Chapter 1.

Viscosity and the Mechanisms of

Momentum Transport
Newtons law of viscosity (molecular momentum
transport)
Generalisation of Newtons law of viscosity
Pressure and temperature dependence of viscosity
Molecular theory of the viscosity of gases at low
density, of liquids, and of suspensions and
emulsions
Convective momentum transport
Newtons law of viscosity
(molecular transport of momentum)
At steady-state
Newtons law of
viscosity
F V
A Y
=
x
yx
dv
dy
t =
Newtons law of viscosity
Molecular transport of momentum
= Viscosity,
t
yx
= Shear stress in the x-direction at constant y
Velocity gradient is the driving force for
momentum transport
x
yx
dv
dy
t =
Newtons law of viscosity
Another interpretation
x-momentum is transmitted through the fluid in
the y-direction
t
yx
= viscous flux of x-momentum in the
positive ydirection.
Newtonian fluids
All gases and most simple liquids
Viscosity is independent of t -> =(T)
Units: Pa.s
Non-Newtonian fluids
Viscosity is dependent of t
Polymeric liquids, pastes, slurries
Kinematic viscosity,
Units: m
2
/s

v

=
Viscosity
Definition: the measure of a fluids resistance to flow under applied
stress
Newtonian: origin, constant slope
( = viscosity), not time dependent
Non-Newtonian: all others
The apparent viscosity is the ratio of the shear
stress to the shear rate. It is not the slope.
Example: Calculation of momentum flux
Fluid between two parallel plates
Details: plate velocity V = 1 ft/s, fluid viscosity = 0.7 cP, Y =
0.001 ft
Required: calculate steady state momentum flux
yx
2
5 2 2
/
0 1.0 /
(0.7 )(2.0886 10 ) 1.46 10 /
0.001 0
f
x x
yx f
lb s ft
dv v ft s
cp lb ft
dy y cp ft
t

| | A
= = = =
|
A
\ .
Solution
Generalization of Newtons law
of viscosity
Velocity is a vector

Stress is a tensor with 9 components

, ,
x y z
v v v v
(
=

xx xy xz
yx yy yz
zx zy zz
t t t
t t t t
t t t
~
(
(
=
(
(

Generalization of Newtons law
of viscosity
A half of the cube is removed. Forces on
the free surface:
x x xx xy xz
pe and t t t t = + +

Associated to the pressure

(perpendicular to the surface)
Associated to the viscous forces.
For a plane perpendicular
to x-direction
Generalization of Newtons law
of viscosity
Pressure and viscous forces;
Molecular stress
Molecular Stress :
Normal stress :
Shear stress :
Interpretations
t
ij
force in the j-direction on a unit area
perpendicular to the i-direction or
t
ij
flux of j-momentum in the positive of
i-direction
ij ij ij
p t o t = +
( ) ij i j
t
=
( ) ij i j
t
=
= viscosity
k = dilatational viscosity (commonly not used)
Stress tensor
( )
( )
( )
2
3
2
3
j y
i x z
ij ij
i j
T
v v
v v v
x x x y z
v v v
t k o
t k o
~ ~
| |
c c
| | c c c
| |
= + + + +
|
| |
|
c c c c c
\ .
\ .
\ .
| |
= V + V + V
|
\ .

Viscosity of gases and liquids
Viscosity is a function of =(T,p)
Viscosity may be obtained from
Molecular theories
Empirical correlations
Correlation based in molecular theories
Reference
The Properties of Gases and Liquids by Poling, Prausnitz,
and OConnell, 5th Ed.
Pressure and temperature
dependence of viscosity
Reduced viscosity in
function of the
reduced temperature
and reduced pressure
Critical pressure and
temperature
The critical temperature of a liquid is that
temperature beyond which the liquid cannot exist,
no matter how much pressure is placed on it.
The pressure that is needed to cause the gas to
condense at the critical temperature is the
critical pressure.
Pressure and temperature
dependence of viscosity
Viscosity of a gas at low density increases with
increasing temperature
Viscosity of a liquid decreases with increasing
temperature
Molecular theory of the viscosity
of gases at low density
At low pressure, average velocity (random) and
mean free path
Viscosity
2
8 1
2
T
u
m
d n
k

t
t
= =
2
2
3
m T
d
t k

t t
=
Rigorous kinetic theory.
Monoatomic gases
Lennard-Jones potential
Viscosity for a pure mono-
atomic gas (it can be used
for poly-atomic gases as
well) in term of Lennard-
Jones parameters
12 6
( ) 4 r
r r
o o
c
(
| | | |
=
(
| |
\ . \ .
(

2
5
16
m T

t k

to
=
O
Convective momentum
transport
Momentum may be transported by the bulk flow of
the fluid. Convective transport
Momentum flux across the shaded area are
Convective momentum-flux tensor (2
nd
order)
Combined momentum flux
( ) ( ) ( )
x y z
v v v v v v

i j i j
i j
vv vvee =

vv p vv | t o t
~ ~ ~ ~
= + = + +

Convective momentum transport.
Convective momentum flux tensor