CHAPTER 15 - REFRIGERANTS

15-1.

The machine room housing the compressor and condenser of a refrigerant 12 system has dimensions 5 by 4 by 3 m. Calculate the mass of the refrigerant which would have to escape into the space to cause a toxic concentration for a 2-h exposure.

Solution: Section 15-7, Refrigerant 12 exposure for 2-h has 20 % by volume to become toxic. 3 Room volume = 5 x 4 x 3 m = 60 m . Volume of refrigerant 12. 2 = (0.20)(60) = 12 m . At atmospheric, 101.325 kPa, Table A-5. 3 g = 158.1254 L/kg = 0.1581254 m /kg Mass of refrigerant 12. 2 3 = (12 m ) / (0.1581254 m /kg) = 76 kg - - - Ans.

15-2.

Using data from Table 15-4 for the standard vapor-compression cycle operating with an evaporating temperature of -15 C and a condensing temperature of 30 C, calculate the mass flow rate of refrigerant per kilowatt of refrigeration and the work of compression for (a) refrigerant 22 and (b) ammonia.

Solution: Table 15-4. (a) Refrigerant 22. Suction vapor flow per kW of refrigeration = 0.476 L/s Table A-6, at -15 C evaporating temperature suc = 77.68375 L/kg mass flow rate = (0.476 L/s) / (77.68375 L/kg) = 0.0061274 kg/s - Ans.

Work of compression = (mass flow rate)(refrigerating effect) / COP = (0.0061274 kg/s)(162.8 kJ/kg) / 4.66 = 0.2141 kW -- - Ans. (b) Ammonia (717).

Suction vapor flow per kW of refrigeration = 0.476 L/s Table A-3, at -15 C evaporating temperature suc = 508.013 L/kg mass flow rate = (0.476 L/s) / (508.013 L/kg) = 0.00090943 kg/s - Ans.

Work of compression = (mass flow rate)(refrigerating effect) / COP = (0.00090943 kg/s)(1103.4 kJ/kg) / 4.76 = 0.2108 kW -- - Ans. 15-3. A 20% ethylene glycol solution in water is gradually cooled/ (a) At what temperature does crystalluzation begin? (b) If the antifreeze is cooled to -25 C, what percent will have frozen into ice? Page 1 of 4

CHAPTER 15 - REFRIGERANTS

Solution: Figure 15-1 and Figure 15-2. (a) At point B, 20 % Ethylene Glycol Crystallization Temperature = -8.5 C If cooled to -25 C. x1 = 0.20 x2 = 0.425

(b)

Percent ice =
Percent ice =

x1 (100) x1 + x 2

0.20 (100) 0.20 + 0.425 Percent ice = 32 % - - - Ans. 15-4. A solution of ethylene glycol and water is to be prepared for a minimum temperature of -30 C. If the antifreeze is mixed at 15 C, what is the required specific gravity of the antifreeze solution at this temperature?

Solution: Fig. 15-1 and Fig. 15-2 at -30 C, point B concentration = 46 % glycol Figure. 15-3, at 15 C, 46 % glycol. Specific gravity based on water = 1.063 - - - Ans. 15-5. Solution Figure 15-6. At -5 C, cp = specific heat = 3.75 kJ/kg.K At -10 C, cp = specific heat = 3.75 kJ/kg.K q = 30 kw = w (3.75 kJ/kg.K)(-5 C - (-10 C)) w = 1.60 kg/s Specific gravity at -7.5 C = 1.0475 Liters per second = (1.60 kg/s)(1 / 1.0475 kg/L) Liters per second = 1.53 L/s - - - Ans. For a refrigeration capacity of 30 kW, how many liters per second of 30 % solution of ethylene glycol-water must be circulated if the antifreeze enters the liquid chiller at -5 C and leaves at -10 C?

15-6.

A manufacturers catalog gives the pressure drop through the tubes of a heat-exchanger as 70 kPa for a given flow rate of water at 15 C. If a 40 % ethylene glycol-water solution at -20 C flows through the heat exchanger at the same mass flow rate as the water, what will the pressure drop be? Assume turbulent flow. At 15 C the viscosity of water is 0.00116 Pa/.s.

Solution: Equation 15-3.

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CHAPTER 15 - REFRIGERANTS

L a Va 2 a p a Da 2 = L V 2 p w fw w w w Dw 2 Equation 15-4. 0.33 f = 0.25 Re fa

DV pw = 70 kPa Re = w = 0.0016 Pa.s w = 0.99915 kg/L at 15 C La Lw = ,Da = D w Da D w

f a Re w 0.25 a Vw w = = f w Re a 0.25 w Va a But: w w Vw = ; Va = A w A a Then:
0.25

0.25

fa a = fw w Equation 15-3 then becomes, p a a = p w w p a a = p w w

0.25

a w
a w

Va Vw
w a

0.25

p a a w = p w w a For 40 % Ethylene Glycol, -20 C. Fig. 15-3, Specific Gravity = 1.069 a = 1.069 kg/L Fig. 15-5 a = 0.01884 Pa.s Substitute: p a 0.01884 = 70 0.00116
0.25

0.25

0.99915 1.069
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CHAPTER 15 - REFRIGERANTS

pa = 131 kPa - - - Ans. 15-7. Compute the convection heat-transfer coefficient for liquid flowing through a 20-mm-ID tube when the velocity is 2.5 m/s if the liquid is (a) water at 15 C, which has a viscosity of 0.00116 Pa.s and a thermal conductivity of 0.584 W/m.K; (b) 40 % solution of ethylene glycol at -20 C.

Solution: Equation 15-5. h = 0.023 (a) k VD D

0.8

c p k

0.4

Water:
3

= 0.99915 kg/L = 999.15 kg/m D = 0.020 m = 0.00116 Pa.s k = 0.584 W/m.K cp = 4190 J/kg.K V = 2.5 m/s

0.584 (2.5 )(0.020)(999.15) h = 0.023 0.0016 0.020

h = 6,177 W/m .K - - - Ans.
2

0.8

(4190)(0.00116) 0.584

0.4

(b)

40 % Solution, Ethylene Glycol at -20 C

3

= 1.069 kg/L (Fig. 15-3) = 1069 kg/m D = 0.020 m = 0.01884 Pa.s (Fig. 15-5) k = 0.45 W/m.K (Fig. 15-4) cp = 3450 J/kg.K (Fig. 15-6) V = 2.5 m/s

0.450 (2.5)(0.020)(1069) h = 0.023 0.01884 0.020

h = 2,188 W/m .K - - - Ans.
2

0.8

(3450)(0.01884 ) 0.450

0.4

-000-

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