Clearing Ground Faults& Short Circuits

i r r r r ' l r e t l i.t i s i m P r r r t , r r frrt r rl l r e L , n S , i l r r t' e

t rri r r r t ' . I i g a t e discomrect su' itches arrd sirni I ar e.quipmcr-rt.
slrch corrc'llrctor enclosLrres to tleterr.rrine th;rt thr'ir St'ction 11t1.10re.aclsin part, "The overcltrreut
inrf'r1'1-{.1n61'
is suiiicientll' kxv to prroviclearr effectir-c prote.ctir-e
cleviccs,the totirl impedance,the component
g rou ncl-iault cu rre.ntpath. shclrt-circuitcurrent rati r-r
gs, ancl othe'r chartrcteristics
sh;rll be selccte'dar.rd
of the circlrit to Lr€-p)loi1.cte.d
cooltlinatecl to pernrit tl'rercircuit protective devices
Irr gr.neral, thc m irrimtr nr sizc oi erclu ipr.nentglr)r-lnrl ing r.rsetlto clc..rrir i.,rr.rlt
to do so n'ithout cxtcnsive'dirmagt'
l T a b l e 2 5 0 . 1 2 2. r n c l i s b a s e r l
c ( ) n d u c t o ri s p r r o v i c l e ci n s f t l . r ec i r c u i t . T h i s f a u l t
t o t h c e l e c t r i c t r lc o m p o r l L . n t o
on the r.rting of thc ovcrclrrrL'ut cle.r.icei.r]readof the shall be .rssunredto be either bctn,ccn trvo or more
(Arr irrr.rlvsisof Tablc 250.122is prrovidccl
.()lrLlLrct()rs. oi the circr-rit conduct()rs, or bct\\'ccl1 trnv circuit
'Tl'rc
irr t.rL.rk7 oi chaptcr tu'crrtr,.) of thulnb m.rv
rr-rle. contluctor arrd thc grorrr-rclingcortcltrctoror e'trclosirrg
b c a ; r ; r l i 1 vL
i , r u ti t s h o t r l cbl c v e r i i i e ' cbl v t r a l c t r l . t t i o t h
r at l.itcttt.a\..,,11

