STRESS

! !

! ! !

Stress Average Normal Stress in an Axially Loaded Bar Average Shear Stress Allowable Stress Design of Simple Connections

Equilibrium of a Deformable Body Body Force

w w(s) Ax A FR

C D s

Ay

Support Reaction

Dy

Table 1 Supports for Coplanar Structures Type of Connection (1)

Idealized Symbol

Reaction

Number of Unknowns One unknown. The reaction is a force that acts in the direction of the cable or link. One unknown. The reaction is a force that acts perpendicular to the surface at the point of contact.

Light cable (2)

F Rollers and rockers (3) Smooth surface F

One unknown. The reaction is a force that acts perpendicular to the surface at the point of contact.

Type of Connection (4)

Idealized Symbol

Reaction

Number of Unknowns

Fy Fx Smooth pin or hinge

Two unknowns. The reactions are two force components.

(5) Fx

Fy Two unknowns. The reactions are a force and moment.

Internal pin (6) Fx Fixed support M

Fy

Three unknowns. The reactions are the moment and the two force components.

 Equation of Equilibrium

F=0 MO = 0

Fx = 0 Mx = 0

Fy = 0 My = 0

Fz = 0 Mz = 0

 Internal Resultant Loadings F2 section

F3

F1 y F2 N F1 V MO x MO N V

F4

F3

F4

Example 1 Determine the resultant internal loadings acting on the cross section at C of the beam shown.

270 N/m

A 3m C 6m

 Support Reactions 270 N/m A MA = 3645 Nm 3m Internal Loading Ay = 1215 N -540(2) = -1080 Nm = MC 135 N 540 N 270 N/m 90 N/m MA = 3645 Nm 180 N/m 0 = NC C 2m 4m C 6m 180 N/m 540 N B (1/2)(9)(270) = 1215 N

540 N = VC

0
A 3m C

1080 Nm

540 N

Ay = 1215 N

 Shear and bending moment diagram (1/2)(9)(270) = 1215 N 270 N/m 3645 Nm A B 1215 N 3m C 6m

V (N) 1215 540

+

M (Nm)
-

1080 3645 b flanges 540 N Side View 1080 Nm tw web 540 N

Front View

Example 2 Determine the resultant internal loadings acting on the cross section at C of the machine shaft shown. The shaft is supported by bearings at A and B, which exert only vertical forces on the shaft. 225 N 800 N/m A 200 mm C 100 mm 50 mm B D 100 mm

50 mm

10

 Support Reactions Ax A

(800 N/m)(0.15 m) = 120 N/m 225 N B D 0.275 m 0.125 0.1 m By -(120)(0.275) + By(0.4) - (225)(0.5) = 0, Ax = 0 Ay - 120 +363.75 - 225 = 0 By = 363.75 N Ax = 0, Ay = -18.75 N,

Ay + MA = 0: + Fx = 0: + Fy = 0:

Internal Loading 800(0.05) = 40 N A 0.2 m 18.75 N C MC NC VC

+ F = 0: x + Fy = 0:

NC = 0

-18.75 - 40 - VC = 0, VC = -58.75 N 18.75(0.25) + 40(0.025) + MC = 0 MC = -5.69 Nm

+ MA = 0:

0.025 m

11

 Internal Loading 800(0.05) = 40 N A 0.2 m 18.75 N C MC = -5.69 Nm NC = 0 VC = -58.75 N

0.025 m 800(0.05) = 40 N

A 0.2 m 18.75 N C

5.69 Nm 0 58.75 N

0.025 m

12

Example 3 The hoist consists of the beam AB and attached pulleys, the cable, and the motor. Determine the resultant internal loadings acting on the cross section at C if the motor is lifting the 2 kN load W with constant velocity. Neglect the weight of the pulleys and beam.

