Model similar 1 FSTRE 2 sursa http://universityracing.tue.nl/index.

php/cars/ure07/68-ure07 General: Weight: 244 kg Length: 2550 mm Width: 1520 mm 0-100 time: 4 s Chassis: Aluminium honeycomb structure sandwich panels Foam crash nose Powertrain: Engine: Suzuki GSX-R 600 K6 Exhaust: Custom made by Bos Exhausts Fuel system: Student designed injection system with MoTeC M400 Differential: Torsen limited torque, bias ratio 3:1 Final drive: Aluminum-magnesium alloy sprocket Driveshafts: Aluminum shafts connected with flexplates Suspension Type: double A-arm, independent bump and roll tuning Trackwidth: front 1250 mm , rear 1200 mm Wheelbase: 1600 mm Wheels: 13 Aluminium Keizer with magnesium center Front pull-rod, rear push-rod actuated KONI 2612 custom valving dampers Tyres: 20.57-13 R25B Hoosier Brakes: three 4 piston calipers Electronics Data acquisition sytem with 40 Sensors at 200hz over CAN Custom designed steering wheel with shift lights and information LCD

Model similar 2 http://lms.mech.upatras.gr/Formula/uop3.html Competitors please replace the sample specification values in the table below with those appropriate for your vehicle and submit this to with your design report. This information will be reviewed by the design judges and may be referred to during the design event. --Please do not modify format of this sheet. Common formatting will help keep the judges happy! --The sample values are fictional and should not be used as the baseline for your designs. 103 Car No. School University of Patras

Dimensions Overall Length, Width, Height Wheelbase Track Width Weight with 68kg driver Suspension Parameters Suspension Type

Front Rear 2537mm long, 1431mm wide, 1146mm high 1650mm 1240 mm N/A Front Double unequal length AArm. Pull rod actuated horizontally oriented spring and damper 18x7.5-10 R25B Hoosier slicks/19.5x6.5-10 Hoosier wets 7.5 inch wide, 3 pc Al Rim, custom Al center 250 mm above ground 30mm jounce/rebound N/A 1 degrees per g, 1.5 Hz N/A N/A 0.90 / linear 0.15 deg/mm 0.25 deg/deg 1.5 Hz N/A N/A 0.90 / linear 0.1 deg/mm 0.3 deg/deg

1220 mm N/A Rear Double unequal length AArm. Pull rod actuated horizontally oriented spring and damper 18x7.5-10 R25B Hoosier slicks/19.5x6.5-10 Hoosier wets 7.5 inch wide, 3 pc Al Rim, custom Al center

Tire Size and Compound Type Wheels (width, construction) Center of Gravity Design Height Suspension design travel Wheel rate (chassis to wheel center) Roll rate (chassis to wheel center) Sprung mass natural frequency Jounce Damping Rebound Damping Motion ratio / type Camber coefficient in bump (deg / m) Camber coefficient in roll (deg / deg)

30mm jounce/rebound N/A

Static Toe Static camber and adjustment method Front Caster and adjustment method Front Kingpin Axis Kingpin offset and trail Static Akermann and adjustment method Anti dive / Anti Squat Roll center position static Roll center position at 1g lateral acc Steer location, Gear ratio, Steer Arm Length Brake System / Hub & Axle Rotors

-1 deg toe, adj. via rodends on tie rods -3 deg, adj. via shim plates

0 deg toe, adj. via rodends on fifth member -1 deg, adj. via shim plates

3 degrees adjustable via front rodends 0 degrees non-adjustable 81mm offset, 43mm trail 180%, adjustable via multiple steering arm mounts 10% anti dive 10% anti squat 70mm above ground, CL of 76mm above ground, CL of car car 62mm above ground, moves 70mm above ground, moves 48mm towards inner wheel 50mm twards inner wheel Behind axle line, 75mm per revolution, 60mm steering arm

Master Cylinder Calipers Hub Bearings Upright Assembly Axle type, size, and material

Front Rear Floating, Cast Iron, hub Floating, Cast Iron, hub mounted, 180mm dia. Drilled mounted, 180mm dia. Drilled ISR rotors ISR rotors ISR 21-010-OC, 14mm dia., 18mm stroke, with driver adjustable bias bar ISR 22-048 OB four piston ISR 22-048 OB four piston SKF 7012 CDGA/P4A SKF 7012 CDGA/P4A angular contact ball bearing angular contact ball bearing CNC 7075-Al, integral CNC 7075-Al, integral caliper mount caliper mount Rotating axle, 45mm dia, Rotating axle, 45mm dia, 7075 Aluminum 7075 Aluminum with integrated tripod housings