t lrc r,tlu i ;-rnrcntg rotrntl i r-tg corrtluc tor shotrl cl not bc lt'ss (lrou rrrling concluctors,ci rcu it corrclr-rctors,
btt sbars,
f h . r n l i p er c e l r to i t l . r cc . r p a c i t ro f t h r -p h ; r s cc - o n t l u c t o t ' s Lrontlinc jr,rnrp('15,
ancl so iorth, are not itrtcncleclttr
o r t h e r r v c l c L r r r c l rttl t ' r i c e t l r . r t s L r ; r P l ,t,h c c i r c r - r i t ,. \ L-rreak
current. I l'reseconrluctorsnrr-rstbe ltrrgc cnottgh
n t r i t ' l r . r : I . e t , n , r t l t l e . 1t t r t l r t ' t a L . l t i' n t i i c r t i n g t h . r t t h t ' t o s a f c l v c a r r v n l r v s l " r o r t - c r r c t r iat r r c l g r o t r l r c l - f i r t r l t
s i z t ,r r f f q u i l . l l r ' l t t g l . \ ) u l t r l i n a g \ ) n r l u a t ( )gli' t c n i n t h c c r l r r L . r lito r t h e t i r l e i t t a k t - st h c o v e r c t r r r e n t; r r o t e c t i v c
j f
t . t b l c p t r . r : tL . . , i t - r a r . r , . r . t , .r.rl r , a c > > a rt.Lr rc t t r t r p l r r v i t l - r r l c l i c c t o c l e . r rt h c i a t r l t .T h i s i s c l e i r r l t ' s t a t e ci lr r l l 0 . l 0 ,
l i ( ) . l t . \ t i : r I h i : . r r l t l : t ' r r p l r . r : i :t r rt h c h t ' . r ,i -r 1r go l -l . t l r l c l - 1 0 . 1F I ) N , 2 5 0 . - 12,5 0 . 9 0a n r l 2 5 0 . c ) 6S.e c t i o n3 1 0 . 1 0a l s o
l 5 ( ) .l l l l . c . , r L: rt ' i t i n t l i c . r t c rt l r . r tr , t lL ri ; r n r e n tg r o r rr r r il r rg p r o v i c l t ' s c l e t . r i l sf o r t l ' r e t e n r p c r i r t u r c l i n r i t i r t i o r r so i
c o n t l u t r t t r rg
r i r t ' r ' ri n t h c t . r b l ca r c t l - r cn r i r - t i r l r r r rsri z r ' . cotttllrctors.
'f
. \ n a n . r l rs i s t r f T . r b l t 'l a O . l 2 2 s l t o u ' st h e l c l a t i t r r rt r i he i rrtcgr i tv oi etl u i ;rlnen t grou ncli rtg ct'rnclttc tors,
thr' r'tltripnrent gror,nrtlingct'rncllrctorto the sizc oi tl're grounclir-rg t'lectrocle cortclrrctors, r-t-riritrborrc-lir-rg
ovcrcurro'rt tlevicc (base'ro l n t h c c o r r t i n u o t r sr . r t i r r g j r - r n r P e rasn t l o t h r ' r c i r c u i t c o t r c l u c t o r n
s r u s tb c e t r s r t r c . t l
-l25
oi 75'C-r.rttclr'r'irc).It is from 50 to percent oi tht- b v s i z i n g t h c n r p r o ; r e r h ' . I - . r l t r i p n r c n tt r o t r n c l i r r g
p h a s r ' c o n r l u c t ( ) r i ( ) r o v e r c r l r r e l r tc l e v i c c sr - r ; rt o 1 0 0 - c o n c l u c t o r st h a t a r c t o o s n r a l l . r r r ' o i l i t t l c v a l u c i n
-]l
. ) l t t I r 1 ' t1' ,1t 'l i t t gI .l r t ' r ' , r t i r tr .gt t ' i t ' -l r t r t t t t o a 5 [ r t ' l ' t r ' t t t c l e . r r i r r g . r i a r , r l ta n c i c ' . . t u i,r r f i r c t , g i t ' e o t r c a f . r l s e
ior overcurrent tlr-.r'iccsratcd Llp to -10().rnrfrcrt-s.rncl scrrse of securit\,. Clrouncling ct'rrtcluctorsnrttst rtt'ri
is ironr r2 ftt'rer'ntior (r()()-.rnrperc ()\'t'rcul'l'enttlevict's b u r n o i f c l r , r r i n gg r o r - r r r c 1 - i a ucl to n t l i t i o n s , l e a v i l r g
t o a l o $ ' o i o n l r S p c r c en t i r ) l J l l r ) \u r ' a r . l l ' l ' Lr''llrct ri c t ' o f tht' ctlttiPrlctrt enclosttre etrergizccl, in nr;rtrv cast's,
6 0 0 0i r m p c r t ' s . c r c a t i n g . r s h o c k h . r z . r r t lt h a t c a n c ; r r r s es e r i t , r - risr rj u r l
C)bviotrslr'; the eclu ipr.nL-ntgrolr lrrl i t.tg con clttctor ( ) r e v e n b e i a t . r l .S a i e t v s h o r . r l dr r o t b c c o r " n p r o r n i s e d .
nrust be large. e.rrt'rrrghto c.rrrt th.rt ;rnrtrrrrtt t'f lr.r i.rct, the first sr-rltenceoi tl'rc Cor/r'state'stlr.rt, "thc
of tinrc ncccss(rrVto cle.rr tht-
cLlrrclrt,for tht- an1oLil1t s.rft'gutrrclingof
pLlrposLroi this Cirr/t'is tlre pr.l1ii,--.11
not
ovcrcurrcnt clcvicrcr,r'itlrn'hich it is assctci.rte'cl,.rtrtl irctm haz.trds arising irorn thtr
frersolls .ttrclprr(rprcr1r.
r e s u l t i n e x t e n s i v ec 1 ; r r n . r gIen. . r t l t l i t i o n ,i t i s r ' l t . r l t h . r t useof electricitr'." r r
the ecluiprncnt groLrrrdingconrltrctor be run u'ith the'
c i r c u i t c o n d u c t o r so r e n c l o s et h e c i r c u i t c r ) n d u c t o r s .
This n as covcre.dL.xtensive.lv in chapte.rnine. l t c a n b c c . r l c t r l a t e . dr -, r s i n gv a l u e s f r o m t h e I n s u l a t e d
C.rble Engineers Associr.ttiorr ptrblic..rtion P32-382
(199-l),that an insult'rteclcopper concluctor r,r,ith a
.l10.9
Sectior.r states,"Eqr-ripmcntintendetl to internrpt bolted connection can safelr. carrv onc ampere for
current at fauit levels sh.r1lhirve an interruptir-rgr.itirlg ei'err' -12.25circular mils for iive seconds r,r,ithout
sufficient for the. nominal circuit voltage ar-rt1the' destroving its validitr, (se.efigures 11-'11and 77-12).
cllrrent lvhich is avail;-rbleat the line terrninais of the I h a t r r i l l h e t h e : h o r t - t i n r t ' r a t i r r go r l r t { a m p e r e : r .
ecluiprnent." 11This includes fuses, circuit breakers, i r n l ) p r p s r l i r r r e \ r ' : 1 1 9 9 f t h e c o n d u c t o r .T h e n , f r o m

