Cortisol o Primary Site of Production: Adrenal Glands o Target Tissues: All major tiessues o Principle Physiological Actions: A steroid

hormone responsible for energy regulation through glucose metabolism o Principle Behavioral Actions: The stress hormone; secreted in response to stressors. It is often studied in relation to dominance relationships and stressful events Estrogen: o Primary Site of Production: Ovaries o Target Tissues: Female-specific tissues such as mammary glands, brain, bone o Principle Physiological Actions: A class of steroid hormones responsible for maintenance of the female reproductive cycle, such as ovulation o Principle Behavioral Actions: Associated with female reproductive state and reproductive behaviors Progestin: o Primary Site of Production: Ovaries o Target Tissues: Female-specific tissues such as mammary glands, brain o Principle Physiological Actions: A class of steroid hormones (primarily progesterone) responsible for maintaining the female reproductive cycle, pregnancy o Principle Behavioral Actions: Associated with female reproductive state and reproductive behaviors Testosterone: o Primary Site of Production: Testes o Target Tissues: Various, especially muscle, brain o Principle Physiological Actions: A steroid hormone responsible for growth and maintenance of male sexually dimorphic traits. An anabolic hormone responsible for increasing muscle mass o Principle Behavioral Actions: Associated with aggression and competition in many animals, especially in the context of male reproductive competition. Can also be measured in females Oxytocin: o Primary Site of Production: Pituitary o Target Tissues: Brain, uterus, mammary tissues o Principle Physiological Actions: A peptide hormone responsible for milk letdown response and uterine contraction during labor o Principle Behavioral Actions: The bonding hormone; associated with maternal and affiliative behaviors in mammals Vasopressin: o Primary Site of Production: Pituitary o Target Tissues: Brain, kidneys

o Principle Physiological Actions: A peptide hormone involved in water retention and regulation o Principle Behavioral Actions: Involved in pair bonding; often considered the male counterpart to oxytocin. Essentially unstudied in primates Prolactin: o Primary Site of Production: Pituitary o Target Tissues: Mammary glands, brain o Principle Physiological Actions: A peptide hormone responsible for milk production in lactation o Principle Behavioral Actions: The parenting hormone; associated with parental behavior in females and males in some mammals Follicle Stimulating Hormone: Released by the anterior part of the pituitary gland in brain. Stimulates the ovarian follicles to produce eggs. Leutinizing Hormone: Released by the anterior part of the pituitary gland in the brain. LH stimulates the release of an egg from the ovary (ovulation) Chorionic Gonadotropin: Chorion functions as an endocrine gland, producing this hormone that prevents menstruation. In placenta this hormone 1) signals corpus luteum not to degenerate so that it can produce progesterone, 2) prevents immunological rejection of implanting embryo, 3) produces effects similar to LH and other estrogens. Forms the basis of pregnancy tests. Corpus Luteum: A component in the ovary that secretes progesterone to maintain the endometrium; if fertilization does not occur then mentstruation does. Endocrine Glands: specialized organs that secrete hormones into the circulatory system. Myelination: This phase provides the insulating sheath around the axons. It happens at different rates into adolescence. Known as white matter. Gender Role: Set of social expectations for the behavior of males and females. Amygdala: The interface between emotion and judgment. Interfaces with hypothalamus and the various nuclei known to control sexual behavior in this region. Particular hormones, such as estradiol, can stimulate the amygdala to create sexual motivation. Damage to the amygdala can produce interesting changes in behavior. o Kluver-Bucy Syndrome: Diminished fear/docility, pica (eating inappropriate objects like rocks or poker chips), hyperorality, hypersexuality, inability to recognize familiar objects/individuals Neurotransmitters: Chemicals that are transmitted across synapses in order to facilitate neuronal communication. Couvade Syndrom (and symptoms): Sympathy pregnancy, symptoms such as weight gain, nausea, fatigue, emotions Genital Tubercle: A bipotential primordia genitalia that differentiates into the glans or the clitoris

Turner Syndrome: Someone who has 45 chromosomesX. Phenotypically female, but lacks secondary sexual characteristics; primary amenorrhea and streak gonads (fibrous tissue in ovaries). Synaptic Pruning: The elimination of excess synapses, it streamlines the neural processing. Allows proper connections to form. Without it, children wouldnt be able to walk, talk, or even see properly.

What are the seven major conclusions we can make about the evolution of human sexuality based on our understanding of nonhuman primate sexuality? Describe each conclusion. 1) The ancestral human mating system was likely polygynous. a. Polygyny likely occurred in australopithecines whereas the evolution of the genus Homo and possibly Homo sapiens shifted towards monogamy. b. Likely due to the large effort involved in child-rearing c. Most cultures permit polygynous marriages/partnerships 2) Despite our language/intellectual ability, we are visually-oriented sexual creatures. a. It is easy to overlook the non-verbal cues that are a part of our sexual history b. MHC and mate-choice c. Preferences for symmetry d. Preferences for particular body-shapes of BMIs e. Possible ovulation-induced changes in female appearance f. Preferences for numerous aspects of age, health, and reproductive condition 3) The evidence for sperm competition in humans is lacking a. No selection on sperm proteins b. Testes size is relatively small c. Penis-shape is not sperm destroying/removing d. No formation of copulatory plugs 4) The evidence for cryptic female choice in humans is lacking a. The female oviduct is short and simple b. The female cervix is relatively simple c. Testes size is small relative to oviduct length d. Female orgasm does not enhance fertilization ability 5) Human copulatory postures are derivable, in evolutionary terms, from anthropoid patterns a. Ventro-ventral copulation is not unique to humans b. All copulatory positions in humans have also been observed in primates c. Humans show a cross-cultural preference for ventro-ventral, but this isnt unique to our lineage 6) The human copulatory pattern consists of a single brief intromission

a. MIGHT be due to exposure on savanna b. Premature ejaculation supports this 7) Estrus behavior is neither a human nor anthropoid trait a. Female proceptivity/receptivity is flexible b. Females may concentrate sexual behavior during ovulation but this is based on an interplay of neurological and hormonal function c. The effects of the ovarian cycle on female sexual behavior are subtle d. Overall health/condition of females (rather than short-term changes in ovarian hormones) are more likely to influence mate attraction and reproductive success