ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION (EC-604)

THEORY
Basicantennaconcept Thissectionisaconcisereviewofsomeimportanttheoryaspectsconcernedbytheoperationofthis trainer.Thisdiscussiondoesmeantobeexhaustivebutjustserveasaguidetohelpstudenttorelatewhat hehaslearnedinhistheorycoursetothehardwareheisfacing. Transmissionlinesareusedtoconveyenergyfromasource(generator)totheload.Thegeneratoraresine wavevoltagesources.Thesinewavevoltageappliedtothelineinputdeterminesasinewavecurrentinit. Theensembleofthesinewavevoltageandsinewavecurrentisgenerallycalledawave. Thewavepropagatesalongtheline. Theconceptofawavetravelingfromthesourcethroughthelineisinharmonywiththeideaofenergy flowingfromthegeneratortotheload. Wenowsupposethatourtransmissionline,insteadofbeinginfinitelylong,iscutandshortedatacertain length.

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK

40

ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION (EC-604) Theshortcircuitisanopowerload(ohm'slaw),therefortheenergyinsidetheshortcircuitmustgosome ware. Theonlywaytheenergymaygofromtheshortcircuitistocomebackalongtheorbereflected.Todothis theshortmustevidentlybecapabletogenerateavoltageequallinginmodulusandopposedinphasewith theincidentwave. Thisconceptallowsustodrawthepatternofthereflectedwavegiventhepatternoftheincidentone.It simplyistheincidentpatternreverted. Wecanextendournarrative,nonmathematicalreasoningonthelinetothecaseswherethelineopen insteadofshortenandthenterminatedwiththegenericload. Equalizingthecharacteristicimpedanceoftheline.Thecharacteristicimpedanceisaparameter dependingonthephysicalnatureandconstructioncharacteristicsoftheline. whenalineisterminatedonamatchedloadthereisnoreflectedwave,thereforetheenergytransferfrom thelinetotheload(whichareinourcasesantennas),ismaximized. Radiationmechanismandevolutionofdipole: Considertheopencircuitedtransmissionlineoffig2.itisseenthattheforwardandreversetravelling wavescombinetoformastandingwavepatternontheline,withavoltageantinodeattheopencircuited point,butnotalltheforwardenergyisreflectedbytheopencircuit.

Asshown,a smallportion of

electromagneticenergyescapesfromthesystemanditsthusradiated.Thisoccursbecausethelineof focus,travellingtowardstheopencircuit,arerequiredtoundergoacompletephasereversalwhenthey
LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK

40

ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION (EC-604) possestheequivalentofmechanicalinertia,andthussomedoescape,itmustbeaddedthattheproportion, ofthewaveescapingthesystemtothoseremainingisverysmall,fortworeasons. First,ifweconsiderthesurroundingspaceastheloadforthetransmissionline,weseethatamismatch exist,andthusverylittlepowerisdissipatedinthisload.Second,sincethetwowiresareclosetogether, itisapparentthattheradiationfromonetipwilljustaboutcancelthatfromother.Thisisbecausetheyare ofoppositepolaritiesandatadistanceapartthatistinycomparedtoawavelength.Conversely,thisisalso thereasonwhylowfrequencyparallelwiretransmissionlinesdonotradiate. Thecureforthisproblemseemstobeanenlargementoftheopencircuiti.e.Spreadingoftwowires,as infig.3.thereisnowlesslikelihoodofcancellationofradiationfromthetwowiretip.Bythesametoken, theradiatingtransmissionlineisnowbattercoupledtothesurroundingspace.Thisisanotherwayof sayingthatmorepowerwillbedissipatedinthesurroundingspacei.e.Radiated.Moreover,becauseof thespreadingout,wavestravelingalongthelinefinditmoredifficulttoundergothephasereversalatthe end.Thuseverythingpointstoanincreaseinradiation.

Theradiationefficiencyofthissystemisimprovedevenmorewhenthetwowiresarebentsoastobein thesameline,asinfig.3.Theelectric(andalsothemagnetic)fieldisnowfullycoupledtothesurrounding space,insteadofbeingconfinedbetweenthetwowires,andthemaximumpossibleamountofradiation

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK

40

ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION (EC-604) result.Thistypeofradiationiscalledadipole.Whenthetotallengthofthetwowiresisahalfwavelength, theantennaiscalledahalfwavedipole.Ithastheformindicatedinfigure.3andnowevengreatradiation occurs.Thereasonforthisincreaseisthehalfwavedipolemayberegardedashavingthesamebasic properties ( for thepointofview ofimpedance particularly) as asimilarlength oftransmission line. Accordingly,wehavetheantennabehavingasapieceofquarterwavetransmissionlinebentoutandopen circuitedatthefarend.Thisresultsinthehighimpedanceatthefarandoftheantennareflectedasalow impedanceattheendconnectedtothemaintransmissionline.Thisinturn,meansthatalargecurrentwill flowatthemaintransmissionline.Thisintern,meansthatalargecurrentwillflowattheinputtothehalf wavedipole,andefficientradiationwilltakeplace. Standingwaveratio: The standing wave ratio (SWR) is defined as the ratio between maximum and minimum values of voltage(andcurrent)alo0ngthetime. Fig4showstheSWRpatternalongalinewithamismatchedloadandhelpsunderstandingthedefinition ofSWR. TheSWRisanindexofthemismatchexistingbetweentheloadandthelinefeedingit.TheSWRequals1 intheperfectlymatchedcase,impossibletoreachinpractice,andtendstoreachveryhighvalues(infinity) forlinesshortedoropen.InpracticeSWRvaluesinrange1.4to2aretobeconsideredagoodmatching conditioninanantennasystem,whileratherlargervaluesareacceptablewithourtrainer.Thisisbecause unlikelargepowersystemwherethedesignaimismaximumpowertransfer,inatrainer,inatrainer systemtheaimisinhandiestoperabilityandsimpleconstruction.

Thedirectionalcoupler:

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK

40

ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION (EC-604) Tosensethedirectionofpowertravel,aswellastheamountofpower,issensingdevicemusthavediodes ascircuitelements. Thedirectionalcoupleroffigure5consistoftwolinetrunksplacedalongwithamaintransmissionline carriedenergyfromgeneratortoantenna. Thepowertravelingfrominputtooutputofthedevicewillcauseinducedvoltagesintheupperandlower loops.Intheloweronethevoltagewillbuildacrossthesensingdevicesthankstotheforwardconducting diode,whilethiswillnothappenedintheupperloop. Asforthepowertravelingfromloadtogenerator,thesituationisrevertedtheupperloopwillsense,the loweronewillnot. Thereforethedeviceoffigure5allowsseparatemeteringofdirectandreversepower. ThepracticalproceduretousethedirectionalcouplertomeasuretheSWRisthefollowing. Turnonthetransmitter. placetheswitchofSWRmeteronFORWORDandnotethereading,youcanalsoadjustthelevelforfull scaledeflection(50inthecaseofourtrainer.AdjustRFlevelifneeded). SwitchthemetertoREVERSE.Notethereading.CalculatetheSWRbytheformula.

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK

40

ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION (EC-604)

AntennaMatching: Let'sconsiderashortcircuitedtransmissionlinehavinglengthofthewavelengthofthesignal impressedbythegenerator. Attheshortedendtherewillbeanullvoltageamaximumcurrentwhileattheotherend(generatorside), therewillbeoppositesituationofmaximumvoltageandzerocurrent.Thelinethereforeappearstothe generatorasaninfinityimpedance,sincenocurrentisdrawn. Let'snowconsideranotherline,halfwavelengthlong,shortedattheopposedtothatofthegenerator. Thejunctionpointofthegeneratortothelinewillbezerovoltagemaximumcurrentpoint.The impedanceoftheline,asseenfromthegenerator,shallbeashortcircuit(zeroimpudence). Inalltheintermediatecasesofalinehavinglengthbetweenandwavelength,thegeneratorshallsee impedancebetween0andinfinity. Goingonfurtherlywiththesamereasoningwefindoutthatforshortedlinewavelengthlongtozero length,theimpedancegoesagainfrominfinityzero.

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK

40

ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION (EC-604) Sinceourlineislossless,theimpedancemustbepurelyreactiveandifweconsiderthepatternofthe currenttogethertothatofthevoltage,wesoonfindoutthatinthetowavelengthintervalthe impedancegoesfrom0toinfinityandiscapacitive,whileinthewavelengthtozerolengthinterval impedancegoesfrominfinitytozeroandisinductive.

