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BAHAN PROGRAM INTERVENSI

PPSMI UNTUK MURID



TINGKATAN LIMA

ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS

2012







2
MINIMUM SYLLABUS REQUIREMENT

1. FUNCTIONS

Determine domain , codomain , object, image and range of relation.

1. Diagram 1 shows the relation between set P and set Q.

a. State the following:

i. Domain = { }

ii. Codomain = { }

iii. Objects =

iv. Images =

v. Range =...

vi. Object of 9 = ....

vii. Image of 2 =

b. Represent the above relation using

i. a set of ordered Pairs



ii. a Cartesian graph






3
2
-2
5
4
3
9
Set P
Set Q
Diagram 1
-3 1
1

3
Classifying the types of relations

State the type of the following relations

a)








..

b )








.

c)








..

d)








..

e) { ( 3 , 1 ) , (9 , 1 ) , (12 , 2 ) , (15 , 2) }.













..
f )


















4
16
36
x
X

Type of number
3
2
4
9 -3
x
x
2
x
2
2
x

4
6
x
3
2
4
-2
9
-3
2
9
Prime
-3
Even
Odd
-

-

-

1 2 3 4 0
1
2
3
4
5
-

Set P
Set Q

4
Inverse function

1. Given f (x) = 2x + 5 , find f
-1
(x)

2. Given g (x) = 2
3
+
x
, find g
-1
(x)












3. Given that ,
4
4
) (
+
=
x
x f find f
-1
(2)

4. Given g (x) = x
4
3
, find i. g
-1
(x)

ii. g
-1
(4)











5. Given f (x) = 3 - 2x , find f
-1
(x)










6. Given that ,
5
2 ) (
x
x g = find g (3)












5
7. Given that f (x) = 2 - 3x , find f
-1
(1)











8. Given that ,
2
3
) (

=
x
x f find f (1)















9. Given that ,
3
1 2
) (
1

=

x
x g find g(x)








10. Given that f
-1
(x) = 2 - 3x , find f (1)





























6
2. QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

To express a given quadratic equation in general form ax
2
+ bx + c = 0 and stating the
value of a , b and c.


Example 1

x
2
= 5x 9
x
2
5x + 9 = 0

Compare with the general form
ax
2
+ bx c = 0

Thus, a = 1, b = -5 and c = 9

Example 2

4x =
x
x x 2
2



4x(x) = x
2
2x
4x
2
- x
2
2x = 0
3x
2
2x = 0
Compare with the general form
Thus, a = 3, b = - 2 and c = 0



Exercises
i. Express the following equation in general form and state the values of a, b and c.
ii. Use the values of a, b and c in the formula
a
ac b b
x
2
4
2

=


1. 3x =
x 2
5










2. (2x + 5) =
x
7









3. x( x + 4 ) = 3

4. (x 1)(x + 2) = 3










7




5.
x
4
=
x
x

+
5
3










6. x
2
+ px = 2x - 6












7. px (2 x) = x 4m












8. (2x 1)(x + 4) = k(x 1) + 3












9. (7 2x + 3x
2
) =
3
1 + x


10. 7x 1 =
x
x x 2
2

















8
Forming quadratic equations from given roots

Example 1
3 , 2

x = 3 , x = 2
x - 3 = 0 , x-2 = 0
( x 3 )( x 2 ) = 0
x
2
5x + 6 = 0
Example 2
1, - 3

x = 1 , x = -3
x 1 = 0 , x + 3 = 0
( x 1 ) ( x + 3 ) = 0
x
2
+ 2x 3 = 0
a) 4 , - 7







b) - 6 , - 2







c) 2 ,
3
1











d)


5
1
,
3
2










e)
3
1
,
2
1







f) 4 , 0






9
Finding Sum of Roots ( SOR ) and Product of Roots ( POR )

If o and | are roots of a quadratic equation ax
2
+ bx + c = 0 ,

then sum of roots = o + | =
a
b

and product of roots = o| =
a
c


No Quadratic Equation
Sum of Roots
(o + | )
Product of Roots
(o| )
1. x
2
3x + 2 = 0

3 2
2. x
2
+ 5x + 3 = 0

- 5 3
3. x
2
+ 2x -6 = 0


4. x
2
7x - 8 = 0


5. x
2
+ 2x - 5 = 0


6. 2x
2
6x + 7 = 0


7. 3x
2
7x - 9 = 0


8. 2x
2
+ 4 - 3x = 0


9. 3x
2
+ 3x + 2 = 0


10. 4x
2
3x + 2 = 0


11. 2x
2
3x - 2 = 0


12. 3x
2
+ 9x + 2 = 0


13. 4x
2
3x - 2 = 0


14. 3x
2
+ 9x + 2 = 0


15 2x
2
+ 5x - 2 = 0


16. 3x
2
- 12x - 2 = 0


17. 2x
2
- 9x - 2 = 0



10
3. QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS

Inequalities

Example

Find the range of values of x for which 0 15 2
2
> x x

Solution
Method 1
0 15 2
2
> x x
Let ( ) 15 2
2
= x x x f
=( )( ) 5 3 + x x
When ( ) 0 = x f
( )( ) 0 5 3 = + x x
3 = x or 5

