Electronic Instruments And Instrumentation Technology

INSTR C355

COURSE PLAN Instrument design aspects, techniques and specifications of electronic instruments (1-21) Industrial Communication (22-26) Instrument Manufacturing Technology and Quality Standards (27-40) Instrumentation for typical industries

 Analog and Digital Meters (1-6) Digital Oscilloscopes (7) DC and AC bridges (8,9) Recording and Data Logging (10,11) Analog and Digital Signal Generators (12-14) Digital Counters (15-17) Signal Analyzers (18-21) Industrial Communication (22-26)

 Elements of Design (27-29) Grounding and Shielding (30) PCBs and Soldering (31-32) Metrology (33-35) Standards in Quality Management (36-38) Instrumentation in Hazardous Areas (39,40)

Test I Test II Quiz I, II Lab. Work

50 min. 50 min. 40 min.

10% 10% 10% 30% 10% 30%

Class Assignments Compre. Exam. 3 hrs.

(CB + OB)

LAB. EXPERIMENTS LAB. PROJECT LAB. PRACTICAL TEST VIVA VOCE TOTAL TOTAL WEIGHTAGE

25 MARKS 20 MARKS 25 MARKS 20 MARKS 90 MARKS 30%

ANALOG METERS

Outline
PMMC Movement Types of meters
Voltmeter Ammeter Ohmmeter Multimeter

Analog Instrument: An analog device is one in which the output or display is a continuous function of time and bears a constant relation to its input. Classification of Analog Instruments:

Kind of current to be measured:

DC/AC/DC-AC

Indicating/Recording/Integrating Type of function : Based on method used for comparing the Direct / Comparison instruments unknown quantity: Principle of operation: Magnetic effect/Heating effect /Electrostatic effect/Electromagnetic effect/Hall effect

Permanent Magnet Moving Coil (PMMC) Movement

Field

Developed torque, TD = BANI

where TD - deflecting torque (Newton meter, Nm) B - flux density in the air gap (Webers/meter2 (tesla)), A - effective coil area (meter2, m2), N -the number of turns I - current in the movable coil (ampere, A).

Pivot

Basic Coil Arrangement

Complete Coil

Fully Assembled Meter Movement

This permanent magnet moving coil meter movement is the basic movement in most analog (meter with a pointer indicator hand) measuring instruments. It is commonly called d'Arsonval movement because it was first employed by the Frenchman d'Arsonval in making electrical measurements.

d d J 2 + D +c =TD = Ki(t) dt dt
2
where J is the moment of inertia of the coil assembly, D is the damping coefficient of the system, c is the spring stiffness (or constant) of the springs and is the coil rotation.

Under steady state conditions

K c

Deflection, Underdamped

Overdamped Critically damped 0 Time, t

TAUT BAND SUSPENSION

Tension Spring

Coil Taut band (Torsion ribbons) Eliminates friction of jewel-pivot suspension Instrument can be used in any position Higher sensitivities than jewel-pivot Relatively Insensitive to shocks and temperature

Problem 1: A PMMC instrument has a coil dimensions 15 mm x 12 mm. The flux density in the air gap is 1.8 x 10-3 wb/m2 and spring constant is 0.14 x 10-6 Nm/rad. Determine the no. of turns required to produce an angular deflection of 90o when a current of 5 mA is flowing through the coil.

K c

K= BAN

Scale

Pointer
Coil (Cu) Temp. increases Rcoil increases Shunt Resistor R3 (Cu) C decreases

Swamping Resistors R1 R2 (Mn) (Mn)

Overall meter tends to read low by 0.2%/oC rise in temp.

Temperature Compensation Arrangement

Problem 2: A moving coil instrument whose resistance is 25 ohm gives a full scale deflection with a current of 1 mA. This instrument is to be used with a manganin shunt to extend its range to 100 mA. Calculate error caused by a 10oC rise in temperature when: a) Copper moving coil is connected directly across the manganin shunt b) A 75 ohm manganin resistance is used in series with the instrument moving coil. Temperature coefficient of copper = 0.004 / oC Manganin = 0.00015 / oC

Sources of Error
Weakening of permanent magnet due to aging Weakening of springs due to aging Change of coil resistance with temperature Representation of PMMC Movement
Im Rm

DC Ammeter
I Ish Im Rsh Rm

Ish Rsh = ImRm Rsh =

I m Rm I m Rm Rm = = I sh I Im n 1
where n = I/Im.

Shunt Strips Copper blocks

Typical Ammeter Shunt

Multirange Ammeter
I R1 10A R2 R3 5A 1A S Im Rm

Simple Arrangement

S I

1A

Im 5A R3 R2 R1 Rm

10A

Ayrton Shunt Arrangement

Ammeter Sensitivity
Determined by the amount of current required by the meter coil to produce full-scale deflection of the pointer

Ammeter Loading
R E I E R Im1 Rm

Im1/I =

R + R

DC Voltmeter design

Using Ohm's Law (E=IR), we can determine how much voltage will drive this meter movement directly to full scale: E=IR E = (1 mA)(500 ) E = 0.5 volts

DC Voltmeter

RS DC Input, Vin Im Rm RS =

V in R Im

Multirange Voltmeter
R1 R2 R3 R4 Im Rm

10V 50V 100V 1V S DC Input, Vin

Voltmeter Sensitivity (Ohms per volt rating)

Rm + RS Ohm = Sensitivity, S = Volt V in
=
1 I
fsd

Voltmeter Loading
Loading effect is caused due to low sensitivity of the voltmeter. When we are making voltage measurements in high-resistance circuits, we should use high sensitivity voltmeter to prevent the loading effect of the voltmeter. The effect is less noticeable in low-resistance circuits because the loading effect is less.

REVIEW: A "movement" is the display mechanism of a meter. Electromagnetic movements work on the principle of a magnetic field being generated by electric current through a wire. Examples of electromagnetic meter movements include the D'Arsonval, Weston, and iron-vane designs. Extended voltmeter ranges are created for sensitive meter movements by adding series "multiplier" resistors to the movement circuit, providing a precise voltage division ratio.