0.15 m A W

1m

2m

0.5 m B

0.15 m

13

0.15 m A W W = 2 kN 1m C VC

1m

2m

0.5 m B

0.15 m

0.15 m A

TC = 2 kN MC NC

+ F = 0: x

2 + NC = 0 NC = -2 kN -2 - VC = 0, VC = -2 kN MC - 2(0.15) + 2(1.15) = 0 MC = -2 kNm

Fy = 0:

W = 2 kN

+ MC = 0:

14

Example 4 Determine the resultant internal loadings acting on the cross section at G of the wooden beam shown . Assume the joints at A, B, C, D, and E are pin-connected. B 6.5 kN 1m G A D 4 kN/m 0.6 m 0.6 m 2m E C

15

 Support Reactions

Two - force C FBC

6.5 kN G A D 4 kN/m 0.6 m 0.6 m 2/3 m E

Ey Ex

1m

(1/2)(2)(4) = 4 kN (2/3)(2) = 4/3 m

+ ME = 0: + F = 0: x + Fy = 0:

4(4/3) + 6.5(3.2) - FBC(1) = 0, 26.13 + Ex = 0 -6.5 - 4 + Ey = 0

FBC = 26.1 kN Ex = -26.1 kN, Ey = 10.5 kN

16

 Internal loadings acting on the cross section at G B FBC = 26.13 kN 34.02 kN = FBA 6.5 kN 50.19o

FBD = -21.78 kN FAB = 34.02 kN + MC NC +

Joint B Fx = 0:

39.81o A G 0.6 m VC

-FBA sin50.19o + 26.13 = 0 FBA = 34.0 kN, (T) -FBA cos50.19o -FBD = 0 FBD = -21.8 kN, (C)

Fy = 0:

Member AG + MG = 0: + F = 0: x + Fy = 0: MG -34.02 sin39.81o(0.6) + 6.5(0.6) = 0 34.02 cos39.81o + NG = 0 -6.5 + 34.02 sin39.81o - VG = 0 MG = 9.17 kNm

NG = -26.1 kN VG = 15.3 kN

17

Example 5 Determine the resultant internal loadings acting on the cross section at B of the pipe shown. The pipe has a mass of 2 kg/m and is subjected to both a vertical force of 50 N and a couple moment of 70 Nm at its end A. It is fixed to the wall at C. z

C x 50 N

0.75 m B 0.5 m D 1.25 m y

70 Nm

18

 Free-Body Diagram

(MB)z

(MB)y

x 70 Nm

(FB)z (FB)y WBD= 9.81 N B 0.25 m (FB)x (MB)x WAD D 50 N 0.625 m y A 0.625 m

WBD = (2 kg/m)(0.5 m)(9.81 N/kg) = 9.81 N WAD = (2 kg/m)(1.25 m)(9.81 N/kg) = 24.52 N

Equilibrium of Equilibrium

Fx = 0: Fy = 0: Fz = 0: (MB)x = 0: (MB)y = 0: (MB)x = 0:

(FB)x = 0 (FB)y = 0 (FB)z - 9.81 -24.525 -50 = 0, (MB)x + 70 - 50(0.5) - 24.525(0.5) - 9.81(0.25) = 0, (MB)y + 24.525(0.625) + 50(1.25) = 0, (MB)z = 0 (FB)z = 84.3 N (MB)x = -30.3 Nm (MB)y = -77.8 Nm

19

 Free-Body Diagram (FB)x = 0 (FB)y = 0 (FB)z = 84.3 N (MB)x = -30.3 Nm (MB)y = -77.8 Nm (MB)z = 0 z 77.8 Nm 84.3 N 9.81 N B 0.25 m 24.5 N D 0.625 m y 0.625 m