Ergonomics Driver Size Adjustments Seat (materials, padding)

Driver Visibility (angle of side view, mirrors?) Shift Actuator (type, location) Electromagnetic solenoid, actuated via push buttons on steering wheel Clutch Actuator (type, Hydraulic, hand actuated, steering wheel mounted location) Instrumentation Steering wheel mounted dash, RPM, speed, coolant/oil temp., 5 LED tach/shift light Frame Frame Construction Material

Fixed seat and steering wheel Foam padding mounted to monocoque via velcro, padded knee protection, 40mm foam head support 110 degree angle of visibility on each side, no mirrors

Two piece carbon fiber monocoque 200gr/m2 carbon fiber cloth, epoxy resin, Airex C70.40/aramid honeycomb core

Joining method and material Targets (Torsional Stiffness or other) Torsional stiffness and validation method Bare frame weight with brackets and paint Crush zone material Crush zone length Crush zone energy capacity Powertrain Manufacture / Model Bore / Stroke / Cylinders / Displacement Compression ratio Induction (natural or forced, intercooled)

VARTM and vacuum bagging/2 part room temp. cure epoxy 18kg weight N/A 21kg Aluminum foam 200mm FEA 8250 joules

Throttle Body / Mechanism Fuel Type Max Power design RPM Max Torque design RPM Min RPM for 80% max torque Fuel System (manf'r, and type)

2008 Yamaha WR450 95mm bore / 63mm stroke / 1 cylinder / 449 cc 12.3:1 Atmospheric induction, RP manufactured student designed with 20mm incorporated restrictor 30mm, butterfly type, cable actuated 98 octane petrol 9000 7500 5500 Student designed/built fuel injection system using Keihin 550cc/min injectors and Haltech E6X ECU Hall-effect crank trigger, Oil temp, Water temp., Air temp, Throttle pos. 3 bar 40mm before and pointing towards intake valve 3000 cc, 235mm Student des/built, Inox, 47mm dia. 1350mm

Fuel System Sensors (used in fuel mapping) Fuel Pressure Injector location Intake Plenum volume and runner length(s) Exhaust header design Effective Exhaust runner length Ignition System Ignition Timing

Student designed, single coil 3-D map, RPM and Throttle position, 23 deg BTDC max advance Oiling System (wet/dry sump, Dry sump, OEM engine mods) integrated oil pump

Coolant System and Radiator location Fuel Tank Location, Type Muffler Other significant engine modifications Drivetrain Drive Type Differential Type Final Drive Ratio Vehicle Speed @ max power (design) rpm 1st gear 2nd gear 3rd gear 4th gear 5th gear 6th gear Half shaft size and material Joint type

Single sidepod mounted radiator with ECU controlled electric fan Floor mounted between firewall and engine, aluminum sheet tank w/fuel bladder, 4.5L capacity Titanium FMF exhaust muffler N/A

DID ERV 520 chain Drexler LSD - Formula student, 25Nm preload, torque bias 1,25/1,33/1,5 2,57 136 Km/h 46 km/h 64 km/h 84 km/h 106 km/h 132 km/h N/A 20mm dia. Structural steel CK60 halfshafts Fiat 128 tripod CV joint, student des/built 7075 aluminum tripod housings

Aerodynamics (if applicable) Front Wing (lift/drag coef., material, weight) Rear Wing (lift/drag coef., material, weight) Undertray (downforce/speed) Wing mounting Optional Information Body Work? Special Bit A? Special Bit B?