Allthisleadsustothinkofaveryhandywaytomatchtheimpedanceseenfromthegeneratorbyplacing inparalleltothemismatchedloadatrunkofshortedlineofaproperlength.Seefig6thesedevicesare gener4allycalledMATCHINGSTUBS. Anadjustablelengthmatchingstubcanbeadjustedtohaveareactiveimpedanceequalinmodulusand opposedsignofamismatchedload,inordertocancelitsreactivecomponentsandmakeitappeartothe lineaspurelyresistive. Typesofantenna: antennacanbebroadlyclassifiedbythedirectionsinwhichradiateorreceiveelectromagneticradiation. Theycanbeisotropic,omnidirectionalordirectional. Anisotropicantennaisahypotheticalantennathatradiatesuniformlyinalldirectionssothattheelectric fieldatanypointonasphere(withtheantennaatitscenter)hasthesamemagnitude.Suchradiation

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK

40

ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION (EC-604) cannotberealizedinpracticesinceinordertoradiateuniformlyinalldirectionsanisotropicantenna wouldhavetobeapointsource.Thenearestequivalenttoanisotropicantennaisahertziandipole. Thehertziandipoleisthenamegiventoadipolewhichisverysmallcomparedtoitswavelengththatis aboutonehundredthsofthewavelengthatitsoperatingfrequency;eveninthiscaseitspatternisnottruly isotropic. Anomnidirectionalantennaradiatesuniformlyinoneplace.Examplesofomnidirectionalantennasare Monopoles,Dipoleetc.Theradiationofaverticaldipoleisuniforminthehorizontalplaneandafigureof8 intheverticalplane. ImportantcharacteristicsofAntenna: Anantennaischosenforaparticularapplicationaccordingtoitsmainphysicalandelectrical characteristics.Further,anantennamustperforminadesiredmannerfortheparticularapplication.An antennacanbecharacterizedbythefollowingfactors,notallareapplicabletoalltypesofantennas.Most ofthecharacteristicsmentionedbelowcanbestudiedusingthistrainer. 1. Radiationresistance. 2. Radiationpattern. 3. Beamwidth. 4. Bandwidth. 5. Gainofmainlobe. 6. Positionandmagnitudeofsidelobes. 7. Fronttobackratio. 8. Aperture. 9. Thepolarizationoftheelectricfield. Therearetwoprinciplesplanesinwhichtheantennacharacteristicsaremeasured.thesearethehorizontal andverticalplanesforlandbasedantennas.Somecharacteristicssuchasbeamwidthandsidelobesarethe sameinbothplanesforsymmetricalantennassuchashelicalandreflectors.othercharacteristicssuchas

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK

40

ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION (EC-604) gainonboresight.(i.ewheretheazimuthandtheelevationplanesintersect)canonlyhaveasingle value.Ingeneral,forunsymmetricalantennasthecharacteristicsaredifferentinthetwoprinciples. RadiationResistance: Wecanconsideranantennaasaloadthatterminatesthetransmissionlinethatfeedsit.Intheidealcase thisloadwillhaveanimpedancewhichispurelyresistivethatis,theloadwillnothaveanyreactive componentsuchasaninductanceorcapacitance.Inpracticetheimpedanceofanantennaismadeupofa selfimpedanceandamutualimpedance.Theselfimpedanceistheimpedancethatwouldbemeasuredat theterminalsoftheantennawhenitisinfreespace,givennootherantennasorreflectingobjectsinthe vicinity.Themutualimpedanceaccountsforthecouplingbetweenthedrivenelementandtheother parasiticpassiveelements. Whentheantennahasthesameimpedanceasthetransmissionlinesthatfeedsit,theantennaissaidtobe matchedontheline.Whenthisoccurs,maximumpoweristransferedfromthetransmissionlinetothe antenna.Ingeneral,theimpedanceoftheantennasnotthesameasthatofthetransmissionline.Whenthe transmissionlinehasthepurelyresistiveimpedanceandtheantennahasanimpedancethatcontainsa differentresistivevaluesaswellasreactivepart,theoptimumtransferofpowercanbeachievedviathe useofthetuningcircuitsconsistofanLCcircuitsinwhichthecapacitanceofthecapacitorisalteredin ordertoprovidethemaximumtransferofpower. Inthistrainerantennamatchtuningcapacitordoesthis.

RadiationPattern: Theantennaisareciprocaldevice,meansitradiatesorreceiveselectromagneticenergyinthesameway. Thus,althoughtheradiationpatternisidentifiedwithanantennathatistransmittingpower,thesame propertieswouldapplytotheantennaevenitwasreceivingpower.Anydifferencebetweenthereceived andradiatedpowerscanbeattributedtothedifferencebetweenthefeednetworksandtheequipment associatedwiththereceiverandtransmitter.Theantennaradiatesthegreatestamountofpoweralongits boresightandalsoreceivespowermostefficientlyinthisdirection. Theradiationpatternofanantennaispeculiartothetypeofantennaanditselectricalcharacteristicsas wellasitsphysicsdimensions.Itismeasuredataconstantdistanceinthefarfield.Theradiationpattern

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK

40

ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION (EC-604) ofanantennaisusuallyplottedintermsofrelativepower.Thepoweratboresight,thatisatthepositionof maximumradiatedpower,isusuallyplottedat0degrees;thusthepowerinallotherpositionsappearsasa negativevalue.Inotherwords,theradiatedpowerisnormalisedtothepoweratboresight.Themain reasonforusingdBinsteadoflinearpoweristhatthepoweratthenullsisoftenoftheorderof10,000 timeslessthanthepowerontheboresight,whichmeansthatthescaleswouldhavetobeverylargein ordertocoverthewholerangeofpowervalues. Fortheconvenienceofthestudentstoplotthepolargraphthereadingsareplottedafterconvertingthem intodB.Aconversionchartisprovidedinthismanual.Alsotheboresightreadingistakenasmaximumin dBandotherreadingsareplottedinlowervaluesindB. Theradiationpatternisusuallymeasuredinthetwoprincipalplanes,namely,theazimuthandthe elevationplanes.Theradiated/receiveddBisplottedagainsttheanglethatismadewiththeboresight direction.Iftheantennaisnotexpectitsradiationpatternintheseplanestobeunsymmetrical.The radiationpatterncanbeplottedusingthePolarortheRectangular/CartesianCoordinates. PolarPlots: InaPolarPlottheanglesareplottedfromtheboresightandthelevels(dBuV/dBuA)areplottedalongthe radius.Theanglesmaybeselectedatanyconvenientinterval.However5degreesor100degreesmaybe chosen.Choosingof1deg.isalsopossibleinthetrainerbutthisdoesnotserveanyspecialpurpose becausethereadingswillnotchangemuchandwillconsumemoretime.Thepolarplotgivesapictorial representationoftheradiationpatternoftheantennaandiseasiertovisualisethantherectangularplots. Thestudentswilleasilyunderstandthepolarplotdrawnbythem.

Thebeamwidthandgainofmainlobe: Thebeamwidthofanantennaiscommonlydefinedintwoways.Themostwellknowndefinitionisthe3 dborhalfpowerbeamwidthbutthe10dbbeamwidthisalsousedspeciallyforantennaswithnarrow beams.The3dborhalfpowerbeamwidthofanantennaistakenasthewidthindegreesatthepointon eithersideofthemainbeamwheretheradiatedlevelis3dblowerthanthemaximumlobevalue.The10 dbvalueistakenasthewidthindegreesoneithersideofthemainbeamwheretheradiatedlevelis10db lowerthanthemaximumlobevalue.

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK

40

ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION (EC-604) TheIEEEdefinitionofgainofanantennarelatestothepowerradiatedbytheantennatothatradiatedby anisotropicantenna(thatradiatesequallyinalldirection)andisquoted. asalinearratioorandbrefereedtoanisotropic(dbi,i:forisotropic)whenwesaythatthegainofan antennaisforinstance,20dbi(100inlinearterms)wemeanthatanisotropicantennawouldhaveto radiate100timesmorepowertogivethesameintensityinthesamedistanceasthatparticulardirectional antenna. Theradiationpatternofanantennashowsthepowerontheboresightas0dbandthepowerinother directionsasnegativevales.Thegaininalldirectionsisplottedrelativetothegainonboresight.inorder tofindtheabsolutegaininanydirectionthegainonboresightmustbeknown.Ifthisgainisexpressedin decibels,thenthisvaluecansimplybeaddedtothegainatanypointtogivetheabsolutegain.theabsolute gainonboresightismeasuredbycomparisonwithastandardgainantenna,whichfunctionsasareference antennawhosegainiscalculatedormeasuredwithahighdegreeofaccuracy.