For 0 15 2
2
> x x
5 > x or 3 < x

Method 2

Using a number line



Check sign ( +ve or ve ) of any region
The signs will be alternate

Look at the question :
If > : look at the +ve region
If < : look at the ve region

For 0 15 2
2
> x x
5 > x or 3 < x




3 ( ) 0 < x f
5
-3 5
+ve -ve +ve

11
Exercises
A. Factorisation

B. Solve the following inequalities

a) 3x
2
x < 0 b) x
2
7x + 10 > 0










c) 2x
2
+ 5x 7 > 0 d) x
2
2x s 8










e) 2x
2
+ x > 3 f) x ( x 1 ) > 12











g) 2 ( x
2
2 ) < 7x h) 3x
2
5x + 4 > 3 x
2











12
4. SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS

Guidance Example
1


Arrange the linear equation such that
one of the two unknowns becomes the
subject of the equation.
(avoid fraction if possible)
x + 2y = 1

x =
2 Substitute the new equation from step 1
into the non-linear equation .
Simplify and express in the form
ax
2
+ bx + c = 0.



( )
2
+ 4y
2
= 13


= 0

3 Solve the quadratic equation by
factorisation, completing the square or
by using the formula



(2y 3)( ) = 0,

y =
2
3
or
4 Substitute the values of the unknown
obtained in step 3 into the linear
equation.
When y =
2
3
,
x = 1 2( ) =

When y = ,

x =


Exercises

1. Expand the following expression
1
( x + 3 )
2

( )( ) 3 3 x x = + +

2
6 9 x x = + +

2 ( x + 6 )
2





2
12 36 x x + +
3 ( x 5 )
2




2
10 25 x x +
4 ( x 7 )
2




2
14 49 x x +
5 ( 3x + 4 )
2




2
9 24 16 x x + +
6 ( 6 x )
2




2
36 12x x +

13
7 ( 4x 5 )
2






2
16 40 25 x x +
8 ( 3 5x )
2






2
9 30 25 x x +
9 ( 2x + 5 )
2






2
4 20 25 x x + +
10 2 ( 2x 5)
2






2
8 40 50 x x +
11 3 ( 5 4x )
2







2
75 120 48 x x +
12 5 ( 2 3x )
2







2
20 60 45 x x +
13 5 ( 3 4x )
2









2
45 120 80 x x +
14 2
2 3
4
2
x | |
|
\ .







2
4 12 9 x x +
15 2 ( 3x 5 )
2









2
18 60 50 x x +
16 2
1 2
3
3
x | |
|
\ .







2
1 4 4
3
x x +


14
17 3 ( 8 x )
2









2
192 48 3 x x +
18 2
1 3
2
2
x | |

|
\ .







