16 April 2013

1
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Photo: Rev. TTSum
Photo: Bosco Lian (CW)
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Vol. 1, No.5
2
Chin World News Journal
CEO
Salai Mang
Advisor
Ko Naing (Chin Taung)
Chief Editor
Nhgepi Thian Uk Thang
Editors
Mya Kabya, B A Thang
Chief Reporter
Salai Hung Tun Gei @ salaitun
Reporters
Zam Thuam, Bosco Lian, Mang Bik Lian,
Ni Rem Mawi, Thang Suan Lian,
Peng Lian Sang, Moe Pee Maung
Office Group
Manager
Mai Betty
Office Staff
Niang Theih Kim, Robert
Publisher
Chin World Media (Tem-1636)
Offset
Myo Thant Offset (Per-10112)
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16 April 2013
3
Chin Human Rights
Organization (CHRO) onf
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CHRO \ Program
Director?Salai Za Uk Ling
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uG , f , H k Munf rI rsm; cG J jcm;zd ES d yf cH &
jci f; (Ethinic and Religious
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[ l aomacgi f ;pOf jzi f ha[ mMum;
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ou&mZf 2013
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Tedim Youth Fellowship
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CHRO onf2012
ckESpfwGi f Threats to our Ex-
istence [ laomuGsEkfyfwdkY\
&yfwnfrIudkNcdrf;ajcmufjci f;
[ l aombmoma&;vG wf vyf cG i f h
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t zGJY(CHRO) onf 1995
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B.A.Thang
wD;wdefvli, fESifUqGpfZmvefrSBCM wdkhawGYqHk
awGYqHkcJUMujci f;jzpfNyD; Books
for Children in Myanmar
(BCM) rSPresident Mr.
Ernst Haeuselmann wdkY
ZeD;armi fESHESi fhTYF rSOuX
Pu Nung Siang Tuang OD;
aqmi f aomt zG J Y wd k YawG Y qH k cJ U Mu
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2016t wGuf t vkyfrIaqmi f
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t axG axG t wG i f ;a&;rS L;- Rev.
D.NgunThawng Mang(HBA)
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Lian(ZABC)
t rsdK;o rD;Xmewm0efcH-
Rev.Dr. Van Thiang(FBA)
vli , fXmewm0efcH- Pastor
J ames Khai Tual(SRBA)
c&pf, mefynmXmewm0efcH-
Pastor Rem Za Khin
(MKUBA)
zG H YNzd K;a&;Xmewm0ef cH - Rev. Ca
Thuan(LBA)
omoemjyKXmewm0efcH- Rev.
Dr. Za Biak Ling(BAM)
wG J zuf wm0ef cH - Rev. J . Awm
Kui(MABC)
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qvkdi f;*Refoi fZrf; qvkdi f;*Refoi fZrf; qvkdi f;*Refoi fZrf; qvkdi f;*Refoi fZrf; qvkdi f;*Refoi fZrf;
Vol. 1, No.5
6
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rsm; wi fjyMuonf[ kowi f;
&&Sdygonf/
- qvdki f;*suf
16 April 2013
7
azazmf0g&Dv 16
&ufaeUrS19 &ufaeht xd
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w, f} [ kcsi f;a0gvfrD' D, m\
ar;jref;csufudkajzMum;cJhonf/
Salai Hung Tun Gei
Vol. 1, No.5
8
rlv wef;ausmi f;
aqmufvkyfonfUt ay: raus
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yef; aus;&GmopfrSrlvwef;
ausmi f;ol ausmi f;om; 40
ausmf2012 - 2013 ynm
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ajymMum;oGm;onf/
16 April 2013
9
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&wemurmukrP D? KBZ
power Mining Co.,ltd?uE m&
pd rf ;uk r P D ?vi f ;xuf awmi f Mum?
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a&; ukrP D? SAI & SON
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Vol. 1, No.5
10
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aw;pD ;&D ;wpf ck t m; xk wf a0Ed k i f
cJUNyD; , i f;aw;pD;&D;onf
t ar&duefjynfax mi fpkwGi f
jrefrmEdki fi Hom;rsm;xJrSyxr
qk H ;xk wf a0aomaw;pD ;&D ;vnf ;
jzpfaMumi f; od&onf/
x efyD;(t ar&dum;) x efyD;(t ar&dum;) x efyD;(t ar&dum;) x efyD;(t ar&dum;) x efyD;(t ar&dum;)
qvd k i f ;ausmf qef ;ri f ;
16 April 2013
11
ukrP Dwpfck\ ref
ae*si f; ' g&dkufwma' :oDoDaqG
\ om;rufAdkvfrSL; oefhpi fvSdKi f
\ apckdi f;rIjzi fh0Ot m;t qi fh
jri fhenf;ynmjzi fht ajcmuf
vS rf ;&efvma&muf vk yf ud k i f Mu
onf U cG i f U jyKcsuf r&onf Uppf om;
rsm;\ vkyf&yfrsm;aMumi fhEdkhpdkh
uav;t &G, f vufoef;jywf
rD;avmi f' P f&mESi fha' ocH
t rsdK;orD;ysdKwpfOD; om;r, m;
jyKusi fhcH&rIrsm; jzpfcJhaMumi f;
od &onf /
t qdkyg0Ot m; t
qi fUjri fht ajcmufvSrf;enf;
ynmvkyfudki f&ef vma&muf
onfUa' :oDoDESi fht zGJYonf
2013 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv(19)
&ufaehwGi f a&muf&Sdvmonf
[ k od &NyD ;vk yf i ef ;t aumi f xnf
azmf &efri f ;wyf Nrd KY ES i f h i g;rd k i f0ef ;
usi f a0;onf UNcH yd k i f &S i f OD ;azvd ef ;
at mi f ES i f haqG ;aEG ;cJ U Muonf [ k
od&onf/ NcHydki f&Si fESi fhaqG;aEG;
&mwGi f t qdkygt zGJYt aejzi fh
Ed k if iH a&;Zmwf
(Political Drama)
Edki fi Ha&;qdkwma&SY
t cef;awGrSmADvdefBuD; b, f
avmuf yJ Ed k i f vmygapaemuf qk H ;
ri f ;om;yJ Ed k i f wwf wJ hZmwf vrf ;
wd k vd k rsd K;r[ k wf wmawmhaocsm
w, f/ Edki fi Ha&;rSmNydKi fbuf
t csi f;csi f; vuf0g;csi f;&dkuf?
BuKdwi fZmwfwdkufvdkhr&/ rSef
aomfv nf; &SKH;wwfw, f?
r[ kwfw&kwf A&kwfokwfceJh
cyfwnfwnfae&m&wwfMu
wmawG&Sdaewmvnf; odae?
jri f aeygwmygyJ / Ed k i f i H a&;orm;
awGZmwfodrf;csi fodrf;r, f?
Edki fi Ha&;pepfawG? pHawG?
oP mefawGajymi f;&i fvnf;
aeygapOD;awmhEdki fi Ha&;rSm
Zmwfodrf;cef;awmh&SdykHray:yg/
rJ Ed k i f at mi f rNyd Ki f cJ h ayr, f hZmwf
rodrf;wJht jyi f vlxk&i fxJrSm
pG J pG J NrJ NrJ ae&m&wJ h ?yJ jyKwf eJ h eH jym;
udkawmi f &rSpm;csi f&SmwJh
vl omaow, f ?emrnf eJh*k P f
ay;qyfxm;rIawGraysmuf
ysufawmhr, fht rsdK;om;acgi f;
aqmi fAd k vf csKyf at mi f qef ;vd k rsd K;
yk * d Kvf xl ;awmhr&S d rjzpf vd k t yf yg
w, f / ' gayr, f hEd k i f i H a&;AD vd ef
orm;awG ?Ed k i f i H a&;qmrl &d k i f ;awG G
aomi f ;usef ;&i f awmhwd k i f ;jynf
ysufudef; qdkufwwfygw, f/
ydkqdk;wmu ' Dvlqdk;awGqdk;
oGrf;wmxuf vlaumi f;awG
rawmf? vlawmfawGraumi f;
Mu&i fwdki f;jynfepfemygw, f/
vlawmfvlaumi f;awGNi drfae
Mu&wJhwdki f;jynfu Edki fi Ha&;
aumi f;vdkhr[ kwfwef&m?pkwf
vd k h yJ jzpf r, f / vl awmf vl aumi f ;
awGxuf vlausmf? vlarmf?
vlaxmawGae&m&wwfwJh
Edki fi Ha&;uvnf; b0i fusp&m
raumi f ;/ Ed k i f i H a&;orm; q, f
vDb&pfwDxuft rsdK;om;a&;
t jri frSef&SdwJhq, fvDb&pfwD
Edki fi Ha&;orm;uawmi f wkdi f;
jynfudkydkt usdK;jyKEdki fOD;r, f/
wpfckawmh&Sdwmaygh? Edki fi Ha&;
t qdk;?t aumi f;u t rsdK;om;
a&;udkwdkuf&dkuft usdK;ouf
a&mufygw, f/ t J' Dawmhy&d
owf repfemyg/ xdkwdki f;jynf
xJ u wd k i f ;ol jynf om;(t rsm;pk )
epfemygw, f/ Edki fi Ha&;ADvdef
orm;awG? Edki fi Ha&;qmrl&dki f;
awG eJ haygi f ;rd wJ h ol awG t ay:rS m
vnf; t enf;eJht rsm; t usdK;
ouf a&muf rI awmh &S d rS myg/ wd k i f ;
jynfwpfjynf&JYEdki fi Ha&;t ci f;
t usi f ;u *E 0i f qef wJ ho&D ;' D
Zmwfum;wpfum; MunfU&wm
xufawmhydkrdk&i fzdkp&maumi f;
ygw, f/
Ed k if iH a&;&I axmif h
(Political Dimension)
Edki fi Ha&;vkyfaqmi f
rIBuD;xJrSmb, folawGt c&m
usovJ qd k wJ h ar;cG ef ;u t ajz
wpfckxufru &SdEdki fygw, f/
aocsmwJht ajzwpfckuawmh
wkdi f;jynfeJhjynfolygyJ/ wdki f;
jynfqdkwmjynfolYwdki f;jynf
vm;? t mP m&t pdk;&vufxJ
rS mvm;qd k wmud k vnf ; pOf ;pm;&
ygr, f/ Edki fi HwpfEdki fi H[ m' Drdk
ua&pD pH epf ud krjzpf raeusi f h ok H ;
&r, fvdkht wi f;t "roGwf
oGi f;v dkhr&ygbl;/ ' gayr, fh
]vlxkt wGuf? vlxkt m;jzi fh?
vlxkxJrS} qdkwJUwdki f;oljynf
om;awG &J Y u@ud kOD ;aqmi f ol
u OD;pm;ay;&ygr, f/ wpfaeh
xri f;ESpfeyfrSefat mi f renf;
Bud K;pm;&k ef ;uef ae&ao;wJ hjynf
olawGrsm;aeo rD;vmvSsi f
]a[ ;] vd k h at mf NyD ; aysmf ae&ao;
wJUb0awG&Sdaeao;o xdk
wdki f;jynfBuD; rvG, fao;yg?
rNi d rf ;csrf ;ao;yg/ ppf a&;aMumi f h
raoMuaomfv nf;? wjcm;
t a&; t rsdK;rsdK;aMumi fhb0awG
qkH;yg;oGm;Mu&wJht ajct ae
uae &kef;xGufa&G;EkwfEkdi fr, fU
OD;aqmi fol v dkaewmygyJ/
jynf ol Y t oH ?jynf ol Y qE ?jynf ol Y
oabmxm;rsm;u jynfolawG
xJuxGufwmyJjzpfoi fhw, f/
jynfolvlxkonf vGwfvyf
aomjynfolvlxkjzpf&ygr, f/
ynm&S i f BuD ;Isaiah Berlin ajym
ovdkvGwfvyfonfqdk&mrSm
vnf; vGwfui f;jci f;eJht rSef
t wd k i f ; vG wf vyf pG mvk yf yd k i f cG i f h
vdkhESpfrsdK;&SdEdki fygw, f/ qi f;&J
jci f;rSvGwfui f;jci f;?t pmi wf
awmi f h wrI rSvG wf ui f ;jci f ;pwJ h
(FreedomFromFear/ Hun-
ger) qd k wJ hNegative Freedom
&SdovdkvGwfvyfpGmvkyfydki fcGi fh
( Freedom of/to ..) qdkwJh
Positive Freedom vnf;&Sd&yg
r, f/ wpfckawmh&Sdw, f/ ajym
cGi fh&Sdw, fqdkOD;awmhxGufvm
wJht oHu t odP feJh, SOfwJh
t rSefw&m;eJhvdkt yfrIawGeJh
t yfpyfwmawGawmhjzpfzdkhvdk
w, f/ acwfeJhnDwJhpepf?Edki fi H
a&;t od? t rsdK;om;a&;t Nri f
&S d zd k h awmh vd k w, f /t rsm;t Bud Kuf
vdkuf&rnfqdkaomfvnf;? xdk
t rsm;onfEd k i f i H a&;?vl rsd K;a&;?