Theposition and magnitudeofsidelobes: Thesidelevelsisusuallyquotedasthelevelbelowtheboresightgain.Strictlyallpeaksoneithersideof themainlobearesidelobes.However,inpracticeonlythenearinlobes,thosewhichareadjacenton eithersideoftheboresightmaximaarereferredtoassidelobes.Theiramplitudeandangleareeasily measuredusingthepolarplot.Foranantennathatissymmetricalaboutitsmainaxis,theradiationpattern isingeneralalsosymmetrical.Thusthelevelofthesidelobesonoppositesidesofthemainbeamwould

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK

40

ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION (EC-604) bethesame.Theaveragevalueistakenwherethetwosidelobesaredifferent.Theabsolutelevelofside lobescanonlybecalculatediftheabsoluteboresightgainisknown. Bandwidth: Thebandwidthofanantennaisameasureofitsabilitytoradiateorreceivedifferentfrequencies.Itrefers tothefrequencyrangeoverwhichoperationissatisfactoryandisgenerallytakenbetweenthehalfpower pointinthedirectionofmaximumradiation.Thebandwidthistherangeoffrequenciesthattheantenna canreceive(orradiate)withapowerefficiencyof50%(0.5)ormoreoravoltageefficiencyof70.7%(that is3DBpoint).Theoperatingfrequencyrangeisspecifiedbyquotingtheupperandlowerfrequencies, butthebandwidthisoftenquotedasarelativevalue.Bandwidthiscommonlyexpressedinoneofthetwo ways;1)ASpercentageor,2)Asafractionormultipleofanoctave(Anoctaveisabandoffrequencies betweenonefrequencyandthefrequencythatisdoubleorhalfthefirstfrequency;forinstance,wehave anoctavebetween400MHzand800MHz)Whenitisexpressedasapercentagebandwidth,itscenter frequencyshouldbequotedandthepercentageexpressedinoctaves,Itslowerandupperfrequency shouldbealsoquoted. Thefronttobackratio: Thefronttobackratioisameasureoftheabilityofadirectionalantennatoconcentratethebeaminthe requiredforwarddirection.Inlinerterms,itisdefinedastheratioofthemaximumpowerinthemainbean (boresight)tothatinthebacklobe.Itisusuallyexpressedindecibels,asthedifferencebetweenthelevel onboresightandat180Degreesoffboresight.Ifthisdifferenceissay35dBthenthefronttobackratioof theantennais35dB;inlineartermsitwouldmeanthatthelevelofthebacklobeis3,162timeslessthan theleveloftheoftheboresight. Aperture/Capturearea insimplewordsapertureorcaptureareaofantennaiseffectivereceivingareaoftheantennaandmaybe calculatedfromthepowerreceivedanditscomparisonwiththepowerdensityofthesignalbeingreceived If,S=powerdensityofthewaveinwatts/sqmeter. A=captureareaoftheantenna. P=totalpowerabsorbedbytheantenna.

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK

40

ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION (EC-604) thenP=S.AWattsorA=P/S. Theaperturesizecanbedefinedintwoways;eitherintermsofactualphysicalsizeinmetersorinterms ofwavelength.forinstance.ifwesaythatanantennahasanapertureoftwowavelengths,thenitsactual sizedependsonitsoperatingfrequency.atafrequencyof1GHZ,thephysicalaperturewouldbe60cms. itismoremeaningfultoreferanantennasizeintermsofitsoperatingwavelengthwhentheantennais narrowbandorsinglefrequencybecauseitsbeamwidthandgainaredirectlyrelatedtotheaperturein termsofitswavelength.inthiscasewehavetocalculateitswavelengthtofinditsphysicaldimensions. However,inthecaseofbroadbandantennas,itsphysicalsizeismoreappropriatebecausetherearearange ofoperatingfrequencies.theapertureofanantennagovernsthesizeofitsbeamwidth.Ingeneral,the largertheaperture,thenarrowerthebeamwidth,thehigheristhegainatagivenfrequency. Thepolarizationofelectricfield: Polarizationisusedalmostexclusivelytodescribetheshapeandorientationofthelocusoftheextremity oftheelectricfieldvectorasitvarieswithtimeatafixedpointinspace.Thislocuscouldbeastraightline, anellipseoracircle. Inthecaseoflinearpolarization,theelectricfieldvariessinusoidallyinoneplane. Whenthisplaneisverticalitiscalledverticalpolarization.Whenthisplanehorizontal,itiscalled horizontalpolarization.Theelectricfieldcanalsobepolarizedinanyotheranglebetween0to90degree tothehorizontal.Ingeneraltheonlyothercommonlyusedangleis45degrees,whichisknownastheslant polarization. Thepolarizationofareceivingantennamustmatchthatoftheincidentradiationinordertodetectthe maximumfield.Iftheanglesarenotthesame,onlythatcomponentsthatisparalleltotheplaneofincident polarisationwillbedetected.Ifwehaveaverticallypolarised,themagnitudeofitscomponentinthe verticalplanewillbereducedbyafactorofcosine45degrees.

ARRANGEMENT
Arrangingthetrainerandperformingfunctionalchecks:

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK

40

ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION (EC-604) 1. Keepthemainunitonthetableandconnectpowercord.themainsvoltageandswitchonthe unit.Theindicatorlampshouldglow.Switchoffthemainunit. 2. Assemblethecoaxialantennamustandfixitonthegoniometerscaleofthemainunit. 3. Assembledetectorassemblyandmountdetectorunitonthemast. 4. Keepmainunitanddetectorassemblyatadistanceof1.5m. 5. Installfoldeddipoleantennaonthetransmittingmastandallignthedirectionandtheheightofboth transmittingandreceivingantennas. 6. SwitchONthemainunit&checkfordeflectioninthemeterofdirectionalcoupler.AdjustRF levelandFSadjust(ifrequired).ThetoggleswitchcanbeineitherFWDorREVposition. 7. Checkfordeflectionindetectormeter.AdjustLevelofdetectormeterfor#/4deflectioninthe meter.
8. Rotatetransmittingantennabetween0360oandobservethedeflectiononthedetectorassembly.

Thevariationindicatesthatthetransmitter&thereceiverareworkingandradiationpatternis formed. 9. Theunitisreadyforfurtherexperiments. ImportantNote: Theadjustmentofthefollowingmaybeveryrarelynecessarytooptimisethemaximumradiationsfrom differentantennas.Theyare. 1. Z(outputimpedanceofgenerator). 2. Antennamatch. Howeverthiscanbedonebyremovingthescrewsandadjustthemgentlywiththealigner/screwdriver Moredetailsaregiveninthetestandcalibrationprocedureintheoperatingmanual.

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK

40

ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION (EC-604)

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK

40

ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION (EC-604)

EXPERIMENT1
AIM: Tofindtheradiationpattern,beamwidthandgainofhalfwavelengthsimpleDipoleantenna. APPARATUSREQUIRED: ExperimentalsetandsimplehalfwavelengthDipoleantenna. THEORY: A simple dipole is the simplest form of antenna having 2 poles each of length ( /2). The nominal impedanceofthisantennais73ohms.Theactualvaluedepartsfromthisduetoconstructionconstraints, suchonnonzerodiameterrods,presenceofBNCconnectorbodyandtheantennamast.Theeffectofall thesearepartiallycorrectedbyanYmatcharrangementconnection.Theradiationpatternofsimple dipole(/2)isuniforminforwardandreversedirection.Thepolarizationishorizontal. PROCEDURE: 1. Arrangethesetup.
2. Mountthesimpledipole(/2)onthetransmittingmast.

3. Bringthedetectorassemblyneartomainunitandadjusttheheightofbothtransmittingand receivingantennasame. 4. Keepdetectorassemblyawayfrommainunitapproximately1.5mandalignbothofthemEnsure thattherearenoreflectorsortthingsinthevicinityoftheexperimentsuchassteelstructure,pipes, cablesetc. 5. KeeptheRFlevelandFSadjusttominimumanddirectionalcouplerswitchtoFWD. 6. Keepdetectorlevelcontrolinthecentreapproximately. 7. IncreaseRFlevelgraduallyandseethatthereisdeflectionindetectormeter. 8. AdjustRFlevelanddetectorlevelsothatthedeflectionindetectormeterisapproximately3035 A.

