INTRODUCTION

This project aims to provide unemployment problem in city and villages of Sitapur and how NGOs are helping in employment generation through their various programmes and activities. This study covers detailed information about various NGOs and their programs for skill development and employment generation. Unemployment, NGOs and their role has been defined below.

Non-governmental organization (NGO) is a term that has become widely accepted as referring to a legally constituted, non-governmental organization created by natural or legal persons with no participation or representation of any government. In the cases in which NGOs are funded totally or partially by governments, the NGO maintains its non-representatives from membership in the organization

New actor has emerged on the international stage, Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs) or Private Voluntary Organizations (PVOs) are increasingly making their presence felt. A decade ago, NGOs were fairly peripheral to major international diplomacy. Today, however, NGOs participate actively in various political, economical and social matters. NGOs work on their own, in conjunction with individual governments or with international organizations. As former UN Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali and other UN officials have noted, the involvement of NGOs in making decisions on the environment, sustainable development, human rights and women have increased the legitimacy and transparency of intergovernmental deliberations.

NGOs come in all sizes, shapes, ideologies, nationalities, organizing structures and styles. Some focus on nothing but local issues. Others, address issues that span whole continents, and some like Amnesty International span the entire globe. Their very diversity reflects the complexity of these organizations. NGOs encompass everything from charities and relief agencies to political parties; think tanks and academic centers to community organizations; cultural associations to continent wide farmers' networks; women's groups to environmental federations; social movements to human rights and religious groups.

NGOs are usually formed among private groups of individuals sharing specialized interests in regards to issues that can be local, national or international. While a few such organizations had existed from the early beginnings of the nation-state, they were to proliferate in the trans-national era and increased even more dramatically after World War II. This change can be attributed to technological developments, industrialization, and urbanization. Further still these factors are likely to continue to make the presence of NGOs felt in global arena.

Their tasks involve sharing information and advancing proposals as part of a web of governmental, intergovernmental, and nongovernmental efforts aimed at global problem solving. NGOs, then, are a indispensable organ of international importance.

Motivation
Unemployment is one of the major problems of developing countries like India. This study aims to provide information about unemployment status in Sitapur and efforts done by NGOs to generate Employment. The project is important because importance of Employment is not uknown, government only cannot overcome with the problem bodies like NGOs have to help to overcome the problem.

Objectives the study

1. To study the employment conditions in Sitapur and villages that come in Sitapur District 2. To study various NGOs and their programs of Employment generation in District Sitapur. 3. To study the perception of people towards NGO development programmes. 4. To study the impact of training of NGOs on rural population in Sitapur District.

Scope of Study
The rural human resource development, which involves rural education, vocational skill training, health care, social security, and so on has a great influence on the country, society and individual. However, most studies conducted were concerned to other parts of India or States, this project is related to Sitapur only so can give exact position of the city which my main goal. The study can also be implemented overall.

Introduction to NGOs
What are NGOs?

World Bank definition of an NGO:

The diversity of NGOs strains any simple definition. They include many groups and institutions that are entirely or largely independent of government and that have primarily humanitarian or cooperative rather than commercial objectives. They are private agencies in industrial countries that support international development; indigenous groups organized regionally or nationally; and member-groups in villages. NGOs include charitable and religious associations that mobilize private funds for development, distribute food and family planning services and promote community organization

HISTORY

International non-governmental organizations have a history dating back to at least 1839. Rotary, later Rotary International, was founded in 1905. It has been estimated that by 1914 there were 1083 NGOs. International NGOs were important in the anti-slavery movement and the movement for women's suffrage, and reached a peak at the time of the World Disarmament Conference. However, the phrase "non-governmental organization" only came into popular use with the establishment of the United Nations Organization in 1945 with provisions in Article 71 of Chapter 10 of the United Nations Charter for a consultative role for organizations which are neither governments nor member states. The definition of "international NGO" (INGO) is first given in resolution 288 (X) of ECOSOC on February 27, 1950: it is defined as "any international organization that is not founded by an international treaty". The vital role of NGOs and other

"major groups" in sustainable development was recognized in Chapter 27of Agenda 21, leading to intense arrangements for a consultative relationship between the United Nations and nongovernmental organizations.

Rapid development of the non-governmental sector occurred in western countries as a result of the processes of restructurization of the welfare state. Further globalization of that process occurred after the fall of the communist system and was an important part of the Washington consensus

Globalization during the 20th century gave rise to the importance of NGOs. Many problems could not be solved within a nation. International treaties and international organizations such as the World Trade Organization were perceived as being too centred on the interests of capitalist enterprises. Some argued that in an attempt to counterbalance this trend, NGOs have developed to emphasize humanitarian issues, developmental aid and sustainable development. A prominent example of this is the World Social Forum which is a rival convention to the World Economic Forum held annually in January in Davos, Switzerland. The fifth World Social Forum in Porto Alegre, Brazil, in January 2005 was attended by representatives from more than 1,000 NGOs.Some have argued that in forums like these, NGOs take the place of what should belong to popular movements of the poor. Others argue that NGOs are often imperialist in nature, that they sometimes operate in a racialized manner in dominant countries, and that they fulfil a similar function to that of the clergy during the high colonial era.

