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surcharge = qs = 400psf
tf wtoe tstem wheel Natural Soil: = 32o allowable bearing pressure = 5000psf
Development of Structural Design Equations. In this example, the structural design of the three retaining wall components is performed by hand. Two equations are developed in this section for determining the thickness & reinforcement required to resist the bending moment in the retaining wall components (stem, toe and heel). Equation to calculate effective depth, d: Three basic equations will be used to develop an equation for d. (1) M u = M n a M n = As f y d , 2 (2) C = T , 0.85 f a b = As f y ,
' c
Assuming 1 = 0.85 (true for fc <= 4,000 psi) s 0.005 0.00785 0.010
and choosing a value for s in about the middle of the practical design range,
a = 0.235 d
[ Eqn 3]
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f' a M u = 0.85 c ab f y d fy 2
0.883d
Equation for area of reinforcement, As. The area of reinforcement required is calculated from Eqn. 1:
a M u = As f y (d = ) = 0.90 As f y 0.883 d 2
M u = 0.795 As f y d
[Eqn. 5]
Design Procedure Example (after Phil Ferguson, Univ. Texas) 1. Determine HT. Usually, the top-of-wall elevation is determined by the client. The bottom-of-wall elevation is determined by foundation conditions. HT = 18 feet. 2. Estimate thickness of base (footing). tf 10% HT (12" minimum) tf = 0.1 (18' x 12"/') = 21.6"
use tf = 22"
3. Design stem (tstem, Asstem). The stem is a vertical cantilever beam, acted on by the horizontal earth pressure.
h = 18ft 22in/12in/ft h =16.17ft
tf = 22in
wtoe tstem wheel
ka h
k a qs
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calc. d: Pfill = 1 (k a h) h (1 ft out of page) 2 1 sin 1 sin(32 o ) ka = = = 0.31 1 + sin 1 + sin(32 o ) 1 = (0.31)(100 pcf )(16.17 ft ) 2 (1 ft ) = 4060 lb 2
Pfill
Psur = k a q sur h (1 ft ) = 0.31 (400 psf )(16.17 ft )(1 ft ) = 2010 lb h h M u = (Earth Pressure LoadFactor)( Pfill )( ) + (Live LoadFactor)(Psur )( ) 3 2 ft ft 16.17 16.17 ) + (1.6)(2010 lb )( ) = 61.0 k ft M u = (1.6)(4060 lb )( 3 2 Eqn. 4 : M u = 0.159 f c' b d 2
Use fc = 3000 psi, b = 12 throughout retaining wall (design 12-wide strip)
in ) = 0.159 (3 kso )(12" ) d 2 , d = 11.3 in ft 1 t stem = 11.3 in + 2 in cover + (1.0 in ) = 13.8 in , (assume #8 bars ) 2 in in in d = 14 2 0.5 = 11.5 in 61.0 k ft (12
use t stem = 14 in
As of one #8 bar = 0.79 in 2 in 2 in in bar 12 = 7.13 , 2 ft bar in 1.33 ft of wall 0.79 use #8 @ 6 in
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4. Choose Heel Width, wheel Select wheel to prevent sliding. Use a key to force sliding failure to occur in the soil (soil-to-soil has higher friction angle than soil-to-concrete). Assume wtoe = 3ft
12in
set
tf = 22in 14in
lb wheel ft
12 in + 14 in 1 ft Wstem = (150 pcf )(16.17 ft )( )(1 ft ) = 2627 lb in 2 12 22 14 W found = (150 pcf )( ft )( wheel + ft + 3 ft )(1 ft ) = 275 plf wheel + 1146 12 12
Fsliding = P fill + Psur P fill = Psur 1 ( 0 .31 100 pcf )(18 ft ) 2 (1 ft ) = 5030 lb 2 = ( 0 .31 400 psf )(18 ft )(1 ft ) = 2240 lb
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5. Check Overturning.