203
 S o a r e sB o o k o n G r o u n d i n g a n d B o n d i n g

the time-current characteristic cLlrvcs of vtrlior,rs

a p p r o v e d o \ - e . r c L r r r e cnlte v i c c st,h e . t r - r - r o r rt n
r ftc u r l t ' n t ii . lt l
neccssarv to clcar the overctrrrent clevice in iir c \-/
Boltedconnectrolfive-second |
s c c o n d sc . r n b e c l e t e r m i n e c l . withstandrating, i-.1
U s i n g t h a t i o r n r l rl a , t h c s i z e o i t l r c L . r l Li lr- ) n r e l r t See Column
>ee L O i U m n7, Fig.
,/,n i l - t c --.-_-.-_.-)
q . t1-14 =____>
I /,61
A\ ii
grotrr"rcling c o n c l u c t o r st l t a t u i l l L . e p r o ; . o r t i o n a l t o
copperconductor
frve-second i \*l i
t h o s c g i v e n i n T a b l el l ( ) . l l l , . r s . r r r . r l r z c t l i n t a b l c 7 r r e l t r n gr a t : n g .
o f c h a p t c l t n ' en t r ' , c . rn L - r tr' l c t er r t ri r r c t .l ( , r o r n r t li n g B,Fiq,i i-r4 F
SeeCoiumn rffih

I
c o n c l u c t o r sa r c p 1 ' r 1 1 1 j 1 1tcr .r1l - t t ' b . r r t , , . t n r l ,i t l 1 1 1 o s t
C . l S c S ,a r c pr-rlleci into tltt, \c||(, t ' ( t a ( ' \ \ ' c t \.' t s l l t t '
i n s t t l i l t c c l P l t a s c c o n t l l r c t o r s . I l r i < 1 - . r - g ; , 1 ' 1i 1p1(r) t r ' l r t j , t l
p r t t b l c l r t . \ \ ' h t ' r t a n c t l L ri 1 - r 1 1 1 1g- r' 1o 1r r1n t l t n g c L r n tlir c t t r r
i s c . t r r t i n g g r o r r n , - l - f . r l rt e t r r r c n t , . t n t ' \ t l t ' n t t ' r'r:t'
irr its teln;rer.rture c(ln rilLtst' tht'insul.rtior-t otr tht' F i g u r e 1 1 - 1 1 .W i r e . i n s u l a t i o n a n d c o n n e c t i o n w i t h s t a n d
ratings
arlj.rcort ph.rse c()llcluctors to ntt'lt, c.rusing furtlter
r l a t t r a g c . A c a i r r , t h c p e f l - 1 1 1 i ; Ii o r e q L r i ; r r t r e n tc l i r n . r . r g c / 6 4 4 0 5a m p e r es q u a r e ds e c o n d s
a n c l e l e c t r i c a I s h o c k h a z . r r c l t o ; - r 1 1 1 ' 5 1 1 1 i1s1i1nrc. r' lt ' a s e c l .
764 445
I t i s t l e s ir . r b l i ' t o l i n r i t t h e h c a t o f t h r ' f a r -lrt c c l c i l c t r i t t o t
rcclttce tl a rl.r ge to a tl j.rcent i n str I a tccl conrl u c tors.
I' 764'105
TIltrs, as cliscusserl irr this clr.tfitr'1,flrr slrPprl'1- \ 00333
c o n c l t r c t o r s ,t l r e c i e a r i n g t i n r c . rn t j s h o r t - c i r c u rt c r rr l e n t 4 791arnperes
|
nrtrst be linritt'tl to:
o (Jnc J nrfrcre ... I r r a n r p l e 2 : I I o u ' r ' n . r n r ,( l r p e r c s r . r ' i l l t h c f i
. ior fii e sccontls.. .\\\'(i co;-rpe r copcluctgrbe .rblt' tp s;ir'lt, c.rrrv ii the
. f o r e v e r r ' - l l . l i c i r e L rl . tl n r i l ' . itrrl-.i'.1,,'-,,.-,'oi tlrr' circLrit .rlong rvitl'r tl-rc oPcr.rtir-rt
'll"ris
c a n b e e r . p r r . ' 5 5 r , ,b. 1 t h t ' f t r r - n r L r l aJ n 1 f 1 ' 1 . , . ' c h . r r ' . r c l t ' r - i r t it,r-i' t h t ' o r t ' r c r r r t ' n t t l c r r c e p r o t c c t i n g
s c l u i r r e r ls t ' c o n r l s { I r t 1 . t l r t ' c i r c r r i tr r ' s i r l t .i n a 1 r c r c l e ( 0 . ( X ) - 1o2p)c r r i n gt i m c ?
F o r c x . u ' n p l c , f r o t l l . r L r l r ,s r r i \ L r t h . r p 1 . , 1' , , ' , . , I r , t r t t ; . 1 , - i' st : 9 l y t ' t ] . r si a l l . r ' s :
art E A\VC concluctor Ir.rs i e r o s r - 5 r ' a t i ( ) n . t l . t r ( , . 1( ) l
. 76,1,105amperesquaredseconds
1 6 , 5 1 0c - i r c u l . r r t r i l s . l l r t l i r i t l i n g t h c c i r c u l . r r n r i l . r r e . r
o i t l r e c o n t l L r c t o r b r ' - 1 2 . 2 5 t, l r e c o r r r l t r c t o r ' sf i v e - s r ' c o i r c l 7 6 44 0 5
t
l v i t h s t . t n c l r a t i r . r g c a n b e c a k u l . r t e c l ( 1 6 , 5 1 ( )- - 1 2 . fi =
3er). 764405
\ 0 0042
Statec-l .rrrothern,ar',this cotrdrrctorh.ts .rn []t fir r'-
s r . c o r r d' u irt h : t . r r r t lr ' , r t i r r g
r'i: I 3 . 4 9 1a m p e r e s