Types of NGO: NGOs may be widely classified into the following broad groups : 1. Donor Agencies: These comprise international NGOs dispensing funds they raise or receive from their governments to various NGOs- national and expatriate-engaged in social, economic and development activities. Apart from providing funds to the local and national NGOs, some of them implement projects directly. Major such organizations operating in Bangladesh include OXFAM, Swedish Free Church Aid (SFCA), Canadian University Service Overseas (CUSO), South Asia Partnership (SAP), The Aga Khan Foundation (AKF), etc. 2. International Action NGOs: Such NGOS are those expatriate organizations who operate on various geographic and sectoral areas with operating funds obtained from foreign donors. Some of these NGOs are also acting as co-financing agents of their respective governments. Such major NGOs operating include Rangpur, Dinajpur Rural Services (RDRS), Mennonite Central Committee (MCC), CONCERN, Voluntary Services Overseas (VSO), International Development enterprise (IDE), etc. 3. National action NGOs: There are many of these NGOs in the country. Some of them have earned reputation as effective organizations helping the poor and the disadvantaged through health activities, educational and training programmes, and income generating activities. Prominent such NGOs include Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC) Proshika Manobik Unnayan Kendro, Caritas Bangladesh, Nijera Kari, etc.

4. Local Action NGOs: There are organizations operating in local areas covering single or few villages, and are engaged in traditionally specialized activities in the locality. Sources of funding of these NGOs include the government and or nationally based donor agencies and other NGOs. 5. Service NGOs: There does exist some service NGOs. Generally, they work in the field of medical service, education and family programme.

NGO type can also be understood by orientation and level of co-operation.

NGO type by orientation

Charitable orientation; Service orientation; Participatory orientation; Empowering orientation;

NGO type by level of co-operation

Community- Based Organisation; City Wide Organisation; National NGOs; International NGOs;

Apart from "NGO", often alternative terms are used as for example: independent sector, volunteer sector, civil society, grassroots organizations, transnational social movement

organizations, private voluntary organizations, self-help organizations and non-state actors (NSA's).

Non-governmental organizations are a heterogeneous group. A long list of acronyms has developed around the term "NGO".

These include:

BINGO, short for business-friendly international NGO or big international NGO; CITS, helping scientific community by motivating young talent towards research & development CSO, short for civil society organization; DONGO: Donor Organized NGO; ENGO: short for environmental NGO, such as Greenpeace and WWF GONGOs are government-operated NGOs, which may have been set up by governments to look like NGOs in order to qualify for outside aid or promote the interests of the government in question;

INGO stands for international NGO; Oxfam is an international NGO; QUANGOs are quasi-autonomous non-governmental organizations, such as the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). (The ISO is actually not purely an NGO, since its membership is by nation, and each nation is represented by what the ISO Council determines to

be the 'most broadly representative' standardization body of a nation. That body might itself be a nongovernmental organization; for example, the United States is represented in ISO by the American National Standards Institute, which is independent of the federal government. However, other countries can be represented by national governmental agencies; this is the trend in Europe.)

TANGO: short for technical assistance NGO;

GSO: Grassroots Support Organization MANGO: short for market advocacy NGO CHARDS:Community Health and Rural Development Society

NGOs exist for a variety of reasons, usually to further the political or social goals of their members or funders. Examples include improving the state of the natural environment, encouraging the observance of human rights, improving the welfare of the disadvantaged, or representing a corporate agenda. However, there are a huge number of such organizations and their goals cover a broad range of political and philosophical positions. This can also easily be applied to private schools and athletic organizations

FORMATION

A Non Governmental Organization is perceived to be an association of persons or a body of individuals. An association of persons with non-profit motive may be registered under any of the
following Indian Acts: As a Charitable Trust As a Society registered under the Societies Registration Act As a Company licensed under section 25 of the Companies Act

Procedures of Formation: Trust: "Trust" is defined as an obligation annexed to the ownership of property, and arising out of a confidence reposed in and accepted by the owner or declared and accepted by him for the benefit of another, or of another and the owner. A Trust may be created by any language sufficient to know the intention and no technical words are necessary. A trust deed, generally, incorporates the following: i. The name(s) of the author(s)/settlor(s) of the trust; ii. The name(s) of the trustee(s); iii. The name(s) if any, of the beneficiary/ies or whether it shall be the public at large; iv. The name by which the trust shall be known; v. The name where its principal and/or other offices shall be situate; vi. The property that shall devolve upon the trustee(s) under the trust for the benefit of the beneficiary/ies;

vii. An intention to divest the trust property upon the trustee(s); viii. The objects of the trust; ix. The procedure for appointment, removal or replacement of a trustee. Their rights,duties and powers etc; x. The rights and duties of the beneficiary/ies; xi. The mode and method of determination of the trust. A charitable trust is not required to obtain registration under the Indian Registration Act.

Society: A society may be defined as a company or an association of persons united together by mutual consent to deliberate, determine and act jointly for same common purpose. Minimum seven persons, eligible to enter into a contract, can form society. When an NGO is constituted as a society, it is required to be registered under the Societies Registration Act, 1860. The chief advantage of forming a society are that it gives a corporate appearance to the organization, and provides greater flexibility as it is easier to amend the memorandum and bye laws of the society than in case of trust, terms of which are strictly manifested in the trust deed. However, formation of a society requires more procedural formalities than in case of a trust. A Society for its inception requires:I. Memorandum of Association, and II. Rules and Regulations For the purpose of registration, following documents are required to be filed with the registrar of Societies: a) Covering letter requesting for registration stating in the body of the letter various documents annexed to it. The letter is to be signed by all the subscribers to the memorandum or by a person duly authorised by all of them to sign on their behalf.