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK

40

ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION (EC-604) 9. Alignarrowmarkonthediskwithzeroofgoniometerscale. 10. Starttakingreadingattheintervalof5or10degreesandnotethedeflectiononthedeflection assembly. 11. ConverttheAreadingofdetectorassemblyintodBswiththehelpofconversionchart. 12. PlotthepolargraphindegreesofrotationofantennaagainstlevelinthedetectorindBs. 13. Calculatethebeamwidth.fronttobackratioandthegainoftheantennawiththehelpofthisgraph. CALCULATIONS:

BEAMWIDTH: 1. lookformainlobeDrawboresightmaximumlineAA'mark3dBfrommaximumontheboresight linepointBDrawanarcofradiusAB. 2. ThisarcwillintersectmainlobeatCandD. 3. MeasuretheangleCAD.Thisangleis3dBbeamwidth. FRONTTOBACKRATIO: 1. lookformainlobeDrawboresightmaximumlineAA'. 2. lookformainlobe. 3. Fronttobackratio=AA'/1dB. 4. Ifthereislobe,thenmeasureit(AE),whereEisthemaximumofbacklobe. 5. Then,fronttobackratio=AA'/AEdB. GAINOFTHEANTENNA: 1. G=(Maximumradiationintensity)/(Maximumradiationintensityformareferenceantennai.e. isotropicantennawithsamepowerinput).

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK

40

ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION (EC-604) 2. Wepresumeherethatmaximumradiationintensityofisotropicantennais1DB andis100% efficient.underthisassumption. 3. G=AA'/1dB. RESULT:

PRECAUTIONS: 1. Ensurethetherearenoreflectorsortthingsinthevicinityoftheexperimentsuch. 2. Assteelstructure,pipes,cablesetc. 3. Don'tplaceyourhandbetweentransmittingantennaandreceivingantenna. 4. Antennashouldbepropertymountedonthetransmittingmast. 5. ConversionofAtodBAshouldbecorrect. 6. Distancebetweenmainunitandthedetectorunitshouldnotexceed1.5meters.

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK

40

ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION (EC-604)

VIVAVOCE
Ques1: Defineantenna? Ans: Anantenna(oraerial)isanelectricaldevicewhichcouplesradiowavesinfreespacetoan electricalcurrentusedbyaradioreceiverortransmitter.Inreception,theantennaintercepts someofthepowerofanelectromagneticwaveinordertoproduceatinyvoltagethattheradio receivercanamplify. Ques2: Definegainoftheantenna? Ans: Gainisaparameterwhichmeasuresthedegreeofdirectivityoftheantenna'sradiationpattern. G=(Maximumradiationintensity)/(Maximumradiationintensityformareferenceantennai.e. isotropicantennawithsamepowerinput). Ques3: Whatisradiationpattern. Ans: Theradiationpatternofanantennaisaplotoftherelativefieldstrengthoftheradiowaves emittedbytheantennaatdifferentangles.Itistypicallyrepresentedbyathreedimensional graph,orpolarplotsofthehorizontalandverticalcrosssections. Ques4: Definepolarizationofantenna? Ans: Thepolarizationofanantennaistheorientationoftheelectricfield(Eplane)oftheradiowave withrespecttotheEarth'ssurfaceandisdeterminedbythephysicalstructureoftheantennaand byitsorientation. Ques5: Whatisradiationresistanceforahalfwavedipole? Ans: Radiationresistanceforahalfwavedipoleis73ohm.

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK

40

ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION (EC-604)

EXPERIMENT2
AIM: Tofindtheradiationpattern,beamwidthandgainofhalfwavelengthfoldedDipoleantenna. APPARATUSREQUIRED: ExperimentalsetandfoldedDipoleantenna. THEORY: Comparedtoasimpledipole,thisantennahassubstantiallyhigherradiationresistanceapproximately300 ohmsforthepresenceoffoldedarm.Theactualimpedanceisderivedfromroddiameteranddistancefrom centreshapeoftheendbends,thepresenceofBNCconnectorandbalunetc,Thetypicalradiationpattern inhorizontalplaneforthisantennaissameasthatwasforsimpledipole.Thepolarizationishorizontal. ROCEDURE: 1. Arrangethesetup.
2. Mountfoldeddipoleantenna(/2)onthetransmittingmast.

3. Bringthedetectorassemblyneartomainunitandadjusttheheightofbothtransmittingand receivingantennasame. 4. Keepdetectorassemblyawayfrommainunitapproximately1.5mandalignbothofthemEnsure thattherearenoreflectorsortthingsinthevicinityoftheexperimentsuchassteelstructure,pipes, cablesetc. 5. KeeptheRFlevelandFSadjusttominimumanddirectionalcouplerswitchtoFWD. 6. Keepdetectorlevelcontrolinthecentreapproximately.

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK

40

ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION (EC-604) 7. IncreaseRFlevelgraduallyandseethatthereisdeflectionindetectormeter. 8. AdjustRFlevelanddetectorlevelsothatthedeflectionindetectormeterisapproximately3035 A. 9. Alignarrowmarkonthediskwithzeroofgoniometerscale. 10. Starttakingreadingattheintervalof5or10degreesandnotethedeflectiononthedeflection assembly. 11. ConverttheAreadingofdetectorassemblyintodBswiththehelpofconversionchart. 12. PlotthepolargraphindegreesofrotationofantennaagainstlevelinthedetectorindBs. 13. Calculatethebeamwidth.fronttobackratioandthegainoftheantennawiththehelpofthisgraph. CALCULATIONS:

BEAMWIDTH: 1. lookformainlobeDrawboresightmaximumlineAA'mark3dBfrommaximumontheboresight linepointBDrawanarcofradiusAB. 2. ThisarcwillintersectmainlobeatCandD. 3. MeasuretheangleCAD.Thisangleis3dBbeamwidth. FRONTTOBACKRATIO: 1. lookformainlobeDrawboresightmaximumlineAA'. 2. lookformainlobe. 3. Fronttobackratio=AA'/1dB. 4. Ifthereislobe,thenmeasureit(AE),whereEisthemaximumofbacklobe. 5. Then,fronttobackratio=AA'/AEdB. GAINOFTHEANTENNA:

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK

40

ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION (EC-604) 1. G=(Maximumradiationintensity)/(Maximumradiationintensityformareferenceantennai.e. isotropicantennawithsamepowerinput). 2. Wepresumeherethatmaximumradiationintensityofisotropicantennais1DB andis100% efficient.underthisassumption. 3. G=AA'/1dB. RESULT: PRECAUTIONS: 1. Ensurethetherearenoreflectorsortthingsinthevicinityoftheexperimentsuch. 2. assteelstructure,pipes,cablesetc. 3. Don'tplaceyourhandbetweentransmittingantennaandreceivingantenna. 4. Antennashouldbepropertymountedonthetransmittingmast. 5. ConversionofAtodBAshouldbecorrect. 6. Distancebetweenmainunitandthedetectorunitshouldnotexceed1.5meters.

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK

40

ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION (EC-604)

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK

40

ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION (EC-604)

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK

40

ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION (EC-604)

VIVAVOCE
Ques1: Whatistheimpedanceathefeedpointofafoldeddipoleantenna. Ans: Ques2: Ans: 300ohm. Defineapertureofantenna? TheeffectiveapertureofanantennaAeistheareapresentedtotheradiatedorreceivedsignal.It isakeyparameter,whichgovernstheperformanceoftheantenna.Theapertureefficiencyde pendsonthedistributionoftheilluminationacrosstheaperture.IfthisislinearthenKa=1.This highefficiencyisoffsetbytherelativelyhighlevelofsidelobesobtainedwithlinearillumina tion.Therefore,antennaswithmorepracticallevelsofsidelobeshaveanantennaapertureeffi ciencylessthanone(Ae<A). Ques3: Definedirectivity? Ans: Inelectromagnetics,directivityisafigureofmeritforanantenna.Itmeasuresthepowerdensity theantennaradiatesinthedirectionofitsstrongestemission,versusthepowerdensityradiated byanidealisotropicradiator(whichemitsuniformlyinalldirections)radiatingthesametotal power. Ques4: Whatisotropicantenna? Ans: Anisotropicantennaisahypotheticalantennaradiatingthesameintensityofradiowavesinall directions.Ithasadirectivityof0dBi(dBrelativeto,isotropic). Ques5: Definefronttobackratio? Ans: Thefronttobackratioofanantennaistheproportionofenergyradiatedintheprincipal directionofradiationtotheenergyradiatedintheoppositedirection.Ahighfronttobackratio isdesirablebecausethismeansthataminimumamountofenergyisradiatedintheundesired direction.

