt
m
P t P t
m m m
( ) [ ( ) ( )]
0
1
1 1
1
2 1
0 0

+

+
P t dt
m
P P
m m m
( ) [ ( ) ( )]
0
1
1
2
1
2
1
2 1
1 1
2
1
2
1 1
2
1
2
1 1 2 1
1
2
1
2
1
2

_
,

1
]
1

+
+

_
,

1
]
1

1
]
1
1
1
1

+ +
+

+
P t dt
m
m
m
m
m
m m m
m
m m
m m
m
( )
( ) ( )!
!
( ) ( )!
!
( ) ( )!( )( 11
2 1 2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1 1
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
)
( ) ! !
( ) ( )!
! ! m
m m m
m
m m
m
m m
m
+
+

_
,
+

_
,

_
,

_
,

_
,

odd

1999 by CRC Press LLC

21.2 Legendre Functions of the Second Kind (Second Solution)

21.2.1 Second Kind:

1.
2.
3.
4.

21.2.2 Recursions

Q

n

(

t

) satises all the recurrence relations of

P

n

(

t

).

21.2.3 Property
21.2.4 Newman Formula

21.3 Associated Legendre Polynomials

21.3.1 Denition

If

m

is a positive integer and 1

1, then

where is known as the

associated Legendre function

or

Ferrers functions

.

21.3.2 Rodrigues Formula



21.3.3 Properties

1.
Q
t
t
t
0
1
2
1
1
1
+

< ln , ;
Q t t
t
t
t
1
1
2
1
1
1 1 ( ) ln , ;
+

<

Q t
n
n
t Q t
n
n
Q t n
n n n +

+
+

+

1 1
2 1
1 1
1 2 ( ) ( ) ( ), , ,L

Q t P t Q t
n k
k n k
P t t n
n
n n
k
n
n k
( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )
( ), , , ,
( )]
[ ( )]


+
<

0
0
1
2 1
1
2
2 4 1
2 1
1 1 2
1
L
for [
1
2
see 21.1.1.
1
2 1
0
x t
n P t Q x
n
n
n

( ) ( ) ( )

Q t
P x
t x
dx n
n
n
( )
( )
, , ,

1
2
0 1 2
1
1
L

P t t
d P t
dt
m n
n
m m
m
n
m
( ) ( )
( )
, , ,
/
1 1 2
2 2
L
P t
n
m
( )

P t
t
n
d
dt
t m n n m
n
m
m
n
n m
n m
n
( )
( )
!
( ) , , , , ;
/

+
+
+
1
2
1 1 2 0
2 2
2
L
P t
n m
n m
P t
n
m m
n
m


+
( ) ( )
( )!
( )!
( ) 1

1999 by CRC Press LLC

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
21.3.4 Differential Equation
21.3.5 Schlai Formula
where C is any regular closed curve surrounding the point t and taking it counterclockwise.
21.4 Bounds for Legendre Polynomials
21.4.1 Stieltjes Theorem
21.4.2 Second Stieltjes Theorem
P t P t
n n
0
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) n m P t n t P t n m P t
n
m
n
m
n
m
+ + + +
+
1 2 1 0
1 1
( ) ( ) [ ( ) ( )]
/
1
1
2 1
2 1 2
1
1
1
1

+

+
+

+
t P t
n
P t P t
n
m
n
m
n
m
( ) ( ) [( )( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )]
/
1
1
2 1
1 1 2
2 1 2
1
1
1
1

+
+ + + +

t P t
n
n m n m P t n m n m P t
n
m
n
m
n
m
P t mt t P t n n m m P t
n
m
n
m
n
m
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ( ) ( )] ( )
/
+

2 1 1 1
2 1 2 1
P t t n m t P t n m P t
n
m
n
m
n
m +

+
1 2 1 2
1
1 ( ) ( ) [( ) ( ) ( ) ( )]
/
P t P t n t P t
n
m
n
m
n
m
+

+ +
1 1
2 1 2 1
2 1 1 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
/
P t t
d P t
dt
n
m m
m
n
m
( ) ( )
( )
/

2 2
1

1
1
0 P t P t dt k n
n
m
k
m
( ) ( )

+
+
1
1
2
2
2 1
[ ( )]
( )!
( )( )!
P t dt
n m
n n m
n
m
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) 1 2 1
1
0
2
2
2
2
2
+ +

1
]
1
1
t
d P t
dt
t
d P t
dt
n n
m
t
P t
n
m
n
m
n
m
P t
n m
jn
t
x
x t
dx
n
m m
C
n
n n m
( )
( )!
!
( )
( )
( )
/

+ +
2
1
1
2
2 2
2
1

P
n
n
n
(cos )
sin
, , , ,

< < 2
4 1
0 1 2 L
P t P t
n
n n
( ) ( ) <
+
+2
4
2
1999 by CRC Press LLC
21.4.3
21.4.4
21.5 Table of Legendre and Associate Legendre Functions
TABLE 21.2 Properties of Legendre and Associate Legendre Functions [P
n
(t) = Legendre Functions,
= Associate Legendre Functions, Q
n
(t) = Legendre Functions of the Second Kind]
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.