b) Memorandum of Association, in duplicate neatly typed and pages serially numbered. c) Rules and Regulations/Bye-Laws, in duplicate, certified by at least three members of the governing body. d) An affidavit of the president/Secretary of the society, on a non-judicial stamp paper of prescribed value, stating the relationship between the subscribers, duly attested by an oath commissioner, notary public or 1st class magistrate. e) Documentary proof such as house tax receipt, rent receipt in respect of premises shown as registered office of the society or no objection certificate from the landlord of the premises. f) An authority duly signed by all members of the managing committee. g) A declaration by the members of the managing committee that the funds of the society shall be used only for the purpose of furthering the aims and objects of the society. Company: Under Section 25 of the company's act, an association formed or to be formed: a) For the purposes of promoting commerce, art, science, religion, charity to any other useful object b) With intention to apply its profits or other income for promoting its objects, and c) Which prohibits payment of any dividend to its members,

Is permitted to be incorporated without addition of the word "Limited" or "Private Limited". Procedure for applying is same as applicable in the case of all companies. If the registrar is satisfied that all formalities have been complied with, he will issue a certificate of incorporation from which date the company comes into existence.

Major works of NGOs

Below are the notable examples of NGOs innovation that have been tried, tested, and replicated.

Group Based Mobilization and Beneficiary Participation: The most important NGOs innovation has been in the way reach the poor. A group based or target group mobilization strategy to serves to fulfill not only the goal of economic improvement but also that of social and institutional development.

Micro-Credit: The identification of credit as critical need felt by the poor and cost effective delivery mechanism to service have justifiably become the most well known of the development NGOs innovations in Bangladesh. The model pioneered by Grameen Bank has established micro-credit as the most widely replicated anti- poverty program.

Women as beneficiaries: The micro-credit revolution pioneered in Bangladesh has in fact a double innovation because women have been consciously targeted as the principal beneficiaries group. Currently over 80% of the Grameen Bank and other credit giving NGOs are women. A number of NGOs have organized land less group also whom collectively leased Khas lands and dry riverbeds. Some NGOs organize and mobilize fishing communities to protect the fish released

into open water. Others promote production of seedling in village-based nurseries to protect-sal (a local, self regenerating tree) forest. Besides, the following programs have been taken: Health education Non formal primary education Non-traditional agricultural extension Development of appropriate irrigation technology

OBJECTIVES OF NGOs General Objectives characteristics of health system functioning in the given socioeconomic, socio-cultural, political and ecological settings reforms and to undertake, as the most challenging endeavour, effective and efficient health management and quality health care service provisions in the community initiative and community participation in overall improvement in quality of life. Civic and Environmental Objective This aims at developing civic and environmental consciousness among the public. Organisation of civic amenities and sanitary facilities on a self- help basis, enactment of suitable legislation for the betterment of civic standards, environmental protection is some means by which a cleaner and healthier environment can be achieved. Service Objective This was formulated to provide service to all segments of the society like the poor, women, children and youth through various schemes like drug and alcohol addiction programmers, organisation of rallies against child labour, medical camps, blood donation camps, etc. This also includes the protection and preservation of nature, wildlife, historical and heritage monuments.

INDIA & NGOs

India has a long tradition of social service, social reform and voluntary agencies. NGOs emerged in India soon after Independence when Mahamata Gandhi made a plea for dissolving the Indian National Congress (the political party which came into power upon Independence), and transforming it into a Lok Sevak Sangh (Public Service Organization). This plea was, however, rejected; nevertheless, it did not halt the formation of non-governmental organizations in India. Many Gandhi followers established voluntary agencies to work closely with the governmental programs on social and economical issues. These agencies organized handicrafts and village industries, rural development programs, credit cooperatives, educational institutions, etc.

The second stage of growth of NGOs in India was around 1960 when many individuals noticed that the governmental programs seemed to be inadequate to deal with the deprived sections of India. These groups formed organizations that worked on behalf of the poor, the landless, the tribals, the bonded labourers, and many other social groups that were being discriminated against by the policies of the state and social structure. These grass roots organizations work at the micro-level and work with limited resources and lack of coordination.

Since Independence in 1947 until around 1980 there was little effort on the part of the Indian Government to define the role of a voluntary agency or to recognize its importance. In 1980, however, with the Sixth Five Year Plan (1980-1985), the government identified new areas in which NGOs as new actors could participate in development. These areas included:

1. Optimal utilization and development of renewable source of energy, including forestry through the formation of renewable energy association at the block level

2. Family welfare, health and nutrition, education and relevant community programs in the field 3. Health for all programs 4. Water management and soil conservation 5. Social welfare programs for weaker sections 6. Implementation of minimum needs program 7. Disaster preparedness and management (i.e. for floods, cyclones, etc) 8. Promotion of ecology and tribal development, and 9. Environmental protection and education.

This plan, nevertheless, was to become the first of a series. Under the Seventh Five Year Plan (1985-1990) the Indian government envisioned a more active role for voluntary organizations to aid in making communities as self-reliant as possible. These groups were expected to show how village and indigenous resources could be used and how human resources, rural skills and local knowledge, grossly underutilized at present could be used for their own development. NGOs because of their situation and interaction with local people can be very effective in bringing change since they are able to address issues that governments are often not able to comprehend. That is, because these organizations work at the grass roots level they are able to sense the urgency of issues and prioritize into the problem solving mode at a quicker pace.

This advantage has also been noticed by the Indian government. In the Eight Five Year Plan the importance of NGOs is further enhanced, paying particular attention to the role of these agencies as participants in rural appraisal for drawing up development plans at a very low cost and involving the rural community. The plan document states, "A nation-wide network of NGOs will be created. In order to facilitate the working of this network, three schemes relating to the

creation, replication, multiplication and consultancy development have been worked out by the Planning Commission."