.19.1x .l!ll x 5 = /(rl,f 05 nrtltct'c5(lu{tt'(11 1iis.

-s(,coi \otc tl.ratin thc ex.rr.r.rple abovr-,becausea rnlrcl'r
Fron'rthis iive-secorrclu'itl.rst.trrcl
r..rtirrcr'.rlLrc,it is f . r s t c r t o t a l c l e . r r i r r gt i m c i s i r c h i e v e t l ,t h e . a l l o l r ' i , r b l c
e.lsv to calcul.rtethc conc-luctor's n'ithstancl r.ttirrg hrr f.rtrlt t-urrent tl-rat the conductor r,r,ill be strbjr:cterl
othe'rvalues of time and/or ior othe.rvallle.soi clln'unt. t o c . . t rb
. rc i n c r e a s e d .T h i s i s . r r e s u l t o f s L r b s t i t r . r t i n g
'l
Examplc : Hon' nrilll\, cll-npareglr.ill the E t'liiierent tinre.r'.rlnesin tl-reIrt forrnul.r.
AWC copper corrductor be able to safelv c.rrrv if the (le nerallr; n'here crlrrL.ltt-limiting trvercnrrent
inrpeclance of tirc circuit alctng u'ith the t'rfrerating rlevices arc protectirrg the circuit, the equipnrent
ch;rracte.risticsof the o\.ercLlrreltt c1c.r'ice
frr(rtectillq erotrr-rt1lngconductor sizes are cletermined directlv
tl-recircuit resrlltsin a 2-cvcle(0.0333seconcl:)r)pelling fron.r Talrle 210.722.\'Vhere available fanlt currents
t i m c ? E x a m p l e 1 i s s o h . e d ; r sf o l l o l v s : .rre high arrd the or-ercurrentprotective device takes
Ionger than .25 cvcle to clear the far-rlt,it is suggestecl

204
 Clearing Ground Faults& Short Circuits

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FRN,R
A l l o w a b l e S h c r i - C , c i , t C L r r r e n t sf o r l n s u l a t e d C o p C , e rC o n d u c t o r s '