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK

40

ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION (EC-604)

EXPERIMENT3
AIM: Tofindtheradiationpattern,beamwidthandpolarizationoflogperiodicantenna. APPARATUSREQUIRED: Experimentalsetandlogperiodicantenna. THEORY: Themainfeatureofthisantennaisfrequencyindependenceforbothradiationresistanceandpattern.The radiationpatternmaybeunidirectionalorbidirectional.Bandwidthof10:1iseasilyachievable.Thearray consistsofnumberofdipolesofdifferentlengthsandspacingandfedformatwowirelinewhichis transposedbetweeneachadjacentpairofdipoles.Thearrayisfedfromnarrowendandthemaximum radiationisinthisdirection.Ifagraphisplottedinputimpedancev/sfrequency,arepetitivevariationwill benoticed.Ifplottedagainstlogoffrequencyinsteadoffrequency,thenvariationisperiodicconsistingof identicalcycles.Itisthisbehaviorofantenna,whichhasgiventhename.Thisisahorizontallypolarized antenna. PROCEDURE: 1. Arrangethesetup. 2. Mountthelogperiodicantennaonthetransmittingmast. 3. Bringthedetectorassemblyneartomainunitandadjusttheheightofbothtransmittingand receivingantennasame. 4. Keepdetectorassemblyawayfrommainunitapproximately1.5mandalignbothofthemEnsure thattherearenoreflectorsortthingsinthevicinityoftheexperimentsuchassteelstructure,pipes, cablesetc. 5. KeeptheRFlevelandFSadjusttominimumanddirectionalcouplerswitchtoFWD. 6. Keepdetectorlevelcontrolinthecentreapproximately.

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK

40

ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION (EC-604) 7. IncreaseRFlevelgraduallyandseethatthereisdeflectionindetectormeter. 8. AdjustRFlevelanddetectorlevelsothatthedeflectionindetectormeterisapproximately3035 A.

9. Alignarrowmarkonthediskwithzeroofgoniometerscale.

10. Starttakingreadingattheintervalof5or10degreesandnotethedeflectiononthedeflection assembly. 11. ConverttheAreadingofdetectorassemblyintodBswiththehelpofconversionchart. 12. PlotthepolargraphindegreesofrotationofantennaagainstlevelinthedetectorindBs. 13. Calculatethebeamwidth.fronttobackratioandthegainoftheantennawiththehelpofthisgraph. 14. Forpolarizationtest,turnthedetectorboxat90degreebyfixingthescrewatthebackofdetector box.Notethereadingsagain. Since,wehavechangedtheplaneofreceivingantennatoverticalkeepingtransmittingantennastillinthe horizontalplanethatdetectorantennareceivespracticallynosignal.Rotatethetransmittingantennafrom0 to360degreegraduallyandtakethereadings. CALCULATIONS:

BEAMWIDTH: 1. lookformainlobeDrawboresightmaximumlineAA'mark3dBfrommaximumontheboresight linepointBDrawanarcofradiusAB. 2. ThisarcwillintersectmainlobeatCandD. 3. MeasuretheangleCAD.Thisangleis3dBbeamwidth.

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK

40

ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION (EC-604) FRONTTOBACKRATIO: 1. lookformainlobeDrawboresightmaximumlineAA'. 2. lookformainlobe. 3. Fronttobackratio=AA'/1dB. 4. Ifthereislobe,thenmeasureit(AE),whereEisthemaximumofbacklobe. 5. Then,fronttobackratio=AA'/AEdB. GAINOFTHEANTENNA: 1. G=(Maximumradiationintensity)/(Maximumradiationintensityformareferenceantennai.e. isotropicantennawithsamepowerinput). 2. Wepresumeherethatmaximumradiationintensityofisotropicantennais1DBandis100% efficient.underthisassumption. 3. G=AA'/1dB. RESULT:

PRECAUTIONS: 1. Ensurethetherearenoreflectorsortthingsinthevicinityoftheexperimentsuchassteelstructure, pipes,cablesetc. 2. Don'tplaceyourhandbetweentransmittingantennaandreceivingantenna. 3. Antennashouldbepropertymountedonthetransmittingmast. 4. ConversionofAtodBAshouldbecorrect. 5. Distancebetweenmainunitandthedetectorunitshouldnotexceed1.5meters.

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK

40

ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION (EC-604)

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK

40

ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION (EC-604)

VIVAVOICE
Ques1: Whatislogperiodicantenna? Ans: Alogperiodicantenna(LP,alsoknownasalogperiodicarray)isabroadband,multielement, unidirectional,narrowbeamantennathathasimpedanceandradiationcharacteristicsthatare regularlyrepetitiveasalogarithmicfunctionoftheexcitationfrequency. Ques2: Explainreciprocitytheoremforantenna? Ans: Ifanemfisappliedtotheterminalsofanantennano.1andthecurrentmeasuredatterminals ofanotherantennano.2,thenanequalbothinamplitudeandphasewillbeobtainedatthe terminalsofantennano.1ifthesameemfisappliedtoterminalsofantennano.2. E12=E21PROVIDEDI1=I2 Ques3: Whatiseffectiveheightofantenna? Ans: Effectiveheight=2/physicalheight.

Ques4: WhatistherangeofHF? Ans: 3to30MHZ.

Ques5: Whataretheregioninlogperiodicdipolearray? Ans: 1. Inactivetransmissionlineregion(L</2). 2. Activeregion(L=/2). 3. Inactivereflectiveregion(L>/2).

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK

40

ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION (EC-604)

EXPERIMENT4
AIM: Tofindtheradiationpatternandbeamwidthofcutparabolicantenna. APPARATUSREQUIRED: Experimentalsetandcutparabolicantenna. THEORY: Themostwidelyusedantennaformicrowavesistheparaboloidreflectorantenna,whichconsistsofa primaryantennasuchasadipolesituatedatthefocalpointofaparaboloidreflector.Thedirectivityofthe paraboloidreflectorisafunctionoftheprimaryantennadirectivityandtheratiooffocallengthofreflector diameter,F/D.Thisratioisknownasaperturenumber. PROCEDURE: 1. Arrangethesetup. 2. Mountthecutparaboloidreflectorantennawithoutreflectoronthetransmittingmast. 3. Bringthedetectorassemblyneartomainunitandadjusttheheightofbothtransmittingand receivingantennasame. 4. Keepdetectorassemblyawayfrommainunitapproximately1mawayfromthetransmitter. 5. Notethereadinginthedetectorrotatingthetransmittingmastonthegoniometerscale.Atsuitable intervals(30degrees). 6. NowconnectthecutparaboloidonthePCBwiththehelpofscrew. 7. Observethechangeindetectorreadings. 8. Notethenewreadingsinthedetectorbyrotatingthetransmittermastonthegoniometerscale0 360deg.atthesameinterval.

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK

40

ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION (EC-604) 9. TheNewreadingsshowtheeffectofparaboloidreflector.

CALCULATIONS:

BEAMWIDTH: 1. lookformainlobeDrawboresightmaximumlineAA'mark3dBfrommaximumontheboresight linepointBDrawanarcofradiusAB. 2. ThisarcwillintersectmainlobeatCandD. 3. MeasuretheangleCAD.Thisangleis3dBbeamwidth. GAINOFTHEANTEN: 1. G=(Maximumradiationintensity)/(Maximumradiationintensityforma referenceantennai.e. isotropicantennawithsamepowerinput). 2. Wepresumeherethatmaximumradiationintensityofisotropicantennais1DBandis100% efficient.underthisassumption. 3. G=AA'/1dB. RESULT:

PRECAUTIONS: 1. Ensurethetherearenoreflectorsortthingsinthevicinityoftheexperimentsuchassteelstructure, pipes,cablesetc. 2. Don'tplaceyourhandbetweentransmittingantennaandreceivingantenna. 3. Antennashouldbepropertymountedonthetransmittingmast.

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK

40

ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION (EC-604) 4. ConversionofAtodBAshouldbecorrect. 5. Distancebetweenmainunitandthedetectorunitshouldnotexceed1.5meters.

