Simple Machines Machine An arrangement which enables to get work done easily.

When energy is supplied from one point as input machine will provide output at some other point. Simple machines There are several types of simple machines used in day to day life. Levers Pulleys inclined planes Belts, chains, toothed wheels Wheel and axel

The basic feature of a simple machine is that there are two forces acting called the load and the effort All simple machines belongs to two categories Force multiplier Input effort is less but the output is many times greater than effort. Eg: Wheelbarrow, crowbar Distance multiplier Distance moved by the load and effort is considered. Eg: Bicycle Levers Lever is a straight rod used as a simple machine. The point that lever rotates is called the fulcrum. Three classes of levers can be identified. 1st class levers First class levers In a first class lever fulcrum is in between the load and the effort. Eg: crowbar, pair of scissors, pliers Mechanical advantage The advantage that can be gained by a simple machine can be express as follows. Mechanical advantage = Load Effort Velocity ratio The ratio between the distance/ displacement moved by the load and effort. Velocity ratio = displacement of effort displacement of effort Second class levers The load is in between the fulcrum and effort in a lever. These machines are force multipliers. Eg: wheelbarrow Mechanical advantage = length of effort arm Length of load arm 2nd class levers 3rd class levers

Third class levers These levers are belongs to distance multipliers. Effort is in between load and fulcrum. Here load moves a longer distance than the effort. Eg: human forearm Pulleys A rotatable wheel is connected to an axel. Often used in construction sites and to draw water. A number of pulleys are set together to make the blocks and can be used as system of pulleys. In a pulley system stationary pulleys as well as moving pulleys can be identified. Mechanical advantage = load effort Velocity ratio can be calculated using the distance moved by load and effort. But it can be easily calculated by counting the number of pulleys or strings. Inclined planes A sloping plane is considered as inclined planes. The distance moved by the effort is more than that the load distance. Eg: ladder, screws, ramps Velocity ratio = length of the plane Height raised Wheel and axel Used in mining and digging wells. Velocity ratio = radius of the big wheel Radius of the small wheel Mechanical advantage =

Uses the methods of measuring thermal energy and heat transfer Concept of temperature Atoms and molecules of matter are constantly moving. As a result they possess kinetic energy. Heat is a type of energy and temperature is a measurement which shows the level of kinetic energy possess by molecules and atoms. Heat energy transfer from a place having more temperature to a place of low temperature. When heat energy is given to an object temperature increases. When heat energy is removed it becomes cooled.

Measuring temperature Thermometers are used to measure temperature of an object. Thermometers are made of a glass tube filled with mercury or alcohol. When the liquid in the bulb get heated it rises up along the glass tube. Mercury glass thermometer alcohol glass thermometers

Fahrenheit, celcius scale and kelvin scale Upper fixed point

Lower fixed point Fahrenheit Conversion of temperature scales Using following equation conversion of temperature scales can be done. Measuring heat energy celcius

Heat capacity C Amount of heat energy needed to change temperature by 1 celcius H= C Specific Heat Capacity The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1kg of a substance by 1oC is called the specific heat capacity. H = mc Units: J kg-10C-1 or J Kg -1 K- 1 Units: J0C or KJ 0C

Specific heat capacity of various substances Water - 4200 lead - 130 aluminum - 900

Heat conductors Substances which conduct heat better Heat insulators Substances which do not conduct heat Eg: Eg:

Modes of heat transferring Heat is transferred using three ways a. Conduction Conduction Heat energy is transferred from one particle to the adjoining particles is called as conduction. Surfaces which are contact together use this method to transfer heat energy. Note: Conduction occurs when two object at different temperatures are in contact with each other. Heat flows from the warmer to the cooler object until they are both at the same temperature. Conduction is the movement of heat through a substance by the collision of molecules. At the place where the two object touch, the faster-moving molecules of the warmer object collide with the slower moving molecules of the cooler object. As they collide, the faster molecules give up some of their energy to the slower molecules. The slower molecules gain more thermal energy and collide with other molecules in the cooler object. This process continues until heat energy from the warmer object spreads throughout the cooler object. b. Convection c. Radiation

Convection Transferring of heat energy due to the movement of hot particles (mass exchange) is known as convection. In liquids and gases, convection is usually the most efficient way to transfer heat. Convection occurs when warmer areas of a liquid or gas rise to cooler areas in the liquid or gas. As this happens, cooler liquid or gas takes the place of the warmer areas which have risen higher. This cycle results in a continous circulation pattern and heat is transferred to cooler areas. The pattern of the movement of particles is known as convection currents.

Radiation Both conduction and convection require matter to transfer heat. Radiation is a method of heat transfer that does not rely upon any contact between the heat source and the heated object. For example, we feel heat from the sun even though we are not touching it. Heat can be transmitted though empty space by thermal radiation. Thermal radiation (often called infrared radiation) is a type electromagnetic radiation (or light). Radiation is a form of energy transport consisting of electromagnetic waves traveling at the speed of light. No mass is exchanged and no medium is required. When infrared rays fall on a surface they change into thermal energy. Hot objects emit heat energy in the form of heat radiation.