30.3 Nm x 70 Nm 50 N A

20

Stress

+z Face +y Face

+x Face
x

21

z z zx 'xy 'y 'yz 'yx xz 'xz xy 'zx 'z 'yxz 'xyyz 'yxxz
Top View By compatibility,

zy

'x yz yx

-x Face
y y

y = 'y

x = 'x

z = z xy = 'xy yx = 'yx zx = xz 'xyz y yxxz yxz

-y Face

'zy

-z Face
x

xyz

xyyz

22

'yxz

'yxxz

'xyyz O

'xyz y yxxz yxz

x
+ F = 0: y

xyz

xyyz

- 'yxz + yxz = 0

'y = y
+ F = 0: x

xyz - 'xyz = 0 x = 'x

+ MO = 0:

(xyyz)(x) - (yxxz)(y) = 0

xy = yx

23

zxxy z xzyz xyyz xyz

zxy xy zy yzxz yxz yxxz x

y

zxy 'xyz yxz

y

'yxz xyz
x z

y
x z

'zxy
z

'yzxz

zyxy yzxz
y

'xyyz yxxz
y

'yxxz

zxxy 'xzyz
y

xzyz
x

'zyxy

xyyz

'zxxy

24

Average Normal Stress in an Axially Loaded Bar Assumptions The material must be - Homogeneous material - Isotropic material P

Internal force Cross-sectional area

External force P P

25

z P P F = A y

y P
+ FRz = Fz ;

dF = dA
A

P = A

P A

26

Example 6 The bar shown has a constant width of 35 mm and a thickness of 10 mm. Determine the maximum average normal stress in the bar when it is subjected to the loading shown.

A 12 kN

B 9 kN 9 kN 35 mm

C 4 kN

D 22 kN

4 kN

27

A 12 kN

B 9 kN 9 kN

C 4 kN

D 22 kN

35 mm P (kN) 30 12

4 kN

22 x

10 mm

30 kN 35 mm

max = BC =

PBC 30 kN = = 85 . 7 MPa A ( 0 . 035 m )( 0 . 01 m )

28

A 12 kN

B 9 kN 9 kN

C 4 kN

D 22 kN

35 mm (MPa) 85.7 34.3

4 kN

62.9 x

10 mm

30 kN 35 mm

max = BC =

PBC 30 kN = = 85 . 7 MPa A ( 0 . 035 m )( 0 . 01 m )

29

Example 7 The 80 kg lamp is supported b two rods AB and BC as shown . If AB has a diameter of 10 mm and BC has a diameter of 8 mm, determine which rod is subjected to the greater average normal stress. C A 5 4 60o B

30

 Internal Loading y FBA 5 60o B 4 x 3 FBC

Average Normal Stress C A d = 10 mm 5 3 4 60o B d = 8 mm

BC =

80(9.81) = 784.8 N
BA =
+ Fx = 0;

FBC 395 . 2 N = = 7 . 86 MPa 2 ABC ( 0 . 004 m )

4 FBC ( ) FBA cos 60o = 0 5 3 FBC ( ) + FBA sin 60o 784.8 = 0 5

FBA 632 . 4 N = = 8 . 05 MPa ABA ( 0 . 005 m ) 2

+ Fy = 0;

The average normal stress distribution acting over a cross section of rod AB. 8.05 MPa 8.05 MPa 8.05 MPa 632.4 N

FBC = 395.2 N,

FBA = 632.4 N

31

Example 8 Member AC shown is subjected to a vertical force of 3 kN. Determine the position x of this force so that the average compressive stress at C is equal to the average tensile stress in the tie rod AB. The rod has a cross-sectional area of 400 mm2 and the contact area at C is 650 mm2.