N/A N/A N/A N/A

Carbon fiber nosecone and sidepods, 1.6 kg complete bodywork

Model similar 3 http://lms.mech.upatras.gr/Formula/uop2evo1.html FSG2008 - Design Spec Sheet

Car Number University Dimensions Overall Length [mm] Overall Width [mm] Overall Height [mm] Wheelbase [mm] Track [mm] Weight with 68kg (150lb) driver [kg] Suspension Parameters Suspension Type

086 UoP Racing Front 2590 1574 1247 1530 1210 124 Rear

1200 144

Tire Size and Compound Type Wheels

Design ride height (chassis to ground) [mm] Center of gravity design height [mm] Suspension design travel jounce [mm] Suspension design travel rebound [mm] Wheel rate (chassis to wheel center) [N/mm] Roll rate (chassis to wheel center) [degrees/g] Jounce damping (chassis to wheel center) [Ns/mm] Rebound damping (chassis to wheel center) [Ns/mm]

Front Unequal length A-Arms. Fox DHX 5.0 spring/damper units installed above chassis, actuated via push-rods 160/530 -13" Silverstone FTZ Sport Slick Gloria cars 13" x 152.4mm -6mm offset, AlSi7Mg aluminium alloy 120 247 25,4 25,4 N/A N/A N/A N/A

Rear Unequal length A-Arms. Fox DHX 5.0 spring/damper units installed above chassis, actuated via push-rods 160/530 -13" Silverstone FTZ Sport Slick Gloria cars 13" x 152.4mm 6mm offset, AlSi7Mg aluminium alloy 80

25,4 25,4 N/A

N/A N/A

Sprung mass (incl. 68 kg driver) natural frequency [Hz] Motion type Motion ratio (spring travel/wheel center travel) [mm/mm] Camber coefficient in bump [deg/mm] Camber coefficient in roll [deg/deg] Static Toe [degrees] and adjustment method Static camber [degrees] and adjustment method Front Caster Angle [degrees] and adjustment method Front Kingpin Inclination [degrees] Kingpin Offset [mm] Kingpin trail [mm] Static Ackermann and adjustment method Anti dive / Anti Squat [%] Roll center position static (above ground) [mm] Roll center position at 1g lateral acceleration [mm] Steer location, Steering ratio (steering wheel / inner wheel) [degrees/degrees], Steer Arm Length Brake System / Hub & Axle Rotors (incl. outer and inner diameter [mm] of friction surface) Master Cylinders (incl. diameters [mm]) Calipers (incl. diameters [mm]) Hub Bearings

2,00 linear N/A

2,00 linear N/A

0,05 1,00 0 degrees toe out via adj. steering links 4 degrees by shims on upright 2 degrees non-adjustable 4 degrees non-adjustable 81,01 43 N/A N/A N/A N/A

0,05 1 0 degrees toe in via adj. toe links 2.5 degrees by shims on upright

N/A N/A N/A

Rear wheel steer, N/A, 100mm

Front Braking HO02RI, 220mm contour, drilled disc

Rear Braking HO21RI, 256mm contour, drilled disc

AP racing CP3756-4, pull-type Brembo P32B, two-piston, fixed (32mm) SNR30304A single row angular contact bearing SNR32205BA single row angular contact bearing 5083 aluminium, CNC machined Rotating axle, 20mm OD, ST70 rotary cut Brembo P32B, two-piston, fixed (32mm) CFG9300QS needle bearing

Upright Assembly Axle type, size, and material

5083 aluminium, CNC machined Rotating axle, 26mm OD, ST70 rotary cut

Ergonomics Driver Size Adjustments Seat (materials, padding) Driver Visibility (angle of side view, mirrors?) Shift Actuator (type, location) Clutch Actuator (type, location) Instrumentation

Fixed seat and steering wheel. Fixed pedal box Polyurethane foam oth for supportand cushion 110 visibility each side from straight ahead Pro-Shift Universal, two-button-actuated sequential shifter, mounted on engine, solid linkage Hand lever behind steering wheel RPM meter, high temperature ind., current ind., ECU ON ind: all mounted on the dashboard

Frame Frame Construction Material Joining method and material Targets (Torsional Stiffness or other) Torsional stiffness and validation method Bare frame weight with brackets and paint [kg] Crush zone material Crush zone length [mm] Crush zone energy capacity [Joules] Powertrain Manufacture / Model Bore [mm] Stroke [mm] Cylinders Displacement [cc] Compression ratio Induction Throttle Body / Mechanism Fuel Type Max Power design RPM Max Torque design RPM Min RPM for 80% max torque Fuel System (manf'r, and type) Fuel System Sensors (used in fuel mapping) Fuel Pressure [bar] Injector location Intake Plenum volume [cc]