t rsdK;om;a&;t odeJhowdr&Sd
MuolawGomjzpfae&i f t em
*wfEdki fi HzGHYNzdK;a&; ra&&mEdki f
awmh/ at mufajcvlwef;pm;
rsm;&JYt oHudkvspfvsLIvdkh
&w, f [ krqd k vd k yg/ t m;vk H ;ud k
t rSefw&m;zufrSumuG, f&yf
wnfay;Edki faompepf?jynfolY
acgi f ;aqmi f awGvd k t yf ygw, f /
OD;aqmi ft kyfcsKyfoleJhjynfol
awGES pf zG J Y rjzpf oi f h yg/ OD ;aqmi f
t kyfcsKyfolrsm;onf jynfolY
udk, fpm;jyKt usdK;aqmi ft rI
xrf ;aumi f ;rsm;jzpf oi f h ygw, f /
Ed k i f i H a&;t , l 0g' awGuG J jym;ae
ygap NydKi frSmjzi fhrJEdki fzdkhwpfck
wnf;NydKi fwmxufwkdi f;jynfeJh
vl rsd K;t usd K;aumi f ;at mi fvk yf
aqmi f Ed k i f zd k h Nyd Ki f &r, f /a&G ;aumuf
yGJt Edki ft &IH;eJhMunfU&i f ynmrJh
vlwef;pm;rsm;wJhEdki fi HawG&JY
a&SYa&;u aMumufp&maumi f;
w, f/ olwdkhu a&&Snfxuf
a&wd k b0t qi f ajyzd k h ompOf ;pm;
o&D;' DEdki fi Ha&;
Ed k i f wm/ pm;0wf aea&;ajyvnf
a&;u Ed k i f i H a&;&J Yt pd wf t yd k i f ;
wpf ck omyg/Ed k i f i H a&;rS mt mP m?
yg0g?ae&m&wmwpfckwnf;
&wmt Edki fr[ kwf/ Edki fyGJudk
rJ t a&t wG uf ?*k P f xl ;aqmi f
bGJh?qkwHqdyfawGeJhoGm;wdki f;
wmvdkhr&yg/ wdki f;jynfeJhvlrsdK;
udkaumi f;usdK;jyKEdki frIeJhydkrdk
wdki f;wm&ygr, f/ awmi f;qdk
wi fjy aqG;aEG;wmawGawmh
[ kwfygNyD/ udk, fhbufua&m
bmawGvkyfEkdi frvJ? vkyfae
ovJ qd k wmud k vnf ;wpf ygwnf ;
pOf;pm;jyi fqi f xm;&ygr, f/
t k yf csKyf ol t pd k ;&u ud k , f vd k csi f
orQudkuav;oli , ft pmcGHY
auR;ovd kvd k uf vk yf ay;zd k h awmh
rjzpfEdki f? rjzpfoi fhyg/ udk, fU
Murmudk, fzefwD;cGi fh? pDrHcefhcGJ
ydki f;jcm;Edki fpGrf; &Sdoi fhygw, f/
Ed k if iH a&;vm;&m
(Political Direction)
t ypft cwfawG?
jynf awmf jyef awGacwf pm;vm
wJh2010 aemufydki f;rSm' Drdk
ua&pDt &i f, lrv m;? ' DAJ
avmhyfri fht &i fprvm;qdkwJh
ar;cGef;u us, fv mygNyD/
t ay;t , l ?t vJ t vS , fEd k i f i H
a&;pepfwpfpcef;xvmjyefNyD
udkajym&rvdkvdk/ wu, fqdk
&i fwdki f;&i f;om;rsm;u t pdk;&
ydki ft &mwpfckckawmi f;qdkae
jci f;rsdK;r[ kwfyg/ rdrdarG;&myg
t cG i f h t a&;jzpf aomud k , f h Mur m
udk, fzefwD;cGi fhudkvGwfvyfpGm
usi fhoHk;Edki fzdkhBudK;pm;vIyf&Sm;?
&k ef ;uef aewmyg/ wd k i f ;&i f ;om;
t a&; ajyv nfv mwm[ m
Edki fi Ha&; wdk;wufajyvnfrI
jzpf ygw, f /jynf e, f wpf ckzG HYNzd K;
wd k ;wuf wm[ mwk d i f ;jynf zG H YNzd K;
wdk;wuffrIwpfckygyJ/ zGHYNzdK;rIudk
t mrcHay;Edki fr, fht kyfcsKyfrI
, E &m;awmhrjzpf rae vd k t yf
ygw, f/ wdki f;jynfa&&Snfwdk;
wuf zd k h qd k &i f awmhpepf aumi f ;zd k h ?
rSefzdkhvdkygw, f/ ' DpepfawGudk
buf nD pG mxd ef ;ausmi f ; t oH k ;
jyKzdkhuawmht a&;BuD;ygw, f/
pepfraumi f;&i frwdk;wufEdki f
ovdk?wdk;wufajymi f;vJrIr&Sd
wJ hpepf BuD ;aMumi f hwd k i f ;jynf zG H Y
NzdK;rI ysuf, Gi f;wwfygw, f/
Ed k i f i H a&;vd k h ajymvd k uf wd k i f ; ' D rd k u
a&pDwpfckyJ MunfUvdkhr&ovdk
' DAJavmhyfri fhvdkhqdkvdkufwdki f;
Edki fi Ha&;jzpfpOfudkvspfvsLIvdkh
r&ygbl ;/ ' gayr, f Upd wf ayguf rS
vd yf avmuf eD ;eD ;ajy;wJ hwd k ;wuf
zG H YNzd K;a&;rsd K;awmhb, f ol rSrvd k
vm;yg/ Ed k i f i H a&;wd k ;wuf ajymi f ;
vJ rI onf yi f vQi fwd k ;wuf zG Hh Nzd K;
rI &J Y t yd k i f ;wpf yd k i f ;jzpf aewmygyJ /
a&&S nf wnf wh H wJ hwd k ;wuf zG H YNzd K;
a&; 7ydki f;vdkhqdkMuwJh0dnmOf
a&;&mwd k ;wuf zG H h Nzd K;a&;?a' oE
&wd k ;wuf zG Hh Nzd K;a&;?vl rI t od k i f ;
t 0dki f; wdk;wufzGHYNzdK;a&;?pD;ygG;
a&; wd k ;wuf zG H YNzd K;a&;?Ed k i f i H a&;
wdk;wufzGHYNzdK;a&;? , Ofaus;rI
wdk;wufzGHYNzdK;a&;?obm0ywf
0ef;usi fwdk;wufzGHYNzdK;a&;awG
u t ukefvkH;qufpyfaewm
ygyJ/
Edki fi Ha&;rSmZmwf
rjywfayr, fhndndEdIi f;EdIi f;eJh
wdki f;jynfeJht rsdK;om;t usdK;
t wG ufrS ef uef wJ h I axmi f h ?&yf
wnf rI ?vk yf aqmi f rI awG eJ hbuf
nD nDaumi f ;rG ef wJ h vm;&mqD ud k
oG m;Ed k i f rSawmf umusawmh r, f /
rjywf&i f aemufaumufus
usef&pfwmMumvm&i f wdki f;
jynfa&mvlawGa&mEdki fi H
wumrsufESmpmrSmaps;xyf
usukefvdrfhr, f/ wdki f;jynfa&m
t xJrSm&SdwJh[ mawGt ukefa&m
vl awG a&ma&mi f ;uk ef vd k oabm
rxm;zdkhawmhvdkaeNyD/
rif;wyfNrdKUteD;wGifppfom;tcsdKU\ w&m;r0iftvkyfvmvkyfrIaMumifhajrpmyifjzpf&onfha'ocHEdkUpdkUuav;t&G, fESifhrdef;rysdK
NcHydki f&Si fxHrSNcHxdyfydki f;ajrae&m
i Sm;&efESi fUNcHydki f&Si ft aejzi fh0O
rsm; 0, f, lpkaqmi f;onfht cg
rsd K;Orsm;t m;cG J wrf ;&&ef EI wf t m;
jzi fhoabmwlcJUMuonfqdk\ /
xd k h aemufaemi f yd k i f ;wG i f od vm&
onfrSm0Ot m;t qi fhjri fh
t ajcmuf ui f onf Uvk yf i ef ;vk yf
aqmi f&efa&mufvmolrsm;rSm
oGi f;ukef?xkwfukeft "duvkyf
aqmi fonfhSmart ukrP D\
ref;ae*si f;' g&dkufwma' :oDoD
aqG \ oruf jzpf onf Ur*F vm' H k ?
0g, mvufqufoG, fa&;wyf
rSwyfcGJrI;t qi fh&SdAkdv frSL;
oefhpi fvIdi frSawmi fBuD;quf
oG, fa&;wyfu wyfMuyfBuD;
pd k ;rd k ;OD ;?ausmuf qnf Nrd KY ?[ ef jri f h
rdk&f&Sdt rSwf(3) qufoG, f
a&;wyf u Ad k vf BuD ;&J 0i f ;vI d i f ES i f U
wyfMuyfBuD;xkdufol&wdkht m;
apvTwf vkyfudki fapcJUjci f;jzpf
aMumi f;NcHykdi f&Si frSajymjyonf/
]olwdkhav;a, mufudkESpfv
avmufvmxm;w, f/ bmcGi fh
jyKcsufrSrygbl;/ wyfrSmuwpf
ywfausmf&i fppfajy;?21 &uf
qdk&i fvHk;0ppfajy;? (2)vqdk
awmhawmf awmf BuD ;ud k qd k ;w, f /
t J' gudkc&dki fwyfuvnf;od
w, f} [ kNcHydki f&Si fOD;azvdef;
at mi frSajymonf/ xdkht jyi f
4i f;wdkhESi fht wl*syefrS0Oynm
&S i f ES pf OD ;vnf ;yg0i f aMumi f ; od &
onf/ a' :oDoDaqGt ygt 0i f
azazmf0g&Dv(23) &ufaehwGi f
*syef 0Oynm&S i f rsm; a&muf vm
NyD; NcHwGi f;&SdwJxJodkht dyfMu
&ef t drf&Si fom;t rdt m;t jyi f
odkht dyf&efa' :oDoDaqGrSajym
qdkcJhjci f;aMumi fhom;t rd
za, mi f ;wk d i f xG ef ; wJ t jyi f od k h
oG m;t d yf &mEd k h pd k h t &G , f uav;rS m
za, mi f;wdki frD;aMumi fhvuf
oef;jywfrD;avmi f' P f&mrsm;
&cJ h onf [ kEd k h pd k h t &G , f uav;\
rdci fESi fhaqGrsdK;awmfpyfolrS
ajymjyonf / 0Ovk yf i ef ;vk yf ud k i f
&i f ; wyf Muyf BuD ;pd k ;rd k ;OD ;rS mvnf ;
nmzuf vuf oef ; yxrt qpf
rSjywfx GufoGm;onf[ k
rsufjri foufaoa' ocHrS
ajymonf/ ]azazmf0g&Dv 17
&ufaehrSmwyfMuyfBuD;pdk;rdk;OD;
a&mufvmcgp pm;cJhwJUjym[ i f;
jyefpm;csi fw, fajymvkdholwdkh
pm;zkdhjym[ i f;csufay;vkduf
w, f / t J ' gud kt rS wf (3) quf
oG, fa&;wyf&i f;? [ efjri fhrdk&f?
ausmufqnfwyfMuyfBuD;
x dkufol&u t ay:wJuae
uRefrwdkhat mufwJudkqi f;
, lw, f/ t ay:wJrSmuGrf;, m
vkduf, lygvkdhajymawmhru
ZvHkudki fay;NyD;vkdufoGm;w, f/
wyfMuyfBuD;xdkufol&u vl
t &dyft uJMunfUNyD; vlr&Sdwm
aMumi fUr&JYZvHkudkajray:csNyD;
rudkayGYcsDrac:oGm;NyD; om;
r, m;jyKusi fhw, f/ t J' gom;
r, m;jyKusi fhcH&wJht rsdK;orD;
uajymawmhwyfMuyfBuD;
xkdufol&u oljynfrjyef&i f
ac:oGm;yghr, f/ b, folYudkrS
rajymygESi fh[ kjzm;a, mi f;aoG;
aqmi f umwpf Bud rf xuf renf ;
om;r, m;jyKusi fhcJhw, f} [ k
om;r, m;jyKusi fhcH&ol uH,
uH&Si fESi fheD;pyfoljym[ i f;csuf
ay;ol rS um, uH &S i f \ a&S Y arS muf
wGi f csi f;a0gvfrD' D, mokdhajym
onf /xd k h t jyi fNcH yd k i f &S i f t aejzi f h
0Ot m; ydomax mi f*P ef;
cGJwrf;&, lvkdjci f;jzpfNyD; 0O
vkyfi ef;vkyfudki frnfUt zGJYrS4?