dP t
dt
n
t
t n
n
( )
, , , , <

<
2
1
1 1 2
2

L
P t P t
n t
t
n n +
+ <

<
1
6 2 1 1
1
1 ( ) ( ) ,

P t
n
m
( )
1
1 2
1 1
2
0
+
<

t x x
P t x t x
n
n
n
( )
P t
n k t
k n k n k
n
n
n n n n
n
k
n
k n k
n
( )
( ) ( )!
!( )!( )!
[ / ] [ / ] ( ) /
[ / ]

0
2
2
1 2 2
2 2
2
2
2 1 2 even ; odd
P t
0
1 ( )
P
n
n
n
n
n
n 2
1
2
2 2
0
1 2
2
( )
( ) ( )!
( !)

_
,

n 1 2 , ,L
P
n 2 1
0 0
+
( )

n 0 1 2 , , L
P t P t P t P t
n n n n 2 2 2 1 2 1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
+ +

n 0 1 2 , , L
P t P t
n
n
n
( ) ( ) ( ) 1

n 0 1 2 , , L

P n P
n n
n
( ) , , ; ( ) ( ) 1 1 0 1 2 1 1 L

n 0 1 2 , , L
P t
n
d
d t
t
n n
n
n
n
( )
!
( )
1
2
1
2
Rodrigues formula,

n 0 1 2 , , L
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) n P t n t P t nP t
n n n
+ + +
+
1 2 1 0
1 1
n 1 2 , ,L
+
+
P t t P t P t P t
n n n n 1 1
2 0 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

n 1 2 , ,L
+
+
P t P t t P t P t
n n n n 1 1
2 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
+
+
P t P t t P t P t
n n n n 1 1
2 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
+
+
P t t P t n P t
n n n 1
1 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
t P t P t n P t
n n n

( ) ( ) ( )
1
n 1 2 , ,L
+
+
P t P t n P t
n n n 1 1
2 1 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

n 1 2 , ,L
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1
2
1

t P t n P t nt P t
n n n
P t t
n
( ) , < < < 1 1 1
P t
n k
k n k n k
t
n
n
n
k
n
k
k
2 2 1
0
2
1
2
1 2 2 1
2 1
( )
( ) ( ) ( )!
( )!( )!( )!

+
+

n 0 1 2 , , L
( ) ( ) ( )[ ( ) ( )] 1 1
2
1
+
+
t P t n t P t P t
n n n
n 0 1 2 , , L

1
1
0 P t dt
n
( )

n 1 2 , ,L
P t
n
( ) 1 t 1
1999 by CRC Press LLC
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
TABLE 21.2 Properties of Legendre and Associate Legendre Functions [P
n
(t) = Legendre Functions,
= Associate Legendre Functions, Q
n
(t) = Legendre Functions of the Second Kind] (continued)
P t
n
m
( )

1
1
0 P t P t dt
n m
( ) ( ) n m

+
1
1
2
2
2 1
[ ( )] P t dt
n
n

n 0 1 2 , , L

1
2
2 2
1 1 1
1
1

+
+ + + +
t P t dt
m m m s
m s m s m
m
s
( )
( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )
L
L
m s , even

1
2
1 3 2
1 1 2
1
1

+
+ + + +
t P t dt
m m m s
m s m s m
m
s
( )
( )( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )
L
L
m s , odd

1
1
1 2
2
4 1
t P t P t dt
n
n
n n
( ) ( )

n 1 2 , ,L

1
1
1
2 P t P t dt
n n
( ) ( )

n 0 1 2 , , L

+
1
1
2
2 1
t P t P t dt
n
n
n n
( ) ( )

n 0 1 2 , , L

1
1
2
1 0 ( ) ( ) ( ) t P t P t dt
n k
k n

+
1
1
1 2
1
2 2
2 1
( ) ( )
/
t P t dt
n
n

n 0 1 2 , , L

+
+
1
1
2
1 1 2
2 1
4 1 2 3
t P t P t dt
n n
n n
n n
( ) ( )
( )
( )( )

n 1 2 , ,L

+
+ +
1
1
2
1
1
2 1
2 1 2 3
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )( )
t P t P t dt
n n
n n
n n
n 1 2 , ,L

+
1
1
1 2
2
2 1
t P t dt
n
n
n
n
n
( )
( !)
( )!

n 0 1 2 , , L

+
+
+
+

1
]
1
1
1
2 2
2
2 2
2
2 1
1
2 3 2 1
t P t dt
n
n
n
n
n
n
[ ( )]
( )
( )

n 0 1 2 , , L
P t t
d
d t
P t
n
m m
m
m n
( ) ( ) ( )
/
1
2 2
m > 0
P t
n
t
d
d t
t
n
m
n
m
n m
n m
n
( )
!
( ) [( ) ]
/