B 3 kN x A C 200 mm

32

FAB x A

3 kN

C 200 mm Internal Loading

+ Fy = 0; FAB + FC 3 = 0 (1)

FC

+ MA = 0: Average Normal Stress

-3(x) + FC(200) = 0

------(2)

FAB F = C 400 650

FC = 1.625 FAB

(3)

Substituting (3) into (1), solving for FAB, the solving for FC, we obtain FAB = 1.143 kN FC = 1.857 kN x = 124 mm

The position of the applied load is determined from (2);

33

Connections Simple Shear A B P A A V V V avg P

C D

avg =

V A

34

 Single Shear

P Top View P Side View

P Top View

P P

P Side View

P P

V=P

V=P

35

 Double Shear

P/2 P/2 P Top View P Side View P P P

P/2 P/2 P Top View P Side View P P P

V = P/2 V = P/2

V = P/2 V = P/2

36

Normal Stress: Compression and Tension Load Tension Load P

a b P d t b a

P
P bt

A = bt t b

@ a a =

A = (b-d)t

d b t

@ b b =

P (b d )t

Section a-a

Section b-b

37

 Bearing Stress
d

P
b t

P/2 P P/2

Abearing = dt

Bearing Stress

bearing =

P dt

38

 normal =

P (b d )t

d d

bearing =
+ F = 0: x
P
90

P dt d 2

90

b ( )t cosd = 0
90 90

d ( )t b sin d 2

=P P td sin 90o
P td *

bearing =
bearing =

39

 Axial Force Diagram for Compression Load on Plate

b t

Tension

-P Compression
Normal Bearing Stress : Stress

-P
=
P , compression (bd )t P bearing = dt

40

 Axial Force Diagram for Tension Load on Plate a b t Tension P P d P P

Compression
Normal Bearing Shearing Stress : max Stress Stress

= bearing

P = 2at

+P , (b d )t P = dt

tension

P/2 t

P a

P/2

41

 Shearing Stress on pin

Single Shear

P P

P P P P P P P
=
P A

42

Double Shear

P/2 P/2

P/2 P/2

P/2 P/2 P P/2 P P/2

=

P/2
P /2 A

P/2 P P/2
=

P/2

P/2

P /2 A

P/2

43

Pure Shear z

Section plane

zy
z y y x x

yz

yz

zy

Pure shear

zy = yz

44

Example 9 The bar shown a square cross section for which the depth and thickness are 40 mm. If an axial force of 800 N is applied along the centroidal axis of the bars cross-sectional area, determine the average normal stress and average shear stress acting on the material along (a) section plane a-a and (b) section plane b-b.

a 800 N b a 30o

20 mm

20 mm

45

40 mm 800 N

b b

20 mm

a (a) section plane a-a a 800 N a

=

30o

20 mm

N = 800 N

N 800 N = = 500 kPa A ( 0 . 04 m )( 0 . 04 m )

avg = 0

500 kPa

46

40 mm 800 N

b b

20 mm

(b) section plane b-b

30o

20 mm

800 N x

V = 800 cos30o = 692.82 N 30o b 30o 40 mm 30o avg

sin 30 o = 40 x

b 800 N

N = 800sin30o = 400 N
; x = 80 mm

State of Stress @ b-b b

N 400 N = = 125 kPa A ( 0 . 04 m )( 0 . 08 m )

b 216.51 kPa V 692 . 82 N = = = 216 . 51 kPa avg 125 kPa A ( 0 . 04 m )( 0 . 08 m )

47

Example 10 The wooden strut shown is suspended form a 10 mm diameter steel rod, which is fastened to the wall. If the strut supports a vertical load of 5 kN, compute the average shear stress in the rod at the wall and along the two shaded planes of the strut, one of which is indicated as abcd.

c b d a 20 mm 40 mm

5 kN

48

c b d a 20 mm 40 mm

Average shear stress in the rod at the wall 5 kN V = 5 kN

avg = V 5 kN = = 63 . 7 MPa A ( 0 . 005 m ) 2

d = 10 mm

5 kN 63.7 MPa

5 kN

Average shear stress along the two shaded plane V = 2.5 kN b d a 5 kN V = 2.5 kN c
avg = 2 . 5 kN V = = 3 . 12 MPa A ( 0 . 04 m )( 0 . 02 m )