Today, India has a vigorous NGO sector. Although there has been no complete census of NGOs, it is estimated that about 25,000 to 30,000 are active in India. In fact, as of December 31st, 1989, there were 12,313 NGOs registered with the Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India under the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act (FCRA) 1976; furthermore, 726 NGOs are unregistered but under the prior permission category. One problem with NGOs in India, as with NGOs anywhere else in the world, has been the increasing dependency on governmental funds or donations from external (foreign) donors like the World Bank. This dependent relationship has resulted in a lack of flexibility on the part of NGOs to pick their missions and objectives since many are expected to perform certain tasks in return for funding. But, further still, it has also created structures that have become more bureaucratic in nature and, hence, less effective in development. Nevertheless, NGOs are here to stay and will continue to work in India on political, economical or social issues, the task before before them is how they will manage to produce change will keeping track for governmental documentation.

NGOS IN INDIA
Non Governmental Organizations or NGOs perform multifarious jobs for the development of the people and society. They are non-profit voluntary groups organized at the local, national or international level. Non-governmental organizations either campaign or advocate sensitive issues, work on capacity building programs, concentrate on social research, or provide significant networking opportunities. NGOs are not directly involved in the structure of the government but at the same time they cannot work without the support or help from the government. NGOs bring up issues and concerns of the people to the government and policy makers. In India there are several types of NGOs performing a particular job or jobs. The sectors have been wide spread across the country especially in rural and remote areas.

TYPES OF NGOS IN INDIA volunteer sector civic society grassroots organizations transnational social movement organizations private voluntary organizations self-help groups (SSG) and many other related organizations

NGOs cover areas that include welfare of street children, women and old people, youth, slum dwellers, child laborers, sex workers, and landless workers. India is estimated to have more than 2 million NGOs at present. The figure is continuously increasing

SOME IMPORTANT NGOS IN INDIA

INDIAN RED CROSS SOCIETY

India Red Cross Society The Indian Red Cross is a voluntary humanitarian organization having a network of over 700 branches throughout the country, providing relief in times of disasters/emergencies and promotes health & care of the vulnerable people and communities. It is a leading member of the largest independent humanitarian organization in the world, the International Red Cross & Red Crescent Movement.

The Mission of the Indian Red Cross is to inspire, encourage and initiate at all times all forms of humanitarian activities so that human suffering can be minimized and even prevented and thus contribute to creating more congenial climate for peace. 1) Sammaan FoundationThe purpose of establishing Sammaan foundation (Jan 25, 2007) was empowering the downtrodden and linking them with the main stream through education, training and financial support. More specifically, at the moment, Sammaan is working towards organizing the rickshaw-pulling class of people by providing them with opportunities to earn their livelihood. It is taking giant strides in areas like women empowerment, health services, employment generation, micro credit and childrens education. ()

2) GoonjGoonjs mission is to solve the clothing problems of the underprivileged. It was the recipient of the NGO of the year award in 2007 at the India NGO Awards. The various initiatives of Goong are-

Vastra Samman- Goonj believes that reusing old clothes can help solve the clothing problem of the poor. Not just a piece of cloth- Goonj has been striving to establish partnerships between rural and rich urban schools.

Rahat Floods- Goonj initiates Rahat floods annually for collect relief material during floods to aid affected victims in West Bengal, Assam and Bihar. Rahat Winters- Similar to Rahat floods, Goonj initiates Rahat winters every year to solve the problem of winter clothing of the underprivileged

3) Akshaya Trust-

The mission of Akshaya trust is to care for the helpless, forsaken, mentally ill, old, sick and the road side destitute who live in Madurai. This is accomplished by providing love and affection, healthy food, rehabilitation opportunities. Their sole aim is to restore human dignity. ()

4) Smile FoundationFormed in 2002, the Smile foundation comprises corporate professionals who had a target of providing universal education and healthcare services to the underprivileged thereby changing their lives forever. They aim to set the foundation for nation building by making the downtrodden emerge as productive assets.

5) Udaan Welfare Foundation-

The Udaan Welfare foundation was formed with a mission to empower lives of the downtrodden. Their main areas of focus are children, destitute women, senior citizens and environment protection. Till date, they have launched various health and education initiatives involving children and destitute women. They even have a cancer chemotherapy centre as one of their main projects.

6) PrathamPratham is one of the largest NGO which works towards educating the underprivileged children in the slums of Mumbai. Their team comprises people from various fields who expertly bring their experiences and own unique perspectives and work together to create a bright future for our children. The programs of Pratham are designed in such a way that enrolment of children in schools increases, their learning levels increase and those people who are unable to attend school receive education receive it in a proper manner.

7) LEPRA SocietyLEPRA society actively promotes quality health care through various initiatives. It aims to support various health programmes in the prevention and control of diseases like AIDS, Leprosy, and Tuberculosis etc. Their programmes are mainly focussed to communities which are poor comprising women and children.

8 ) DeepalayaDeepalaya is a development-based NGO which works on issues pertaining to the poor and the downtrodden, especially children. It has successfully made inroads into slums of Delhi and initiated rural development in Haryana and Uttarakhand. It works in collaboration with both

governmental and non-governmental agencies and makes interventions in the states policy making. Their areas of focus include education, healthcare, gender equality, vocational training, empowering other NGOs which have the same vision and upliftment of the differently-abled.