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I h i s c h a r t . r l s os h o u s t h c i i A \ ' V Cc, o r r c l u c t o trt s c c l
irr tl'rcabovt' tcrt cr.rr.r.rl--rlcs. \Vhcrc \'()Lr.re irbsolrrtclt,

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r - r t tct o | r ' r ci n t o c o | r t . r crt r , i t h . r n t .o i t h e c t r r r c n t - c J I r ' \ ' i n g
t h a t t h t ' t ' 1 1iup n r en t g r o i tn c li r - r gc o n t l t r c t o r[ 'r c s i z t ' t ]p c r i n s Llr. r t c t l c i r c r -i rt c o n t l u c t o r s ,t h e u ' i t h s t . r n t l r a t i n g o i
f i s t r r c I I l l , t o b c o n t i r c s . r i es i t l e. t h t ' g r o t r n t l i n gc o n c l i , r c t of ro,r c v e r r , 2 c IJ .c i r c t r l . r rI t t i l s
F i g u r e I l - l - l p r o r i t l t ' s i r r i o r n r a t i o r .tto . r s : i s t t h t ' o f ( 1 r ; r l - r gevt l r r t l u c t o rc' ,a n r t t t t r ' x c c e c lo l t e . t l l L ) u r e f ( ) l '
i r r s t al l c r i n t h c ; - r r o pres c l ec t i o no i c r l r , r i p n r r 'gr rrto un r li r . t g f i r e s e e o n t l s( s c t 'c o l u n r n s ( ' \ ' ( ' u i,i g L r r cI l - 1 - l ) .
c o r t r l r r c t o r sr \.n r o r r go t h c r i n i o r r l . t t i ( ) t 1i ,t i n c l u r l r ' s : T h i s i s t l ' r cs t a r " r t l a r pc rl c v i o r - r s l vr e i e r r c t l t o i r . rt h i s
l. s.rler'.rltrr'sfor 75''Ctlrcrlnopl.rsticir.rsrrlaterl
con- tt'rt .rs tl-re"L)o r-toterccccl ()r-lL' anlpere for five scconrls
tltrctors, f o r e v er v t h i r t r c i r c r - r l . rnri i l s t ' r ic o r r c l r - r c t o r . r r € a . "
2. s.rter'.tluesior bolteclcorlnccti()ns, T h i s r ' . r l u ei s o n l t ' t o t - r er . r s c cul' h er c b c r r ce q L r i l ) n r e n t
3 . u n s . r i cl n r e l t i n g )\ ' . r I L l cfso r t h t ' c o p p e rc o n r l t r c t o r grorrntling contlttctors.tre usetl in such cr nlanlrcr
itscli. that thcr rvill rrot cornc in corltact n'ith instrltrtecl
B c c a u s et h c n e a k t - s t l i r r k i n . r n v s v s t e n l i s t h c c o r t t l u c t o r sI.r r t h i s a p p l i c . r t i o nt,h e l i n r i t i n g e l c m e ' r rot f
i n s u l . r t i o ns h o r t - r : i r c ri t- rr v i t h s t r n t l l r t i n g . t s f o t t u c l i t ' t t h c c i r c u i t i s t l ' r cb o l t e c lc ( ) r l l r e c t i o lori t h c l u g .
c o l u r n t r sJ , 5 , i r r r c 6l o f f i g u r e ' l l - 1 - 1i,t i s r e c o m m e r r c l c r l 'l
Colunrn E of figr-rre l-l-l gii'es the ctrrrent in
thirt colnrln -l Lrethe' clc.cidirrgi.rctor u'here selecting anlperLrs..rtu hich the. rne.ltirrgtemperature of coppcr
ecltripmer.rtgmr-rnrling contluctors. The lnstrl.,rttcl Oi course, \,oLr never \\'altt
couclltctors is re.rcl-recl.
C.rble Engirreers r\ssoci;rtit'u.rcl.it.l, figule. 11-11, to r.t'.rchthe ctrrrent shorvn br.c.rnscthc. eqtripr.rrent
column -l calctrl.rtesoLlt to the previor,rslvrlisctrsse'cl:
tr r' l' '' o"l "t 'l "l (" lbi t r \ ' . ( l t r r l r t c f ' ) r r r i l l L.ttt'n ttlf It'ayinr' tlrt'
D t t t t c tct - r c c r r / 0 itruct t p L ' 1 ' ( ' . . . . 1 0 i ' . f . i r , c s c c o n r 1 s- 1. .2. {. 2
o5r c t , t ' requiprrner-rt
'tl ungrounded .rnd a Lrossibleshock hazarcl.
circttlorrrtilsof coptptct' conLlttctol.