18 ft 18 ft M over = Pfill ( ) + Psur ( ) 2 3 M over = 5.03k (6 ft ) + 2.24 k (9 ft ) = 50.3k ft M resist = W fill ( 7.5 ft 14 ft + 3 ft ) + 2 12 1.17 ft ) + Wstem (3 ft + 2 11.67 ft ) + W found ( 2
18
ft
tf = 22in
3' 14" 7.5'
M resist = (1.62 klf 7.5 ft )(7.92 ft ) + (2.63 k )(3.585 ft ) + (0.275 klf 7.5 ft + 1.146 k )(5.835 ft ) M resist
Wfill = 12.13k = 124.1k ft Wfound = 3.21k
6. Check Bearing.
v at end of toe =
WT = W fill + W stem WT M L + 2 , equation is valid only if e < bL bL 6 6 + W found
WT = 12.13 k + 2.63 k + 3.21k = 17.97 k M = Moment about centroid of foundation M = M over W fill (5.835 ft M = 50.3 k ft 7.5 ft 1.17 ft ) + W stem (7.5 ft + 5.835 ft ) + W found (0) 2 2 12.13 k ( 2.087 ft ) + 2.63 k ( 2.25 ft ) = 31.0 k ft
v =
17.97 k 31.0 k ft + = 2.91ksf < 5.0 ksf = allowable bearing capacity, OK (1 ft )(11.67 ft ) 1 (1 ft )(11.67 ft ) 2 6
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7. Heel Design.
Max. load on heel is due to the weight of heel + fill + surcharge as the wall tries to tip over. Flexure:
W = Wheel + W fill + Wsur
W = 1.2(150 pcf )(
wu Vu Mu 22in 7.5ft
Eqn. 4 : M u = 0.159 f c' b d 2 81.8 k ft (12 in ) = 0.159 (3 ksi )(12" ) d 2 , ft d = 13.1in for flexure
Shear controls the thickness of the heel. 1 t heel = 22.1in + 2in cover+ in = 24.6in (assume #8 bar), 2 Reinforcement in heel: Eqn 5 : M u = 0.795 As f y d
81 .8 k ft (12 0.79 in ) = 0.795 As (60 ft
ksi
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8. Toe Design.
Earth Pressure at Tip of Toe: W Mu , where M u is the factored moment about the centroid of the foundation v = u bL 1 bL2 6 Wu = 1.2(W fill + Wstem + W found ) + 1.6 (Wsur )
Wu = 1.2(12.13k + 2.63k + 3.21k ) + 1.6(0.4 ksf )(18 ft )(1 ft ) = 33.1k , (did not recalc foundation wt )
3' 1.17' 7.5'
M u = 1.6(50.3 k ft ) 1.2 12.13 k (2.083 ft ) + 2.63 k (2.25 ft ) = 43.1k ft 33.1k 43.1k ft v = ft (1 )(11.67 ft ) 1 (1 ft )(11.67 ft ) 2 6 ksf v A = 2.83 + 1.90 ksf = 4.73 ksf
v = 2.83 ksf
C
1.90 ksf
= 0.93 ksf
v = 0.93
B
ksf
d for flexure:
M u = (3.75 ksf )(3 ft )(1 ft )( 3 ft 1 2 ) + (0.98 ksf )(3 ft )(1 ft )( 3 ft ) = 19.8 k ft 2 2 3
Eqn 4 : M u = 0.159 f c' b d 2 19.8 k ft (12 in ) = 0.159 (3 ksi )(12" ) d 2 , d = 6.46 in for flexure ft
d for shear: Assume theel = ttoe = 25.0in Critical section for shear occurs at "d" from face of stem, d = 25.0" 3"cover-1/2"=21.5"
= 0.93 ksf +
Vu =
1 21.5 (4.73 ksf + 4.25 ksf )(3 ft ft )(1 ft ) = 6.74 k 2 12 Vc = (0.75)2 3000 psi (12 in )(21.5 in ) = 22,200 lb > Vu , OK
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in 2 bar (12 in ) = 41in , try smaller bars, say #4 ft in 2 0.232 ft in 2 bar (12 in ) = 10.3in ft in 2 0.232 ft 0.20 use #4 @ 9"