Anda di halaman 1dari 5

Lee 1

Harrison Lee 10/5/12 Period 11 Nevil Patel

MeasurementThe Basis of Quantitative Chemistry Lab

Objectives: 1. To gain skill in making accurate measurements. 2. To become familiar with the limitations of measuring devices and sources of experimental error. 3. To obtain a working knowledge of the concept to density. 4. To determine the density of a rectangular or cylindrical solid.

Data: I. Direct Measurement of Volume Mass of Object Length of Object Width or diameter of object Depth of object(if rectangular) Volume of Object in mL Density of the Object in grams/mL 73.08g 3.5cm 1.9cm n/a 10mL 7.308g/mL 73.68g 3.5cm 1.9cm n/a 10mL 7.368g/mL

II. Volume By Water Displacement Final Reading of Water Level Initial Reading of Water Level Volume of Water Displaced Volume of Object Mass of Object 35mL 25mL 10mL 10mL 73.68g 35mL 25mL 10mL 10mL 73.68g

Lee 2

Density of Object

7.368g/mL

7.368g/mL

III. Volume By Archimedes Principle Mass of Object in Air Mass of Object In Water Mass of Water Displaced by Object Density of Water Volume of Water Displaced by Object Volume of Object Density of Object 73.68g 65.48g 8.20g 1g/cm^3 8.20cm^3 8.20cm^3 7.99g/cm^3 73.68g 65.48g 8.20g ~~ 8.20cm^3 8.20cm^3 7.99g/cm^3

IV. Density of an Aqueous Solution Volume of Solution Mass of beaker, watch glass, and solution Mass of beaker and watch glass Mass of solution Density of solution Density(hydrometer) Mass of beaker, watch glass, and dry solute Mass of beaker and watch glass Mass of solute(experimental) % of solute in solution( from graph) Calculated mass of solute % difference between experimental and calculated mass 5mL 57.9g 42.3g 5.60g 1.12mL/g 1.17mL/g 59.3g 42.3g 5.00g 25% 6.5g 30% difference

V. Thickness of Aluminum Foil Mass Length Width Density Volume .75g 11cm 10.5cm 2.70g/mL 0.27g^3

Lee 3

Area Thickness(cm) Thickness(Angstroms) Thickness(micrometer)

115.5cm^2 0.002cm 2.0x10^5 Angstroms 20micrometers

Follow-Up Questions 1. The densities of several common metals are listed below. Compare your experimental density with the given values and try to determine which metal you tested. a) Iron...7.86g/mL b) Copper8.92g/mL c) Aluminum2.7g/mL d) Lead11.34g/mL e) Tin7.31g/mL f) Brass(70% Cu, 30% Zn)8.53g/mL What other property would be used to help identify your sample? Based on the list above, the metal I tested most likely was iron. Another property that could be used to identify my sample would be by color and luster. 2. Which method do you think gave the most accurate value for the volume in Part 1? Explain your choice. I think the method that gave the most accurate value was by the Archimedes Principle, because not only did it require a small amount of steps, it also provided precise measurements for the mass and density of the object. 3. List sources of error in each method. A source of error for the Water Displacement was that the steps did not specify for the experimenter to set the graduated cylinder upright. After sliding the object carefully into the cylinder, there were no specifications to set the cylinder back onto the counter. Due to this, there may be a possibility that the cylinder may have been lopsided while measuring, hence altering the results. A source of error for the Archimedes Principle was that the directions did not say how to place the object into the beaker. In many cases the water splashed back, thus lowering the accuracy of the result. A source of error for the Density of an Aqueous Solution was the lack of specification of how to

Lee 4

insert and take away the hydrometer. If the hydrometer leaves with drops of calcium chloride still present on it, the results of the experiment may change. 4. What measurement limited the accuracy in each case? Using the ruler limited the accuracy of the measurements, because it is only possible to measure to the nearest millimeter. 5. Assuming the balance used could be read to 0.01 g, what percentage error might you expect when weighing a 10.00-gram object? A 0.10% error might be expected if weighing a 10.00gram object. 6. What percentage error would you expect in using your graduated cylinder to measure 5 ml of water if you can read the graduated cylinder to 0.2 mL? A 2.5% error might be expected if you can read the cylinder to 0.2 mL. 7. What percentage error would you expect in using a buret to measure 5 ml of water if you can read a buret to 0.02 mL? A 0.2% error might be expected if reading the buret to 0.02 mL. 8. Explain how you could use Archimedes principle to determine the density of the aqueous solution in Part II. I can use the Archimedes principle to determine the density of the aqueous solution in Part II by adding solution into water and finding out how much liquid has been displaced. That way I can find out the volume of the solution. The mass of the water can be subtracted from the mass of the water and the solution combined to give the mass of the solution alone. That way, the mass of the solution can then be divided by its volume to find its density. 9. A full barrel holds 750 pounds of gasoline. The same barrel holds 1100 pounds of water when full. What is the density of the gasoline?

The density of the gasoline would be 2.1g/mL. 10. A solution of sodium hydroxide consisting of a solute (sodium hydroxide) and a solvent (water) has a density of 1.22 g/ml. What does 0.100 liter of this solution weigh? If the solution is 20.0 percent by mass solute, what mass of pure sodium hydroxide is in the 0.100 liter of solution?

The solution would weigh 122g when 0.100L of the solution is weighed. If the solution is 20.0% solute, then there would be 24.4g of pure sodium hydroxide in the 0.100L solution. 11. Osmium metal, the densest element, has a density of 22.5 g/ml, which hydrogen gas, the least dense element, has a density of 8.90 x 10 g/ml. Calculate the volume

Lee 5

occupied by 1.00 g of each element. How many times denser than hydrogen is osmium?

The volume occupied by 1.00g of osmium would be 1/22.5mL. As for hydrogen, it would be 1/8.90x1-^-5. Based on this information, it can be determined that osmium is 25,300 times denser than hydrogen. 12. Calculate the approximate thickness of the aluminum foil in terms of atoms. Each aluminum atom has a radius of 1.48 Angstrom units. Although aluminum atoms in the foil are stacked like cannon balls, you may assume for this calculation that they are stacked one upon another.

The thickness of the aluminum foil in the atomic scale would be approximately 135,135 atoms thick.

Anda mungkin juga menyukai