9) Uday FoundationBased in New Delhi, the Uday foundation provides support to the families of children suffering from critical disorders, congenital defects and other diseases and syndromes which affects their health, growth and education. It has launched various health related projects for the common man in general. Their special focus is child rights i.e. providing a right to live with dignity. It is more of a parents support group who tackle the problem of saving the lives of the future of our country. They also support research to develop new healthcare technologies.

10) HelpAge IndiaHelpAge India, since its establishment in 1978 has constantly been striving to raise resources to protect the rights of senior citizens of our country. They are involved with the local and national government to implement policies which will be beneficial to the elderly. Their objective is to make the senior citizens aware of their rights so that they can play an active role in the society. To accomplish this, they are also working constantly to make the society aware of the concerns regarding the elderly and also promoting better understanding of similar issues.

11) CHILD RELIEF & YOU (CRY)

Child Rights and You commonly abbreviated as CRY is a non-profit organization in India that aims to restore children's rights in India. The organisation was established in 1979. The

organization partners with grass-roots Non governmental organisations to uplift thousands of Indian children denied basic children's rights. It works towards restoring basic rights to children, especially from India and works across levels from direct action to advocacy, mobilizing public opinion and policy change.

It was started by Rippan Kapur, who died in 1994 at a very young age of 40 .

It focuses mainly on the 4 basic rights of survival, development, protection and participation which were defined by the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), an international human rights treaty which has been ratified by 192 countries.

National Institute of Public Cooperation and Child Development (NIPCCD).

The objects of the Institute are to develop and promote voluntary action in social development, take a comprehensive view of child development and develop and promote programmes in pursuance of the National Policy for Children, develop measures for coordination of governmental and voluntary action in social development, and evolve framework and perspective for organising childrens programmes through governmental and voluntary efforts.

Functions The Institute conducts research and evaluation studies; organises training programmes/seminars, workshops,

conferences; and provides documentation and information services in the field of public cooperation and child development. It also provides technical advice and consultancy to government and voluntary agencies in promoting and implementing policies and programmes for child development and voluntary action. In addition, it collaborates with regional and international agencies, research institutions, universities and technical bodies.

 OXFAM

Oxfam is an international confederation of 14 organizations working together in 99 countries and with partners and allies around the world to find lasting solutions to poverty and injustice.

We work directly with communities and we seek to influence the powerful to ensure that poor people can improve their lives and livelihoods and have a say in decisions that affect them.

Oxfam works on the following issues :

Active citizenship

Agriculture

Aid effectiveness

Climate change

Education

Emergency response

Gender justice

Health

HIV and AIDS

Indigenous & minority rights

Natural resources

Peace & security

Private sector

Trade

Youth outreach

What is Unemployment?
Unemployment is a state of joblessness in an economy. This unemployment is usually measured in terms of unemployment rate where the number of unemployed individuals will be divided by the total number of employed individuals. This unemployment can also be referred as joblessness or out of work. The Office of National Statistics (ONS) has given an official estimation of unemployment using the International Labor Organization definition.

According to this definition, public aged 16 and above will be called as unemployed if they are out of work, need a job, have vigorously wanted work in the last four weeks and are available to start work in the next two weeks, have found a job and are waiting to join the job in the next two weeks.

Unemployment is a major problem in many countries, especially India. There are many reasons for this, but technological progress can be figured out as one of the main reasons. Everything is getting computerized in these modern days and this in turn leads to unemployment by decreasing the number of labors needed for a work. Unemployment is used by the government as a statistic to measure the health of the economy. Based on the rate of unemployment, like if the rate is around 6% or more, then the government will try to stimulate the economy and create jobs.

Unemployment in India
India as a nation is faced with massive problem of unemployment. Unemployment can be defined as a state of worklessness for a man fit and willing to work. It is a condition of involuntary and not voluntary idleness. Some features of unemployment have been identified as follows: 1. The incidence of unemployment is much higher in urban areas than in rural areas. 2. Unemployment rates for women are higher than those for men. 3. The incidence of unemployment among the educated is much higher than the overall unemployment. 4. There is greater unemployment in agricultural sector than in industrial and other major sectors.

Economists and social thinkers have classified unemployment into various types. Generally unemployment can be classified in two types: (1) Voluntary unemployment In this type of unemployment a person is out of job of his own desire doesn't work on the prevalent or prescribed wages. Either he wants higher wages or doesn't want to work at all. It is in fact social problem leading to social disorganization. Social problems and forces such as a revolution, a social upheaval, a class struggle, a financial or economic crisis a war between nations, mental illness, political corruption mounting unemployment and crime etc. threaten the smooth working of society. Social values are often regarded as the sustaining forces of society. They contribute to the strength and stability of social order. But due to

rapid social change new values come up and some of the old values decline. At the same time, people are not is a position to reject the old completely and accept the new altogether. Here, conflict between the old and the new is the inevitable result which leads to the social disorganization in imposed situation. In economic terminology this situation is voluntary unemployment. (2) In voluntary unemployment In this type of situation the person who is unemployed has no say in the matter. It means that a person is separated from remunerative work and devoid of wages although he is capable of earning his wages and is also anxious to earn them. Forms and types of unemployment according to Hock are.

a. Cyclical unemployment - This is the result of the trade cycle which is a part of the capitalist system. In such a system, there is greater unemployment and when there is depression a large number of people are rendered unemployed. Since such an economic crisis is the result of trade cycle, the unemployment is a part of it. b. Sudden unemployment - When at the place where workers have been employed there is some change, a large number of persons are unemployed. It all happens in the industries, trades and business where people are employed for a job and suddenly when the job has ended they are asked to go. c. Unemployment caused by failure of Industries - In many cases, a business a factory or an industry has to close down. There may be various factors responsible for it there may be dispute amongst the partners, the business may give huge loss or the business may not turn out to be useful and so on.

d. Unemployment caused by deterioration in Industry and business - In various industries, trades or business, sometimes, there is deterioration. This deterioration may be due to various factors. In efficiency of the employers, keen competitions less profit etc. are some of the factors responsible for deterioration in the industry and the business. e. Seasonal unemployment - Certain industries and traders engage workers for a particular season. When the season has ended the workers are rendered unemployed. Sugar industry is an example of this type of seasonal unemployment.