Steel tube space frame Chromoly 4130H Steel, water quenched 855C TIG welded 3300 Nm/ deg torsion, 50Hz first body mode (non-rigid) FEA 3500 Nm/deg, 63Hz first body mode (torsion) 32 Aluminium Foam 200 8250

2003 Yamaha XT600E 95 84 1 595 12.5 :1 Atmospheric induction Jenvey 48mm, wire-rope actuated 98 octane petrol 8500 6000 2500 Student designed/built fuel injection system using Denso 225cc/min injectors and Haltech E6X ECU Hall-effect crank trigger, Oil temp, Air temp, Throttle Position 3,00 Twin injectors mounted on intake runners, 115 mm (approx) from valves 2,5

Intake Plenum runner length(s) [mm] Exhaust header design Effective Exhaust runner length [mm] Ignition System Ignition Timing Oiling System (wet/dry sump, mods) Coolant System and Radiator location Fuel Tank Location, Type Muffler Other significant engine modifications Drivetrain Drive Type Differential Type Final Drive Ratio

400 Student designed 2 in 1 design, 32mm I.D. primaries and 40mm I.D. secondary tubes 450 Student designed/built, direct ignition type, Haltech LS-1 coil, Haltech E6X ECU 14-37o BTDC,adjustable via the engine management system Dry-sump, Custom aluminum oil tank, toyota celica oil cooler mounted at the sidepod of the car Air-Cooled engine Mounted behind the driver's seat aluminum sheet tank, 6.5L capacity GYTR carbon muffler Student designed camshaft, titanium retainers, uprated valve springs, forged piston

O-Ring 520 Chain Zexel Torsen University Special modified. Bias ratio 3.2:1 Variable Axle Ratio 2.814,077 by changing Sprocket Size and Combinations - Selected Ratio: 3.5

Vehicle Speed @ max power (design) rpm 1st gear [km/h] 2nd gear [km/h] 3rd gear [km/h] 4th gear [km/h] 5th gear [km/h] 6th gear [km/h] Half shaft size and material Joint type Aerodynamics (if applicable) Front Wing (lift/drag coef., material, weight) Rear Wing (lift/drag coef., material, weight) Undertray (downforce/speed) Wing mounting Optional Information

33,4 54,4 71,9 90,4 109 -Unequal splined solid Steel st70 shafts Cross Groove CV joints (VW Golf III Inner) Lathed

N/A N/A N/A N/A

Body Work? Special Bit A? Special Bit B?

Model similar 4 http://www.delta-racing.de/combustion/fahrzeug/dr11tc

Model similar 5 http://www.delta-racing.de/combustion/fahrzeug/dr12-tc

Model similar 6 http://zipsracing.com/2011-vehicle/

General

Weight: 450lbs Power: 82hp Torque: ft-lbs Acceleration from 0-60mph: 3.7s Maximum lateral acceleration: 1.5g

Engine

Yamaha R6 (2008) 599cc four-cylinder engine Titanium exhaust system SLA polycarbonate intake

Chassis

Steel tube frame w/composite honeycomb stress panels High density foam composite crashbox

Carriage

Double wishbone suspension w/pushrods Penske adjustable dampers Optimized geometry design w/WinGeo3 Magnesium 6.5x13 cast wheels Wilwood 2-piston calipers Floating steel brake rotors

Drivetrain

Willams Racing limited slip differential Electro-pneumatic actuated paddle shifting

Electronics

Motec M400 ECU Motec ACL data logger Launch Control Traction Control

Model similar 7 http://www.formulastudent.strath.ac.uk/cars.aspx USMX The design of USM X started right after the 2009 competition. The hard work paid off as the car performed extremely well in UK and German competitions.

The major improvements of the car compared to the predecessor were the Wilwood steering rack, Drexler limited slip differential and aluminium hubs. The steering rack was 'quicker' than the old one - in other words, the wheels turned faster with the same steering wheel rotation. This improved handling as the car was more responsive. The new differential was a great buy as drivers quickly noticed the difference between the new Drexler and the old Torsen differential. The new differential also had six settings which allowed the possibility of tailoring its behaviour to the car. The main advantage of the new hubs was weight, with the aluminium versions weighing approximately 50% of the previous steel equivalents.

As in previous years, extensive finite element analysis (FEA) was carried out in order to make sure the components performed as expected. The car was built on time and extensive testing was carried out before the competitions.