3.12 MPa 5 kN

49

Example 11 The inclined member show is subjected to a compressive force of 3 kN. Determine the average compressive stress along the areas of contact defined by AB and BC, and the average shear stress along the horizontal plane defined by EDB. 5 4 3 3 kN

25 mm 40 mm 50 mm 80 mm

50

 The average compressive stress along the areas of contact defined by AB and BC : 3 kN 5 4 3 3 kN 5 4 3 25 mm 40 mm 50 mm 80 mm FAB = 3(3/5) = 1.8 kN FBC= 3(4/5) = 2.4 kN 3 kN 5 4 3

V = 1.8 kN
AB = BC =

1 . 8 kN FAB = = 1800 kPa = 1 . 8 MPa 1.8 MPa AAB ( 0 . 025 m )( 0 . 040 m ) FBC 2 . 4 kN = = 1200 kPa = 1 . 2 MPa ABC ( 0 . 050 m )( 0 . 040 m)

1. 2 MPa

51

 The average shear stress along the horizontal plane defined by EDB : 3 kN 5 4 3 3 kN 5 4 3 25 mm 40 mm 50 mm 80 mm FAB = 3(3/5) = 1.8 kN FBC= 3(4/5) = 2.4 kN

V = 1.8 kN
avg =

V 1 . 8 kN = = 562 . 5 kPa A ( 0 . 04 m)( 0 . 08 m) = 0 . 562 MPa

1.8 kN 0.56 MPa

52

Allowable Stress
F .S = Pfail Pallow F .S =

fail allow

F .S =

fail allow

6. Design of Simple Connections

A= P A= V

allow

allow

Cross-Sectional Area of a Tension Member P a a P

allow

A=

allow

53

 Cross-Sectional Area of a Connector Subjected to Shear P P allow

A= P

V=P

allow

Required Area to Resist Bearing

(b)allow

A=

P ( b ) allow

54

 Required Area to Resist Shear by Axial Load Uniform shear stress (allow) d P
l= P

allowd

55

Example 12a The control arm is subjected to the loading shown. (a) Determine the shear stress for the steel at all pin (b) Determine normal stress in rod AB, plate D and E. The thickness of plate D and E is 10 mm.

= 10 mm
A

= 25 mm D
50 mm

= 25 mm

200 mm C pin C D E 3

50 mm 13 kN 5 4 25 kN

25 kN

= 20 mm

13 kN 75 mm 50 mm

56

FAB

200 mm C 3 13 kN 75 mm 50 mm Reaction C + MC = 0: + F = 0: x + Cx Cy C Fy = 0: 5 4

200 mm

Cx 25 kN Cy 13 kN 75 mm 50 mm

36.87o 25 kN

FAB (0.2) + 13(0.075) 25 sin 36.87(0.125) = 0

FAB = 4.5 kN , -4.5 - Cx + 25cos36.87o = 0 Cx = 15.5 kN, Cy + 13 - 25sin36.87o = 0 Cy = 2 kN,

C = (15 . 5 ) 2 + ( 2 ) 2 = 15 . 63 kN

57

= 35 mm
A

(a) Shear stress

4.5 kN

200 mm C pin C

= 25 mm = 25 mm
E 3 5 4

200 mm

= 20 mm

13 kN 75 mm 50 mm

25 kN

15.63 kN

13 kN

75 mm 50 mm Pin D and E (Single shear)

D =

25 kN

Pin C (Double shear) 15.63 kN 7.815 kN 7.815 kN

C = VC 7 . 815 kN = = 24 . 88 MPa AC ( / 4 )( 0 . 02 ) 2

13 kN VD = = 26 . 48 MPa 2 AD ( / 4 )( 0 . 025 )

E =

VE 25 kN = = 50 . 93 MPa 2 AE ( / 4 )( 0 . 025 )