The problem of unemployment has becoming a colossal. Various problems have caused this problem. There are individual factors like age, vocational unfitness and physical disabilities which restrict the people. External factors include technological and economic factors. There is enormous increase in the population. Every year India adds to her population afresh. More than this every year about 5 million people become eligible for securing jobs. Business field is subject to ups and downs of trade cycle and globalization. Economic depression or sick industries are often close down compelling their employees to become unemployed. Technological advancement contributes to economic development .But unplanned and uncontrolled growth of technology is causing havoc on job opportunities. The computerization and automation has led to technological unemployment. Strikes and lockouts have become inseparable aspect of the industrial world today. Due to these industries often face economic loses and production comes down. Since workers do not get any salary or wages during the strike period they suffer from economic hardships. They become permanently or temporarily unemployed. Today young people are not ready to take jobs which are considered to be socially degrading or lowly. Our educational system has its own irreparable defects and its contribution to the unemployment is an open truth.Our

education does not prepare the minds of young generation to become self-employed on the contrary it makes them dependent on government vacancies which are hard to come. Our State right from the beginning of Five year plans has introduced several employment generating schemes and programmes over the years but in the absence of proper implementation and monitoring have failed to achieve the required targets. Recently UPA Government has come up with Rural Employment Guarantee program which aims to provide minimum days of employment to people living in the villages. This is a laudable programme if implemented sincerely because it will provide employment to people during natural calamities like drought, floods etc. The remedial measures for reducing unemployment may lay greater emphasis on creation of opportunities for self -employment, augmentation of productivity and income levels of the working poor, shift in emphasis from creation of relief type of employment to the building up of durable productive assets in the rural areas and instead of attempting to revert somewhat to protectionist policies the pace of privatization may be accelerated. Jobs in India are shrinking at an alarming rate. Privatization and globalization have further aggravated the problem. Instead of generating employment, they have rendered millions of hands idle. American policies are effective there but not in India where the accursed ones are left to fend for themselves leading to frustration, disappointment, anger and violence". Unemployment is the mother of countless ills. It is such a poison that pollutes the society, endangers the democratic fabric of the country. We can't expect nobility, honesty and truth from a person who is unable to manage two square meals a day for his family. An unemployed person has no sense of self-respect as he has no sense of security.

"Rightly", said by Franklin, A ploughman on his feet is better than a gentleman on his knees. " Estimates of the total number of Indians unemployed or underemployed vary between 70 and 100 million. This figure can cause concern to any nation, but to a developing country like ours, it is the cause of great distress. A developing country must mobilize its manpower resources to the maximum possible extent and a developing country with such a large segment of its population unemployed or underemployed is a contradiction in terms. In India the specter of frustration of misery and hunger of fallen hopes and barren dreams of bitter pain and dark despair haunts the unemployed. It is true that the future of a country depends on the ability and the mental attitudes of its young men and women then India has already lost the will to develop. If India allows her young men to be gripped by insecurity and frustration, she will have to pay for modernization and rapid advancement with several years of stagnation. The universities with their techniques of mass education and system of examination, offer little information and less understanding. The grapes at the end of the course, acquired after many years of ill-spent effort and spending bulk of hard earned money of the parents, very often turn out to be sour, as the degrees soon prove valueless, and succeed neither in increasing the students' mental alertness and intellectual capabilities nor in raising their chances of employment. The student unable to secure employment passes on from one academic degree to another from one vacuum to another and as he goes on, the employment that he desires becomes increasingly elusive. At the end of the process, the student very soon realize that he is not a first-class

intellectual who can step out of the university into waiting eager commercial units; that he is not doing them a favor by joining them but that they are doing him a favor by accepting him. Many of them drift aimlessly into coffee houses, theatres and billiard clubs in an effort to escape from the world in which they are sure they have no place and utility., Should not this in itself cause distress to a nation which requires all possible physical and psychological assistance with which to develop? "Employment generation is an issue of life and death for our democracy, says Amit Mitra, secretary general of the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry, a business lobby. India was Asia's fastest expanding economy in the most recent quarter data Growth is its highest in nearly 15 years. Glitzy shopping malls are springing up and a culture of consumption is taking root as foreign companies are attracted by cheap labour. But growing unemployment is forcing people from rural areas to migrate in hordes to nearby cities and towns, creating slums, social unrest and electricity and water shortages. "There is some truth in the fact that jobs have not grown as much as expected as the economy has grown," Ashok Lahiri, chief economic adviser to the government, told Reuters, "We have to expand employment. There is no doubt about that. "But even getting to grips with the scale of the problem is hard enough: India does not regularly release unemployment data and forming a view on the trends has to come from a combination of rarely issued official reports and anecdotal evidence.