5t dwfomay;vkdonfUt jyi f
xkdt vkyfvmvkyfonfUt &yf
0wfppfom;rsm;\ vkyf&yfrsm;
onf a' ocHt rsdK;orD;rsm;
t m;quf qH yH k ?rd rd t m;quf qH yH k
wdkhrSmonf;cHEkdi fp&mr&Sdawmh
ojzi f h4i f ;wd k h ygvmonf Uyp nf ;
rsm;t m;, lNyD; jyefoGm;zkdhESi f
vkdufjci f;aMumi fhrwfv(13)
&uf aeh wG i fjyef oG m;Muonf [ k
NcHydki f&Si f OD;azvdef;at mi fu
ajymygonf/ Ekdi fi Hawmfjynf
axmi f pk t qi f h ?jynf e, f t qi f h
rsm; t qdkygt zGJY\ a' ocHt ay:
vkyf&yft ygt 0i f w&m;r0i f
ppfwyfrSvma&mufvkyfudki f
MuonfUjzpf&yfrsm;ESi fhywf
oufNyD; t a&;, lrI aqmi f
&G uf &ef t wG ufquf vuf vk yf
aqmi foGm;rnf[ kcsi f;a0gvf
rD' D, modkhajymonf/
- Khaipi (Aaduedue) -
Vol. 1, No.5
12
t ckESpfaygi f; 25 ESpfMum t ckESpfaygi f; 25 ESpfMum t ckESpfaygi f; 25 ESpfMum t ckESpfaygi f; 25 ESpfMum t ckESpfaygi f; 25 ESpfMum
NyD;rSjrefrmEkdi fi HukdyxrqkH; NyD;rSjrefrmEkdi fi HukdyxrqkH; NyD;rSjrefrmEkdi fi HukdyxrqkH; NyD;rSjrefrmEkdi fi HukdyxrqkH; NyD;rSjrefrmEkdi fi HukdyxrqkH;
t Budrf jyefv m&wJhcHpm; t Budrf jyefv m&wJhcHpm; t Budrf jyefv m&wJhcHpm; t Budrf jyefv m&wJhcHpm; t Budrf jyefv m&wJhcHpm;
csu fav ;u kd ajymjy csu fav ;u kd ajymjy csu fav ;u kd ajymjy csu fav ;u kd ajymjy csu fav ;u kd ajymjy
ay;ygOD;/ ay;ygOD;/ ay;ygOD;/ ay;ygOD;/ ay;ygOD;/
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nt dyfwkdi f; 25 ESpft wGi f;
pd wf ul ;, Oft d yf ruf eJ Y yJ yk H azmf cJ h
&wJhjrefrmEkdi fi Hukdjyef&awmh
r, fqkdwmawG;NyD; jrefrmEkdi fi H
ukdBudKjri faecJhw, f/ t &i f
wkef;u ADZmavQmuf&i foH&kH;
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t cgrSmoH&kH;oGm;NyD; aocsm
pum;ajymEIwfqufwJht cgrSm
t &rf ;pd wf vI yf &S m;cJ h w, f / ' gu
wpf csuf ayh g/aemuf AD ZmavQmuf
wJht cgrSmvnf; &rvm;?r&
bl;vm;/ Black List rSm&SdcJhzl;
awmht pk d ;&buf ua&mb, f
vkdjri fvJqkdwmt &rf;pdwfyl
cJhw, f/ t &i fu bmrSrqkdi f
bJeJYawmi f uRefawmfht azukd
vnf; zrf;cJhzl;awmhcka&m
b, f vk d rsd K;awGquf jzpf t k H ;rvJ
qkdNyD;t &rf;vefYcJhw, f/ uRef
awmf' Dukdrvmci fuwnf;u
ukdt &rf;ukd&i fckefaecJUNyD;om;
yg/ ADZmwi fawmhvnf; olwkdh
awmi f;qkdwmuvn;f t &rf;
rsm;awmht puvufavQmh
vkdufawmhrvkdYayhg/ ' gayr, fU
ckorwodef;pdef&JhReform
policy eJ YoG m;wJ h yk H pH uk dMunf U wJ h
t cgrSmolwkdY&i fxJrSmwu, f
jzpfapcsi fwJhpdwf&i f;eJYqkdwm
odvmwJht wGufbmyJjzpfjzpf
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awmi ;fqkdcJhw, f/ vG, fulpGmyJ
ay;cJ h w, f / t J ' guawmhrvm
ci f cHpm;csufav;yg/ aemuf
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t &i fu&efukefukdodyfra&muf
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awmh wJ hol i , f csi f ;awG u vm
Bud KMuwJ h t cg?aqG rsd K;awGvm
Bud KwJ h t cgrS mt J ' D t csd ef u cH pm;
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uawmhwu, fukdbmurSrrD
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xJrSmjri fa, mi faecJhwJhcsi f;
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wpfcsdefcsdefrSmjyefjyD; i ghvlrsdK;?
i gha' o?i gh&Gmt wGuf t vkyf
vkyfr, fqkdwJhcHpm;csufawG
ykdwkd;v mw, f/ zv rf;NrdKYrS
Bud Kqk d yg\ qk d wmuk d awG Y wJ h t csd ef
rSm&i fxJawmfawmfav;ukd
at ;oGm;ygw, f/
I CA t zGJYjzpfay:vmykHeJYa&SY t zGJYjzpfay:vmykHeJYa&SY t zGJYjzpfay:vmykHeJYa&SY t zGJYjzpfay:vmykHeJYa&SY t zGJYjzpfay:vmykHeJYa&SY
qufvkyfaqmi fr, fUt aMumi f; qufvkyfaqmi fr, fUt aMumi f; qufvkyfaqmi fr, fUt aMumi f; qufvkyfaqmi fr, fUt aMumi f; qufvkyfaqmi fr, fUt aMumi f;
av;awGvn;f ajymjyay;yg av;awGvn;f ajymjyay;yg av;awGvn;f ajymjyay;yg av;awGvn;f ajymjyay;yg av;awGvn;f ajymjyay;yg
OD;/ OD;/ OD;/ OD;/ OD;/
zvrf;bufu 88
ausmi ;fom;acgi f;aqmi fawGeJh
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zGYHNzdK;wkd;wufzkdht wGuf vkyfcJU
Muw, f / t J ' D uae 2010rS m
Ekdi fi HwumrSm&SdwJholawGeJY
t D;ar;vfeJYzkef;eJYaocsmaqG;
aEG;wkdi fyi fNyD; arv 2011
Indianapolis, America rSm
Conference pvkyfjzpfcJhw, f/
t J' Drwkdi fci fuwn;fu &nf
&G, fcsufawGukdaocsmaqG;aEG;
NyD;om;jzpfw, f/ awGYqkHrIrSm
yg0i fwJhvlawGu 88 zvrf;
ausmi f;om;awG? CNF rSm
yg0i f zl ;wJ h vl awG ?NyD ;awmhEk d i f i H
jcm;rSm&SdwJhvlBuD;vli , fawG
ukdpk&kH;NyD;t JvdkeJhInstitute of
Chin Affairs qkdNyD; jzpfvmcJh
w, f/ &nf&G, fcsufuawmh
ck uRef awmf wk d Ya' opn;f vk H ;rI &S d
zkdY? ppfrSefaom' Drkdua&pD&Sdzkdh?
csi f;v lrsdK;jzpfwJht av smuf
uk d , f yk d i f &yf wnf cG i f hck d i f ck d i f rmrm
&&S d zk d Y uk dBud K;pm;Mur, f ?vk yf Mu
r, f? jyD;awmUvlxkukdvn;f
wwfEkdi foavmuf umuG, f
ul nD zk d YqE awG &S d ygw, f / t J ' g
awGjzpf ajrmuf zk d Y uvn;fjynf
wGi f;jynfyu csi f;vlrsdK;awG
wGJNyD;vkyfukdi foGm;zkdYvkdw, f/
okawoe aumi ;faumi ;fvkyf
r, f ?quf pyf wJ h t csuf t vuf
awGb, fvdk&SdvJqdkwmwdus
aocsmzkdYvkdw, f/ t J' Duae
b, f vd k vuf awG Ya&S Y quf vk yf
aqmi foGm;rv J qkdwmawG
&S d r, f / t ckw&m;0i f eJ h vk yf wm
u csi f;jynfe, fukdw&m;0i feJY
jyefv mw, f/ csi f;jynfe, f
t ajct aeu b, fvdk?vlxk
t jri fawGu b, fvdkqkdwm
awGudkuRefawmfvdkt yfwm
jzpfw, f/ t J' gawGodNyD;&i f
awmUbmawGqufvkyfoGm;
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wpfcsdKUua0zefMuw, fayhg? wpfcsdKUua0zefMuw, fayhg? wpfcsdKUua0zefMuw, fayhg? wpfcsdKUua0zefMuw, fayhg? wpfcsdKUua0zefMuw, fayhg?
I CA qkdwm qkdwm qkdwm qkdwm qkdwmCNF rBudKuf rBudKuf rBudKuf rBudKuf rBudKuf
wJhvlawGjzpfw, fvkdYa0zef wJhvlawGjzpfw, fvkdYa0zef wJhvlawGjzpfw, fvkdYa0zef wJhvlawGjzpfw, fvkdYa0zef wJhvlawGjzpfw, fvkdYa0zef
aeMuwJht ay:rSmb, fv dk aeMuwJht ay:rSmb, fv dk aeMuwJht ay:rSmb, fv dk aeMuwJht ay:rSmb, fv dk aeMuwJht ay:rSmb, fv dk
rsm; ajymcsi fygov J/ rsm; ajymcsi fygov J/ rsm; ajymcsi fygov J/ rsm; ajymcsi fygov J/ rsm; ajymcsi fygov J/
ICA t "d u&nf &G , f
wmu uG sef awmf wk d Yt vk yf vk yf
MuwJht cgrSmb, fvdkt zGJYt
pn;f yJ jzpf jzpfuRef awmf wk d Ycsi f ;
jynfe, fzGHYjzdK;wkd;wufaumi ;f
rG ef zk d h t wG uf qk d &i ft wl wl Bud K;
pm;ay;r, fUvl? &nf&G, fcsuf
wlwJhrnfolYukdrqkdvufwGJ
vk yf Mu&ef jzpf w, f / pmeJ Y vnf ;
rSwfwrf;wi f a&;xm;w, f/
t J' DvdkyJCNF &JYcsi f;jynfwkd;
wuf zk d Y vk yf wJ hvk yf i ef ;pOf awG rS m
vn;f uRefawmfwkdY&nf&G, f
wmeJ hwl nD NyD ; vk yf Ek d i f r, f Uvrf ;
aMumi ;fawG&Sd&i f CNF rS
r[ k wf ygbl ;rnf onf U t zG J Y t pnf ;
eJhrqdkvufwGJvkyfaqmi fEdki f
rSmyg/ wpfOD;eJhwpfOD; wpfzGJYeJh
wpfzGJYMum;rSmt jyeft vSef
av;pm;orIxm;NyD; a&&Snf
vufwGJvkyfaqmi fwwfzdkhvdkyg
w, f/
t &i fwkef;u t &i fwkef;u t &i fwkef;u t &i fwkef;u t &i fwkef;u CNF r Sm r Sm r Sm r Sm r Sm
Cabinet t zGJY0i f b@ma&; t zGJY0i f b@ma&; t zGJY0i f b@ma&; t zGJY0i f b@ma&; t zGJY0i f b@ma&;
rSL;t xdjzpfcJhw, f/ t J' Du rSL;t xdjzpfcJhw, f/ t J' Du rSL;t xdjzpfcJhw, f/ t J' Du rSL;t xdjzpfcJhw, f/ t J' Du rSL;t xdjzpfcJhw, f/ t J' Du
ae ae ae ae ae CNF t uGJt NyJumvrSm t uGJt NyJumvrSm t uGJt NyJumvrSm t uGJt NyJumvrSm t uGJt NyJumvrSm
xGufvmw, f/ t J' DawmYck xGufvmw, f/ t J' DawmYck xGufvmw, f/ t J' DawmYck xGufvmw, f/ t J' DawmYck xGufvmw, f/ t J' DawmYck
CNF eJht pkd;& Ni drf;csrf;a&; eJht pkd;& Ni drf;csrf;a&; eJht pkd;& Ni drf;csrf;a&; eJht pkd;& Ni drf;csrf;a&; eJht pkd;& Ni drf;csrf;a&;
csLyfqkdrIt ay:rSmb, fv dk csLyfqkdrIt ay:rSmb, fv dk csLyfqkdrIt ay:rSmb, fv dk csLyfqkdrIt ay:rSmb, fv dk csLyfqkdrIt ay:rSmb, fv dk
jri fygov J/ jri fygov J/ jri fygov J/ jri fygov J/ jri fygov J/
CNF rSmpdwfa&m
ukd, fygESpfNyD; yg0i fwJhumv
wkef;u rsufvkH;xJrSmjri f
a, mi frdwmu wpfaehaehrSm
t pkd;&eJYt ckvkdt ajct ae
a&muf &r, f qk d wmayh g/ wpf csd ef
rSmt ckvdkt pkd;&eJhCNF Ni drf;
csrf ;a&;csLyf qk d wJ h t ay:rS mawG ;rd
wmES pf ck &S d w, f / yxrqk H ;wpf ck
u ' DvkdrsdK; t ajct aejzpfwm
t &rf;0rf;omw, f/ wpf
a, muf eJ h wpf a, mufppf wk d uf
aewmr[ k wf bJNational rec-
onciliation t qi fhukdoGm;wm
jzpfw, f/ pm;yGJrSmxkdi fNyD; Ekdi fi H
a&;pum;0kdi f;t aeeJYaqG;aEG;
oGm;wmjzpfwJht wGuf t &rf;
0rf ;omw, f / vl BuD ;vl aumi f ;
qefqef aqG;aEG;Ekdi frSt ajz
xGufEkdi fr, fvkdY, kHMunfw, f/
ESpf50eD;yg;vufeufeJhwkduf
vmwm[ mt ajzr[ kwfcJhbl;/
ckt ajct aeukduRefawmfwkdh
axmufcHw, f?aemuft &rf;
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udprSmt jypfwi faeMuwmu
t &rf ;qk d ;w, f / ' gu uRef awmf
wk d Ya&S Y quf oG m;zk d Y t wG uf ?csi f ;
jynfwkd;wufzkdYt wGuf t rsm;
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nD t pf uk dCNF yJ jzpf jzpf ?t jcm;
v lyJjzpfjzpf t jri fus, fpGm
t awG;racgi fbJ t awG;us, f
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ygw, f/
t J' Dvkd t J' Dvkd t J' Dvkd t J' Dvkd t J' DvkdCNF t uGJt NyJum t uGJt NyJum t uGJt NyJum t uGJt NyJum t uGJt NyJum