58

rod = 10 mm = 25 mm
50 mm

(b) Normal stress 4.5 kN

200 mm = 25 mm D C E

50 mm 13 kN

25 kN

15.63 kN

13 kN

75 mm 50 mm Plate D 13 kN

25 kN

Cale AB

13 kN

D = =

P A

AB

4.5 kN P = = = 56.7 MPa AAB ( / 4)(0.010) 2

13 kN t = 0.01 m 0.05 m

13 kN ( 0 . 05 )( 0 . 01 ) = 26 MPa

59

rod = 35 mm = 25 mm
50 mm 50 mm 13 kN 25 kN

4.5 kN

200 mm

= 25 mm
D C 15.63 kN 13 kN 75 mm 50 mm 25 kN E

Plate E

E
m

E =
=

P A

25 kN

5m

0. 0

50 mm

25 kN

0. 0

25

t=

50 mm

25 kN

25 kN (0.05 0.025)(0.01) = 100 MPa

0.0 1

60

Example 12b The control arm is subjected to the loading shown. Determine the required diameter of the steel pin at C if the allowable shear stress for the steel is allow = 55 MPa. Note in the figure that the pin is subjected to double shear.

200 mm C 3 13 kN 75 mm 50 mm 5 4 22 kN

61

FAB

200 mm C 3 13 kN 75 mm 50 mm Internal Shear Force + MC = 0: + F = 0: x + Cx Cy C Fy = 0: 5 4

200 mm

Cx 22 kN Cy 13 kN 75 mm 50 mm 22 kN

FAB (0.2) 13(0.075) 22 sin 36.87(0.125) = 0

FAB = 13.125 kN -13.125 - Cx + 22cos36.87o = 0 Cx = 4.47 kN Cy - 13 - 22sin36.87o = 0 Cy = 26.2 kN

C = ( 4 . 47 ) 2 + ( 26 . 2 ) 2 = 26 . 58 kN

62

13.125 kN

200 mm C 3 13 kN 75 mm 50 mm Required Area 26.58 kN

A= V allow

200 mm

5 4 22 kN 26.58 kN 13 kN 75 mm 50 mm 22 kN

13 . 29 10 3 6 2 2 = = 241 . 6 10 m = 242 mm 55 10 6
d ( ) 2 = 242 mm 2 2

13.29 kN 13.29 kN

d = 17.55 mm Use d = 20 mm

63

Example 13a The two members are pinned together at B as shown below. Top views of the pin connections at A and B are also given. If the pins have an allowable shear stress of allow = 86 MPa , the allowable tensile stress of rod CB is (t)allow = 112 MPa and the allowable bearing stress is (b)allow = 150 MPa, determine to the smallest diameter of pins A and B ,the diameter of rod CB and the thickness of AB necessary to support the load. A Top view 13 kN A B 1m 0.6 m B 5 4 3 C

64

 Internal Force Ay Ax A 1m 0.6 m 13 kN B FBC 36.87o

+ MA = 0: 13(1) + FBC sin 36.87(1.6) = 0 FBC = 13.54 kN + Fy = 0: Ay 13 + 13.54 sin 36.87 = 0 Ay = 4.88 kN + F = 0: x
Ax + 13.54 cos 36.87 = 0

Ax = 10.83 kN

65

 Diameter of the Pins 11.88 kN Ax = 10.83 kN A Top view Pin A 11.88 kN VA = 5.94 kN VA = 5.94 kN
AA = VA 5 . 94 kN 2 = = 69 . 07 mm 86 10 3 kN / m 2

Ay = 4.88 kN A 1m

13 kN B 0.6 m

FBC = 13.54 kN 36.87o B

Pin B

FBC = 13.54 kN

VB= 13.54 kN
AB =

allow (d A ) 2 = 69 . 07 mm 2 4

allow

VB

13.54 kN = 157.4 mm 2 3 2 86 10 kN / m

( d B ) 2 = 157.4 mm 2

dA = 9.38 mm, Use dA = 10 mm

dB = 14.16 mm, Use dB = 15 mm

66

 Diameter of Rod 11.88 kN Ax = 10.83 kN Ay = 4.88 kN A 1m 0.6 m 13 kN B FBC = 13.54 kN 36.87o

