AP Physics C Review Mechanics

CHSN Review Project

This is a review guide designed as preparatory information for the AP1 Physics C Mechanics Exam on May 11, 2009. It may still, however, be useful for other purposes as well. Use at your own risk. I hope you nd this resource helpful. Enjoy! This review guide was written by Dara Adib based on inspiration from Shelun Tsais review packet. This is a development version of the text that should be considered a work-inprogress. This review guide and other review material are developed by the CHSN Review Project. Copyright 2009 Dara Adib. This is a freely licensed work, as explained in the Denition of Free Cultural Works (freedomdefined.org). Except as noted under Graphic Credits on the following page, the work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 United States License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/us/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA. This review guide is provided as is without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. You should not assume that this review guide is error-free or that it will be suitable for the particular purpose which you have in mind when using it. In no event shall the CHSN Review Project be liable for any special, incidental, indirect or consequential damages of any kind, or any damages whatsoever, including, without limitation, those resulting from loss of use, data or prots, whether or not advised of the possibility of damage, and on any theory of liability, arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of this review guide or other documents which are referenced by or linked to in this review guide.

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Why do we love ideal worlds? . . . Ive been doing this for 38 years and school is an ideal world. Steven Henning

Contents
Kinematic Equations Free Body Diagrams Projectile Motion Circular Motion Friction Momentum-Impulse Center of Mass Energy Rotational Motion Simple Harmonic Motion Gravity 3 3 4 4 5 5 5 5 7 8 9

Graphic Credits
Figure 1 on page 3 is based off a public domain graphic by Concordia College and vectorized by Stannered: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Incline.svg. Figure 2 on page 3 is based off a public domain graphic by Mpz: http://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/File:AtwoodMachine.svg. Figure 5 on page 7 is a public domain graphic by Rsfontenot: http://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/File:Reference_line.PNG. Figure 6 on page 7 was drawn by Enoch Lau and vectorized by Stannered: http://en. wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Angularvelocity.svg. It is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.5 license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/ 2.5/. Figure 7 on page 8 is based off a public domain graphic by Mazemaster: http://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/File:Simple_Harmonic_Motion_Orbit.gif. Figure 8 on page 9 is a public domain graphic by Chetvorno: http://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/File:Simple_gravity_pendulum.svg.

Figure 1: Normal Force

Kinematic Equations
1 x = at2 + v0 t 2

Figure 2: Atwoods Machine

v = at

(v)2 (v0 )2 = 2a(x) Figure 3: Draw a banked curve diagram v0 + v x = t 2

Pulled Weights
Ff m

Free Body Diagrams

a= N Normal Force f Frictional Force T Tension mg Weight F = ma In a particular direction: F = (m)a

T = ma

Elevator
Normal force acts upward, weight acts downward. Accelerating upward: N = |ma| + |mg| Constant velocity: N = |mg| Accelerating downward: N = |mg| |ma|

Atwoods Machine2
|(m2 m1 )|g m1 + m2

Banked Curve
Friction can act up the ramp (minimum velocity when friction is maximum) or down the ramp (maximum velocity when friction is maximum). videal = rg tan

a=

2 Pulley

and string are assumed to be massless.

Range
vmin = rg(tan ) tan + 1 represents the smaller angle from the x-axis to the direction of the projectiles initial motion. Starting from a height of x = 0: vmax = rg(tan + ) 1 tan xmax = (v0 )2 sin 2 g

Projectile Motion
Position
x = vx t 1 y = gt2 + (vy )0 t 2

Circular Motion
Centripetal (radial)
Centripetal acceleration and force is directed towards the center. It refers to a change in direction. ac = v2 r mv2 r

Velocity
represents the smaller angle from the x-axis to the direction of the projectiles initial motion. (vx )0 = v0 cos Fc = mac =

Tangential
Tangential acceleration is tangent to the objects motion. It refers to a change in speed.