vwkef;u q&mu t cH&qkH; vwkef;u q&mu t cH&qkH; vwkef;u q&mu t cH&qkH; vwkef;u q&mu t cH&qkH; vwkef;u q&mu t cH&qkH;
jzpfcJhw, f?jyefay;qGJwJht xd jzpfcJhw, f?jyefay;qGJwJht xd jzpfcJhw, f?jyefay;qGJwJht xd jzpfcJhw, f?jyefay;qGJwJht xd jzpfcJhw, f?jyefay;qGJwJht xd
BuHKcJh&w, fqkdawmYjyefay; BuHKcJh&w, fqkdawmYjyefay; BuHKcJh&w, fqkdawmYjyefay; BuHKcJh&w, fqkdawmYjyefay; BuHKcJh&w, fqkdawmYjyefay;
qGJcJhwJUvlawGt ay: oabm qGJcJhwJUvlawGt ay: oabm qGJcJhwJUvlawGt ay: oabm qGJcJhwJUvlawGt ay: oabm qGJcJhwJUvlawGt ay: oabm
x m;udkodcsi fygw, f/ x m;udkodcsi fygw, f/ x m;udkodcsi fygw, f/ x m;udkodcsi fygw, f/ x m;udkodcsi fygw, f/
v lwpfa, mufjzpf
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t J ' gaMumi f YuRef awmf h rS m' P f cH
cJU&w, f/ pdwfraumi f;t jzpf
qH k ;uawmUuRef awmf wd k Y &J YaoG ;
pnf;nDGwfrI NydKvJrIaMumi fU
' Daehxd' P f&mwpfckvdkusef
aecJUjci f;ygyJ/ ' gayr, fUc&pf
, mef wpf a, muf jzpf wJ h t wG uf
t J' Dv kdjzpf&yf&SdcJhwmukd
cGi fhvTwfem;vnfay;Ekdi fzkdhukd
aemufjyefrMunfUbJ a&SYukdyJ
Munf U NyD ;oG m;cJ h w, f / t J vd k vnf ;
vkdt yfw, f/ t Jhvdkvnf; uRef
awmfcH, lx m;w, f/ ukd, fh
jynfe, ft wGuf vkyfwmjzpf
w, f/ t J' gaMumi fYuGsefawmf
[ k d buf a&muf awmh vnf ; ol h uk d
t drfrSmxri f;pm;zdwfw, f/
t wlwlt dyfw, f/ vkdufvnf
ywfay;w, f/ t Jov dkrsdK;
jzpfcJhayr, fUoli , fcsi f;vkdyJ
qufNyD;qufqHcJhygw, f/
aumi f;wJhbufuae MunfU
wwf zk d Y ?aumi ;f wJ h buf uk d yJ oG m;
zkdYvkdt yfw, fvkdYcH, lxm;
w, f/
aemufqkH;t aeeJYcsi f;a0gvf aemufqkH;t aeeJYcsi f;a0gvf aemufqkH;t aeeJYcsi f;a0gvf aemufqkH;t aeeJYcsi f;a0gvf aemufqkH;t aeeJYcsi f;a0gvf
uae ajymcsi fwmav;&Sd&i f uae ajymcsi fwmav;&Sd&i f uae ajymcsi fwmav;&Sd&i f uae ajymcsi fwmav;&Sd&i f uae ajymcsi fwmav;&Sd&i f
ajymay;ygOD;/ ajymay;ygOD;/ ajymay;ygOD;/ ajymay;ygOD;/ ajymay;ygOD;/
(1) uRefawmfwkdY
Ek d i f i H [ mt ck ut ul ;t ajymi ;f
umvjzpf w, f / t J vd k t csd ef rsd K;
rSmjynfolvlxku odoi fhwJh
t &mawG?ay;odzkdYvkdwJht &m
u (Politic, civil right, hu-
man right etc...)awGt rsm;
BuD;&Sdw, f/t J' Duae civil so-
ciety ukdt m;&SdpGmeJhavQmuf
vSrf;oGm;Ekdi frSmjzpfw, f/
(2) ESpfaygi f;rsm;pGm
nH U zsi f ;wJ U t k yf csKyf a&;pepf aMumi f U
ysufpD;oGm;wJUuRefawmfwdkh&JY
t awG;t ac: t , lt qawG?
, d k , G i f ;, d k i f vJ wJ Upd wf "mwf awG ?
t jyeft vSefav;pm;rIaysmuf
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&ygr, f/ pnf;urf;&SdwJU' Drdku
a&pD vd k vm;ol eJ hvl Y t cG i f U t a&;
umuG, foljzpfMuzdkhBudK;pm;&
ygr, f/
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a, muf t aeeJ h jzpf ap?rsd K;EG , f pk
wpfckESi fUwpfckjzpfap?t pdk;&eJh
jynfolMum;rSmjzpfap cdki frmwJU
, HkMunfrIwnfaqmufzdkhvdkyg
w, f/ t J' gNyD;&i fwdki f;jynfu
vd k t yf wJ Uppf rS ef aomt rsd K;om;
jyefvnfoi fUjrwfa&;udk&&SdrSm
jzpfw, f/ t JovdkyJwnfNrJwJU
Democratic Society eJ hcd k i f NrJ wJ U
Federal Union ud k wnf aqmuf
Edki fMurSmjzpfygw, f/
pmrsufESm(14)rSt quf pmrsufESm(14)rSt quf pmrsufESm(14)rSt quf pmrsufESm(14)rSt quf pmrsufESm(14)rSt quf
aemufqkH;t aeeJYpmayeJY aemufqkH;t aeeJYpmayeJY aemufqkH;t aeeJYpmayeJY aemufqkH;t aeeJYpmayeJY aemufqkH;t aeeJYpmayeJY
ywfoufNyD;awmYcsi f;vlrsdK; ywfoufNyD;awmYcsi f;vlrsdK; ywfoufNyD;awmYcsi f;vlrsdK; ywfoufNyD;awmYcsi f;vlrsdK; ywfoufNyD;awmYcsi f;vlrsdK;
awGt ay:rSmb, fv dkt BuH awGt ay:rSmb, fv dkt BuH awGt ay:rSmb, fv dkt BuH awGt ay:rSmb, fv dkt BuH awGt ay:rSmb, fv dkt BuH
ay; t m;ay;v kdygov J/ ay; t m;ay;v kdygov J/ ay; t m;ay;v kdygov J/ ay; t m;ay;v kdygov J/ ay; t m;ay;v kdygov J/
t rSefawmYcsi f;vl
rsd K;awGuk d , f yk d i f pmayt m;enf ;
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awmYacwft aMumi f;aMumi fU
ayhg/ t *Fvdyf0i fvmrSolwkdY
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w, f/ ' gvnf; rvTrf;NcHKbl;/
a' ot csd KY awG rS myJt m;aumi f ;
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pepf t &roi f rae&rl vwef ;
ynma&;&Sdvmw, f/ rlvwef;
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w, f / pmzwf Ek d i f &i fvl wk d i f ;u
uk d , f h , Of aus;rIxk H ;wrf ;"avU
ukdjyefay;Ekdi fwJhpmapmi fukd
jyef zwf Ek d i f w, f / jyef zwf Ek d i f wJ h
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uk djyef vnf xd ef ;od rf ;Ek d i f w, f /
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xm;wJ hcsi f ;eJ Y ywf owf wJ hChin
World vk d*sme, f rsd K;?r* Zi f ;rsd K;
t rsm;t jym; xG uf apcsi f w, f /
pmt k yf pmayoabmt &*sme, f
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ywfoufwJhjrefrmpmeJYyJ
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ukd, fhbmompum;xuf csi f;
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t xm;rSm&Sdw, f/ bmvkdYvJqkd
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zwf vmEk d i f NyD ?csi f ;pmu oi f &
t kH;r, f/ wef;rzwfEkdi fbl;/
t J' gaMumi fhArmpmeJYxGufwJh
a&;wJ h*sme, f ?r* Zi f ;?pmapmi f
t rsm;BuD; xGufapcsi fw, f/
[ kdwkef;u csi f;jynfe, f OD;pD;
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(25)ESpfMumrSt drfjyefa&mufol csi f;t rsdK;om;wyfOD;uufbdeuft zGJY0i fa[ mi f; (25)ESpfMumrSt drfjyefa&mufol csi f;t rsdK;om;wyfOD;uufbdeuft zGJY0i fa[ mi f; (25)ESpfMumrSt drfjyefa&mufol csi f;t rsdK;om;wyfOD;uufbdeuft zGJY0i fa[ mi f; (25)ESpfMumrSt drfjyefa&mufol csi f;t rsdK;om;wyfOD;uufbdeuft zGJY0i fa[ mi f; (25)ESpfMumrSt drfjyefa&mufol csi f;t rsdK;om;wyfOD;uufbdeuft zGJY0i fa[ mi f;
qvdkif;axmrf;vS, fref;\ jynfawmfjyefpum;rsm; qvdkif;axmrf;vS, fref;\ jynfawmfjyefpum;rsm; qvdkif;axmrf;vS, fref;\ jynfawmfjyefpum;rsm; qvdkif;axmrf;vS, fref;\ jynfawmfjyefpum;rsm; qvdkif;axmrf;vS, fref;\ jynfawmfjyefpum;rsm;
16 April 2013
13
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(Youth Initiative Group, YIG)
OD;odef;aZmf zHk;eHygwf 09 5178 442 t D;ar;vfvdyfpm
thanzinaunglan@gmail.com
rZmjzLcdki f zHk;eHygwf 09 4315 3870 t D;ar;vfvdyfpm
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sansanaye159@gmail.comwd k h ud kquf oG , f vS L' gef ;Ed k i f ygw, f /
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Vol. 1, No.5
14
t &i fqkH; t efu, f&JYb0 t &i fqkH; t efu, f&JYb0 t &i fqkH; t efu, f&JYb0 t &i fqkH; t efu, f&JYb0 t &i fqkH; t efu, f&JYb0
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pmt kyfawGxJrSmt BudKufqkH; pmt kyfawGxJrSmt BudKufqkH; pmt kyfawGxJrSmt BudKufqkH; pmt kyfawGxJrSmt BudKufqkH; pmt kyfawGxJrSmt BudKufqkH;
pmt kyf&Sd&i f ajymay;ygt kH;/ pmt kyf&Sd&i f ajymay;ygt kH;/ pmt kyf&Sd&i f ajymay;ygt kH;/ pmt kyf&Sd&i f ajymay;ygt kH;/ pmt kyf&Sd&i f ajymay;ygt kH;/
b, fv kdt aMumi ;ft &mrsdK; b, fv kdt aMumi ;ft &mrsdK; b, fv kdt aMumi ;ft &mrsdK; b, fv kdt aMumi ;ft &mrsdK; b, fv kdt aMumi ;ft &mrsdK;
a&;x m;wmv J/ a&;x m;wmv J/ a&;x m;wmv J/ a&;x m;wmv J/ a&;x m;wmv J/
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pmrsufESm(12)odkh pmrsufESm(12)odkh pmrsufESm(12)odkh pmrsufESm(12)odkh pmrsufESm(12)odkh
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rdki f' Drdkua&pD rdki f' Drdkua&pD rdki f' Drdkua&pD rdki f' Drdkua&pD rdki f' Drdkua&pD
Vol. 1, No.5
16
t efu, fwkdYukrP Dt aMumi f; t efu, fwkdYukrP Dt aMumi f; t efu, fwkdYukrP Dt aMumi f; t efu, fwkdYukrP Dt aMumi f; t efu, fwkdYukrP Dt aMumi f;
eJhv kyfi ef;pDrHudef;awGeJh eJhv kyfi ef;pDrHudef;awGeJh eJhv kyfi ef;pDrHudef;awGeJh eJhv kyfi ef;pDrHudef;awGeJh eJhv kyfi ef;pDrHudef;awGeJh
ywfoufNyD;awmh&Si f;jyay; ywfoufNyD;awmh&Si f;jyay; ywfoufNyD;awmh&Si f;jyay; ywfoufNyD;awmh&Si f;jyay; ywfoufNyD;awmh&Si f;jyay;
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w, f / t ar&d uef enf ;ynmud k
t oHk;jyKNyD; SolarRiseSys
Brand wpfrsdK;wnf;udkom
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t efu, fwdkY&JYSolarRiseSys
uk r P D &J Y t m;omcsuf u Trad-
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t wGuft qi foi fYt oHk;jyKEdki f
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ukrP Dur0, f, lrDSite Sur-
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t pkd;&eJYb, fvdkoabmwlnD t pkd;&eJYb, fvdkoabmwlnD t pkd;&eJYb, fvdkoabmwlnD t pkd;&eJYb, fvdkoabmwlnD t pkd;&eJYb, fvdkoabmwlnD
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vi f ;NyD ; zG H YNzd K;wk d ;wuf vmawmh
rSmygvkdhuRefawmf qkawmi f;
arwmykdhocsi fygw, f/
csif;jynfe, fBuD;ukdawmht&rf;yJzGHYNzdK;wkd;wufapcsifygw, f??csif;jynfe, fu
c&D;oGm;vma&;vkyfief;eJYqkdawmfawmfatmifjrifEkdifw, f??csif;jynfe, fu awmfawmf
vS w, f ??awmif awG &J Ytaetxm;vnf ; wjcm;ae&mawG eJ Yrwl bl ;??yd k BuD ;NyD ;jrif h rm;w, f ??
