9.

3 Electromagnetic Waves in Matter

9.3.1 Propagation in Linear Media
Inside matter (source free case): r r r r D r r B D = 0, B = 0, E = , H = t t r r B r r If the medium is linear, D = E and H = and homogeneous, r r r r r r B E E = 0, B = 0, E = (in one media only, not , B = t t crossing the boundary) Electromagnetic waves propagate through a linear homogeneous media at a speed:
v= 1

0 0 c c = , n is the index of refraction n

n = r

B2 E 1 2 B2 2 + E r , u = ( B = E = ) E = 0 2 v

r r r r r r D B D = 0, B = 0, E = , H = t t B B 1E1 = 2 E2 , E1 // = E2 // , B1 = B2 , 1 // = 2 //

without considering reflection and transmission

9.3.2 Reflection and Transmission at Normal Incidence

In the beginning, we assume E in phase:

1 ~ ~ ~ ~ , B I ( z , t ) = E0 I ei (k1 z t ) y Incident Wave: E I ( z , t ) = E0 I ei (k1 z t ) x vI Reflected Wave: 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ , B R ( z , t ) = E0 R ei ( k1 z t ) y E R ( z , t ) = E0 R ei ( k1 z t ) x v1 E B B R

E I

x T z

1 ~ ~ ~ ~ , BT (z , t ) = E0T ei (k 2 z t ) y Transmitted Wave: ET ( z , t ) = E0T ei (k 2 z t ) x v2 Consider the components parallel to the plane only E1 // = E2 // and B1 //

B2 //

1 1 ~ 1 ~ 1 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ E0 I + E0 R = E0T and E0 I E0 R E0T = 1 v1 v1 2 v2

v ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ E0 I + E0 R = E0T and E0 I E0 R = 1 1 E0T E0T 2v2

1 ~ 2 ~ ~ ~ E0 R = E0 I and E0T = E0 I 1+ 1+ 2v2 ~ v v ~ ~ ~ E0 R = 2 1 E0 I and E0T = E0 I v1 + v2 v1 + v2 if v2 > v1 , the reflected wave is in phase (the case that we assumed) if v2 < v1 , the reflected wave is out of phase (the other case that we derived at the same time) What fraction of incident energy is reflected (transmitted)? Reflection coefficient & Transmission coefficient the intensity, I = v

E 2
2

(velocity multiply by energy density)

2 2

2 v2 v1 n1 n2 I R v11 E0 R = = R 2 = v +v I I v11 E0 I 1 2 n1 + n2

2 2 2n1 I v E v 2v2 n1n2 = T T = 2 2 0T 2 = 2 2 2 I I v11 E0 I v11 n2 n1 v1 + v2 n1 + n2

4n1n2 = (n1 + n2 )2

( n r )

R +T =1

9.3.3 Reflection and Transmission at Oblique Incidence

Incident Wave:
r r 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ E I (r, t ) = E0 I ei (k I r t ) , B I (r, t ) = k I E I , Here E 0 I is a vector phasor. v1

Reflected Wave: r r 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ E R (r, t ) = E0 R ei (k R r t ) , B R (r, t ) = k R ER v1

Transmitted Wave:

r r 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ kT ET ET (r, t ) = E0T ei (kT r t ) , BT (r, t ) = v2

The same frequency across the boundary: v n = k I v1 = k R v1 = kT v2 or k1 = k2 = kT 2 = kT 1 v1 n2 Conditions for continuous waves:
r r r r r r ~ ~ ~ e. g. E I + E R = ET ()ei (k I r t ) + ()ei (k R r t ) = ()ei (kT r t ) at z = 0 r + yy , the condition to be hold for one Since the incident point can be varied, r = xx

point and then for all other variation position is the same phase for incident, reflected, and transmitted waves. r r r r r r y k I r = k R r = kT r at z = 0 I x (k I )x x + (k I )y y = (k R )x x + (k R )y y = (kT )x x + (kT )y y It hold for any value of x and y, for x = 0 , (k I )y = (k R )y = (kT )y for y = 0, (k I )x = (k R )x = (kT )x That means the incident, reflected, and transmitted waves are in the same plane. Conclusion: 1. First Law: The incident, reflected, and transmitted waves form a plane (called the plane of incidence), which also includes the normal to the surface. The projection of k vector on the xy plane must be the equal in magnitude. k I sin I = k R sin R = kT sin T 2. 3. Second Law: The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. kI = kR I = R Third Law: The transmitted angle obeys the law of reflection, or Snells law. sin T k I / kT v2 n1 k I sin I = k R sin R = = = = sin I kT / k I v1 n2

Now that we have to use the boundary conditions for EM waves: r r r r r r D B D = 0, B = 0, E = , H = t t B B 1E1 = 2 E2 , E1 // = E2 // , B1 = B2 , 1 // = 2 //

~ ~ (i) 1 E0 I + E0 R

~ = 1 E 0T

( )

~ ~ (ii) E0 I + E0 R

x, y

~ = E 0T

( )

x, y

~ ~ (iii) B 0 I + B 0 R

~ ) = (B )
z

0T z

(iv)

(
1

1 ~ ~ B0 I + B0 R

x, y

1 ~ B 0T

( )

x, y

~ To simplify the problem, we assume that the plane of incidence is xz plane and E is in the plane. ~ ~ If E is in the xz plane, B must be along y axis. To simply the problem again, we assume that the electric fields along the x-axis for incident, reflected, and transmitted waves are in phase. (It doesnt matter. You will also get the solution for the case of out of phase waves.)
~ ~ ~ (i) 1 E0 I sin I + E0 R sin R = 2 E0T sin T ~ ~ ~ (ii) E0 I cos I + E0 R cos R = E0T cosT

(iii)
~ ~ ~ 1 E0 I E0 R 1 E0T = (iv) 1 v1 v1 2 v2

v ~ v n ~ ~ ~ (iv) E0 I E0 R = 1 1 E0T = E0T , = 1 1 = 1 2 2v2 2v2 2 n1

cosT ~ ~ ~ ~ cosT = E0T , = (ii) E0 I + E0 R = E0T cos I cos I 2 ~ ~ ~ ~ E0 I and E0T = E Fresnels equation: E0 R = + + 0I The reflected wave is either in phase ( > ) or out of phase ( < ) with the incident wave.

When = , the reflected wave is completely extinguished.

~ E0 R = 0 ( =

n1 n1 1 sin 2 I 1 sin 2 I 2 1 sin T cosT n2 n2 = = = = = cos I cos I cos I 1 sin 2 I Brewsters angle: sin 2 I sin 2 B = 1 2 ) (in phase to out of phase with the (n2 / n1 )2 2

incident wave)

r r =< S > cos I = I cos I . The power per unit area striking the interface is S z
1 1 1 I I = v1 1E02I cos I , I R = v1 1E02R cos R , and IT = v2 2 E02T cosT 2 2 2 The reflection and transmission coefficients are: 2 I R= R = , T = + II +
2 2

Exercise: 9.10, 9.14, 9.16, 9.17