(vy )0 = v0 sin at = vx = 0 d|v| dt

Combined
vy = gt atotal = (ac )2 + (at )2

Height
represents the smaller angle from the x-axis to Vertical loop the direction of the projectiles initial motion. In a vertical loop, the centripetal acceleration is Starting from a height of x = 0: caused by a normal force and gravity (weight). ymax = (v0 sin )2 2g

Top

Elastic Kinetic energy is conserved. F = ma N + mg = m N = v2 r m1 v1 + m2 v2 = m1 v1 + m2 v2

mv2 mg r (v2 v1 ) = v2 v1

Bottom Inelastic F = ma v2 N mg = m r 2 mv + mg N = r Kinetic energy is not conserved. m1 v1 + m2 v2 = (m1 + m2 )v

Friction
Friction converts mechanical energy into heat. Static friction (at rest) is generally greater than kinematic friction (in motion). fmax = N

Center of Mass
rcm = 1 1 mr rdm = xdx = m m m

dm M = dx L

Momentum-Impulse
p = mv

m =

dm =

dx

(m)vCM = mv = p

F=

dp dt

Fnet = (m)aCM

I=

Fdt = Ft = p = mv

Energy
Work

Collisions
Total momentum is always conserved when there are no external forces (F = dp dt = 0). W= Fdx = K

Power
Pavg = Fx W = t t dW = Fv dt

Pinstant =

Kinetic Energy
1 K = mv2 2 Linear v= a=
dx dt dv dt

Angular
x t v t

= =

= =

d dt d dt

= =

t t

Potential Energy
dU F= dx
xf

2 x = 1 2 at + v0 t

2 = 1 2 t + 0 t

v = at (v)2 (v0 )2 = 2a(x)

= t ()2 (0 )2 = 2() = 0 + t 2 = I Wrot =

0

U =
xi

FC dx = WC

x =

v0 + v t 2

F = ma UHooke 1 = FHooke dx = kxdx = kx2 2 W=

x x0

Fdx

1 2 2 W=1 2 mv 2 m(v0 )

1 2 Wrot = 2 m2 1 2 m(0 )

Ug = mgh equilibrium point F = du dx = 0 (extrema) stable equilibrium U is a minimum unstable equilibrium U is a maximum

P = Fv p = mv F=
dp dt

Prot = L = I =
dL dt

Figure 4: Rotational Motion

Total
E = K+U

Ei + WNC = Ef WNC represents non-conservative work that converts mechanical energy into other forms of energy. For example, friction converts mechanical energy into heat.

Torque
= r F = rF sin = I

Moment of Inertia
I = mr2 = Figure 5: Arc Length I = Icm + Mh2 (h represents the distance from the center) Values rod (center) Figure 6: Angular Velocity rod (end)
1 2 12 ml 1 2 3 ml

r2 dm

Rotational Motion

hollow hoop/cylinder mr2 solid disk/cylinder

1 2 2 mr The same equations for linear motion can be mod- hollow sphere 2 mr2 3 ied for use with rotational motion (Figure 4 on 2 solid sphere 5 mr2 the previous page).

Angular Motion
= s r v r at r 2 + 4

Atwoods Machine
a= |(m2 m1 )|g m1 + m2 + 1 2M

Angular Momentum
L = I L = r p = rp sin = rmv sin dL dt

at = r

ac = 2 r 1 1 Krolling = I2 + mv2 2 2

Total angular momentum is always conserved when there are no external torques ( = dL dt = 0).

 = 2f A= (x0 )2 + v0
2

= arctan

v0 x0

1 E = kA2 2 Figure 7: Simple Harmonic Motion

Spring
Fs = kx Ts = 2 m k k m

Simple Harmonic Motion

Simple harmonic motion is the projection of uniform circular notion on to a diameter. Likewise, uniform circular motion is the combination of simple harmonic motions along the x-axis and y-axis that differ by a phase of 90 . amplitude (A) maximum magnitude of displacePendulum ment from equilibrium cycle one complete vibration period (T ) time for one cycle frequency (f) cycles per time angular frequency () radians per time x = Acos(t + ) Simple

s =

T = 2

L g g L

v = A sin(t + )

Compound A cable with a moment of inertia swings back and forth. d represents the distance from the pendulums pivot to its center of mass. T = 2 I mgd mgd I

a = 2 A cos(t + ) = 2 x

T=

2 1 = f 1 = T 2

f=

frictionless pivot amplitude massless rod

Energy
Gm1 m2 R GMm 2r 2R T

U=

E=

bob's trajectory

equilibrium position

massive bob

v=

Figure 8: Simple Pendulum vescape = Torsional

2GM re

For orbits around the earth, re represents the raA horizontal mass with a moment of inertia is dius of the earth. suspended from a cable and swings back and forth. T = 2 I k k I

Gravity
Gm1 m2 R2 Nm2 kg2

F=

G 6.67 1011

Keplers Laws
1. All orbits are elliptical. 2. Law of Equal Areas.
4 3. T 2 = GM R3 = Ks R3 , where Ks is a uniform constant for all satellites/planets orbiting a specic body
2