pdwf0ifpm;p&maumif;w, f??csif;jynfvdarmfoD;?yef;oD;qkdawmfawmfaumif;w, f??
jynfwGif; jynfyykdYvkdY&atmifpkdufysdK;a&;vkyfief;vnf; wkd;csJYapcsifw, f??csif;jynfe, f
rD;xdefxdefvif;NyD; zGHYNzdK;wkd;wufvmawmhrSmygvkdY .....
16 April 2013
17
ed' gef;
19&mpkaESmi f;ydki f;?
jAdwdoSswdkYrScsi f;awmi fwef;
t m; rodrf;ydkufrDt csdeft xd?
wm&T ef ;wd k Y onfcsi f ;awmi f wef ;
wpfav QmufwGi f t i ft m;
t awmi f h wi f ;qH k ;aomrsd K;EG , f pk
wpf pk jzpf cJ h onf / 4i f ;wd k Y \ MoZm
t mP monf [ m;cg;t eD;&Sd
azmi fAm; (Phau Va) rSrP dyl
e, f pyf t xdysH Y ES H Y cJ h onf / t jcm;
aomcsi f;v lrsdK;rsm;t Mum;
, i f;uJhodkYNydKi fbufui f;aom
t aet xm;wpf ck ud kyd k i f qd k i f Ed k i f
jci f;rSmt aemufwdki f;Edki fi Hrsm;
wGi fusi fhoHk;vsuf&Sdaom' Drdk
ua&pDt kyfcsKyfa&;pepfuJhodkY
aomEdki fi Ha&;pepfwpf&yft m;
usi f h oH k ;Ed k i f cJ U jci f ;aMumi f U jzpf onf /
, i f ;Ed k i f i H a&;pepf t m; 19&mpk
t apmydki f;umvrSpwi fum
NAdwdoQwdkYrScsi f;awmi ft m;
od rf ;yd k uf onf Ut csd ef xdusi f h oH k ;
cJUMuonf/ xdkuJhodkYaomEdki fi H
a&;pepfusi f h oH k ;jci f ;jzi f h4i f ;wd k Y
t eD;t em;&SdrsdK;EG, fpkrsm;t m;
rdom;pkwpfckozG, f pkpnf;
aexdki fcJUMuonf/ 4i f;t jyi f
wm&Tef;wdkYonf vsi fjrefxuf
jrufaomt a&mi f;t 0, f
vkyfol ukefonfrsm;jzpfMu
onf ES i f h t nD4i f ;wd k Y \ wm&T ef ;
&Gmt m; A[ dkjyKvsuf vlIdi f;
(Lushai) e, f? csi f;jynfESi fh
uav;csdKi fh0Srf;&SdukefoG, f
vkyfi ef;rsm;t m; xdef;csKyfEdki fcJU
Muonf/ t "du ukefpnfrsm;
jzpf onf Uqm;ES i f hoH xnf yp nf ;
rsm;t m; wi fydkYay;aeaom
uav;csdKi fY0Srf;&SdajrjyefYom;
rsm;ESi fhvnf; aumi f;rGefaom
qufqHa&;rsm; xm;&SdEdki fcJUMu
onf/ i f;wdkhusi fhoHk;cJhaom
Edki fi Ha&;pepf? oHwrefa&;&m
uRrf ;usi f rI ES i f h ?uav;csd Ki f h 0S rf ;&S d
Armrsm;ESi fhr[ mrdwfzGJYEdki fjci f;
wdkYaMumi fh4i f;wdkYxdef;csKyf&m
a' owGi f MoZmanmi f;cJUMu
onf/ , ckaqmi f;yg;wGi f
wm&Tef;wdkY\ ukefoG, fpepfESi fh
xdkukefoG, frIaMumi fh4i f;wdkY\
MoZmt mP mBuD;xGm;vmyHk
wdkYudkazmfjyoGm;rnfjzpfonf/
csi f;v lrsdK;rsm;\ pdkufysdK; csi f;v lrsdK;rsm;\ pdkufysdK; csi f;v lrsdK;rsm;\ pdkufysdK; csi f;v lrsdK;rsm;\ pdkufysdK; csi f;v lrsdK;rsm;\ pdkufysdK;
a&;ESi fhukefx kwfv kyfrI a&;ESi fhukefx kwfv kyfrI a&;ESi fhukefx kwfv kyfrI a&;ESi fhukefx kwfv kyfrI a&;ESi fhukefx kwfv kyfrI
aemufcHordki f;t usOf; aemufcHordki f;t usOf; aemufcHordki f;t usOf; aemufcHordki f;t usOf; aemufcHordki f;t usOf;
v lt rsm;u csi f;
awmi f wef ;wG i fbmrS rjzpf xG ef ;?
b, ft &mrSrxGuf[ kajymp
rSwf jyKwwfMuaomfv nf;
t rd csi f ;awmi f onf csi f ;vl rsd K;
rsm;\ &S i f oef aexd k i f a&;t wG uf
t &mt m;vHk;eD;yg; ay;pGrf;Edki f
cJhonf/ 0rf;pmzlvHka&;t wGuf
csif;vlrsdK;rsm;\ pdkufysdK;a&;?ukefoG, fpepfESifhwm&Tef; (Tashon) pD;yGm;a&;tiftm;
O, smOf?awmi f, mESi fUawm
awmi fopf awmponf Ut &i f ;
jrpf oH k ;ck k rS wpf qi f U &S mazG awG Y &S d
cJUMuonf/ [ i f;oD;[ i f;&Guf
rsm;?z&HkoD;?z&JoD;?aq;&Guf
BuD;?ocGg;oD;?*si f;?MuufoGef?
i &kyfoD;?rkefni f;&Guft mvl;?
ydef;O? csnfxnfESi fUrJe, f
paom ajrxGufoD;ESHrsm;udk
NcHxJ pdkufysdK;Muonf/
rdk;wGi f;umvwGi frl
ajymi f;zl;ESi fhaumufyJoD;ESH
rsm;t m; awmi f , mxJ wG i fpd k uf
ysd K;avh &S d Muonf / wcgw&H wG i f
ocGm;?z&Hk?z&J?0OESi fht mvl;
rsm;t m; aumufyJoD;ESHrsm;ESi fh
t wlawmi f , mxJ wG i foD ;n yf
pdkufysdK;Muonf/ aqmi f;wGi f;
umvrsm;wGi f yJt rsdK;rsdK;udk
t vS nf U uspepf jzi f hpd k uf ysd K;avh
&SdMuonf/ opfawmt wGi f;rS
om;&Jwd&pmefrsm;? i Suft rsdK;
rsdK;?ysm;&nfESi fht jcm; opf
awmxGufypnf;rsm;jzpfaom
zsm? ysOf? oufu, fponfU
t oHk;t aqmi f ypnf;rsm;ESi fh
pm;aomufzG, f&mrsm; &SmazG
&, lcJhMuNyD; ysOf? oufu, f
rsm;jzi f h4i f ;wd k Y \ aet d rf rsm;t m;
aqmuf vk yf Muonf / opf awm
xJwGi f t rJvdkufMuNyD; jrpf
acsmi f ;rsm;xJ wG i f i g;zrf ;wwf Mu
onf/ 0gyi frsm;pdkufysdK;MuNyD;
t 0wft xnfrsm;udk4i f;wdkY
udk, fwdki f , ufvkyfMuonf/
(C & T 1896: pg 210-213 &
HNC Stevenson: pg 32)
Bud rf zsm?0g;zsm?jci f ;?
vSHwH?"m;?ykqdef?wl&Gi f;ESi fh
aygufjym;rsm; xkwfvkyfwwf
MuNyD; , rf;rIefYrsm;t m; udk, fh
enf;udk, fh[ efjzi fhxkwfvkyfcJU
Muonf/ wm&Tef;ESi fhvJi foJ
(Lente) wd k Y rS&T H Y ap;?ajrap;rsm;
jzi fhajrt dk;t rsdK;rsdK; xkwf
v kyfMuNyD; csi f;awmi ft ESHY
jzefhjzL; a&mi f;cscJhMuonf/
wm&T ef ;wd k Y xk wf vk yf aomajrt d k ;
rsm;t m; t &ufaopmrsm;
od k avS mi f &eft oH k ;jyKwwf MuNyD ;
vJi foJ ajrt dk;rsm;rSmrl t &nf
t aoG;aumi f;rGefaom&THYap;?
ajrap;rsm;jzi fhyHkpHt rsdK;rsdK;
xkwfvkyfxm;onfjzpf csuf
jyKwf&eft wGufygt oHk;jyKcJh
Muonf/ , i f;wdkYt kyfpkESpfpkrS
csi f ;awmi f wef ;wpf avS smuf wG i f
vd k t yf onf Ut d k ;rsm;t m; yH h yd k ;Ed k i f
cJhonf/ (C & T 1896: pg
213 & HNC Stevenson: pg
75)
t "duukefoG, frIv kyfi ef; t "duukefoG, frIv kyfi ef; t "duukefoG, frIv kyfi ef; t "duukefoG, frIv kyfi ef; t "duukefoG, frIv kyfi ef;
, i f;u mv wGi f
oG i f ;uk ef vk yf i ef ;t m; yd k Y uk ef vk yf
i ef;xuft "duxm; vkyfudki f
cJUMuonf/ 4i f;wdkY\ t drfeD;em;
csi f;rsm;jzpfMuaomArm?
t moH?rP dyl?cspfwaumi f;
wdkYESi fhukefoG, fcJhMuonf/
csi f;vlrsdK;rsm;t wGufr&Sdrjzpf
vd k t yf onf Uuk ef yp nf ;ES pf rsd K;rS m
qm;ES i f hoH jzpf onf / uavmrG ef
(Tlauhmun)&G mwG i fqm; xk wf
v kyfEdki faomfv nf; yrmP
t enf;i , fomxkwfvkyfEdki fcJh
ojzi fhcsi f;awmi fwpfckvHk;
ravmufi aomaMumi fhArm
bufrSwi foGi f;cJhMujci f;jzpf
onf / , i f ;t jyi ft jcm; pnf ;
pdrfypnf;rsm;jzpfaomarmi f;?
ykwD;?csnfrQi f?oHt dk;ESi fhqef
pyg;rsm;udkvnf; wi foGi f;cJhMu
onf/ ' eft dk;rsm;udkrP dyl?
t moHESi fhcspfwaumi f;bufrS
oGi f;, lMuNyD; wpfcgw&HwGi f
ArmbufrSvnf; wi foGi f;Mu
onf / Armbuf rSt "d u wi f
oG i f ;onf U uk ef yp nf ;rsm;rS mqm;?
pyg;? oH? csnfrQi f? ykwD;?