205
 S o a r e sB o o k o n G r o u n d i n g a n d B o n d i n g

Copper 75' C. ThermoplasticlnsulatedConductor,

Bare Conductor,Bolted ConnectionFive SecondWithstand
RatingIn Amperesand Meltingof Copper Wire

3 4 5 6 7 8

Wire A r e ai n A r e ai n ICEA IEC IEE Bolted M e l t i n go f

size circular square Amperes Amperes Amperes conneclton conductor
mtls mm 250"C. 1.083'C.
Amperes Amperes

14 4.110 2.080 97 107 107 141 254

12 6 530 3310 155 170 170 224 403
10 1 03 8 0 5 261 z+o 271 271 357 641

B 1 65 1 0 B 367 391 430 430 567 1,020

6 2624A 1 33 0 0 621 684 684 902 1,621
1 11744 21 150 9BB 1.OBB 1.OBB 1.435 2.578

3 52 62a 26 674 |.243 1.372 1.372 1 BOB 3,251

2 66 36il 33620 1. 5 7 1 1 729 1.729 2,281 4.099
5.' UY 12 110 1981 2.181 2 181 2,876 5 . 17 0

10 105600 5 34 9 0 2.499 z.t3l z,/cl 3 629 6.523

2A 1 3 31 0 " . 67 430 3 . 15 0 3 468 3 468 4,574 8.222
3 i0 1 6 78 0 0 8 50 1 0 3.972 4,372 4,372 5,767 10,366

4i0 2 1 16 0 0 147 200 5.009 5 5'13 5,513 7,272 13,071

250 250000 12 6 7 0 0 5.918 6 516 o,3to 8.592 15,443
300 3 0 00 0 0 15 2 0 0 0 7. 1 0 1 7,B1B 7.818 10.310 18,532

350 350.000 177.304 B285 9 119 I 119 12.029 21.621

400 400.000 202740 9 467 1 01 2 5 10.425 1 3. 74 7 24.709
500 500.000 253.300 1 18 3 4 13.027 13.027 17184 30,887

600 600,000 304.000 14,201 15.636 1 56 3 6 20,621 37,064

700 700,000 354.700 1 65 6 8 18.243 18.243 24,057 43,241
750 750.000 3 8 00 0 0 17,752 19.544 19.544 25,776 46,330

800 800,000 4 0 54 0 0 18,935 20 850 20 850 27.494 49.419

900 900,000 456000 21.302 23.453 23.453 30.931 55,596
1 , 0 0 0 1 0 0 00 0 0 5 0 67 0 0 23.669 26 060 26 060 34.368 61,773

C o l u m n4 - I n s u l a t eC d a b l eE n g i n e e rAs s s o c i a t i opnu b l i c a t i oPn3 2 - 3 8 2O . n ea m p e r ef o r f i v es e c o n d sf o r

e v e r y4 2 . 2 5c i r c u l am r i l so f c o n d u c t oar r e a .
C o l u m n5 - I n t e r n a t i o nE a l e c t r o t e c h n i cCaol m m i s s i opnu b l i c a t i o3n6 4 - 4 - 4 3 .
C o l u m n6 - I n s t i t u t oe f E l e c t r i c aEl n g i n e e rps u b l i c a t i o4n3 4 - 6 .
C o l u m n7 - C a l c u l a t efdr o md a t ai n E l e c t r i c aEl n g i n e e rH s a n d b o o (k7 5 " Ca m b i e n t )O. n e a m p e r ef o r f i v e
s e c o n d sf o r e v e r y2 9 . 1c i r c u l am r i l so f c o n d u c t oar r e a .
C o l u m nB - C a l c u l a t efdr o md a t ai n E l e c t r i c aEl n g i n e e rH s a n d b o o (k7 5 " Ca m b i e n t )O. n e a m p e r ef o r f i v e
s e c o n d sf o r e v e r V' 16 . 1 9c i r c u l am r i l so f c o n d u c t oar r e a .