Millions of laboring, street vending and farm jobs fall below the governments radar screen and getting information on them is a daunting task. Some 92 percent of Indian jobs are thought to be informal. Even for the remaining eight percent, the numbers are hard to come by. The government issues an employment report once every five years and economists can glean trends from Indian census data which is published every 10 years. The worlds top economies publish data every month. India estimate un-employment currently to be around 7.8 percent, a government official said. Whether it is, the figure looks to be on the rise. The Planning Commission says nearly35 million people are registered with employment exchanges from 27 million four years ago. India knows one thing based on demographic trends, is that to keep the jobless rate from rising more, it must create some 60 million jobs in five years as more Indians enter the job market. More than 65 percent of the population is under 35. India expects economic growth of at least eight percent in the year ended March 2004. But economists say it's not enough to create 12 million jobs a year. For instance,the country's success in information technology and emerging areas such as retail and tourism is expected to adjust some 2.2 million jobs in the next few years, according to industry estimates. Government adviser Lahiri bristles at the suggestion this is a jobless recovery. "I don 't think the growth has been jobless is an overstatement he said. But economists say the trend threatens long-term prospects."If we fail to create more jobs it will lead to a lot of social tension which in turn will hurt the economy," said Saumitra Chaudhuri, economic adviser at Indian credit finl1 ICRA."Large unemployment for a country like India is not something desirable," he said.

Some economists say the jobs problem stems from an economic liberalization programme launched more than a decade ago. The country's huge public sector has shed thousands of jobs since it stepped on the road to privatization in the early 1990s.The Planning Commission, in a report on employment published last year, attributed rising joblessness to a policy of shedding excess labour in both the private and public sector. It said companies had stepped up investment in plants and machinery more than in labour-intensive industries.Economists add that a $53 billion fiscal deficit prevents the government from creating employment by spending more on social sectors such as health and education." We should be looking for a fiscal-led economic expansion based on the basic needs of the people which will have a much higher multiplier effect," says Jayati Ghose, professor at New Delhi's Jawaharlal Nehru University. In the light of this the task of harnessing the unemployed should be put on a war footing. Massive urban recruitment will be useless as the cities which have got along well enough without the recruits, can certainly continue to do so. Besides, massive urban recruitment will be. inflationary and hence is impracticable. The unemployed population should be mobilized for rural reconstruction, especially as the villages lack technical know-how and also that 70 per cent of India's population lives there. Stressing on agronomy will augment rural reconstruction, enlighten the farmers, raise agricultural production, conserve foreign exchange and above all be a step towards self-sufficiency and employment for ail. The only other country which successfully mobilized vast populations for national development is China. If we are to mobilize our man power resources we must learn from the mistakes of China during her Great Leap Forward. The Chinese made three basic mistakes. Firstly, the peasants were given inadequate training. Secondly, the tax levied on agriculture communes was exorbitant often is high as 70 per cent the total produce. Finally, recruitment was governed not

by considerations of merit and ability to do the job, but by loyalty to the Communist Party and on ideological grounds. In India the counterpart of this last mistake is recruitment of workers on communal, regional and linguistic grounds. This must go. It is the duty of every responsible and patriotic Indian to herald in a new 'meritocracy.' Unemployment in our country has become such a complicated, economic, social and political issue, that requires urgent steps to eliminate its scourge. Half hearted measures or temporary solutions will not yield any fruitful results. The foremost requirement is the overhauling the existing educational system. We have to change the system from producing white collar job seekers to practically job oriented technocrats, capable to start their own ventures There should be perfect coordination and integration between our education and the industrial environment. We have to search new avenues in farm sector, herbal and medical fields to provide job opportunities after completing the education by the students. India should also go for fast development of cottage and small industries. Government should take effective steps so that the globalization does not effect the small and cottage industries.The industrial development can relieve us from this problem to a great extent. We must concentrate on labour intensive units. We have to plan and exploit our industrial potential to the fullest extent to provide jobs to the fellow youths. In a nutshell the problem of unemployment has to be dealt with on war footing lest the youth should be diverted to some wrong path.

Role of NGOs in Employment Generation

The task of employment generation requires concerted action by several ministries and departments of government both at the national as well as the state levels. But it is not a task for governments alone. Employers and workers organizations, as well as NGOs play an increasingly active role in the process.

The NGOs are engaged in imparting training for development of entrepreneurship, technical innovation as well as capacity building of relevant micro and medium enterprises. The initiatives are aimed at cultivating entrepreneurship and employment generation opportunities for the local communities.

It has been observed that due to lack of necessary skills as required by various service and manufacturing organizations many of the students of the state even after completion of their formal education are unable to find suitable employment; whereas demand for the local youths for various industry for their operation within and outside the state has been increasing. Even the people whose main occupation is agriculture, Pisciculture, Pottery, Cattle farming/Dairy, Handicrafts/furniture, Handloom, Horticulture, Sericulture etc. did not flourish much as they could have been and this is just because of lack of proper skill and knowledge. Though, the Governments are implementing various developmental schemes for the welfare of the weaker section of the society. But, owing to many factors including non-association of grass-root institution in implementation, the programme could not yield the expected result.

NGOs play a vital role where government fails to help rural and urban Population as they are directly linked to people.