2
1 6 9
2
x x +



2. Factorise the following:

1 x
2
+ 3x =

2 2x
2
+ 10x =



3 2
12 36 x x + + =






4 2
10 25 x x + =
5 x
2
+ 14x + 49 =






6 x
2
- 16x + 64





7 x
2
+ 8x + 15 =






8 x
2
+ 7x + 12=


9 x
2
- 9x + 20 =

10 x
2
- 11x + 28 =







15
11 x
2
+ 2x - 15 =






12 x
2
+ 5x -14 =







13 x
2
- 6x - 16 =







14 x
2
- 5x - 24 =
15 2x
2
+ 17x + 21 = 16 3x
2
- 14x + 8 =








17 2x
2
+ 9x -35 =








18 2x
2
- 7x - 30 =

19. 6x
2
- 19x + 10 =

20 5x
2
+ 13x + 6 =












16
3. Solve the following simultaneous equations
1. x + y = 6 and x
2
+ y
2
= 20




















Ans:x=2,y=4
x=4,y=2
2. 4x + y = -8 and x
2
+ x y = 2




















Ans :x=-2,y=0
x=-3,y=4
3. 2p + q = 3 and 4p
2
+ 3q
2
= 13


















Ans:
2
1
,
4
7
2 ,
2
1
= =
= =
q p
q p

4. 2x - 3y = 4 and

x
2
xy + y
2
= 16


















Ans:
4 , 8
7
12
,
7
4
= =
= =
y x
y x


17
5. 10 3 2 and 5
3 2
= + = + y x
y x






















Ans:
3 ,
2
1
3
2
, 4
= =
= =
y x
y x

6. 2y + x = y
2
+ x
2
5 = 5





















Ans :x=3,y=1
x=-1,y=3























18
5. INDICES AND LOGARITHM

INDICES

Solve each of the following equations
Examples Exercises
1. 3
3x
= 81
3
3x
= 3
4

3x = 4
x =
3
4

1. 9
x
= 27
1-x








2. 2
x
. 4
x+1
= 64
2
x
. 2
2 (x+1)
= 2
6

x + 2x + 2 = 6
3x = 4
x =
3
4

2. 4
x
. 8
x -1
= 4









3. 0 16 8
1
=
+ x x

( ) ( ) 0 2 2
1
4 3
=
+ x x

( ) ( )
1
4 3
2 2
+
=
x x

4 4 3
2 2
+
=
x x

3x = 4x + 4

x = - 4
3. 5
x
- 25
x+1
= 0









4.
32
1
16 =
x

( )
5
4
2
1
2 =
x


5 4
2 2

=
x

4x = -5

4
5
= x


4.
x
x
32
1
8
1
=



19
6. COORDINATE GEOMETRY

Determine whether two lines are parallel / perpendicular

Examples Solution

1. Determine whether the straight lines
2y x = 5 and x 2y = 3 are parallel.










2y x = 5,
y = 5
2
1
+ x ,
2
1
1
= m

x 2y = 3
y = 3
2
1
x ,
2
1
2
= m

Since
2 1
m m = , therefore the straight lines 2y x = 5
and x 2y = 3 are parallel.

2. Determine whether the straight lines
3y x 2 = 0 and y + 3x + 4 = 0 are
perpendicular.

3y x 2 = 0
y =
3
2
3
1
+ x ,
3
1
1
= m
y + 3x + 4 = 0
y= 3x 4, 3
2
= m

) 3 (
3
1
2 1
= m m = -1.

Hence, both straight lines are perpendicular.

Exercises Solution
3. Determine whether the straight lines
y 3x + 5 = 0 and 2y - 5x + 4= 0 are
parallel.





4. Determine whether the straight lines
3y x + 8 = 0 and y + 3x - 2 = 0 are
perpendicular.








20
Equation of a straight line

The equation of a straight line may be expressed in the following forms:

i) The general form : ax + by + c = 0

ii) The gradient form : y = mx + c ; m = gradient , c = y-intercept

iii) The intercept form :
a
x
+
b
y
= 1 , a = x-intercept , b = y-intercept

a) I f given the gradient and one point:

1
y y = ) (
1
x x m







Eg. Find the equation of a straight line that
passes through the point (2,-3) and has a
gradient of
4
1
.
1
y y = ) (
1
x x m
) 2 (
4
1
) 3 ( = x y


14 4 = x y
E1. Find the equation of a straight line that
passes through the point (5,2) and has a
gradient of -2.









y = -2x + 12
E2. Find the equation of a straight line that
passes through the point (-8,3) and has a
gradient of
4
3
.








4y = 3x + 36
b) If two points are given :
Note : You may find the gradient first, then
use either (a) y = mx + c

or (b) y y
1
= m( x x
1
)

or
(c)
1
1
x x
y y

=
1 2
1 2
x x
y y



Eg. Find the equation of a straight line that
passes through the points (-3, -4) and (-5,6)

) 3 (
) 4 (


x
y
=
) 3 ( 5
) 4 ( 6




2
10
3
4

=
+
+
x
y


y + 4 = -5 ( x + 3 )
y = -5x- 19


Gradient = m
P(x
1
, y
1
)

21
E1. Find the equation of a straight line that
passes through the points (2, -1) and (3,0)










y = x - 3
E2. Find the equation of a straight line that
passes through the points (-4,3) and (2,-5)










4x + 3y +7 = 0
c) The x-intercept and the y-intercept are
given:
m = -
|
|
.
|

\
|

errcept x
ercept y
int
int


Equation of straight line is :

a
x
+
b
y
= 1

Note : Sketch a diagram to help you !



Eg. The x-intercept and the y-intercept of
the straight line PQ are 4 and -8
respectively. Find the gradient and the
equation of PQ.
m
PQ
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

errcept x
ercept y
int
int

=
|
.
|

\
|
4
8

= 2
Equation :
4
x
+
8
y
= 1

8 2 = x y

E2. The x-intercept and the y-intercept of
the straight line PQ are -6 and 3
respectively. Find the gradient and the
equation of PQ.










2y = x+6
E3. The x-intercept of a straight line AB is -
5 and its gradient is -3. Find the y-intercept
of the straight line AB and the equation of
AB.










3x + 5y +15 = 0




At the x-axis, y =0
At the y-axis, x =0
x
y
O
-
8
4

22
7. STATISTICS

Finding median using formula

The number of vehicles that pass by a toll plaza from 1 p.m to 2 p.m. for 60
consecutive days is shown in the table below.