F i g u r e1 1 - 1 4F. i v e - s e c o n dw i t h s t a n dr a t i n g sf o r i n s u l a t e dc o n d u c t o r s b
, a r ec o n d u c t o r sw i t h b o l t e dc o n n e c t i o n s .
Courtes\ of the ICEA

206
 Clearing Ground Faults& Short Circuits

C i r c u i t B r c a k e r s , \ k r u l t ' l t ' t 1 - C . r s ea n t l C i r c t r i t B r c a k o r F n -

For a grouncle.clsvstenr,it is r-it.rl to s;rfetv that a lon' c l r r s u r c s( D i \ Q ) , C l t n c r . r lI n t o r m a i i o r r f o r E l e c t r i c a lE q u i p r m c n t2 ( X ) - 1 ,

( U n r l c r u r i t e r - sI . . r L r o r a t o r i t -\so, r t h b n r o k , I L , 2 l X ) - i ) ,p . l - 1 .
impcclirncc erltriprnrenterourrcling conrluctor p.rth be
'Circrrit
B r e . r k eC r r r r r e n tL i n r i t c r s( D l l t \ \ ) , C , o r c r a lI t r f o r n r a t i o t r
provicletl in .rtitlition to ..rgoocl grountling electrodc
ior I:lcctrical E(luiPnrL'lrt 1001, (Urrclerrlriters Labor,rtorit's,
svste.rnx ith as lorr'.r lcsist.u.rct'as This allorvs
frr.rcticirl.
\ o r t h b n r o k , l l , l ( l ( l - l ) ,P . l l .
striiicient current to clt'.rr.r grounrl ii-rult;rrrtoln;rtic;rllv
I t ) t l I I r l ' l : I n t l u s t r r . . \ p p l i c r t i o n sS o c i t ' t r ' , \ n n r r . t l N 1 t ' c t i n g ,
in ir linritt'tl tirle, rvhich rvould Lrc.rs tllricklv as is
\ i r l r u r t ' I L T h t ' I n : t i t r r t co l -I r l c c t r i c a.lr r r t lH l c c t n r n i c sE n g i t . t t ' t ' rIsn, c . ,
practic.rl, rv itl.rout u ncluc i ntr'rrlrfrtionof sclv rce.
a 1 9 5 1. \ l l r l : ( n L x r I I : l : F ) ,- l - l i F l o e sI a r r t . ,I ' ( ) I l o r l 3 l l , I ) i : c . t t . r n . r t ,
T h c I r t r ' . r l t r e si o r - r n cilr r c o l u n r r r 7 o i f i g t r r e 1 . 1 - 1 - l \lilSsri lill.
arc b.rsetlorr the aclccltr.rcroi .1cpprprl'1' cr)nLlLlctor .rlr(l \ l L r t l el i n g . n ( l I r ' s t i n s L r i S t c t ' l I r \ 1 T , I \ l ( ' a n d I l i g i t l ( ( ' l l L )
i t s b o l t e t l j o i r r t s t o c - a r r v t h e c u l l e n t r ' . r l u c sn ' i t h o t r t l I : n g i n c t ' r i n g( , c o r g i a
C o n J u i t S c l r o o lt r f I r l e c t r i c , r,lr n r l C t r n r f i u t e
c l c s t r o v i r . r igt s v a l i c l i t r ' .l h e v a l r - r c .sr r e o b t . r i n c r lf r o n i I n > t i t t r t et r f I t ' c h n o l o g r ., . \ t l a n t . r( ,, e o r g i al ( l l i 2 .
t r n I E L ' . Ec o r l n . r i t t t ' cf e p o f t i n " A C , u i c l ct o S . r t e t v i n \ l : l ' - \ ; ( 1 ,\ a t i o n , r l I : l e c t r i c , rCl o c l e2 ( ) ( ) i ,l l ( ) . 9 ,( \ a l i o n a l I i i r e

A C S r - r b s t a t i oC
n , r o t r n t l i n g . "T h t r ' . r l u c e r p r r c s s t ' t i1r r I ' r o t e c t i o n\ s s o c i . r t i o nQ. L r i n c r ,\ 1 . 4 ,l ( ) ( l l ) ,p . 7 i ) 3 1 .

a l l p c r c s p e r c i r c r - r l anr r i l i s o n c i n r p c r e i o r e v e r r ' 2 t )I . \ F l ' . .;\( ) , I I ( 1 . I ( p1 . ; 0 l + .