13.54 kN

13.54 kN

ABC =

P 13 . 54 kN = = 120 . 9 mm 2 3 2 ( t ) allow 112 10 kN / m (d BC ) 2 = 120 . 9 mm 2 4

dBC = 12.4 mm, Use dBC = 15 mm

67

 Thickness 11.88 kN Ax = 10.83 kN Ay = 4.88 kN A 1m 20 kN A 11.88 kN A (b )A B tAB 13.54 kN B (b )B

P A 13 . 54 10 3 6 150 10 = ( 0 . 015 )t AB ( b ) allow = t AB = 0 . 00602 m

13 kN B 0.6 m

FBC = 13.54 kN 36.87o

A = 10 mm
P ( b ) allow = A 11 . 88 10 3 6 150 10 = ( 0 . 010 )t AB t AB = 0 . 00792 m

tAB

B = 15 mm

By comparison use t AB = 8 mm

68

Example 13b The two members are pinned together at B as shown below. Top views of the pin connections at A and B are also given. If the pins have an allowable shear stress of allow = 86 MPa, the allowable tensile stress of rod CB is (t)allow = 112 MPa and the allowable bearing stress is (b)allow = 150 MPa, determine to the maximum load P that the beam can supported. A Top view t = 8 mm P A B 1m 0.6 m B t = 8 mm 5 4 3

= 10 mm = 15 mm C

= 15 mm

69

 Internal Force Ay Ax A 1m 0.6 m P B FBC 36.87o

+ MA = 0: P(1) + FBC sin 36.87(1.6) = 0 FBC = 1.042P (T)

+ Fy = 0; Ay P + 1.042 P sin 36.87 = 0

Ay = 0.375P
+ Fx = 0; Ax + 1.042 P cos 36.87 = 0

Ax = 0.834 kN

70

0.914P 0.834P A Top view Pin A (double shear) 0.914P

Ay = 0.375P A 1m = 10 mm

P B 0.6 m

FBC = 1.042P 36.87o B

= 15 mm

Pin B (single shear)

FBC = 1.042P

VA = 0.457P VA = 0.457P
allow = 86 10 3 kPa = VA AA

VB= 1.042P
allow = 86 10 3 kPa = VB AB

0 . 457 P ( / 4 )( 0 . 01 ) 2

1 . 042 P ( / 4 )( 0 . 015 ) 2

P = 14 . 78 kN

P = 14 . 58 kN

71

0.914P 0.834P

Ay = 0.375P A 1m

P B 0.6 m

FBC = 1.042P 36.87o

rod = 15 mm

Rod AB

1.042P
allow = P ABC 1 . 042 P ( / 4 )( 0 . 015 ) 2

1.042P

112 10 3 kPa =

P = 19 kN

72

0.914P 0.834P A Top view

Ay = 0.375P A 1m = 10 mm t = 10 mm

P B 0.6 m

FBC = 1.042P 36.87o B t = 10 mm

= 15 mm

A = 10 mm
( b ) allow P = A

tAB = 10 mm A 0.914P A (b )A

20 kN B

B = 15 mm
tAB = 10 mm

FBC = 1.042P B (b )B

150 10 6 =

0 . 914 P ( 0 . 010 )( 0 . 010 )

( b ) allow =

P A 1 . 042 P ( 0 . 015 )( 0 . 01 )

P = 16 . 41 kN

150 10 6 =

P = 21 . 60 kN

By comparison all P = 14 . 58 kN

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Example 14 The suspender rod is supported at its end by a fixed-connected circular disk as shown. If the rod passes through a 40-mm diameter hole, determine the minimum required diameter of the rod and the minimum thickness of the disk needed to support the 20 kN load. The allowable normal stress for the rod is allow = 60 MPa, and the allowable shear stress for the disk is allow = 35 MPa. 40 mm t 40 mm allow d

