(function)

f ,
x1 , x 2 x1 < x 2 f ( x1 ) < f ( x 2 ) , ,

x1 , x 2 x1 < x 2 f ( x1 ) > f ( x 2 ) .
.

f :
x1 A , f ( x) f ( x1 ) x x1 ,

x 2 A , f ( x) f ( x 2 ) x x 2 . ,
, .

f g x0 ,

lim f ( x) = 1

x x0

lim g ( x) = 2 1 2 , :

x x0

lim ( f ( x) + g ( x)) = 1 + 2

x x0

lim (kf ( x)) = k 1

x x0

lim ( f ( x) g ( x)) = 1 2

x x0

f ( x) 1
=
lim
x x0 g ( x )

2
lim ( f ( x)) = 1

x x0

lim

x x0

f ( x) = 1 .

f ,

-1-

x0 A lim f ( x) = f ( x0 ) .
x x0

f x0, f ( x 0 ) :

f ( x 0 ) = lim
h 0

f ( x 0 + h) f ( x 0 )
h

(c) = 0

f ( x) = c , f ( x + h) f ( x) = c c = 0 , h 0 ,
lim

h 0

f ( x + h) f ( x )
=0,
h

f ( x + h) f ( x )
=0.
h

( x) = 1

f ( x) = x , f ( x + h) f ( x) = ( x + h) x = h , h 0 ,
f ( x + h) f ( x ) h
= = 1.
h
h

lim
h 0

f ( x + h) f ( x )
= lim 1 = 1 .
h 0
h

(c f ( x)) = c f ( x)

F ( x) = cf ( x) .

F ( x + h) F ( x) = cf ( x + h) cf ( x) = c( f ( x + h) f ( x)) , h 0
F ( x + h) F ( x ) c ( f ( x + h ) f ( x )
f ( x + h) f ( x )
=
=c
.
h
h
h

lim

h 0

F ( x + h) F ( x )
f ( x + h) f ( x )
= lim c
= cf ( x) .
h

0
h
h

-2-

( f ( x) + g ( x)) = f ( x) + g ( x)

F ( x) = f ( x) + g ( x) .

F ( x + h) F ( x) = ( f ( x + h) + g ( x + h)) ( f ( x) + g ( x)) = ( f ( x + h) f ( x)) + ( g ( x + h) g ( x)) ,

h 0 ,

F ( x + h) F ( x ) f ( x + h) f ( x ) g ( x + h) g ( x )
=
+
.
h
h
h

F ( x + h) F ( x )
f ( x + h) f ( x )
g ( x + h) g ( x )
= lim
+ lim
= f ( x) + g ( x).
h 0
h 0
h 0
h
h
h

lim

(c ) = 0
( x) = 1

( x ) = x 1
1
( x ) =
2 x
(x) = x
(x) = x

(e x ) = e x
1
(nx) =
x

(cf ( x)) = cf ( x)

( f ( x) + g ( x)) = f ( x) + g ( x)
( f ( x) g ( x)) = f ( x) g ( x) + f ( x) g ( x)

f ( x)
f ( x) g ( x) f ( x) g ( x)

=
( g ( x)) 2
g ( x)

( f ( g ( x))) =

f ( g ( x)) g ( x)

f f ( x) > 0 , f .
f f ( x) < 0 , f .

f f ( x 0 ) = 0 x0 (, ) , f ( x) > 0 (, x 0 ) f ( x) < 0

( x 0 , ) , f (, ) x = x 0 .
f f ( x 0 ) = 0 x0 (, ) , f ( x) < 0 (, x 0 ) f ( x) > 0
( x 0 , ) , f (, ) x = x 0 .

-3-

, .

, :
i) , .
ii) , ( , ) .

i , xi .
, :

1 + 2 + ... + = v

i , f i xi ,

fi =

i
, i = 1, 2,..., .

:
(i) 0 f i 1 i = 1,2,..., 0 i .
(ii) f 1 + f 2 + ... + f = 1 ,

f 1 + f 2 + ... + f =

+ 2 + ... +
1 2
+
+ ... + = 1
= = 1.

i f i
N i Fi ,
xi .
:

N i = 1 + 2 + ... + i
Fi = f1 + f 2 + ...+ f i
= N N 1
f = F F 1

, :

i = i

360o

-4-

= 360o f i

c .
R
.
, : c = R / .