Mu, foD;? aq;&GufBuD;ESi fh
oMum;rsm;jzpfonf/ t aemuf
buf rSt "d u oG i f ;uk ef rsm;xJ
wG i fapmi f ?oH t d k ;ES i f hvuf euf
ud&d, mrsm; yg0i fonf/ , i f;
ukefypnf;t m;vHk;onf ukef
oG, f&mwGi f t csuft csmus
aomwm&T ef ;wd k h \ jrd KY awmf zvrf ;
ud k jzwf ausmf NyD ; wi f oG i f ;Mujci f ;
jzpfonf/ t qdkygoGi f;ukef
ypnf;rsm;t m; csi f;vlrsdK;rsm;
t aejzi fhOD;csdK? qi fpG, f?
Budrfzsm?0g;zsm?ysm;&nfponfU
ypnf;rsm;jzi fhzvS, fcJhMujci f;
jzpfonf/
ukefoG, frIpepf ] ukefoG, frIpepf ] ukefoG, frIpepf ] ukefoG, frIpepf ] ukefoG, frIpepf ]Seu ai G ai G ai G ai G ai G
ay;acspepf} ay;acspepf} ay;acspepf} ay;acspepf} ay;acspepf}
NAdwdoQrsm; 0i f
a&muf rodrf;ydkufrDt csdefxd
csi f;vlrsdK;rsm;onf ukefa&mi f;
0, f&mwGi fai Gom;rsm; t oHk;
rjyKcJhao;ay/ , i f;umvwGi f
ai Gom;rsm; vuf0, fydki fqdki f
xm;Muaomf vnf ; , i f ;ai G om;
rsm;rSmajrjyefYa' orS&&SdcJh
jci f ;jzpf onf / ai G om;t rsm;pk rS m
ajrjyeYf&Gmrsm;ESi fhwdkuf&dkuf
ukefoG, fa&mi f;0, favh&Sdaom
wm&T ef ;ES i f hZmef nuf (Zanniat)
e, frsm;wGi fomydk t awGY&
rsm;onf/ csi f;awmi fwef;
wpfavQmufwGi frl csi f;vlrsdK;
rsm;u "Seu" "Sen" ESi fh
"Khing" [ l aomwef zd k ;ay;acs
aompepf jzi f huk ef yp nf ;wpf rsd K;
ESi fhwpfrsdK; zvS, fonfUpepfudk
t oHk;jyKcJhMuonf/ , i f;ai Gay;
acspepft m; csi f;awmi fwef;
wpfckvHk;wGi f 18 &mpkt apm
ydki f;rSpwi fum1930 ckESpf
t xdt oH k ;jyKcJ U Muonf / ]Seu}
t m; wefzdk;owfrSwf&mwGi f
t oHk;jyKMuonf/ Oyrmt ae
jzi fh0ufaygufwpfaumi ft m;
]1 Seu}t jzpfowfrSwfMujyD;
t enf ;i , f yd k BuD ;aom0uf wpf
aumi f t m; ]2 Seu}t jzpf owf
rS wf um0uf BuD ;wpf aumi f t m;
]3 Seu}pojzi f howf rS wf cJ U Mu
onf/ ]Sen}onfEGm;aemuf
aps;EIef; wdki f;wmowfrSwf&m
wGi ft oHk;jyKNyD; t &G, fa&muf
aomEG m;aemuf wpf aumi f t m;
]2 Sen} [ l owfrSwfwwf
Muonf/ ]Khiing} t m;
onfwpfydomeSi fUnDrQonf/
0gudkrl csdefcGi fwGi fcsdefum
t av ;csdef ]60 khiing}
]Muufwpfaumi f t av;csdef
ESi fUnDrQaom50 khiing}eSi fY
]40 khing}[ l csdefcGi foHk;ck
jzi fYwdki f;wmMuonf?
wm&Tef;wdkh\ ukefoG, fa&; wm&Tef;wdkh\ ukefoG, fa&; wm&Tef;wdkh\ ukefoG, fa&; wm&Tef;wdkh\ ukefoG, fa&; wm&Tef;wdkh\ ukefoG, fa&;
BuD;pdk;rSK BuD;pdk;rSK BuD;pdk;rSK BuD;pdk;rSK BuD;pdk;rSK
NAdwdoQwdkY0i f
a&muf rv mrDuwnf;u
ukefoG, fvkyfi ef; wnf&SdcJUNyD;
jzpf onf / , i f ;uk ef oG , f vk yf i ef ;
t ajct aeESi fhywfouf
t av;t csdef wdki f;wm&mwGi f
t oHk;jyKonf/ xdrf;jrm;vuf
xyf cG i f h awmi f ;&rf ;&mwG i f vnf ;
t xufyg]Seu}pepft wdki f;
t oH k ;jyKonf /HNC Stevenson
u t qdkygai Gay;acspepft m;
wm&Tef;wdkYu 4i f;wdkY\ t usdK;
t jrwfrsm; rSwfwrf;wi f&ef
pwi fumrdwfquft oHk;jyKcJh
jci f ;jzpf onf [ kazmf jyxm;onf /
(HNC Stevenson: pgs 101 &
103).
t v Jt v S, fEIef;x m; t v Jt v S, fEIef;x m; t v Jt v S, fEIef;x m; t v Jt v S, fEIef;x m; t v Jt v S, fEIef;x m;
qm;wpfx kyfonf
t ayguf wpf ayguf yg?wl &G i f ;jym;
4ckjyKvk yf Ed k i f aomoH wpf jym;
ESi fhnDrQonf/ 0ufaygufwpf
aumi f]1 Seu}onfapmi f
wpfxnfESi fhnDrQjyD; 0ufayguf
ESpfaumi f]2 Seu}onfysm;
za, mi f;wpfwHk;ESi fhnDrQonf/
]40?50?60 Vokthia Seu}
0ufaygufonfEGm;wpfaumi f
]1 sen} ESi fhnDrQNyD; EGm;t ay:
wG i f vnf ; rl wnf ajymi f ;vJ
Edki fonf/ t aemufbufrS
0i f a&muf vmaom qm;rsm;ud k
wm&Tef;wdkhu jyefvnfxkwf
umajrjyefhodkha&mi f;cscJUMu
onf/ i f;qm;wpfx kyfudk
]berhbu}ac:?t wdki f;wmeSi fU
a&mi f;csNyD; xdk]8 berhbu}
HNC Stevenson rS]csi f;
awmi fwGi f NAdwdoQyxrppf
aMumi f; 0i fa&mufrv mrD
umvwG i f wm&T ef ;wd k Y \ t "d ywd
&Gmonft xGwft xdyft ae
t x m;odkYa&muf&SdaecJUNyD;
4i f;wdkY\ jri fhwufvmaeaom
MoZmt mP mES i f h t wlyx0D 0i f
a&ajrt aet xm; t m;om
csufrsm;aMumi fht a&SYESi fh
t aemufuk ef oG , f vk yf i ef ;rsm;
t m;vHk; xdef;csKyfEdki fcJUMuonf/
rP dyljrpfaMumi f;at mufydki f;
csdKi fh0Srf;rsm;? t aumi f;qHk;
wHwm;rsm;ESi fhjrpfv, fydki f;
a' orsm;ygxdef;csKyfEdki fcJhMu
onf / t i f t m;awmi f h wi f ;aom
vlt kyfpkBuD;rsm;t jzpf pkpnf;
aexdki fcJhMuNyD; NydKvJxdcdkuf
v G, faom&Gmi , fav ;rsm;
t jzpfodkhoD;jcm;pDrcGJxGufcJU
Muay/ t ouf&Si f&yfwnf&ef
t pOfNrJ cdki frmawmi fUwi f;
&efolrsm;wGef;vSefwdkufcdkufEdki f
&eft i f t m;awmi f h wi f ;cJ h MujyD ;
[ m;cg;wdkY\ usL;ausmfwdkuf
cd k uf rI ud k vnf ;qef Y usi f wd k uf cd k uf
Ed k i f cJ h onf / xd k rQrubJobm0
usus wwfuRrf;x m;onfU
oHwrefqufqHa&; aumi f;
rG ef jci f ;aMumi f huav;csd Ki f h 0S rf ;&S d
&Srf;vlrsdK;rsm;ESi fhr[ mrdwf
pmrsufESm(18)odkh pmrsufESm(18)odkh pmrsufESm(18)odkh pmrsufESm(18)odkh pmrsufESm(18)odkh
Salai Van Cung Lian
Vol. 1, No.5
18
pmrsufESm(17)rSt quf pmrsufESm(17)rSt quf pmrsufESm(17)rSt quf pmrsufESm(17)rSt quf pmrsufESm(17)rSt quf
jyKEdki fcJhNyD; [ m;cg;a' o&Sd
azmi fAm; (Phau Va) rSrP dyl
jrpfaMumi f;wpfavQmufa' o
rsm;t xdygBuD;pdk;cs, fvS, f
Edki fcJhMuonf}[ l rSwfwrf;
wi fxm;cJhonf/
]u Rrf;u si fao m
ukefonfrsm;jzpfonfESi fht nD
wm&Tef;rsm;onf 4i f;wdkY\
t m;omcsuf rsm;t m; aumi f ;rG ef
pGmt oHk;csNyD; t a&SYESi fh
t aemufMum;? vlIdi f;a' o?
csi f;awmi ft v, fydki f;?ajrjyefY
a' orsm;ESi fholwdkY\ jrdKYawmf
wm&Tef; (0g)zvrf;udkA[ dkjyK
uk ef oG , f Ed k i f cJ U Muonf / uk ef pnf
pD;qi f;rIt m; 4i f;wdkYpdwfBudKuf
wm;jrpfydwfyi fcJhMujyD; csi f;
awmi ft v, fydki f; jzwfoef;
a&mi f;0, fonfUt rsdK;rsdK;aom
uk ef yp nf ;rsm; a&mi f ;0, f &mwG i f
Mum;v lx HrSt udsK;t jrwf
&, lEdki fcJhMuonf/} (HNC S
1936:pg 102)
wm&Tef;wdkY\ qm;ukefoG, frI wm&Tef;wdkY\ qm;ukefoG, frI wm&Tef;wdkY\ qm;ukefoG, frI wm&Tef;wdkY\ qm;ukefoG, frI wm&Tef;wdkY\ qm;ukefoG, frI
wm&T ef ;wd k Y onfArm
jynfom;rsm;ESi fh4i f;wdkYt Mum;
wGi f t vGefaumi f;rGefaom
qufqHa&;xm;&SdEdki fcJUMuonf/
wpf Mud rf wG i f Zmef nuf (Zanniat)
&Gmrsm;rSwm&Tef;wdkY\ t cGef
aumuf cH jci f ;rS ui f ;vG wf ed k i f &ef
wm&Tef;wdkYt m; ykefuefawmf
vS ef cJ h Muonf / wm&T ef ;wd k Y onf
Zma[ mi f (Zahau)?[ Gm;vfi dk
(Hualngo)ES i f h pG ef ;wvm(Sunthla)
wdkYt m; pkpnf;NyD; i f;wdkYESi fY
t wl Zmefnuf(Zanniat)
t kyfpkt m; acsrIef;cJhavonf/
ZmefnufwdkYonfwm&Tef;wdkY\
vkyfom;rsm;t aejzi fYcdki f;jci f;
cH&jyD; ArmjynfrSzvrf;odkY?
xdkrSwpfqi fhwjcm;&Gmrsm;odkY
qm;rsm;o, f aqmi f ay;cJ h &onf /
xd k enf ;jzi f hqm;rsm;t m; ajrjyef Y
a' obufrSt ukeft usr&Sd
o, faqmi fumt udsK;t jrwf
rsm;pG mjzi f hjyef vnf a&mi f ;cscJ h Mu
onf/ (C & T 1896: pg 147).