20 kN

20 kN

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40 mm

40 mm allow

20 kN Diameter of Rod
A= P allow = 20 kN 60 10 3 kN / m 2

20 kN

Thickness of Disk
A= V allow = 20 kN 35 10 3 kN / m 2

A=

d 4

20 kN 60 10 3 kN / m 2

2 ( 0 . 02 m )t =

20 kN 35 10 3 kN / m 2

d = 0.0206 m = 20.6 mm

t = 4.55x10-3 m = 4.55 mm

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Example 15 An axial load on the shaft shown is resisted by the collar at C, which is attached to the shaft and located on the right side of the bearing at B. Determine the largest value of P for the two axial forces at E and F so that the stress in the collar does not exceed an allowable bearing stress at C of (b)allow = 75 MPa and allowable shearing stress of the adhesive at C of allow = 100 MPa , and the average normal stress in the shaft does not exceed an allowable tensile stress of (t)allow = 55 MPa. A 2P F E P 60 mm B C 20 mm 80 mm

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A 2P F Load 3P 2P E P

60 mm

B C

20 mm 3P

80 mm

Position Axial Stress 2P P Bearing Stress B 3P 3P

( b ) allow = P A

60 mm C 80 mm

( t ) allow
3 2

P = A

3P 55 10 kN / m = ( 0 . 03 m ) 2

75 10 3 kN / m 2 =

3P [ ( 0 . 04 m ) 2 ( 0 . 03 m ) 2 ]

P1 = 51.8 kN

P2 = 55 kN

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A 2P F Load 3P 2P E P

60 mm

B C

20 mm 3P

80 mm

Position Shearing Stress B 3P C

P Ashear

Axial Stress 60 mm 80 mm 20 mm P1 = 51.8 kN Bearing Stress P2 = 55 kN Shearing Stress P3 = 55 kN

allow =

100 10 3 kN / m 2 =

3P [ 2 ( 0 . 04 m )(. 020 )]

P3 = 55 kN The largest load that can be applied to the shaft is P = 51.8 kN.

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Example 16 The rigid bar AB shown supported by a steel rod AC having a diameter of 20 mm and an aluminum block having a cross-sectional area of 1800 mm2 . The18-mmdiameter pins at A and C are subjected to single shear. If the failure stress for the steel and aluminum is (st)fail = 680 Mpa and (al)fail = 70 MPa, respectively, and the failure shear stress for each pin is fail = 900 MPa, determine the largest load P that can be applied to the bar. Apply a factor of safety of F.S = 2.0.

C P Steel 0.75 m A B Aluminum 2m

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C P Steel 0.75 m A Aluminum 2m + MB = 0: + MA = 0: Rod AC

( st ) allow = ( st ) fail F .S F = AC AAC

FAC B

A 0.75 m 1.25 m FB

P(1.25 m) - FAC(2 m) = 0 P(0.75 m) - FB(2 m) = 0 Block B

---------> FAC = 0.625P ----------> FB = 0.375P

( al ) allow =

( al ) fail F .S

FB AB

680 10 3 kPa 0.625 P = 2 (0.01 m) 2

70 10 3 kPa 0.375 P = 2 1800 10 6 m 2

P1 = 171 kN

P2 = 168 kN

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C P Steel 0.75 m A Aluminum 2m Pin A or C B A

FAC= 0.625P P B 0.75 m 1.25 m FB= 0.375P Summary

allow

F = = AC F .S Apin
3

fail

Rod AC Block B

P1 = 171 kN P2 = 168 kN

900 10 kPa 0.625 P = 2 (0.009 m) 2

Pin A or C P3 = 183 kN Largest load P = 168 kN

P3 = 183 kN

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