()
()
()
()

()

()

()

()

, .


1.

( x )
t1 , t 2 ,..., t v , x :

ti

t1 + t 2 + ... + t i =1
1
=
= ti

i =1
, x1 , x 2 ,..., x v1 , v 2 ,..., v x=

, :

x=

x11 + x 2 2 + ... + x
=
1 + 2 + ... +

xi i
i =1

1
xi i
i =1

i =1

x = xi
i =1

i
= xi f i
i =1

x1 , x 2 ,..., x ,
() w1 , w2 ,..., w , :

x=

x1 w1 + x 2 w2 + ... + x w
=
w1 + w2 + ... + w

xi wi
i =1

wi
i =1

-5-

()
() , , () .

%.
100

Fi %

90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

156

162

168

174

180

186

192

(R)
:
R = -

(s2)
:

s2 =

1
(t i x ) 2
i =1

i
1
i =1
s 2 = t i2

i =1

, :

s2 =

1
( xi x ) 2 i
i =1

xi vi
1
i =1
.
: s 2 = xi2 vi

v i =1
v

-6-

t1 , t 2 ,..., t v , x , , :

(t1 x ) + (t 2 x ) + ... + (t v x ) t1 + t 2 + ... + t v vx

=

= x x = 0.
v
v
v

(s)
. ,
. , s
:

s = s2

, :

i)

68%

( x s, x + s )
ii) 95%
( x 2 s, x + 2 s )

s
s

iii) 99,7%

( x 3s , x + 3s )
iv) ,
R 6s .

x 3s x 2 s x s

v) : x = .

x + s x + 2 s x + 3s

68%
95%
99,7%

(CV)

CV =

s
100% = 100%

x

i)

x < 0 , CV : CV =

s
100%
x

ii) , 10%.
iii) CVA < CVB ,
.

-7-

-

, . 1 , 2 ,..., ,
:

= {1 , 2 ,..., } .

.
.
.
.

A B , , .

A B

A B ,
, , .

A B

A ,
, . A
.

A
A

A B , , .

A B = A B .

A B

-8-

.
, .

A
A ( A )
A B
A B
( A B )

A B ( A B )
A B

, A B = .
.

P ( A) =

N ( A)
.
=

N ( )

1.
2.
3.

N ( )
=1
N ( )
0
P () =
=0
N ( )
P ( ) =

0 P ( A) 1

= {1 , 2 ,..., } . {i } , P (i ) , :

0 P (i ) 1
P (1 ) + P (2 ) + ... + P ( ) = 1 .

P (i ) {i } .

P ( A)

A = {1 , 2 ,..., }

P (1 ) + P( 2 ) + ... + P ( ) ,
P () = 0 .

-9-

1. :
P ( A B ) = P ( A) + P ( B )

N ( A) = N ( B ) = , A B + , . , N ( A B ) = + = N ( A) + N ( B ) .
:

N ( A B)
N ( )
N ( A) + N ( B )
=
N ( )
N ( A) N ( B )
=
+
.
N ( ) N ( )
= P( A) + P ( B ) .

P ( A B) =

A B

.
, , P ( A B ) = P ( A) + P ( B) + P ( ) .

2. A :
P ( A) = 1 P ( A)

A A = , A , ,
:

P ( A A) = P ( A) + P ( A)
P ( ) = P ( A) + P ( A)

A
A

1 = P ( A) + P ( A) .

P ( A) = 1 P ( A) .

3. :
P ( A B ) = P ( A) + P ( B ) P ( A B )

- 10 -

N ( A B ) = N ( A) + N ( B ) N ( A B ) , (1)
N ( A) + N ( B )

A B .
(1) N ( ) :

A B

N ( A B) N ( A) N ( B ) N ( A B)
=
+

N ( )
N ( ) N ( )
N ( )

P ( A B ) = P ( A) + P ( B ) P ( A B ) .
.

4. :
A B , P ( A) P ( B )

A B :

N ( A) N ( B )
N ( A)
N ( B)

N ( ) N ( )

B
A

P ( A) P ( B ) .

5.

P ( A B ) = P ( A) P ( A B )
.

A B A B
( A B ) ( A B) = A , :

P ( A) = P ( A B ) + P ( A B ) .

P ( A B ) = P ( A) P ( A B ) .

A B

- 11 -