\ l I , . \ ; t r ,I r o r r tp , r g t 'P, . / t ) - 1 .
c i r c t tl i r r n r i l s c r o s s r c c t i t r n .T l r t ' t i n r c o i i i v e s e c t r n c l s
r v a sr r s c r lt o p r o v i c l ca s . r i c t r f . r r t o ra r r r lr r ' . r sc o n s i t l er e t l
a r c a s o n . r b l c. r p p r o . r c ht o r t i i : t r i L . L r t i o rs-vr s t c n r sr r i 6 ( ) ( )
volts or less protectetlbr high-intt'rruptir.rg-c.rfrrcit\
cu rrent-li r-niti r-rcirrses .rrrl h.r\ i n g r'qr.1 g r()Llnrl -
i;-r1-11r'nt
i . - r r , rpl n
t rtection.
A s ; r r c i i o L r s l rs t . r t t ' c rl ,r ' h t ' r eg r t r l i n t l i I - t e
gorttlLtctor:
m i g h t c ( ) n r e i n t o a ( ) n t J L t r v r t h r n s l r l . r t c c lp h a s e
c o t r c l t t c t o r su,s r ' t h c r ' . r l u e sf o l r n c l i n c o l r r r - t t rf t ' u l t r f
. h i s c o l u n r n i s L r a s e tol n ( ) n e . r n r p c r ci t r r
f i g r - r r cl l - 1 - 1T
cvcrr'-12.25circtrl.rr r.nilsoi courllrctor ior iive seconcls.
F i c l r r e l l - l - l h . r sa l l t h c c . r l c u l . r t i o r rrsl o n e . r ' r c li s m u c h
e a s i e rt o r t s et h i r n p c r f ( ) r n r i n gc o n r p l i c . r t t :c( a
'i lcr.rl.rtions.
TI.rt'slrort-tinrc rati ng oi thr' et1rri;-rr'nclrt gr()und i 11g
c o n c l u c t o rb c . t r s. t r -.tl p p r ( ) \ i n r a t c l tc o n s t a r r tr c i , r t i o nt o
t h c s i z c o f t h e o v e r c u r r c n tc l e v i c eT. h r l r t r ' . r l t r c so i t h e
c o n t l u c t o r sg i v e n i n T a b l e 2' 5 0 . 1 2 ?a r c b e t r v c e n. r l - r o u t
l 3 a r r d 2 8 t i m c s t h c i r n o l n i n . r lc o n t i n u o u sr a t i r l g L r a s c r l
o l 1 o n e i u n p er c i o r e v e r l , - 1 2 . 2 5c i r c u l a r r r i l s c r ( ) s s
s ec t i o r l .

F l e c t r i eI ) o i v e rl ) i s t r i b t r t i o nt o r l n t l t r s t r i . rIl' l a n t s .T i r t ' l n : i i t u t c
o f E l e c t r r c . rrl n c l [ : l t . c t r o n i c sl r n g i n c c r s ,1 n . . , ! l ( ) 5 - l. \ l f : f - , - l - l i I l o c :
L . r n e ,l ' . ( ) . I i o r 1 3 31 , I ) i s c . r t , r la r ' , \ l ( ) t $ 5 4 -1 3 31 .
" S 0 n r e I : u n t l . r n r c r r t . r l so f I - . 1 1 u i ; r r r t ' r r t - ( , r O u n t l i nC
g ircuil
L ) c s i g n " t r r I t . H . K . r u f r n . r n r r ,l ' r p e r 5 - l - l + - l L ) l c s c n t e da t t h c , \ l l : F
S L t n r r . n c r . r n [r 'l. r c i i i c( , e n c r a ] \ l c c t i n g , l - o s A n g c l c : , C a l i i o n r i . r ,i r , r r - r e
2 - l - 2 5 ,1 9 5 1 ,C 1 9 5 +A I E E , ( n o n I E F I : ) , - l - l i H o e s L a r r e ,I ) C )B o r l j i l ,
I ) i s c . r t a u . . nN, J 0 8 8 5 5 -1 3 31 .
' K i t u f n t . - u ' L inb,i c l .- l K . i t r t m a n n , i b i c l . 5K . r l r t m . r n n ,i b i r l .
' ' F L r s e s( J C Q R ) , C c ' n e r ; l I n f o r m a t i o n f o r E l e c t r - i c . rEl q r L i p l n o l r t

2 0 0 - 1(,U n r l e n v r i t e r s L . r b o r a t o r i c s ,\ o r t h b r o o k , I L , 2 t ) l ) 1 )p, . 5 1 .

207