Vital Stats

Wheelbase: 1535mm Track (front/rear): 1200mm/1180mm Target Weight (front/rear, 68kg driver seated): 146.5kg/146.5kg

Chassis: Mild steel spaceframe construction Engine: Honda CBR 600cc (20mm intake restrictor) Fuel: Shell V-Power Electronics: DTAFast programmable ECU, Race Technology DL1 data-acquisition system Transmission: Standard bike sequential gearbox, chain driven Drexler limited slip differential Brakes: Four outboard disc brakes, water jet cut 4130 floating discs, Wilwood calipers Wheels: 13" X 7" OZ Superleggera Competizione Tyres: Goodyear Eagle FSAE 20.0x7-13 Suspension: Non-parallel unequal length double wishbone suspension front and rear, pullrod(front)/pushrod(rear) actuated four-way adjustable Ohlins/Cane Creek dampers (FSAE edition), adjustable anti-roll bars Bodywork: Combination of fibreglass, carbon fibre and aluminium Safety: FIA approved 6-point harness, quick release steering wheel, frontal impact attenuator

Model similar 8 http://www.ljmu.ac.uk/racingteam/92333.htm

Model similar 9 http://brunelracing.co.uk/cars/BR12

BR-12 Specification Length/Width/Height: 2573/1377/977mm Wheelbase: 1580mm Track (Front/Rear): 1200mm/1175mm Weight: 202Kg Suspension: Double Unequal Length A-Arm. Pull Rod Actuated Penski Dampers Tyres: Hoosier 7.0/20.5 R13 R25B Front & Rear Wheels: Braid 13-inch Aluminium Rims Brakes: AP Racing 4-Pot Front/2-Pot Rear Calipers 220mm Custom Slotted Discs Chassis: Aluminium Honeycomb Monocoque/Steel Spaceframe Hybrid Engine: 2007 Yamaha YZF-R6 Bore/Stroke/Capacity: 67.0mm/42.5mm/599cc Compression Ratio: 12.8:1 Fuel: 99 RON Petrol Fuel Management: Bosch MS4 Max Power: 64KW @ 12,500rpm Max Torque: 65Nm @ 8,500rpm Transmission: Single 520-pitch Chain Differential: Drexler 2010 Clutch Type LSD Final Drive: 3.33:1

Model similar 10 http://formula.mami.ru/index.php?p=car11 Frame Construction Tubular space frame Material Steel (outer diameter 25 to 30 mm outer diameter) Overall L (mm) 2600 Overall W (mm) 1420 Overall H (mm) 1238 Wheelbase (mm) 1600 Track (Fr) (mm) 1240 Track (Rr) (mm) 1200 Weight with 68kg driver (Fr) 153 Weight with 68kg driver (Rr) 187 Suspension Double unequal length A-Arm. Push rod actuated horizontally oriented single spring and damper Tyres (Fr / Rr) 205/510 R13, Continental Wheels (Fr / Rr) 5.5Jx13, forged Al rims, VSMPO Engine Modified Honda CBR600F4i Bore 67 Stroke 42,5 Cylinders 4 Displacement 599 cc Compression Ratio 12:1 Fuel System DTA S80Pro ECU, sequential fuel injection, 190 CC/min Denso injectors Fuel 98 octane Max Power Design (rpm) 12000 Max Torque Design (rpm) 8000 Drive Type Chain #520

Differential Quaife limited slip differential Cooling One side pod mounted radiator with ECU controlled electric fan Brake System 4-Disk system, rotors with 220 mm outer diameter, 2-piston Wilwood calipers, adjustable brake balance Electronics DTA S80Pro ECU, Electropneumatic Shifting System, Traction & Launch control Model similar 11 http://www.firenzerace.it/vettura2010.php CAR NO. SCHOOL TEAM NAME LOCATION TEAM CAPTAIN(S) FACULTY ADVISOR(S) COLOUR(S) CHASSIS/FRAME BODYWORK FRONT SUSPENSION 28@FS2010 Universit di Firenze Firenze, Italy Tommaso Innocenti Dott. Ing. Claudio Annicchiarico

Red, white and silver Steel Spaceframe Kevlar and carbon composite Pushrod, dampers on board, carbon composite control arms Pullrod, dampers on board, carbon REAR SUSPENSION composite control arms OVERALL LENGTH 2863mm WHEELBASE 1700mm FRONT TRACK 1200mm REAR TRACK 1140mm