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK

40

ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION (EC-604)

VIVAVOICE
Ques1: Definebeamwidthofantenna? Ans: Beamwidthisameasureofdirectivityofanantenna.antennabeamwidthisdefinedasthe angularseparationbetweentwohalfpowerpointsontheradiationpatternpatternofan antenna. Ques2: Defineradiationintensity. Ans: Radiationintensityisquantitywhichdoesnotdependuponthedistancefromtheradiator. radiationintensityisdefinedaspowerperunitsolidangle. Ques3: Whatisradiationintensity? Ans: Unitofradiationintensityiswatt/steradian.

Ques4: WhatisHPBW. Ans: HPBWistheangularwidthbetweentheangularpointshalfpowerbelowthatshalfpower.

Ques5: Defineskipdistance? Ans: Skipdistanceistheshortestdistancefromatransmitter,measuredalongthesurfaceoftheearth atwhichaskywaveoffixedfrequency(morethanfc)willbereturnedtoearth.

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK

40

ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION (EC-604)

EXPERIMENT5
AIM: Tofindtheradiationpattern,beamwidthandstandingwaveratioofloopantenna. APPARATUSREQUIRED: ExperimentalsetandLoopantenna. THEORY: Thisantennaconsistsofsingleormultiplelooparrangements.Thetotalloopperimeterisgenerallyhalf wavelengthlongormultiple.Inthebasicconfigurationthisantennahasverylowimpedancesothatitis usedonlyforreceptionforthereasonsofmatchingefficiency.Inordertorisetheimpedanceourloop antennausesaradiatingelementandatwoconductorstriplineloopshaped.Thecurrentintheopposite sideofthearmoftheloopaddupandsubtractstheeffectstheeffectstotheradiatedwave,sothatthe radiationdiagramappearstohavearatheroddunexpectedpattern.Normallytheloopiscircularbutinour caseitisasquareloop. PROCEDURE: 1. Arrangethesetup. 2. Mounttheloopantennaonthetransmittingmast. 3. Bringthedetectorassemblyneartomainunitandadjusttheheightofbothtransmittingand receivingantennasame.

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK

40

ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION (EC-604) 4. Keepdetectorassemblyawayfrommainunitapproximately1.5mandalignbothofthemEnsure thattherearenoreflectorsortthingsinthevicinityoftheexperimentsuchassteelstructure,pipes, cablesetc. 5. KeeptheRFlevelandFSadjusttominimumanddirectionalcouplerswitchtoFWD. 6. Keepdetectorlevelcontrolinthecenterapproximately. 7. IncreaseRFlevelgraduallyandseethatthereisdeflectionindetectormeter. 8. AdjustRFlevelanddetectorlevelsothatthedeflectionindetectormeterisapproximately3035 A. 9. Alignarrowmarkonthediskwithzeroofgoniometerscale. 10. Starttakingreadingattheintervalof5or10degreesandnotethedeflectiononthedeflection assembly. 11. ConverttheAreadingofdetectorassemblyintodB'swiththehelpofconversionchart. 12. PlotthepolargraphindegreesofrotationofantennaagainstlevelinthedetectorindB's. 13. Calculatethebeamwidth.fronttobackratioandthegainoftheantennawiththehelpofthisgraph. FORSWRMEASUREMENT: 1. TheSWRistheindexofmismatchexistingbetweentheloadandthefeedingline.AdjustRFlevel anddetectorlevelfortheoptimumindicationondetectorsmeter. 2. RemovethetransmittingantennaandfixBNCTandBNCcabletostubline. 3. MounttheantennaoverBNCT. 4. Keepthestubatzeroofthescale. 5. Youwillobservethatthereadingonthedetectormeterhasalreadygonedownwiththeconnection ofthestub.howeveryoucanincreaseRFoutputlevelanddetectorlevelslightlytosuit measurement. 6. KeepthecouplerswitchtoREVPosition.

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK

40

ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION (EC-604) 7. Startmovingstubknobfromrighttoleftslowlyandobservethereadingonthemeteronthemain unit. 8. Youwillobservethatthemeterhasmaximaandminimaatsomepoint.Themaximapointindicates thatthereversepowerismaximumandlineismismatched. 9. Choosethefirstminimumpointwhilegoingfromrighttoleft.thispositionindicatesthatthelineis matched. 10. NotethisreadinginA,onmainunit. 11. TurntheswitchtoFWD,whichgivesthereadingoftheforwardpower. 12. SWRcanbecalculatedasunder. SWR=(FWD+REV)/(FWDREV). CALCULATIONS:

BEAMWIDTH: 1. lookformainlobeDrawboresightmaximumlineAA'mark3dBfrommaximumontheboresight linepointBDrawanarcofradiusAB. 2. ThisarcwillintersectmainlobeatCandD. 3. MeasuretheangleCAD.Thisangleis3dBbeamwidth. GAINOFTHEANTENNA: 1. G=(Maximumradiationintensity)/(Maximumradiationintensityformareferenceantennai.e. isotropicantennawithsamepowerinput). 2. Wepresumeherethatmaximumradiationintensityofisotropicantennais1DBandis100% efficient.underthisassumption. 3. G=AA'/1dB. STANDINGWAVERATIO:

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK

40

ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION (EC-604) SWR=(FWD+REV)/(FWDREV). RESULT: PRECAUTIONS: 1. Ensurethetherearenoreflectorsortthingsinthevicinityoftheexperimentsuchassteelstructure, pipes,cablesetc. 2. Don'tplaceyourhandbetweentransmittingantennaandreceivingantenna. 3. Antennashouldbepropertymountedonthetransmittingmast. 4. ConversionofAtodBAshouldbecorrect. 5. Distancebetweenmainunitandthedetectorunitshouldnotexceed1.5meters.

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK

40

ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION (EC-604)

VIVAVOICE

Ques1: WhatistherelationbetweendirectivityandlengthoftheNelement broadsidelineararray? Ans: D=2(L/).

Ques2: Defineradiationresistance? Ans: Radiationresistanceofanantennaistheequivalentresistancewhichwoulddissipatethesame amountofpowerastheantennaradiateswhenthecurrentinthatresistanceequaltheinput currentattheantennaterminals. Ques3: Whichtypeoferrorinloopantenna. Ans: Therearetwotypeoferrorsareseeninloopantenna 1. Verticaleffecterror. 2. Polarizationerror. Ques4: WhatdoyoumeanbytheDirectivityofloopantenna. Ans: Thedirectivityofanantennaisdefinedastheratioofmaximumradiationintensitytothe averageradiationintensity. Ques5: Whatdoyoumeanbysenseantenna. Ans: Asenseantennaisasmallverticalantennaandradiowaveinducesvoltageinitinphasewhere asvoltageinducedatthecentreoftheloopis90degreeoutofphasewithelectromagneticfield asseen.

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK

40

ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION (EC-604)

EXPERIMENT6
AIM: Tofindtheradiationpattern,beamwidthandstandingwaveratioofaYagiUda5elementantenna. APPARATUSREQUIRED: ExperimentalsetandYagiuda5elementantenna. THEORY: YagiUdaantennawithfoldedornonfoldeddipolesarewidelyusedantennas.Behindthedipolesthey haveareflectorandinfronttheyhavedirectors135etc. Thetheoreticalimpedanceofthisantennais75ohms.Thisisveryimportantantennaforunidirectional transmissionandwidelyusedinTVreception.AyagiUdaantennahasafoldeddipolereroundedby directorandreflector.Thenumberofdirectorscanbe1,3,5,7,9etcthepolarizationishorizontal. PROCEDURE: 1. Arrangethesetup. 2. MountYagiuda5elementfoldeddipoleantennaonthetransmittingmast. 3. Bringthedetectorassemblyneartomainunitandadjusttheheightofbothtransmittingand receivingantennasame.
4. Keepdetectorassemblyawayfrommainunitapproximately1.5mandalignbothofthemEnsure

thattherearenoreflectorsortthingsinthevicinityoftheexperimentsuchassteelstructure,pipes, cablesetc. 5. KeeptheRFlevelandFSadjusttominimumanddirectionalcouplerswitchtoFWD. 6. Keepdetectorlevelcontrolinthecentreapproximately.