csi f;awmi ft v, f
ydki f; ukefoG, fv kyfi ef;t m;
wm&T ef ;wd k hBuD ;pd k ;cs, f vS , f yH k ES i f U
ywfoufNyD; Carey ESi fUTuck
wd k Y u ]csi f ;vl rsd K;t m;vH k ;xJ wG i f
wm&Tef;rsm;onf pdwft m;
t xufoefqHk; ukefonfrsm;
jzpfMuonf/ 4i f;wdkYqm;&&SdyHk
t m; azmfjycJhNyD;jzpfonf/ , i f;
t csufaMumi fhwm&Tef;t BuD;
t uJ rsm;onfuk ef oG , f vk yf i ef ;
wpfckvHk;t m; vuf0g;BuD;t kyf
Ed k i f cJ h onf / qm;a&mi f ;0, f rI t m;
4i f;wdkYvufxJwGi fomudki f
wG, fx m;Muonf/ 4i f;wdkY
t pDt pOfonf at mi fjri foi fh
oav muf at mi fjri fcJhNyD;
Zma[ mi f? [ Gmvf;i dk? cGm;vD
(Khuangli) ESi fY[ m;cg;e, f
wcsdKYwdkYonf zvrf;a' orS
qm;rsm;0, f , l cJ Y &onf / 1892-
93 yGi fhvi f;&moDumvwGi f
t av ;csdefaygi f 100000
xufrenf;aomqm;rsm;t m;
t i f' i f; (Indin) ESi fhpDa[ mi f
(Sihaung) a' orS0, f , l cJ h Mu
NyD; 4i f;qm;rsm;onf t BuD;
t uJrsm;\ vufxJrSomxyf
qi fha&mi f;0, fcJhMujci f;jzpf
onf/}(C & T 1896: pg 215)
ed*Hk; ed*Hk; ed*Hk; ed*Hk; ed*Hk;
zvrf ;aumi f pD vl BuD ;
rsm;\ xufjrufaompOf;pm;
mP f? oHwrefqufqHa&;
uRrf;usi frIESi fhArmrsm;ESi fh
t a&mi f;t 0, foabmwlnDrI
&, lEdki fjci f;wdkYaMumi fhcsi f;
awmi ft v, f yd k i f ;wpf avQmuf
t a&mi f;t 0, f ukefoG, frI
vkyfi ef;t m;vHk; xdef;csKyfEdki fcJh
jci f ;jzpf onf rS moH o, jzpf zG , f
r&S d ay/ 1856ck ES pf wG i fpD ;, i f ;
(Sizang) t csd KY t m; Armrsm;u
owf jzwf cJ h onf ud kvuf wH k h jyef
onfUt aejzi fhpD;, i f;wdkYu
ajrmufydki f;e, fudkpD;ei f;wdkuf
cdkufcJhjyD; t usOf;om;oHk;OD;
zrf;qD;xm;jci f;aMumi fhwm&Tef;
ESi fhArmwdkYu pD;, i f;rsm;t m;
oGm;a&mufwdkufcdkufcJhonf/
, i f ;ord k i f ; t aMumi f ;t &mrsm;
t rSeft wkdi f;0efcH&
ygu uRefawmfonf yef;ukd
cspfonf/ yef;wkdi f;ukdjrwfEkd;
onf / ES pf ouf rd onf / yef ;rsm;
\ t vSukdMunfU&i f; aysmf&Ti frd
ygonf/ uRefawmf\ pdwful;
, Ofurmudkyef;rsdK;pkHwkdhjzi fh
t vS qi f xm;rd ygonf / yef ;rsm;
\ t vSwGi f pdwful;, Ofum
arsmygwwfygonf/ yef;rsm;\
t v Sukdpdwful;, Ofum
pOf;pm;rdwkdi f; uGsefawmf\
t oufonfvnf; ykd EkysdKvm
onf [ kcH pm;rd ygonf / pd wf ES vk H ;
xJwGi fvnf; t rnfrazmfEkdi f
onf hat ;csrf ;om, maysmf &T i f rI
ESi fU0rf;omyDwdjzmrdygonf/
rQavmufyef;ukdcspfci feSpf
oufrdaomuRefawmft b, f
aMumi f hopf cG uk d rSuG uf rk ef ;rd
aeovJ[ kyi f rdrdukd, fukdrdrd
jyefvnfpOf;pm;cef; 0i frdonfU
t cgwkdi f; usdwf NyKH;rdygonf/
b, ft aMumi f;aMumi fhbmvJ
[ k qk d aomfopf cG uk drk ef ;rd onf U
uGsefawmfopfcG\ opmazmuf
jci f;udkcH&ovm;/ okdYwnf;
r[ kwfuRefawmfu opfcGukd
opmazmufaeovm;/ xkdokdY
aomt aMumi f;rsm;ESi fhywf
ouf jyefvnfpOf;pm;rdawmh
opfcGuvn;f uRefawmfhukd
opmrazmufyg/ uRefawmfu
vnf; opfcGukdopmazmuf
onfvnf; r[ kwfyg/ okdYaomf
xkdar;cGef;ESpfckt wGuf t ajz
r&Sdaomfv nf; t jcm;aom
t aMumi f;t &mwpfckawmh
&Sdygonf/
rS ef ygonf / opf cG uk d
opfcGukdrkef;aomuRefawmf
uRefawmfrkef;rdonfUt aMumi f;
t &mwpfckrSmopfcG\ obm0
yi f jzpfygonf/ [ kwfygonf/
opfcG[ kajymonfUt cgopfcGrS
yGi fhvmonfYopfcGyef;ukdrqkd
vk d onf uk d awmhem;vnf Ek d i f Mu
rSmygvdkYxi frdygonf/ okdY
qkd&aomf opfcG\ obm0ukd
uRefawmf&Si f;jycsi frdygonf/
[ kd; csi f;jynf\
awmi f wef ;BuD ;rsm;uk d omMunf U
vdkufygawmh/ awmi fwef;rsm;
ay:wG i fayguf a&muf &S i f oef ae
aomopf yi f ?awmt k yf BuD ;rsm;
qD ok d YvS nf U vnf Munf U &S kavh vm
apcsi f ygonf / opf yi f BuD ;rsm;\
yi fpnf opfukdi f;rsm;ay:wGi f
cGv suf t ouf&Si faeaom
opfcGyi frsm;ukdawGY&Sd&rSm
t aot csmyi f jzpfygonf/
t ay:, Ht m;jzi fhMunfUygu
opfcGrsm;onf vSonf/ olY
t yGi fhrsm;onf t jcm;aom
yef;rsm;xufomonf/ vSy
onf/ t a&mi fpkHvsuf usuf
oa&&S d vS ygonf / opf cG yef ;rsm;
aMumi f hol wk d h cG aomopf yi f rsm;
ukdyi ft vSqi fay;aeonf[ k
xi frdumcsD;usL;cef;rsm; jyKrd
rnf rS mrvG J yg/ &S k ol wk d i f ; opf cG
yef;\ t vSukdcsD;usL;rdMuyg
onf/ t rSefwu, fyi fopfcG
t yGi fhrsm;onf t vGefyi fvSy
vGef;ygonf/ t vSt yukdom
MunfUrnfqkdvQi f vSonf[ k
jri folwkdi f; 0efcHMurSmyg/
uRefawmft ygt 0i fyi f t rSef
ukd0efcH&ygu uGsefawmfonf
vnf; opfcGyef;t vSukdcspf
onf/ jrwfEdk;ygonf/ okdYaomf
uRef awmf opf cG yef ;uk dcspf aomf
vnf; opfcGukdrkef;rdygonf/
opfcGukduRefawmf t b, f
aMumi fhrkef;rdonfukdajymjy
csi fygonf/ uRefawmfonf
opf cG uk d rk ef ;onf / t aMumi f ;rS m
opfyi frsm;ukdcG t ouf&Si f
onf/ opfyi frsm;\ t oufukd
pkyf, lumt ouf&Si fonf/
olwpfyg;\ t oufukdrSDvsuf
t ouf &S i f umacgi f ;armh vsuf
t vS yef ;rsm;uk dyG i f h jyaeygonf /
olt ouf&Si fumvSypGmyGi fh
vef ;Ek d i f &efol wpf yg;\ t ouf
uk dcG pm;ygonf / opf yi f r&S d ygu
olt ouf&Si foefEkdi fcGi fhr&Sdyg/
vSypGmyGi fhvef;ekdi fcGi fhyi f&SdrSm
r[ kwfay/ okdYIjri fum
awG;awmrdavwkdi f; opfcGukd
rkef;v mrdonf/ opfyi fukd
oem;rdygonf/ opfyi fcrsm
olxrf;aqmi f&rnfUvkyfi ef;
rsm;pGm&SdonfUMum;xJuyi f
opfcGt wGuft m;cGeft ykdpkduf
xk wf ay;&ao;onf / t vG ef yi f
oem;p&maumi f;vSygonf/
opf yi f rsm;onfol wk d Y t ouf &S i f
a&;t wGuf t m;ukef&kef;uef
onfUMum;x JrSyi f opfcG
t wGuft ykdt m;xkwf&ygao;
onf / opf yi f rsm;aMumi f hopf cG
t ouf &S i f cG i f h &umopf cG t vS
yef; yGi fhvef;vmonfr[ kwf
ygvm;/
t kd&...pOf;pm;p&m
t aMumi f; rsm;jym;vmygonf/
csi f;v lrsdK;rsm;t wGuf? csi f;
jynfe, ft wGufcsi f;vlrsdK;rsm;
[ l qufpyfumawG;awmrd
av awmhcsi f;jynfe, f
opfyi fBuD;rsm;uJhokdYyi faexkdi f
vsuf&SdMuaomcsi f;vlrsdK;rsm;
t vGefyi f av;pm;xkdufaom
yk * d Kvf BuD ;rsm;jzpf Muonf r[ k wf
ygvm;/ csi f;jynfe, fBuD;onf
vnf; csi f;vlrsdK;rsm;t wGuf
yi fpnf? opfukdi f;BuD;rsm;ESi fY
rwl aybl ;vm;[ l pOf ;pm;rd yg
onf /
at mf uRefawmf
owd&rdvmonfUt csufawmh
&Sdygonf/ csi f;vlrsdK;rsm;onf
opfcGvlrsdK;r[ kwfyg/ opfyi f
ESi fhwlaomvlrsdK;rsm;jzpfMu
ygonf/ xkduJhokdYyi fopfcGeSi fh
opf cG \ t vS yef ;uk dcG J jcm;wwf
&ef v kdt yfygonfqkdonfU
t csufvnf; &Sdygao;onf/
&Si f;&Si f;vi f;vi f;yJ ajymjycsi f
ygonf/ opfcGukdrkef;ygu
opfyi fukdoem;wwfyg/
opf yi f uk dcspf wwf ygu opf cG
yef ;t vS uk dwef zk d ;xm;wwf yg/
opfcG\ obm0ukdajymi f;vJ
vkdufyg/ opfcGNcH[ l oD;oefh
NcH wpf ckzef wD ;yg/ csi f ;vl rsd K;uk d
cspf ygu csi f ;jynf e, f uk d cspf Mu
yg/ opf cG uk d rk ef ;aomuRef awm?f
opfcGt wGuf uRefawmf bm
vkyfay;Ekdi frvJ/ opfyi fBuD;ukd
uRef awmfb, f vd k ES pf od rf h rvJ /
t m;ri , fygeJYopfyi fBuD;&, f
oi f h aMumi f hopf cG yef ;a0qmpG m
yGi fhvef;aeonfr[ kwfygvm;
uG , f / rS wf csuf pum;jzi f ht qk H ;
owf vd k uf ygu ]aumi f ;owi f ;
jzpf?&Sd?xGufwkdi f; ]i g}vkyf
aomaMumi h f [ l onf Uopf cG pd wf
"mwfukdqkdvkdonfUopfcGukd
rkef;aomuRefawmf\ ykHjyi f
av;wpfckyg}
auqdrfyD auqdrfyD auqdrfyD auqdrfyD auqdrfyD
t m; v mrnfUaqmi f;yg;
]wm&Tef; wdkY\ ppfyGJrsm; (The
Tashon Wars)} x JwGi f
azmfjyoGm;rnf jzpfonf/
ArmwdkY\ uGefBuD; (Kungyi)
&Gmt m; [ m;cg;wdkYu
oG m;a&muf wd k uf cd k uf cJ h jci f ;aMumi f Y
[ m;cg;wd k Y \ &G mwpf &G mjzpf aom
&drfyD; (Hrimpi) &Gmudkvnf;
wm&T ef ;wd k Y u zsuf qD ;ypf cJ h onf /
xd k od k Y ajrjyef Y a' oES i f Y quf qH a&;
t m;t av;t eufxm;&SdcJUMu
onf/ xdkt csufrsm;aMumi fh
wm&T ef ;wd k Y \ MoZmt mP monf
BuD;xGm;vsuf&SdcJhonf/ t "du
ukefypnf;jzpfaomqm;rsm;
t m; t zdk;t cray;aqmi f&bJ
o, faqmi fum a&mi f;csEdki fcJh
Muonf/ rnfonfUukefypnf;
rsdK;rqdkwm&Tef;odkY0i fa&muf
pD;qi f;apNyD; t usdK;t jrwfrsm;
&, lEdki fcJUMuonf/ xdkodkYukef
oG , f a&mi f ;0, f a&;vk yf i ef ;t m;
xdef;csKyfEdki fcJUjci f;onfvnf;
4i f;wdkYudkMoZmt mP mBuD;
xGm;apaomt csufwpfcsuf
jzpfcJhayonf/
16 April 2013
19
qvd k i f ;a' ;eD , , f (ausmi f ;om;) qvd k i f ;a' ;eD , , f (ausmi f ;om;) qvd k i f ;a' ;eD , , f (ausmi f ;om;) qvd k i f ;a' ;eD , , f (ausmi f ;om;) qvd k i f ;a' ;eD , , f (ausmi f ;om;)
]upm;yHkudkodyf
awmh t m;r&bl ;/ t zG J Y vd k uf csd wf