MASS FR./RR DISTRIBUTION MASS WHEELS TYRES ENGINE COOLING & INDUCTION FUEL SYSTEM FUEL SHIFTER & TRANSMISSION DIFFERENTIAL FINAL DRIVE

45/55 212kg 6x13 front, 6x13 rear Avon Ducati twin cylinder 610cc Desmo3 Liquid cooled, natural aspirated Electronic injection Gasoline Electronic gearshifter, chain transmission Limited slip differential 15/34

2 floating discs front, 2 floating disc rear Desmo3 engine, automatic UNIQUE FEATURES clutch ANY OTHER INFO. Desmodromic distribution, supercharger ready Model similar 12 http://www.sapienzacorse.it/cars.php?sm=car&smcat=GAJARDA(2009) BRAKES

GAJARDA (2009) technical sheet CAR NAME CAR NO. SCHOOL TEAM NAME. CHASSIS/FRAME BODYWORK SUSPENSIONS OVERALL WIDTH OVERALL HEIGHT OVERALL LENGTH WHEELBASE FRONT TRACK REAR TRACK MASS FR./RR. DISTRIBUTION MASS WHEELS TYRES ENGINE FUEL SYSTEM SHIFTER & TRANSMISSION DIFFERENTIAL BRAKES GAJARDA 19 Universit La Sapienza Steel spaceframe/ Aluminium/ Carbon fiber Carbon Fiber Indipendent suspensions, Marzocchi ROCO TST-R dampers, pullrod actuated 1430 1030 2450 1610 1200 1160 44/56 248kg 6.5"x13" Hoosier 19.5/7-13 Honda CBR 600F (2002) Walbro electronic injection Electronic shifter, chain transmission Modified TorSen-T1 differential CRG calipers, 190mm Brembo rear discs, 220mm custom designed front discs

Model similar 13 http://ofrac.net/spec2010.html Overall LengthWidthHeight Wheelbase Track [Front] Track [Rear] Weight Suspension Parameters Suspension Type [Front] 2610mm long, 1380mm wide, 1140mm high 1600 mm 1200mm 1200 mm 220kg Double unequal length A-Arm. Pull rod actuated horizontally oriented spring and damper Double unequal length A-Arm. Push rod actuated horizontally oriented spring and damper Slicks : RAS 180/510-13 DR8 BRIDGESTONE Slicks : RAS 180/510-13 DR8 BRIDGESTONE 13 inch wide, 1 pc Al Rim, 1.6 inch neg. offset 13 inch wide, 1 pc Al Rim, 1.6 inch neg. offset Model 599cc KAWASAKI ZX600P7F 6MT Bore / Stroke / Cylinders / Displacement67mm / 42.5mm / L4 / 13.31 NA Highoctne Gasoline 89HP/12500 rpm 65.2Nm/9000 rpm Twin Fuel Injection

Suspension Type [Rear] Tire Size and Compound Type [Front] Tire Size and Compound Type [Rear] Wheels [Front] Wheels [Rear] Powertrain Engine Compression ratio Induction Fuel Type Max Power / rpm Max Torque /rpm Fuel System [manf'r]

Model similar 14 http://squadracorse-polito.com/WP/en/sample-page/sc06/sc08/

Steel trellis with aluminum differential box Carbon fiber body and structural panels Manual sequential gearbox with paddles on the steering wheel 4-speed Brembo steel disc brakes on all 4 wheels, with adjustable brake balance Suspension with double wishbones with push-rod, anti-roll bars and dampers Looking for custom magnesium, ant. 13 x6 / post. 13 x7 Hoosier front tires. 152 62 R13 / post. 178 48 R13 Overall length 2795 mm

Overall width 1468 mm Height 1005 mm Wheelbase 1650 mm Front track 1200 mm Rear track 1190 mm Weight (with water and oil) 236 kg Type Honda CBR 600 RR 2005 Number of cylinders 4 Displacement 599 cm3 (with restricted intake of 20 mm, as SAEs regulation) Magneti Marelli electronic injection Chain drive with Quaife differential Maximum power 87 hp @ 11750 rpm Maximum torque 60 Nm @ 7500 rpm