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK

40

ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION (EC-604) 7. IncreaseRFlevelgraduallyandseethatthereisdeflectionindetectormeter. 8. AdjustRFlevelanddetectorlevelsothatthedeflectionindetectormeterisapproximately3035 A. 9. Alignarrowmarkonthediskwithzeroofgoniometerscale. 10. Starttakingreadingattheintervalof5or10degreesandnotethedeflectiononthedeflection assembly. 11. ConverttheAreadingofdetectorassemblyintodB'swiththehelpofconversionchart. 12. PlotthepolargraphindegreesofrotationofantennaagainstlevelinthedetectorindBs. 13. Calculatethebeamwidth.fronttobackratioandthegainoftheantennawiththehelpofthisgraph. FORSWRMEASUREMENT: 1. TheSWRistheindexofmismatchexistingbetweentheloadandthefeedingline.AdjustRFlevel anddetectorlevelfortheoptimumindicationondetectorsmeter. 2. RemovethetransmittingantennaandfixBNCTandBNCcabletostubline. 3. MounttheantennaoverBNCT. 4. Keepthestubatzeroofthescale. 5. Youwillobservethatthereadingonthedetectormeterhasalreadygonedownwiththeconnection ofthestub.howeveryoucanincreaseRFoutputlevelanddetectorlevelslightlytosuit measurement. 6. KeepthecouplerswitchtoREVPosition. 7. Startmovingstubknobfromrighttoleftslowlyandobservethereadingonthemeteronthemain unit. 8. Youwillobservethatthemeterhasmaximaandminimaatsomepoint.Themaximapointindicates thatthereversepowerismaximumandlineismismatched.

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK

40

ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION (EC-604) 9. Choosethefirstminimumpointwhilegoingfromrighttoleft.thispositionindicatesthatthelineis matched. 10. NotethisreadinginA,onmainunit. 11. TurntheswitchtoFWD,whichgivesthereadingoftheforwardpower. 12. SWRcanbecalculatedasunder SWR=(FWD+REV)/(FWDREV) CALCULATIONS:

BEAMWIDTH: 1. lookformainlobe. 2. DrawboresightmaximumlineAA'mark3dBfrommaximumontheboresightlinepointB. 3. DrawanarcofradiusAB. 4. ThisarcwillintersectmainlobeatCandD. 5. MeasuretheangleCAD.Thisangleis3dBbeamwidth. GAINOFTHEANTENNA: 1. G=(Maximumradiationintensity)/(Maximumradiationintensityformareferenceantennai.e. isotropicantennawithsamepowerinput). 2. Wepresumeherethatmaximumradiationintensityofisotropicantennais1DBandis100% efficient.underthisassumption. 3. G=AA'/1dB STANDINGWAVERATIO: SWR=(FWD+REV)/(FWDREV)

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK

40

ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION (EC-604) RESULT:

PRECAUTIONS: 1. Ensurethetherearenoreflectorsortthingsinthevicinityoftheexperimentsuchassteelstructure, pipes,cablesetc. 2. Don'tplaceyourhandbetweentransmittingantennaandreceivingantenna. 3. Antennashouldbepropertymountedonthetransmittingmast. 4. ConversionofAtodBAshouldbecorrect. 5. Distancebetweenmainunitandthedetectorunitshouldnotexceed1.5meters.

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK

40

ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION (EC-604)

VIVAVOICE
Ques1: Explainyagiudaantenna?

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK

40

ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION (EC-604) Ans: AYagiUdaarray,commonlyknownsimplyasaYagiantenna,isadirectionalantenna consistingofadrivenelement(typicallyadipoleorfoldeddipole)andadditionalparasitic elements(usuallyasocalledreflectorandoneormoredirectors).Thereflectorelementis slightlylonger(typically5%longer)thanthedrivendipole,whereasthesocalleddirectorsare alittlebitshorter.Thisdesignachievesaverysubstantialincreaseintheantenna'sdirectionality andgaincomparedtoasimpledipole. Ques2: Whatismaximumusablefrequency? Ans: Criticalfrequencyisthemaximumfrequencyoftheradiowavewhichisreturnedthrougha ionizedlayeratverticalincidence. Fmuf=fcseci. Ques3: Definenullbeamwidth? Ans: Thisistheangularseparationfromwhichthemagnitudeoftheradiationpatterndecreasesto zero(negativeinfinitydB)awayfromthemainbeam. Ques4: WhatistherangeoffrequencyinVHFband? Ans: 30300MHZ.

Ques5: Definecriticalfrequency? Ans: Criticalfrequencyofanionizedlayeroftheionosphereisthelimitingfrequencyatorbelow whicharadiowaveisreflectedbyanionosphericlayeratverticalincidence.thisfrequencyis differentfordifferentionosphericlayers.

EXPERIMENT7&8

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK

40

ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION (EC-604) AIM: Tofindtheradiationpattern,beamwidthandstandingwaveratioofhalfwavelengthphaseArrayEnd fireandbroadsidearrayantenna. APPARATUSREQUIRED: ExperimentalsetandphaseArrayEndfireandbroadsidearrayantenna. THEORY: PHASEARRAY: Thetwoelementantennahastheappearanceoftwohalfwavedipolesconnectedtheparallel.Thespacing ofthedipoleisonehalfthewavelength.Thisantennaisalsocalledendfireantenna.Thesignalleaving dipoleD1willreachdipoleD2afterperiodsincedistancebetweenD1andD2is/2. ThesignalgoingthroughthefeedlinetoD2willalsoreachdipoleD2afterperiodsothatthetwowave contributionofD1andD2willaddupinforwarddirection.Withthesimilarreasoningwecanshowthat thecontributionofD1andD2inthereversedirectionalsoaddup.Thisantennaishorizontallypolarized. BROADSIDEARRAY: Thesimplestarrayconsistsofanumberofdipolesofequalsizeequallyspacedalongastraightline(i.e. collinear),withalldipolefedinthesamephasefromthesamesource.Suchanarrangementiscalleda broadsidearray.Thebroadsidearrayisstronglydirectionalatrightanglestotheplaneofthearray,while radiatingverylittleintheplane. PROCEDURE: 1. Arrangethesetup. 2. Mountthe(EndfireorBroadSidearray)antennaonthetransmittingmast. 3. Bringthedetectorassemblyneartomainunitandadjusttheheightofbothtransmittingand receivingantennasame.

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK

40

ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION (EC-604) 4. Keepdetectorassemblyawayfrommainunitapproximately1.5mandalignbothofthemEnsure thattherearenoreflectorsortthingsinthevicinityoftheexperimentsuchassteelstructure,pipes, cablesetc. 5. KeeptheRFlevelandFSadjusttominimumanddirectionalcouplerswitchtoFWD. 6. Keepdetectorlevelcontrolinthecentreapproximately. 7. IncreaseRFlevelgraduallyandseethatthereisdeflectionindetectormeter. 8. AdjustRFlevelanddetectorlevelsothatthedeflectionindetectormeterisapproximately3035 A. 9. Alignarrowmarkonthediskwithzeroofgoniometricscale. 10. Starttakingreadingattheintervalof5or10degreesandnotethedeflectiononthedeflection assembly. 11. ConverttheAreadingofdetectorassemblyintodBswiththehelpofconversionchart. 12. PlotthepolargraphindegreesofrotationofantennaagainstlevelinthedetectorindBs. 13. Calculatethebeamwidth.fronttobackratioandthegainoftheantennawiththehelpofthisgraph. FORSWRMEASUREMENT: 1. TheSWRistheindexofmismatchexistingbetweentheloadandthefeedingline.AdjustRFlevel anddetectorlevelfortheoptimumindicationondetectorsmeter. 2. RemovethetransmittingantennaandfixBNCTandBNCcabletostubline. 3. MounttheantennaoverBNCT. 4. Keepthestubatzeroofthescale. 5. Youwillobservethatthereadingonthedetectormeterhasalreadygonedownwiththeconnection ofthestub.howeveryoucanincreaseRFoutputlevelanddetectorlevelslightlytosuit measurement. 6. KeepthecouplerswitchtoREVPosition.