+
+
1
2
1 1
2 2 2
m n + 0
P t
n m
n m
P t
n
m m
n
m


+
( ) ( )
( )!
( )!
( ) 1
P t P t P t m n
n n n
m 0
0 ( ) ( ), ( ) > for
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) n m P t n t P t n m P t
n
m
n
m
n
m
+ + + +
+
1 2 1 0
1 1
( ) ( ) [ ( ) ( )]
/
1
1
2 1
2 1 2
1
1
1
1

+

+
+

+
t P t
n
P t P t
n
m
n
m
n
m
1999 by CRC Press LLC
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
TABLE 21.2 Properties of Legendre and Associate Legendre Functions [P
n
(t) = Legendre Functions,
= Associate Legendre Functions, Q
n
(t) = Legendre Functions of the Second Kind] (continued)
P t
n
m
( )
( ) ( ) [( )( ) ( )
( ) ( )]
/
1
1
2 1
1
2
2 1 2
1
1
1
1

+
+ +
+

t P t
n
n m n m P t
n m P t
n
m
n
m
n
m
P t mt t P t n n m m P t
n
m
n
m
n
m +
+
1 2 1 2 1
2 1 1 1 ( ) ( ) ( ) [ ( ) ( )] ( )
/

1
1
0 P t P t dt
n
m
k
m
( ) ( )
k n

+
+

1
1
2
2
2 1
[ ( )]
( )!
( )!
P t dt
n
n m
n m
n
m
P t P t
n
m n m
n
m
( ) ( ) ( )
+
1
P
n
m
( ) t 1 0 m > 0
P P
n
n
n n
n
n 2
1
2 1
1
2 2
0 0 0
1 2 1
2
( ) ( )
( ) ( )!
( !)

+
+
P
n
m
( ) 0 0 n m + odd
P
n m
n m n m
n
m n m
n
( ) ( )
( )!
[( ) / ]![( ) / ]!
( ) /
0 1
2 2 2
2

+
+

n m + even

1
1
2 1
1 0 P t P t t dt
n
m
n
k
( ) ( ) ( )
k m

1
]
1
1
1
2 1 2
2
1
2
2
1 ( ) ( )
( )
!
/
t P t dt
m
m
m

+ +
+
1
1
2 1 2
2 1
1
2
3
2
1
1
t t P t dt
m m
m m
m
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
!( )!
/

t
n n n
P t dt
n
P t P t
1
1 1
1
2 1

+

+
( ) [ ( ) ( )]
0
1
0
1
1 1
2 1 2

+
+ +
+ + +

t P t dt q
n k
k n k q k
q
n
k
n k
k
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
! ( )( )

q > 1
0
1
1 2
2
1 2
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1

'

t P t dt
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
/
/
( ) /
( )
( )
( )
even
odd
0
1
1 2
2 2
3 2
2 1
2 1 2 3
2 1
2 1 2 3

'

+
+
t P t dt
n n
n
n n
n
n
n
n
/
( ) /
( ) /
( )
( )
( )( )
( )
( )( )
even
odd
Q
t
t
t
0
1
2
1
1
1
+

< ln ,
1999 by CRC Press LLC
References
Abramowitz, M. and I. S. Stegun, Handbook of Mathematical Functions, Dover Publications, Inc., New
York, NY, 1965.
Andrews, L. C., Special Functions for Engineers and Applied Mathematicians, MacMillan Publishing
Co. New York, NY. 1985.
Hochstadt, H., The Functions of Mathematical Physics, Dover Publications Inc., New York, NY, 1986.
McLachlan, N. W., Bessel Functions for Engineers, 2nd Edition, Oxford University Press, London, 1961.
Sansone, G., Orthogonal Functions, Interscience Publishers, New York, NY., 1959.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
TABLE 21.2 Properties of Legendre and Associate Legendre Functions [P
n
(t) = Legendre Functions,
= Associate Legendre Functions, Q
n
(t) = Legendre Functions of the Second Kind] (continued)
P t
n
m
( )
Q t t
t
t
t Q t t
1 0
1
2
1
1
1 1 1 ( ) ln ( ) ,
+

<

Q t
n
n
t Q t
n
n
Q t n
n n n +

+
+

+

1 1
2 1
1 1
1 2 ( ) ( ) ( ), , ,L
Q t P t Q t
n k
k n k
P t t
n n
k
n
n k
( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )
( ),
[ ( )]


+
<

0
0
1
2 1
1
2
2 4 1
2 1
1

Q t
P x
t x
dx n
n
n
( )
( )
, ,

1
2
0 1 2
1
1
L
+
+
Q t t Q t Q t Q t
n n n n 1 1
2 0 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
+
+
Q t t Q t n Q t
n n n 1
1 0 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
+
+
Q t Q t n Q t
n n n 1 1
2 1 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

Q t Q t Q t Q t n
n
n
n 0 0
1
1 1 2 ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ) ( ), , ,
+
L