Number of vehicles Number of days
59 50 4
69 60 10
79 70 24
89 80 16
99 90 6

Calculate the median of the number of cars using formula.
Solution :

Number of
vehicles
Number of days
(f)
Cumulative
frequency
59 50 4 4
69 60 10 (14)
79 70 (24) 38
89 80 16 ( )
99 90 6 ( )

Step 1 : Median class is given by =
30
2
60
2
T T T
n
= =
Therefore, the median class is 79 70



Step 2 : Median = c
f
F
n
L
m
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
2

= (___)
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
24
14
2
60
( __ )
= 76.17



L = lower boundary of the median
class = 69.5
n =

= 60 f
F = cumulative frequency before the
median class =14
f
m
= frequency of the median class
=24
c = size of the median class
= upper boundary lower
boundary
= 79.5 69.5
= 10
Median lies in this
interval


23
To estimate the mode using a histogram

Modal class = 79 70

(c)
Class boundary Number of days
(frequency)
49.5 59.5 4
59.5 69.5 10
69.5 79.5 24
79.5 89.5 16
89.5 99.5 6

































(c) The histogram is shown below

24




































49.5 59.5 69.5 79.5 89.5 99.5 Number of vehicles

Estimated mode = 76







Frequency

5

10

15

20

25


25
** what happen to measures of central tendency / measures of dispersion when + , - ,
x


Exercises:

1. The table below shows the heights of 40 students in cm.

Height( cm ) 150 154 155 159 160 164 165 169 170 174 175 - 179
Frequency 4 9 12 8 5 2

a. Find the median
b. Construct a histogram and hence, find the estimated mode















2. The table below shows the marks obtained by 50 students in a test.

Mark 10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79
Number of students 3 6 13 10 7 7 4

a. Find the median
b. Construct a histogram , and hence find the estimated mode











26

8. CIRCULAR MEASURE

Convert measurements in radians to degrees and vice versa.










Convert the following angles in radians to degrees and minutes.

a. 1.5 rad





b. 0.63 rad
c. rad
2
t






d. rad
2
3t


Convert the following angles to radians.

a. 50
0
b. 124.3
0






c. 72
0
35 d. 285
0
21








t
o
180


Radian Degrees
1 rad =
t
o
180
= __________
1
o
= rad
180
t
= _________
o
180
t



27

Arc length of a circle

u r s = where s = arc of a circle
r = radius of a circle
u = angle subtended at the center ( in radian )

Find the length of arc.

1.


2.





Complete the table below by finding the values of u , r or s.

u r s
1. 1.5 rad 9 cm



2. 14 cm 30 cm



3. 2.333 rad 35 cm














0.5 rad
8 cm
Q
P
O
152
6.4 cm
O
B
A

28

Area of a sector

Complete the table below, given the areas and the radii of the sectors and angles
subtended.

u
2
2
1
r A= , u is in radians

Area of sector Radius Angle subtended
1. 38.12 cm 50
0






2. 90 cm
2
9.15 cm



3. 72 cm
2
u =1.64 rad




4. 18t cm
2
6.5 cm




5. 200 cm
2
1.778 rad




6. 145 cm
2
8 cm











29

9. DIFFERENTIATION:



1. y = 10

dx
dy
=



2. y =
5
x

dx
dy
=
3. f (x) = -2
3
x
f (x)=
4. y =
x
7


dx
dy
=



5.
3
3
1
) (
x
x f =
f (x)=

6. x x y + =
2
4

dx
dy
=





7. = |
.
|

\
|
+ x
x
x
dx
d
5
1
2
2
2







=
=
dx
dy
x x y ) 2 3 (



9. Given x x y 4 3
2
= , find the value of
dx
dy
when x =2.




10. Given ( )
2
1 ) ( x x x f + = , find the value
of ). 1 ( ' and ) 0 ( ' f f










Always change
a fractional
function to the
negative index
before finding
differentiation

8.

30
11. INDEX NUMBER

Index number or price index ,I

100
0
1
=
Q
Q
I where Q
0
= quantity or price at base time
Q
1
= quantity or price at specific time


Composite index ,

=
i
i i
W
W I
I where I
i
= index number
W
i
= weightage

The table shows the price of 3 types of goods: A, B and C in the year 2005 and 2006.

Types of good
Price Price index in 2006
(Base year = 2005) 2005 2006
A RM 1.20 RM 1.60 z
B x RM 2.30 110
C RM 0.60 y 102
Find the value of x, y and z











Calculate the composite index for each of the following data

Index number, I 120 110 105
Weightage, W 3 4 3







31
1. PROGRESSIONS

Finding the nth term of an AP and a GP

Arithmetic Progression Geometric Progression
T
n
= a + (n 1 ) d T
n
= ar
n - 1

1. Find the 9
th
term of the arithmetic
progression.
2, 5 , 8 , ..
Solution:
a = 2
d = 5-2=3


9
2 (9 1)3 T = +

= _______

2. Find the 11
th
term of the arithmetic
progression.

5
3, , 2,........
2









3. For the arithmetic progression
0.7, 2.1 , 3.5, .. ,find the 5
th
term .











4. Find the
th
n term of the arithmetic
progression

1
4, 6 , 9,.....
2

5. Find the 7
th
term of the geometric
progression.
- 8, 4 , -2 , ..
Solution:
a = - 8 r =
8
4

=
2
1


T
7
= (-8)(
2
1

)
7-1
=
8
1



6. Find the 8
th
term of the geometric
progression.
16, -8, 4,












32
7. For the geometric progression

9
4
,
3
2
, 1 , .. ,find the 9
th
term .