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK

40

ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION (EC-604) 7. Startmovingstubknobfromrighttoleftslowlyandobservethereadingonthemeteronthemain unit. 8. Youwillobservethatthemeterhasmaximaandminimaatsomepoint.Themaximapointindicates thatthereversepowerismaximumandlineismismatched. 9. Choosethefirstminimumpointwhilegoingfromrighttoleft.thispositionindicatesthatthelineis matched. 10. NotethisreadinginA,onmainunit. 11. TurntheswitchtoFWD,whichgivesthereadingoftheforwardpower. 12. SWRcanbecalculatedasunder SWR=(FWD+REV)/(FWDREV). CALCULATIONS:

BEAMWIDTH: 1. lookformainlobeDrawboresightmaximumlineAA'mark3dBfrommaximumontheboresight linepointBDrawanarcofradiusAB 2. ThisarcwillintersectmainlobeatCandD. 3. MeasuretheangleCAD.Thisangleis3dBbeamwidth. GAINOFTHEANTENNA: 1. G=(Maximumradiationintensity)/(Maximumradiationintensityformareferenceantennai.e. isotropicantennawithsamepowerinput) 2. Wepresumeherethatmaximumradiationintensityofisotropicantennais1DBandis100% efficient.underthisassumption. 3. G=AA'/1dB. STANDINGWAVERATIO:

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK

40

ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION (EC-604) SWR=(FWD+REV)/(FWDREV). RESULT:

PRECAUTIONS: 1. Ensurethetherearenoreflectorsortthingsinthevicinityoftheexperimentsuchassteelstructure, pipes,cablesetc. 2. Don'tplaceyourhandbetweentransmittingantennaandreceivingantenna. 3. Antennashouldbepropertymountedonthetransmittingmast. 4. ConversionofAtodBAshouldbecorrect. 5. Distancebetweenmainunitandthedetectorunitshouldnotexceed1.5meters. BROADSIDEARRAY

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK

40

ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION (EC-604)

PHASEARRAY

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK

40

ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION (EC-604)

VIVAVOICE

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK

40

ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION (EC-604) Ques1: WhatistherelationbetweendirectivityandlengthoftheNelementbroadsidelineararray? Ans: D=2(L/).

Ques2: Definepatternmultiplication? Ans: Thefieldpatternofanarrayofnonisotropicbutsimilarsourcesistheproductoftheindividual sourcespatternandthepatternofanarrayofisotropicpointsourceseachlocatedatthephase centreoftheindividualsourceandhavingthesamerelativeamplitudeandphase,whilethe totalphasepatternisthesumofthephasepattern,oftheindividualsourceandthearrayof isotropicpointsources. Ques3: Whatisbinomialarray? Ans: Inbinomialarrayamplitudesoftheradiatingsourcesarearrangedaccordingtothecoefficient ofsuccessivetermsofthefollowingbinomialseries. Ques4: WhatistheheightforDlayerinionosphericlayers? Ans: 5090kmabovetheearthsurface.

Ques5: WhatisFNBWforbroadsidearray? Ans: (2)/(Nd)whered=spacingbetweentheelements.

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK

40

ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION (EC-604)

EXPERIMENT9
AIM: Tofindtheradiationpattern,beamwidthandpolarizationofRhombusantenna. APPARATUSREQUIRED: ExperimentalsetandRhombusantenna. THEORY: RhombusantennaisalsoaloopantennaandmadeintheRhombusfrom.Itisanonresonantantenna capableofoperatingoververywiderangebecausethecharacteristicsdonotchangewithfrequency.This isusedmostlyforpointtopointworking.Theimpedancevariesform650to700ohms. PROCEDURE: 1. Arrangethesetup. 2. Mounttheantennaonthetransmittingmast. 3. Bringthedetectorassemblyneartomainunitandadjusttheheightofbothtransmittingand receivingantennasame. 4. Keepdetectorassemblyawayfrommainunitapproximately1.5mandalignbothofthemEnsure thattherearenoreflectorsortthingsinthevicinityoftheexperimentsuchassteelstructure,pipes, cablesetc. 5. KeeptheRFlevelandFSadjusttominimumanddirectionalcouplerswitchtoFWD. 6. Keepdetectorlevelcontrolinthecentreapproximately. 7. IncreaseRFlevelgraduallyandseethatthereisdeflectionindetectormeter. 8. AdjustRFlevelanddetectorlevelsothatthedeflectionindetectormeterisapproximately3035 A. 9. Alignarrowmarkonthediskwithzeroofgoniometerscale.

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK

40

ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION (EC-604) 10. Starttakingreadingattheintervalof5or10degreesandnotethedeflectiononthedeflection assembly. 11. ConverttheAreadingofdetectorassemblyintodBswiththehelpofconversionchart. 12. PlotthepolargraphindegreesofrotationofantennaagainstlevelinthedetectorindBs. 13. Calculatethebeamwidth.fronttobackratioandthegainoftheantennawiththehelpofthisgraph. 14. Forpolarizationtest,turnthedetectorboxat90degreebyfixingthescrewatthebackofdetector boxNotethereadingsagain.Rotatethetransmittingantennafrom0to360degreegraduallyand takethereadings. CALCULATIONS: BEAMWIDTH: 1. lookformainlobeDrawboresightmaximumlineAA'mark3dBfrommaximumontheboresight linepointBDrawanarcofradiusAB. 2. ThisarcwillintersectmainlobeatCandD. 3. MeasuretheangleCAD.Thisangleis3dBbeamwidth. FRONTTOBACKRATIO: 1. lookformainlobeDrawboresightmaximumlineAA'. 2. lookformainlobe. 3. Fronttobackratio=AA'/1dB. 4. Ifthereislobe,thenmeasureit(AE),whereEisthemaximumofbacklobe. 5. Then,fronttobackratio=AA'/AEdB. GAINOFTHEANTENNA: 1. G=(Maximumradiationintensity)/(Maximumradiationintensityformareferenceantennai.e. isotropicantennawithsamepowerinput).

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK

40

ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION (EC-604) 2. Wepresumeherethatmaximumradiationintensityofisotropicantennais1DBandis100% efficient.underthisassumption. 3. G=AA'/1dB. RESULT:

PRECAUTIONS: 1. Ensurethetherearenoreflectorsortthingsinthevicinityoftheexperimentsuchassteelstructure, pipes,cablesetc. 2. Don'tplaceyourhandbetweentransmittingantennaandreceivingantenna. 3. Antennashouldbepropertymountedonthetransmittingmast. 4. ConversionofAtodBAshouldbecorrect. 5. Distancebetweenmainunitandthedetectorunitshouldnotexceed1.5meters.

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK

40

ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION (EC-604)

RHOMBUS ANTENNA

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK

40

ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION (EC-604)

VIVAVOICE
Ques1: ArerhombusantennaseverusedforTVreception? Ans: Youprobablycould,buttheywouldbehuge.TheTVbandrunsfrom50MHzto700MHz. EvenifyourestrictittoVHFHighplusUHF,itwouldgoaslowas175MHz.UHFstartsat 470MHz.IfyouwanttoexperimentwithTVDX'ingfine,butit'snotarealpracticalantenna forawiderangeoffrequencies.ItmightworkforUHFonly. Ques2: Whyitiscalledrhombusantennas. Ans: Itisnamedafterits"rhombic"diamondshape,witheachsidetypicallyatleastonewavelength ()orlongerinlength.Eachvertexissupportedbyapole,typicallyatleastonewavelength high. Ques3: whenrhombicantennarequiredlargearea? Ans: Arhombicrequiresalargeareaoflandespeciallyifseveralantennasareinstalledtoservea varietyofgeographicregionsatdifferentdistancesordirectionsortocoverwidelydifferent frequencies. Ques4: Whatisradiationefficiencyofrhombicantennainpercentage? Ans: Typicalradiationefficiencyisintheorderof4050%.

Ques5: Howtoimprovetheefficiency? Ans: Itispossibletoimproveefficiencybyrecirculationofpowerwastedinthetermination resistanceofunidirectionalrhombics.Useofarecirculatingterminationsystemcanmove efficiencyintothe7080%rangebycombiningpowerthatwouldhavebeenwastedinthe terminationwiththetransmitterpower.Suchsystemsbringalowlossbalancedlinebackfrom theterminationendtothefeedpointthroughamatchingandphasingsystem.Energythatwould otherwisedissipatedintheterminationresistanceisappliedinphasewiththeexcitation.

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK

40

ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION (EC-604)

AtoDb Aconversionchart DbA 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 A 1.00 1.12 1.26 1.41 1.58 1.78 2.00 2.24 2.51 2.82 3.16 3.35 3.98 4.47 5.01 5.62 6.31 7.08 7.94 DbA 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 A 8.91 10.0 11.2 12.6 14.1 15.8 17.8 20.0 22.4 25.1 28.2 21.6 35.5 39.8 44.7 50.1 56.2 63.1 70.8 DbA 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 A 79.4 89.1 100 112 126 141 158 178 200 224 251 282 316

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK

40