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EDIBLE VACCINES

What is Edible Vaccine ?


Vaccines that one can eat

Edible Vaccine involves introduction of selected desired genes into plant and then inducing these altered plants to manufacture the altered protein.

EDIBLE VACCINE: A BETTER WAY FOR IMMUNIZATION

EDIBLE VACCINE:
Edible vaccine play a vital role in immunization. Its not a harmful vaccine. Antigen or Antibody expressed can be administered orally through the editable parts of plants.

Cheap, easily store it harmless, easily available dont cause side effects.

PRODUCTION OF VACCINE FROM TRANSGENIC PLANTS DNA segment inserted to transgenic plants nuclear or chloroplast genome produce subunit vaccine. Oral or parental administration traditional vaccine against tumour disease

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Goal: develop a new production platform for vaccines using plant biotechnology

Advantages of Edible Vaccine


Cost effective. Easy to administer. Easy to store. Acceptable to poor developing country. Fail safe Activate both mucosal and systemic immunity. Heat stable. Do not required cold chain maintenance. No fear of contamination.

Create transgenic plants in which subunit vaccines


Pathogen

are synthesized (biomanufactured) Process plant material to give uniform doses of vaccines

Plant cell

Transgenic plants

Grow, harvest and process

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Limitation
Transgenic contamination can occur. Antibiotic resistance marker genes can spread from GM food to pathogenic Bacteria. Difficulty in dose maintenance.

Advantage and Disadvantage of different plants


Potato : Advantage Easily transformed. Easily propagated. Stored for long periods without refrigeration. Disadvantage Need cooking which denature antigen.

Advantages and Disadvantages


Banana Advantages Do not need cooking. Protein not destroyed even after cooking. Inexpensive . Grown widely in developing countries. Disadvantages Trees take 2-3 to mature years. Spoils rapidly after ripening.

Advantages and Disadvantages


Rice Advantages Commonly used in baby food. High expression of antigen. Disadvantages Grows slowly. Requires glasshouse condition.

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Advantages and Disadvantages


Tomato Advantage Grow quicly. Cultivate broadly. High content Vitamin-A may boost immune response. Disadvantages Spoils readily.

A new method to make human vaccines


Arntzen made
hepatitis B vaccine in genetically modified potatoes Norwalk virus vaccine in genetically modified tomatoes
Norwalk is a virus that commonly causes vomiting and diarrhea in people of all ages

False promise
The almost universal acceptance of hepatitis B vaccine made from genetically modified bread yeast holds promise that vaccines produced from genetically modified plants will be accepted. Or does it?

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Whats different between vaccines from bread yeast and from food plants?
Plants are grown in soil in large greenhouses and there are no established U.S. FDA or USDA regulations.

Genetically modified bread yeast vaccines


Bread yeast vaccines are made in large stainless steel fermenters under wellestablished U.S. FDA regulations

Plant Products
Golgi complex
1,2-mannosidase I UDP-GlcNAc Transporter

I. II.

GnT1

-mannosidase II

GnT-II UDP-Gal Transporter CMP-NeuAc synthetase

GalT

SAT

Complex Type glycan

Host development

Recombinant DNA Transformation & technology regeneration

Cultivation

Production of PMPs

Purification

Cell culture and harvest

Plant-derived pharmaceuticals (non-GE) Over 120 pharmaceutical products currently in use are derived from plants, mainly from tropical forest species Plant-made pharmaceuticals and industrial products (GE) 1. Pharmaceuticals Recombinant human proteins Therapeutic proteins Enzymes Antibodies (plantibodies) Vaccines 2. Industrial products Proteins Enzymes Modified starches Oils Waxes Plastics

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Comparison of pharmaceutical expression systems


1. Plants are the cheapest, most abundant source of protein on the planet: low cost 2. Plant provide low upstream production costs : low cost 3. Plants, as eukaryotes, can express and process most prokaryotic and eukaryotic proteins: stability 4. Plant provide scalable production capacity and flexibility: easy scale up 5. Plant seed permit stockpiling of inexpensive inventory: good storage 6. Plants are free from animal and human pathogens: safety
Golgi complex
1,2-mannosidase I UDP-GlcNAc Transporter UDP-GlcNAc Transporter

! )( ( ( + ( * , ( ( ( . ( * 1 ( / 0 ( " #$$ #2 $$$ 2 ( *! , 0 3 3 , + Note. Data from BioPharm International (2003). / ( 2 + " %$ 4 $ / ! ' " 4 $ # $ & ( - ( ( ( + ( ( " # $ %$ $

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Plant Golgi
-1,2-Mannosidase I N-acetyl-glucosaminyltransferase I (GnT-I)

3 (

GnT1

-mannosidase II F

-Mannosidase II Fuc-Transferase GnT-II

GnT-II UDP-Gal Transporter CMP-NeuAc synthetase

5 * (

( ( 2 2

GalT

Xyl-Transferase

SAT

F X

N-acetyl-Glucosaminidase

50,000

/40 kg

Complex Type glycan

F X Complex Type

PMPs in or nearing clinical trials


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. 5 7 27 ' . 5 7 27 ' .572 . 5 7 2+ .572 +

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