8. Find the 3
th
term of the geometric
progression
50, 40, 32.


Find the sum to infinity of geometric progressions







Find the sum to infinity of a given
geometric progression below:

Example:

2 2
6, 2, , ,.......
3 9


a = 6

2 1
6 3
r

= =
1
6
=
1
1- -
3
9
=
2
a
S
r

| |
|
\ .



1. 24, 3.6, 0.54, .








2. 81, -27,9, ..







3.
1 1 1
, , ,.......
2 4 8
..





1
a
S
r


sum to infinity
a = first term
r = common ratio
S

=


33
Express the following recurring decimal as a fraction in its simplest form

1.
.
3 . 0

Use

.
3 . 0

= 0.3333..

= 0.3 + 0.03 + 0.003 + .

where a = 0.3 and r = 0.1





2. 7 . 0











3. 25 . 0










4. 96 . 0










r
a
S

1

1 . 0 1
3 . 0

=
9 . 0
3 . 0
=
3
1
=

34
2. LINEAR LAW

Steps to plot a straight line

Using a graph paper.




















QUESTION






x 2 3 4 5 6
y 2 9 20 35 54

The above table shows the experimental values of two variables, x
and y. It is know that x and y are related by the equation
y = px
2
+ qx

a) Draw the line of best fit for
x
y
against x

a) From your graph, find,
i) p
ii) q



Table
Identify Y and X from part (a)
Construct a table
Follow the scale given.
Label both axes

Line of best fit
Determine : gradient
m
Y-intercept c
Non- linear

35
Solution



STEP 1

y = px
2
+ qx


x
y
=
x
px
2
+
x
qx



x
y
= px + q


Y = mX + c

Note : For teachers reference



STEP 2


x

2

3

4

5

6


y

2

9

20

35

54

x
y


1

3

5

7

9






STEP 3








Reduce the non-linear
To the linear form

The equation is divided throughout by x
To create a constant that is free from x
On the right-hand side i.e, q
Linear form
Y = mX + c
construct table
Using graph paper,
- Choose a suitable scale so that the graph
drawn is as big as possible.
- Label both axis
- Plot the graph of Y against X and draw
the line of best fit

-

36

x
y



12




10

x
8

x
6

x
4

x
2

x

2 3 4 5 6


- 2


- 4













1
x
0

37



Exercise

1. Table 1 shows the values of two variables, x and y , obtained from an experiment. The
variables x and y are related by the equation
px
r
px y + = , where p and r are constants.

x 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 5.5
y 5.5 4.7 5.0 6.5 7.7 8.4
Table 1

a. Plot xy against x
2
, by using a scale of 2 cm to 5 units on both axes.
Hence , draw the line of best fit.

b. Use the graph from (a) to find the value of
i. p
ii. r

2. Table 2 shows the values of two variables, x and y , obtained from an experiment. Variables x
and y are related by the equation y = pk
x+ 1
, where p and k are constants.

x 1 2 3 4 5 6
y 4.0 5.7 8.7 13.2 20.0 28.8
Table 2

a. Plot log y against ( x + 1 ) , using a scale 2 cm to 1 unit on the ( x + 1 ) axis and 2 cm to
0.2 unit on the log y axis.
Hence, draw line of best fit

b. Use the graph from (a) to find the value of
i. p
ii. k

STEP 4



Gradient , p =
2 6
1 9

= 2



y- intercept = q= -3


From the graph,
find p and q

Construct a right-angled triangle,
So that two vertices are on the line
of best fit, calculate the gradient, p
Determine the y-intercept, q
from the straight line graph


38
3. INTEGRATION

Integration of x
n
:



1.
3 1
3
3 1
x
x dx c
+
= +
+
}

=
4
4
x
c +
2.
5
x dx =
}


3.
9
x dx =
}


4.
3
x dx

=
}




5.
2
x dx

=
}


6. x dx =
}




Integration of ax
n
:


Note :
mdx mx c = +
}
, m a constant
1.
3 1
3
6 6.
3 1
x
x dx c
+
= +
+
}

=
4
6.
4
x
c +
=
4
3
2
x
c +

2.
4
10x dx =
}


3.
3
4x dx =
}


4.. 10dx =
}
10x +c


5.
1
2
dx =
}


6.. 3dx =
}


7.
1 1
8 8.
1 1
x
x dx c
+
= +
+
}

=
2
8.
2
x
c +
=
2
4x c +

8. 6x dx =
}


9. 3x dx =
}


10.
3
12x dx =
}





11.
2
8x dx =
}


12.
5
10x dx =
}


1
, 1
1
n
n
ax
ax dx c n
n
+
= + =
+
}

1
, 1
1
n
n
x
x dx c n
n
+
= + =
+
}


39
13.
3
3
2
2 dx x dx
x

=
} }

=
3 1
2.
3 1
x
c
+
+
+


=
2
2.
2
x
c


=
2
1
c
x
+

14.
5
5
8
8 dx x dx
x

=
} }

=
15.
4
12
dx
x
=
}


16.
3
2
5
dx
x
=
}








17.
2
3
x dx =
}


18.
2
0.9x dx =
}



To Determine Integrals of Algebraic Expressions.

Note : Integrate term by term. Expand & simplify the given expression where necessary.

Example :
2
(3 4 5) x x dx +
}
=
3 2
3 4
5
3 2
x x
x c + +
= x
3
2x
2
+ 5x + c

1. (6 4) x dx
}


=





2.
2
(12 8 1) x x dx +
}


=
3.
3
( 3 2) x x dx +
}


=



4. (3 2) x x dx
}


=






5. (2 1)(2 1) x x dx +
}


=
6. ( 2)( 3) x x dx +
}


=




40
7.
2
(3 2) x dx
}


=






8.
2
(2 1)(2 1) x x
dx
x
+
}


=
9.
2
2
6 4 x
dx
x

}


=



10.
2
2
(3 4) x
dx
x
+
}


=







11.
2
(2 1) x x dx

+
}


=
12.
2
(2 ) x dx
}


=





Definite Integral

1. Given that
2
1
( ) 3 f x dx =
}
and
2
3
( ) 7 f x dx =
}
. Find
(a) | |
2
1
the value of k if ( ) 8 kx f x dx =
}

(b) | |
3
1
5 ( ) 1 f x dx
}


Answer : (a) k =
22
3

(b) 48












2. Given that
4
0
( ) 3 f x dx =
}
and
4
0
( ) 5 g x dx =
}
. Find

(a)
4 0
0 4
( ) ( ) f x dx g x dx
} }

(b) | |
4
0
3 ( ) ( ) f x g x dx
}


Answer: (a) 15
(b) 4









41

Finding equation of a curve given gradient function of a curve and one point

1. Find the equation of the curve that passes through ( 2,-6) and has the gradient
function
) 3 (
2
= x x
dx
dy



















2. A curve with 6 = ax
dx
dy
, passes through (2,1). At this point , the gradient is 4. Find
a. the value of a
b. equation of the curve



















42
3. Find the equation of the curve that has the gradient of 2x + 1 and passes through
) 3 ,
2
1
(




















4. The gradient function of a curve which passes through A ( 1 , -12 ) is 3x
2
6x.
Find the equation of the curve























43

4. VECTOR

Vector in the cartesian coordinates

1. State the following vector in terms in
~
i and
~
j and also in Cartesian coordinates
Example





Solution
~
2
2
0
OA i

| |
= =
|
\ .


~
0
3
3
OB j

| |
= =
|
\ .


~
~
3 4
3

4
OP p i j

= = +
| |
=
|
\ .

Exercise




Solutions
(a) OP

=






(b) OQ

=
(c) OR

=





(d) OS

=
(e) OT

=






(f) OW

=




~
j
5
4
3
2
1
5 4 3 2

1
0
~
p
~
i
0
B
P
A
1
4
3
2
1
2
S
R
P
Q
-1
-3
-2
-1
T
W
3 1 4
~
i
~
j
-2
O

44

2. Find the magnitude for each of the vectors

Example
3
~
~
2 i j

2 2
3 2
13 unit
+
=

(a)
~
~
5 2 j i +







(b)
~
~
12 5 j i








(c)
~
~
j i

3. Find the magnitude and unit vector for each of the following

Example
~ ~
~
3 4 r i j = +
Solution :
2 2
~
~ ~
~
Magnitude, 3 4
= 5
1
unit vector, r, (4 3 )
5
r
i j
.
= +
= +


(a)
~ ~
~
2 6 r i j =
(b)
~
6
3
a
| |
=
|
\ .









(c)
~
1
2
h
| |
=
|

\ .


45
* Given 2 parallel vectors and find the unknown in one of the vector ( vector AB ,
vector CD )

* 3 points which are collinear , finding the unknown using vector ( vector AB ,
vector BC )


SPM 2003/no. 12 / paper 1.
1. Diagram 2 shows two vectors, and QO OP .








Express
(a) OP in the form
x
y
| |
|
\ .
,
(b) OQ in the form xi + yj. [ 2 marks]
























P(5, 3)
y

Q(-8, 4)
x O

46
5. TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

To sketch the graph of sine or cosine function , students are encouraged to follow the
steps below.