quf upm;rIt m;enf ;w, f vd k Y
jri fygw, f/ NydKi fyGJu pwm
odyfrMumao;bl;qdkawmU
csufcsi f;awmUt xdki fuszdkYu
cufrSmyg/ ' gayr, fUupm;yHkudk
odyft m;r&ao;bl;/ NyD;awmU
upm;orm;awGt aeeJYvnf;
a' goBuD;w, fvdkYxi fygw, f
(&, f vsuf )/ uRef awmf U t jri f eJ Y
ajym&r, fqdk&i f ' Dxuft rsm;
BuD;ydkBudK;pm;zdkYvdkr, f? (M-1)
rSmqdk' DajceJYqdkt qi fajy
csi f;v lx kudk, fpm;jyKt oi f;wpfoi f;jzpfonfUcsi f;, lEdkufwuft oi f;onf , ckESpfrwfv 19&ufaehwGi f csi f;v lx kudk, fpm;jyKt oi f;wpfoi f;jzpfonfUcsi f;, lEdkufwuft oi f;onf , ckESpfrwfv 19&ufaehwGi f csi f;v lx kudk, fpm;jyKt oi f;wpfoi f;jzpfonfUcsi f;, lEdkufwuft oi f;onf , ckESpfrwfv 19&ufaehwGi f csi f;v lx kudk, fpm;jyKt oi f;wpfoi f;jzpfonfUcsi f;, lEdkufwuft oi f;onf , ckESpfrwfv 19&ufaehwGi f csi f;v lx kudk, fpm;jyKt oi f;wpfoi f;jzpfonfUcsi f;, lEdkufwuft oi f;onf , ckESpfrwfv 19&ufaehwGi f
usi f;yonfU usi f;yonfU usi f;yonfU usi f;yonfU usi f;yonfU(M-2) NydKi fyGJwGi f NydKi fyGJwGi f NydKi fyGJwGi f NydKi fyGJwGi f NydKi fyGJwGi f Horizon t oi f;ESi fU, SOfNydKi fupm;&m*dk;r&Sdoa&uscJUaomfv nf; &yfwnfrIt aejzi fU t oi f;ESi fU, SOfNydKi fupm;&m*dk;r&Sdoa&uscJUaomfv nf; &yfwnfrIt aejzi fU t oi f;ESi fU, SOfNydKi fupm;&m*dk;r&Sdoa&uscJUaomfv nf; &yfwnfrIt aejzi fU t oi f;ESi fU, SOfNydKi fupm;&m*dk;r&Sdoa&uscJUaomfv nf; &yfwnfrIt aejzi fU t oi f;ESi fU, SOfNydKi fupm;&m*dk;r&Sdoa&uscJUaomfv nf; &yfwnfrIt aejzi fU
vuf&SdxdyfqHk;t qi fUrSusqi f;oGm;jci f;r&SdaMumi f; od&onf/ &rSwft m;jzi fU14rSwfjzi fUxdyfqHk;rS&yfwnfaevsuf&SdNyD; vuf&SdxdyfqHk;t qi fUrSusqi f;oGm;jci f;r&SdaMumi f; od&onf/ &rSwft m;jzi fU14rSwfjzi fUxdyfqHk;rS&yfwnfaevsuf&SdNyD; vuf&SdxdyfqHk;t qi fUrSusqi f;oGm;jci f;r&SdaMumi f; od&onf/ &rSwft m;jzi fU14rSwfjzi fUxdyfqHk;rS&yfwnfaevsuf&SdNyD; vuf&SdxdyfqHk;t qi fUrSusqi f;oGm;jci f;r&SdaMumi f; od&onf/ &rSwft m;jzi fU14rSwfjzi fUxdyfqHk;rS&yfwnfaevsuf&SdNyD; vuf&SdxdyfqHk;t qi fUrSusqi f;oGm;jci f;r&SdaMumi f; od&onf/ &rSwft m;jzi fU14rSwfjzi fUxdyfqHk;rS&yfwnfaevsuf&SdNyD;
' kwd, ae&m 12rSwfjzi fhjr0wDt oi f;rSv nf;aumi f;? wwd, t aejzi fUarm&0wDt oi f;rS10rSwfjzi fUv nf;aumi f; ' kwd, ae&m 12rSwfjzi fhjr0wDt oi f;rSv nf;aumi f;? wwd, t aejzi fUarm&0wDt oi f;rS10rSwfjzi fUv nf;aumi f; ' kwd, ae&m 12rSwfjzi fhjr0wDt oi f;rSv nf;aumi f;? wwd, t aejzi fUarm&0wDt oi f;rS10rSwfjzi fUv nf;aumi f; ' kwd, ae&m 12rSwfjzi fhjr0wDt oi f;rSv nf;aumi f;? wwd, t aejzi fUarm&0wDt oi f;rS10rSwfjzi fUv nf;aumi f; ' kwd, ae&m 12rSwfjzi fhjr0wDt oi f;rSv nf;aumi f;? wwd, t aejzi fUarm&0wDt oi f;rS10rSwfjzi fUv nf;aumi f;
xdyfqHk;rSt oD;oD;&yfwnfvsuf&SdaeaMumi f; od&onf/ xdkYaemuf csi f;, lEdkufwufudkt m;ay;vsuf&SdMuaomcsi f;, lEdkufwuf xdyfqHk;rSt oD;oD;&yfwnfvsuf&SdaeaMumi f; od&onf/ xdkYaemuf csi f;, lEdkufwufudkt m;ay;vsuf&SdMuaomcsi f;, lEdkufwuf xdyfqHk;rSt oD;oD;&yfwnfvsuf&SdaeaMumi f; od&onf/ xdkYaemuf csi f;, lEdkufwufudkt m;ay;vsuf&SdMuaomcsi f;, lEdkufwuf xdyfqHk;rSt oD;oD;&yfwnfvsuf&SdaeaMumi f; od&onf/ xdkYaemuf csi f;, lEdkufwufudkt m;ay;vsuf&SdMuaomcsi f;, lEdkufwuf xdyfqHk;rSt oD;oD;&yfwnfvsuf&SdaeaMumi f; od&onf/ xdkYaemuf csi f;, lEdkufwufudkt m;ay;vsuf&SdMuaomcsi f;, lEdkufwuf
t oi f;\ y&dowfrsm; csi f;, lEdkufwuft oi f;ay: t m;ay;&i fckefoHrsm;udkv nf; , ckuJUodkYMum;odcJh&ygonf/ t oi f;\ y&dowfrsm; csi f;, lEdkufwuft oi f;ay: t m;ay;&i fckefoHrsm;udkv nf; , ckuJUodkYMum;odcJh&ygonf/ t oi f;\ y&dowfrsm; csi f;, lEdkufwuft oi f;ay: t m;ay;&i fckefoHrsm;udkv nf; , ckuJUodkYMum;odcJh&ygonf/ t oi f;\ y&dowfrsm; csi f;, lEdkufwuft oi f;ay: t m;ay;&i fckefoHrsm;udkv nf; , ckuJUodkYMum;odcJh&ygonf/ t oi f;\ y&dowfrsm; csi f;, lEdkufwuft oi f;ay: t m;ay;&i fckefoHrsm;udkv nf; , ckuJUodkYMum;odcJh&ygonf/
y&d owf &J Y&i f ck ef oH rsm;ES i f Ucsi f ;, l Ed k uf wuf
avmufr, frxi fbl;/ (M-2)
rSmawmUodyfrqdk;ao;bl;/
' gayr, fUt oi f;aumi f;awGeJY
awG Y &i fajcpG rf ;uod yf t aumi f ;
BuD; r[ kwfao;ovdkyJ/ NyD;
awmUajcpGrf;csi f;odyfruGmwJU
t wl wlcsi f ;upm;orm;awG ud k
yGJxkwfay;apcsi fygw, f/ NyD;
awmU&moDukef&i f t wef;jyef
wufapcsi fygw, f/
qv dki f;v sefv sef(0efx rf;) qv dki f;v sefv sef(0efx rf;) qv dki f;v sefv sef(0efx rf;) qv dki f;v sefv sef(0efx rf;) qv dki f;v sefv sef(0efx rf;)
]upm;uGuf t m;
enf;w, fv dkYjri fygw, f/
ausmeHygwf23 wdkufppfrSL;
udkyJt m;udk;ae&w, f/ x dk;
azmufEdki fayr, fUt qHk;owfrI
t ydki f; t m;enf;w, f/ udk, fU
xuf ajced rf U wJ ht oi f ;i , f awG eJ Y
awGYwJht cgrSmt enf;qHk;udk, f
u ajcpGrf;omae&r, fav/
wpfcgwav csi f;udk, fpm;jyK
t oi f;qdkNyD; yGJx Gufupm;
orm;rSmcsi f;wpfa, mufrS
rygwmawG Y &awmhpd wf raumi f ;
bl;/ pdwf"gwfydki f;uawmh
rqd k ;bl ;/ usef wJ U t oi f ;awG u
t aysmfwrf;uvyfawGrsm;wJU
t wG ufupm;wJ U t cgrS mud k , f
u y&dkt oi f;jzpfwJUt wGuf
t ompD ;&aeoi f U w, f vd k Yjri f yg
w, f / NyD ;awmUES pf uk ef rS mcsi f ;
2 oi f;udkwef;wufapcsi f
w, f/
eef&Si f;rkef eef&Si f;rkef eef&Si f;rkef eef&Si f;rkef eef&Si f;rkef
u pm;u Gu fu dk
aumi f;aumi f; rwnfaqmuf
Edki fao;bl;v dkYxi fygw, f/
aemufrvdkt yfbJeJYt 0guwf
awG&aeovdkyJ/ t ckyGJrSmqdk
t eDuwfyg t jycH&w, f/
aps;BuD;ac:xm;wJUwdkufppf
rSL;u ajcpGrf;rjyEdki fwJUt wlwl
csi f;wdkufppfrSL;awGudkjri fUwi f
ay;oi fUw, fvdkYxi fygw, f/
upm;orm;awG t aeeJ YuG i f ;xJ
rS myd k NyD ;t jyef t vS efav;pm;rI
&S d oi f U w, f vd k Y xi f ygw, f / &moD
t ukefrSmt wef;jyefwufwm
jri fcGi fU&csi fygw, f/
qv dki f;[ kef;t Grfydki f qv dki f;[ kef;t Grfydki f qv dki f;[ kef;t Grfydki f qv dki f;[ kef;t Grfydki f qv dki f;[ kef;t Grfydki f
*dk;roGi f;Edki fwm?
*d k ;&enf ;wmjy emvd k Yxi f yg
w, f/ t qHk;owfrIt ydki f;awG
awmfawmft m;enf;w, fv dkY
jri fygw, f/ t a&;BuD;wmu
awmhyG J wpf yG J NyD ; oH k ;rS wf &zd k Y ygyJ /
aps;BuD;upm;orm;awGeJY
t vkyfrjzpfwJht wlwl csi f;
upm;orm;av;awG ud kyG J xk wf
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Vol. 1, No.5
20
Dr. Sa Sa &JYrdom;pkaemuf &JYrdom;pkaemuf &JYrdom;pkaemuf &JYrdom;pkaemuf &JYrdom;pkaemuf
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16 April 2013
21
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tcsdefrsKd;rSm.....
Vol. 1, No.5
22
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avmi f ;rJ i f ;
16 April 2013
23
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cine) [ l umuG , f aq;ES pf rsd K;
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t a&;ay:umuG, f
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acG;udkufcH&NyD;
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ygonf/ odkh&mwGi f vuP m
rsm;ay:vmygu umuG, faq;
xd k ;&ef aemuf usoG m;NyD jzpf onf /
acG;&l;jyefa&m*gjzpfNyDqdkygu
uko&efrvG, fulbJ rkcsao
qHk;oGm;Edki fayonf/ xdkhaMumi fh
a&m*grjzpfrDwnf;u BudKwi f
umuG , f jci f ;omt aumi f ;qH k ;
jzpfayonf/ 100%Fatal -
100% Preventable [ kyi f
qdkx m;Muonf/ x dkhaMumi fh
acG;udkufcH&NyDqdkvQi f ayghaygh
qqraebJ wwfuRrf;em;
vnfonfUq&m0eft p&dSaom
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yi fNyD; acG;&l;jyefa&m*gumuG, f
aq;xdk;&ef t vGeft a&;BuD;
ygonf /
urmay:wGi facG;&l;
jyef a&m*gaMumi f h10rd epf wd k i f ;
1 a, mufaoqHk;aeygonf/
(Rabies. WHO fact sheet
N899, September 2008 )
rd bNynf ol rsm;acG ;&l ;jyef a&m*grS
ui f;a0;Edki fMuygap/
zdk;csi f;v Hk;(aq;wuodkv f) zdk;csi f;v Hk;(aq;wuodkv f) zdk;csi f;v Hk;(aq;wuodkv f) zdk;csi f;v Hk;(aq;wuodkv f) zdk;csi f;v Hk;(aq;wuodkv f)
Source - 59th MMA Confer-
ence, Mawlamyaing, "Up-
dates on Human Rabies" by
Dr. MyoKhine.
- Internet.
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