Research Methodology
Description of Project

Research Problem
Research problem of the project is to find role of NGOs in Employment generation in Sitapur? Universe of the Study: The universe of the study consists of the individuals identified and trained by the selected NGOs in the Sitapur districts . For this, the researcher will identify five major NGOs, involved in developing human resources at the grass root level. The selection of the five NGOs will be done very carefully in consultation with industry experts as well as considering genuineness and credibility of NGOs. Sampling procedure: A list of individuals attended the training and development programmes organized by NGOs will be collected. To be more specific and systematic, the researcher with the help of industry experts will identify a set of training programmes specifically suiting to the objectives of the study and the respondents for the interview will be selected from the list of individuals in each category. The researcher will be using purposive sampling in the selection NGOs and Multi stage sampling in the selection of villages and selection of respondents (participants). Source of data Both primary and secondary data will be used in the study. The primary data will be collected by the researcher through field study, employing appropriate tools.

Primary data: The major part of the data for the analysis of the problem will be collected by the researcher from the field using appropriate data collection tools. The collected data will be processed and analyzed, using statistical methods such as correlation, regression. Secondary data: The relevant secondary data will be collected from various web sites, government records, news papers, research articles, NGO documents and reports etc. The confidentiality of the documents and reports from the NGOs will be strictly maintained by the researcher and all the data collected will be used only for the purpose of the research. Sample Size : 50 Respondents have been taken. Tools of data collection: Appropriate questionnaires and interview schedules will be

developed to address various types of respondents for the study. Definition of terms NGOs: Non Governmental Organizations Human resource: Includes knowledge, skill, and expertise that individual possess Perceptions and outlook: The way individuals view and see realities and forms opinions about them. Empowerment: Making people capable of attaining the goals and objectives of life and career.

DATA ANALYIS AND INTERPETATIONS

Are you currently...?

a) Employed b) Unemployed

30 20

EMPLOYMENT STAUS

EMPLOYED UNEMPLOYED

2 Organizations or NGO play any role in getting the employment

Yes 19 No 31

NGO AND ORGANISATION PLAY ROLE IN GETTING THE EMPLOYMENT

YES NO

3. If employed kindly describe the kind of employment

a) Private job b) Public sector job c) Self employed

25 10 15

KIND OF EMPLOYMENT

PRIVATE JOBS PUBLIC SECTOR JOBS SELF EMPLOYED

4. Household Income

What is your total household income? a) Less than one lakh b) Less than two lakh c) Less than three lakh d) Less than four lakh e) Less than five lakh f) Above five lakh

40 3 3 3 1 1

HOUSE HOLD INCOME

LESS THAN ONE LAKH LESS THAN TWO LAKH LESS THAN 3 LAKH LESS THAN 4 LAKHS LESS THAN 5 LAKHS AVOBE 5 LAKHS

5. Received assistance and help from NGOs in getting education

a) Yes

b) NO

C) NONE

NGO HELP IN GETTING EDUCATION

YES NO NONE

6Have you received any training and assistance in skill and knowledge development by the

NGOs
Yes 19 No 31

NGO HELP IN DEVELOPMENT IN SKIL, TRANING,& KNOWLEDGE

YES NO

7The training and assistance provided by the NGOs helped in

Finding Employment 17 Self Employment 14 Perform my present job better 17 Creating employment and absorbs the people in the organization 2

Series 1
18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 FINDING EMPLOYMENT SELF EMPLOYMENT PERFORM MY PRESENT JOB BETTER CREATING EMPLOYMENT AND ABSORB THE PEOPLE IN THE ORGANIZATION

8. Have you received any assistance to get your children educated?

Yes 39 No 11

CHLIDREN EDUCATION

YES NO

9. Very often the programmes of the NGOs are directed towards

a) Health improvement programmes b) Education of the children c) Education of the adults d) Employment generation e) Care and welfare of women and Children f) Infrastructural development

10 8 6 8 10 8

THE PROGRAM OF THE NGO ARE DRICETED TOWARDS

12 10 8 6 4 2 0

THE PROGRAM OF THE NGO ARE DRICETED TOWARDS

Bibliography
G.Priya & Pushpalatha.A. (July-September, 2007) Performance of Small Scale Industries in Recent Years, The Economic Challenger. B. Yerram Raju. (2000). SMEs: Issues in the changing global economic Environment, ssi. Dr. Gupta C.B. and Dr. S.S. Khanka. Entrepreneurship and Small Business Management, Sultan Chand and sons, New Delhi, P.2.13. Dr. Vasant Desai. (2006). Small Scale Industries and Entrepreneurship, Himalaya Publishing House, New Delhi, P.17. Mowday, R. T. (1998). Reflections on the Study and Relevance of Organization Commitment, Human Resource Management Review, Vol.8 (4): 387-402. Nottingham Trent University.

Questionnaire
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) Name : Age : Gender Male Religion Caste Marital Status Education

Female

8. Employment Status

Are you currently...?

c) Employed d) Unemployed
9. Did some organizations or NGO play any role in getting the employment?
Yes No

10. If employed kindly describe the kind of employment

d) Private job e) Public sector job f) Self employed

11. Household Income

What is your total household income? g) Less than one lakh h) Less than two lakh i) Less than three lakh j) Less than four lakh k) Less than five lakh l) Above five lakh
12. Received assistance and help from NGOs in getting education

a) Yes

b) NO

13. Have you received any training and assistance in skill and knowledge development by the NGOs
Yes No

14. The training and assistance provided by the NGOs helped in

Finding Employment Self Employment Perform my present job better Creating employment and absorbs the people in the organization

15. Have you received any assistance to get your children educated?
Yes No

16. Very often the programmes of the NGOs are directed towards

a) Health improvement programmes b) Education of the children c) Education of the adults d) Employment generation e) Care and welfare of women and Children f) Infrastructural development

Date: Place: Signature