1. Determine the angle to be labeled on the x-axis.

eg : Function angle

y = sin x x = 90
o


y = cos 2x 2x = 90
o

x = 45
o


y = sin x
2
3
x
2
3
= 90
o

x = 60
o


2. Calculate the values of y for each value of x by using calculator

eg : Sketch the graph
a. y = sin 2x
b. y = cos 2x
c. y = 1 + sin 2x
d. y = 1 2 sin x




y = 1 2 cos 2x

x 0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360
y -1 1 3 1 -1 1 3 1 -1


3. Plot the coordinates and sketch the graph










45 90
135 180 225 270 315 360
x
y
3
2
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

47

marks are awarded for

- shape
- max and minimum
- periodic ( the last angle and the middle angle )

Exercises

1. Sketch the graphs of y = 1 + sin 2x for 0 s x s 180
o


2. Sketch the graph of y = 2 cos x
2
3
for 0 x 2.


































48
6. PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS

1. The number of ways of arranging all the
alphabets in the given word.
Solution:
6! = 6.5.4.3.2.1
= 720

2. The number of ways of arranging four
of the alphabets in the given word so that
last alphabet is S
Solution:
The way to arrange alphabet S = 1
The way to arrange another 3 alphabets=
5
P
3

The number of arrangement = 1 x
5
P
3
= 60
3. How many ways to choose 5 books
from 20 different books
Solution:
The number of ways=
20
C
5

= 15504

4. In how many ways can committee of 3
men and 3 women be chosen from a group
of 7 men and 6 women ?
Solution:
The numbers of ways =
7
C
3
x
6
C
3

= 700

5. Four out of the letters from the word
BESTARI are arranged in a row. Find the
possible different arrangements.





6. An excursion group consisting of 4 males
and 4 females is to be chosen from 8 males
and 7 females. Find the number of ways the
excursion group can be formed.

7. Find the number of ways to arrange 7
students in a row.








8. The Mathematics teacher would like to
choose three students out of ten candidates
to form school quiz team. Find the number
of ways the teacher can do it.


49
Alternative method
Black
Yellow
Black
Yellow
Black
Yellow
10
6

10
4
10
4
10
4
10
6

10
6


7. PROBABILITY

Question Answer
1.


The above figure shows six
numbered cards. A card is chosen
at random. Calculate the
probability that the number on the
chosen card
(a) is a multiple of 3 and a
factor of 12
(b) is a multiple of 3 or a factor
of 12.


Let
A represent the event that the number on the chosen
card is a multiple of 3, and
B represent the event that the number on the chosen
card is a factor of 12.
A = {3, 6, 9}, n(A)= 3
B = {2, 3, 4, 6}, n(B) = 4
AB = {3, 6}
AB = {2, 3, 4, 6, 9}
(a) P(AB) =
3
1
6
2
= .
(b) P(AB) =
6
5




P(AB) = P(A) + P(B) P(AB)
=
6
2
6
4
6
3
+
=
6
5
.
2. A box contains 5 red balls, 3
yellow balls and 4 green balls. A
ball is chosen at random from the
box. Calculate the probability that
the balls drawn neither a yellow
nor a green.
P (yellow) =
3
12
.
P(green) =
4
12

P(yellow or green) =
3
12
+
4
12
=
7
12
.
3. Box C contains 4 black marbles
and 6 yellow marbles. A marbles
is chosen at random from box C,
its colour is noted and the marbles
is noted and the marbles is
returned to the box. Then a
second marbles is chosen.
Determine the probability that
(a) both the marbles are black.
(b) the two balls are of different
colours.
(c) at least one of the balls
chosen is yellow.










(a) P(black black)=
10
4
10
4
=
25
4

(b) P(same colours)
= P(black black) + P(yellow yellow)
2 3 4 6 8 9
10
4


50
=
|
.
|

\
|
25
4
+
|
.
|

\
|

10
6
10
6
=
25
13
.
(c) 1 P(both blacks) = 1
25
4
=
25
21


4. A box contains 3 red balls , 5
yellow balls and 2 blue balls. A
ball is drawn at random from the
box. Find the probability that the
ball is not blue in colour.












5. The probability that Alia qualifies
for the final of a track event is
5
2
while the probability that Aisha
qualifies is
3
1
. Find the probability
that
a. both of them qualifies for the
final
b. only one of them qualifies for the
final.









6. A box contains 10 yellow marbles
and y blue marbles. If a marble is
picked randomly from the box, the
probability of getting a blue marble
is
7
2
. Find the value of y.















51
8. PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS

Example 1 :

Find the value of each of the following probabilities by reading the standardised normal
distribution table.

(a) P(Z > 0.934)





(b) P(Z s 1.25)

Solution


(b) P(Z s 1.25) = 1 P(Z > 1.25)
= 1 0.1057
= 0.8944











1.25
1.25

52
(c) P(Z > - 0.23)

Solution

(c) P(Z > - 0.23) = 1 P(Z < - 0.23)
= 1 P(Z > 0.23)
= 1 0.40905
= 0.59095







(d) P(Z > - 1.512)

Solution

(d) P(Z < - 1.512) = P(Z > 1.512)
= 0.06527






(e) P(0.4 < Z < 1.2)

Solution

(e) P(0.4 < Z < 1.2) = P(Z > 0.4) P(Z > 1.2)
= 0.3446 0.1151
= 0.2295












-1.512 1.512
-0.23
0.23

0.4 1.2

0.4 1.2

53
(f) P(- 0.828 < Z s - 0. 555)

Solution

(f) P(- 0.828 < Z s - 0. 555) = P(Z > 0.555) P(Z > 0.828)
= 0.28945 0.20384
= 0.08561











(g) P(- 0.255 s Z < 0.13)

Solution

(g) P(- 0.255 s Z < 0.13) = 1 P(Z < - 0.255) P(Z > 0.13)
= 1 P(Z > 0.255) P(Z > 0.13)
= 1 0.39936 0.44828
= 0.15236




















-0.828 -0.555
0.555
0.828
-0.255 0.13 0.13
-0.255

54
Example 2 :

Find the value of each of the following :

(a) P(Z > z) = 0.2546
(b) P(Z < z) = 0.0329
(c) P(Z < z) = 0.6623
(d) P(z < Z < z 0.548) = 0.4723

Solution

(a) P(Z > z) = 0.2546
Score-z = 0.66





(b) P(Z < z) = 0.0329
Score-z = -1.84



(c) P(Z < z) = 0.6623
1 - P(Z > z) = 0.6623
P(Z > z) = 1 0.6623
= 0.3377
Score-z = 0.419



(d) P(z < Z < z 0.548) = 0.4723
1 P(Z < z) P(Z > 0.548) = 0.4723
1 P(Z < z) 0.2919 = 0.4723
P(Z < z) = 1 0.2919 0.4723
= 0.2358
Score-z = -0.72









z
0.2546

55
Summary
Normal Distribution
Type 1
P( Z > positive no)
P ( Z > 1.2 ) = 0.1151

.....................................................
Type 2
P(Z < negative no)

P ( Z < - 0.8 ) = P (Z > 0.8)
= 0.2119

.....................................................
Type 3
P ( Z < positive no)

P ( Z < 1.3 )
= 1 P ( Z>1.3)
= 1 0.0968
= 0.9032

.....................................................
.
Type 4.
P( Z > negative no)

P ( Z > - 1.4 )
= 1 P ( Z < -1.4 )
= 1 0.0808
= 0.9192

....................................................
Type 5
P( positive no < Z < positive
no)

P ( 1 < Z < 2 )
= P ( Z > 1 ) P ( Z > 2 )
= 0.1587 0. 0228
= 0.1359

Type 6

P (Negative no < Z < Negative no )

P ( -1.5 < Z < - 0.8 )

= P ( 0.8 < Z < 1.5 )

= P ( Z > 0.8 ) P ( Z > 1.5 )

= 0.2119 0.0668 = 0.1451

.....................................................
.

Type 7

P ( negative no < Z < postive no )

P ( -1.2 < Z < 0.8 )

= 1 P ( Z > 0.8) P ( z < -1.2 )

= 1 P ( Z > 0.8 ) P ( Z >
1.2 )

= 1 0.2119 0.1151

=0.673


Type 1
P ( Z > K ) = less than 0.5

P ( Z > K ) = 0.2743

K = 0.6


......................................................
Type 2
P ( Z < K ) = less than 0.5

P( Z < K ) = 0.3446

P ( Z > - K ) = 0.3446
- K = 0.4
K = - 0.4

.......................................................
Type 3
P( Z < K ) = more than 0.5
P ( Z < K ) = 0.8849
P ( Z > K ) = 1 0.8849
= 0.1151
K = 1.2


......................................................
Type 4
P ( Z > K ) = more than 0.5

P ( Z > K ) = 0.7580
P( Z < K ) = 1 0.7580 = 0.2420
P ( Z > -k ) = 0.2420
- K= 0.7
K = - 0.7


56
Exercises

A. If z is standard normal variable, find the value of each of the following.

1. P(Z > 1.25 ) =







2. P(Z < 1.136 ) =






3. P(Z > -2.18 ) =







4. P ( -0.93 < Z < 1.02 ) =






5. P ( - 2.04 < Z < - 1.63 ) =








6. P ( 0 < Z < 1.228 ) =







B. Find the z-score of each of the following

1. P(Z<z) = 0.0192






2. P(Z>z) = 0.75





3. P(Z>z)=0.6044





4. P(Zsz)= 0.8032

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